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Aonghus Mór

October 19, 2023

Aonghus Mór mac Domhnaill (died c. 1293) was a leading figure in the thirteenth-century kingdoms of the Isles and Scotland.[note 2] He was a son of Domhnall mac Raghnaill, the eponym of Clann Domhnaill, a branch of Clann Somhairle. Aonghus Mór appears to have succeeded his father in the mid part of the thirteenth century. At the time, the rulers of the Isles were fiercely independent of the Scottish Crown, and owed nominal allegiance to the distant Norwegian Crown. Aonghus Mór's first certain appearance in the historical record seems to evince his involvement in aiding native Irish kindreds against the consolidation of Anglo-Irish authority in the north-west of Ireland. Such cooperation could have been undertaken in the context of overseas kindreds like Clann Domhnaill constructing Irish alliances to gain assistance against Scottish encroachment.

Scottish aggression against the Isles seems to have precipitated the Norwegian Crown's campaign against the Scots in 1263. Like other leading members of Clann Somhairle, Aonghus Mór supported the Norwegian cause against Alexander III, King of Scotland. However, the fact that Hákon Hákonarson, King of Norway had to force Aonghus Mór's submission, suggests that his support was rendered somewhat grudgingly. Nevertheless, the Norwegian campaign was ultimately a failure, and the Islesmen were compelled to submit to the Scots after a retaliatory campaign the following year. As for Aonghus Mór, he was forced to hand over his son, likely Alasdair Óg, as a hostage of the Scottish Crown. By 1266, the Isles were officially annexed by the Scots.

In the decades that followed, Aonghus Mór and his Clann Somhairle kinsmen integrated themselves into the Scottish realm. For example, Aonghus Mór was one of three members of the kindred to attended an important government council at Scone in which Alexander III's granddaughter, Margaret, was recognised as the king's rightful heir. Following Alexander III's unexpected death two years later, Aonghus Mór and Alasdair Óg were signatories of the Turnberry Band, a pact between several Scottish and Anglo-Irish magnates. One aspect of this bond may have concerned the continued resistance to Anglo-Irish domination in north-west Ireland. This could indicate that Aonghus Mór was made a party to the pact as a means of limiting his kindred's support of the native opponents of the Anglo-Irish. Whatever the case, Aonghus Mór died in about 1293, and was succeeded by Alasdair Óg as Lord of Islay. Aonghus Mór was married to a member of the Caimbéalaigh kindred. Besides Alasdair Óg, Aonghus Mór had two sons, Aonghus Óg and Eóin Sprangach. He also had a daughter who married Domhnall Óg Ó Domhnaill, King of Tír Chonaill, and another who married Hugh Bisset.

Clann Domhnaill Edit

Aonghus Mór was a son of Domhnall mac Raghnaill,[28] eponym of Clann Domhnaill.[29] As such, Aonghus Mór can be regarded as the first Mac Domhnaill.[30] Clann Domhnaill was the junior-most of three main branches of Clann Somhairle. The other two branches were Clann Dubhghaill and Clann Ruaidhrí, respectively descended from (Domhnall's uncle) Dubhghall mac Somhairle and (Domhnall's elder brother) Ruaidhrí mac Raghnaill.[31] According to oral tradition dating to the eighteenth century,[32] Aonghus Mór was fostered by the eponymous ancestor of Clann Duibhshíthe.[33] The date of Domhnall's death and Aonghus Mór's succession is unknown, although the latter was certainly representing the family by 1260s, seemingly indicating that the former was dead or retired by this time.[34]

 
The apparent name of Alasdair Óg as it appears on folio 71v of Oxford Bodleian Library Rawlinson B 489 (the Annals of Ulster).[35]

Aonghus Mór was married to a member of the Caimbéalaigh kindred (the Campbells).[36] According to early modern tradition preserved by the seventeenth-century Sleat History, she was a daughter of Cailéan Mór Caimbéal, a leading member of the Caimbéalaigh, and the mother of Aonghus Mór's younger son, Aonghus Óg.[37][note 3] Like his Clann Somhairle kinsman, Eóghan Mac Dubhghaill, Aonghus Mór evidently named his first-born son, Alasdair Óg, after Alexander III, King of Scotland.[41][note 4] The kindred's adoption of this royal name appears to be indicative of the spread of Scottish influence into Isles,[43] and could be evidence of the family's attempt to align itself closer to the Scottish Crown.[44][note 5]

A daughter of Aonghus Mór married Domhnall Óg Ó Domhnaill, King of Tír Chonaill.[46] Another married Hugh Bisset.[47] Alasdair Óg was the progenitor of several prominent Clann Domhnaill gallowglass families in Ireland,[48] the eponymous ancestor of the Clann Alasdair branch of Clann Domhnaill,[49] and probably of the like-named Kintyre branch of Clann Domhnaill.[50] Another son, Eóin Sprangach, was the ancestor of the Ardnamurchan branch of Clann Domhnaill.[51] There is evidence to suggest that Aonghus Mór may have had yet another son, named Domhnall. Although various historical records and chronicle-accounts concerning the period make note of this man, with some of these sources styling him "of Islay",[52] the precise identity of this individual is uncertain.[53]

A seventeenth-century pedigree of the Ó Gnímh bardic kindred of Ulster traces its descent from a son of Aonghus Mór named Gofraidh.[54] The familial origins of this kindred are uncertain. Whilst it is possible that the family is a branch of Clann Domhnaill, there is also reason to suspect that a genealogical connection between the families was concocted.[55][note 6]

According to the seventeenth-century Macintosh History, an ancestor of Clann Mhic an Tóisigh named Fearchar married a daughter of Aonghus Óg named "Moram". The fact that Fearchar is supposed to have died in 1274, however, suggests that this source has conflated Aonghus Óg and Aonghus Mór.[57][note 7] . Alexander Mackintosh Shaw (1880) confirms the father of Moran to be Aonghus Mór; "Ferquhard's intercourse with the fair Mora of Isla was at first of an unauthorised character, and that, this being discovered, the lover fled to avoid the wrath of the powerful father. He took refuge in Ireland, but before he had been there long he was recalled, and on his return made Mora his wife."[60]

Early career Edit

 
The apparent name of Domhnall mac Raghnaill as it appears on folio 47v of British Library Cotton Julius A VII (the Chronicle of Mann): "Dofnaldus".[61]

Attestations of uncertain date Edit

Unlike some of his Clann Somhairle kinsmen, there is little known of Aonghus Mór's career.[33] Details of his father's life are even more obscure. One source that may cast light upon the latter—and potentially concern Aonghus Mór himself—is the thirteenth- to fourteenth-century Chronicle of Mann. According to this source, an aged chieftain named "Dofnaldus" was held in high esteem by Haraldr Óláfsson, King of Mann and the Isles, but after the latter's unexpected death, and the subsequent assassination of his brother Rǫgnvaldr Óláfsson, the kingship was seized by their rival kinsman Haraldr Guðrøðarson (reigned 1249–1250), who in turn had Dofnaldus and his infant son imprisoned. The episode concerning Dofnaldus concludes with him and his son successfully escaping their captors through divine intervention, and the compiler of the chronicle stating that the recorded events were provided in person by the chieftain in question.[62] There is reason to suspect that Dofnaldus and his infant son are identical to Domhnall and possibly Aonghus Mór himself. Haraldr Óláfsson certainly associated himself with the Hebrides throughout his reign, a fact which could in turn indicate that the chieftains whom he had held in highest esteem were indeed Hebrideans.[63]

 
The seal of Haraldr Óláfsson, King of Mann and the Isles.[64] The device depicts a sailing vessel on one side similar to that of Aonghus Mór.[65] To the rulers of the Isles, such vessels were symbols of power and authority.[66]

There are several charters that may have bearing upon Aonghus Mór's early career. At some point he issued several undated charters to the monastery of Paisley. One of these was a payment and promise of protection to the monks of this religious house, not unlike an earlier grant by his paternal grandfather, Raghnall mac Somhairle.[67] Aonghus Mór's other charter concerned his grant of the church of St Ciarán in Kintyre to the monastery.[68][note 8] This particular charter refers to both a king and prince named Alexander. Although these two can be understood to refer to Alexander II and his son and successor, Alexander III—an identification that would date the endowment to 1241×1249—another possibility is that the names instead refer to the latter and his like-named son, Alexander. If this latter identification is indeed correct, the charter would instead date to 1264×1284.[63] The grant itself stresses that the transaction was made "for the welfare of my lord Alexander, illustrious king of Scots" ("pro salute domini mei Alexandri illustris regis Scotie"), a declaration that may be evidence that Aonghus Mór was attempting to align himself with the Scottish Crown.[74]

Involvement in Irish affairs Edit

 
The name of Brian Ó Néill as it appears on folio 68r of Oxford Bodleian Library Rawlinson B 489.[75]

The first certain record of Aonghus Mór in contemporary sources dates to February 1256, when the English Crown commanded that he, and other unnamed men from Scotland, were not to be received in Ireland.[76] In the mid thirteenth century, leading members of Clann Somhairle were clearly involved in Irish affairs. In 1247, a certain Mac Somhairle was slain whilst resisting an English invasion of Tír Chonaill.[77] Dubhghall raided western Ireland and slew the English Sheriff of Connacht in 1258.[78] The year after that, a daughter of Dubhghall married Aodh na nGall Ó Conchobhair, with the latter receiving the bride's tocher of one hundred and sixty gallowglass warriors commanded by Dubhghall's brother, Ailéan.[79] The year before this, Aodh na nGall had been one of several leading Irishmen who relinquished their claims to the high-kingship of Ireland in favour of Brian Ó Néill, King of Tír Eoghain,[80] a man committed to combating the Anglo-Irish in Ulster.[81] Unfortunately for this group of Irish confederates, their combined forces were utterly crushed by the Anglo-Irish at Downpatrick in 1260, with Brian amongst the slain.[82]

 
A rook gaming piece of the Lewis chessmen.[83] The Scandinavian connections of leading members of the Isles may have been reflected in their military armament, and could have resembled that depicted upon such gaming pieces.[84]

Whilst the Uí Conchobhair clearly enlisted Hebridean military assistance from Clann Ruaidhrí—with members of the kindred potentially present at the catastrophe at Downpatrick[85]—it is apparent that the Cineál Chonaill also enjoyed connections with Clann Domhnaill,[86] as a daughter of Aonghus Mór is known to have married the King of Tír Chonaill, Domhnall Óg.[46] A product of this union was Toirdhealbhach Ó Domhnaill, a man who is recorded to have seized the kingship of Tír Chonaill from his reigning paternal half-brother, Aodh, by way of overseas military assistance from Clann Domhnaill in 1290.[87][note 9] If Aonghus Mór had been involved with Brian and his insurrection, such a relationship could account for Aonghus Mór being singled out by the English ordinance of 1256. The fact that this directive stated that the Scottish king would name other figures to be denied access to Ireland could indicate that these men were regarded as threats by the Scottish Crown. Such could have been the case if alliances between Irishmen and Islesmen were undertaken in the context of lending mutual assistance to each other.[90]

It is conceivable that the overseas support lent to the Irish insurrection was ventured in the context of not only countering the English Crown in Ireland, but of also opposing the westward extension of Scottish royal authority.[91] In fact, another ordinance dating to just weeks before Brian's defeat—and almost certainly related to the uprising itself—directed the Anglo-Irish justiciar to arrest any Scottish subjects who were actively seeking confederacies with the Irish that might be to the king's detriment.[92][note 10] In the 1230s and 1240s, the Scottish Crown progressively attempted to expand its lordship into Argyll and the Isles. One example of this expansion that appears to have specifically concerned Aonghus Mór was the king's grant of the rights of the church of Killean to the Diocese of Argyll. Earlier in the century, this church had been under the patronage of Aonghus Mór's uncle, Ruaidhrí, and it is likely that Aonghus Mór himself considered its patronage as his own heritable prerogative.[96]

A Norwegian subject Edit

 
The arms of Hákon Hákonarson depicted on folio 216v of Cambridge Corpus Christi College Parker Library 16II (Chronica Majora).[97][note 11]

Clann Somhairle and the kingship of the Isles Edit

In 1248, the year after the fall of Mac Somhairle, two leading members of Clann Somhairle travelled to Norway seeking the kingship of the northern Suðreyjar from Hákon Hákonarson, King of Norway. The two kinsmen were Eóghan Mac Dubhghaill and Dubhghall mac Ruaidhrí,[100] chiefs of Clann Dubhghaill and Clann Ruaidhrí respectively.[101] Although the entirety of the Suðreyjar roughly encompassed the Hebrides and Mann,[102] the precise jurisdiction which Dubhghall and Eóghan competed for is uncertain. For instance, the northern Hebridean islands of Lewis and Harris and Skye appear to have been held by the Crovan dynasty, then represented by the reigning Haraldr Óláfsson.[103] It is conceivable that Eóghan and Dubhghall sought kingship over the same jurisdiction that Hákon had awarded to Óspakr-Hákon about a decade before—a region which could have included some or all of the islands possessed by Clann Somhairle.[104] In fact, it is possible that the events of 1247 and 1248 were related,[105] and that Dubhghall and Eóghan sought to succeed Mac Somhairle's position in the Isles.[106]

 
The arms of Alexander II depicted on folio 146v of British Library Royal 14 C VII (Historia Anglorum).[107] The inverted shield represents the king's death in 1249.[108]

It was only after the unexpected death of Haraldr Óláfsson in 1248 that Hákon sent Eóghan west-over-sea to temporarily take up the kingship of the Isles on his behalf.[109] Eóghan, however, was not only a Norwegian dependant in the Isles, but an eminent Scottish magnate on the mainland.[110] Although the Scottish Crown seems to have attempted to purchase the Isles earlier that decade,[111] Eóghan's acceptance of Hákon's commission partly led Alexander II to unleash an invasion of Argyll in the summer of 1249, directed at the very heart of the Clann Dubhghaill lordship.[112] The unfolding crisis only ended with the Scottish king's sudden death in July 1249.[113] The first certain attestation of Aonghus Mór dates to the year after Eóghan finally himself with the Scottish Crown.[114]

Scottish aggression and Norwegian subjection Edit

 
A king gaming piece of the Lewis chessmen.[115] Comprising some four sets,[116] the pieces are thought to have been crafted in Norway in the twelfth- and thirteenth centuries.[117] They were uncovered in Lewis in the early nineteenth century.[118][note 12]

About a decade after Alexander II's death, his son and royal successor, Alexander III, came of age and took steps to continue his father's westward expansion.[120] In 1261, the Scottish Crown sent envoys to Norway offering to purchase the Isles from Hákon. Once the Norwegians rejected the offer, the Scots are recorded to have lashed out against the Islesmen in a particularly savage attack upon the inhabitants of Skye.[121] In 1262, the year after yet another failed attempt by the Scottish Crown to purchase the Hebrides, the thirteenth-century Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar reports that the Scots lashed out against the Islesmen in a particularly savage assault upon the inhabitants of Skye.[122] Thus provoked, Hákon assembled an enormous fleet—described by the Icelandic annals as the largest force to have ever set sail from Norway[123]—to reassert Norwegian sovereignty along the north and western coast of Scotland.[124][note 13] In July 1263, this armada disembarked from Norway, and by mid August, Hákon reaffirmed his overlordship in Shetland and Orkney, forced the submission of Caithness, and arrived in the Hebrides.[126]

According to Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar, Hákon was met in the region by Magnús Óláfsson, King of Mann and the Isles and Dubhghall himself.[127] As the fleet made its way southwards, Hákon sent a detachment of vessels under the command of Dubhghall and Magnús Óláfsson to harry Kintyre whilst Hákon himself made landfall on Gigha.[128] It is evident that Magnús Óláfsson[129] and Dubhghall[130] were tasked with bringing Aonghus Mór and Murchadh Mac Suibhne onto the king's side.[129] The saga, and pieces of poetry embedded within it, glorifies the subsequent ravaging of Kintyre, suggesting that it was this rapaciousness that finally compelled Aonghus Mór and Murchadh to come into the king's peace. Certainly the saga reveals that these west-coast magnates duly submitted to Hákon, swearing oaths of allegiance, surrendering hostages into his keeping, and delivering the island of Islay into his control. The king is further said to have levied a tax of one thousand head of cattle upon the Kintyre headland, and a particular fortress[131]—most likely Dunaverty Castle[132]—is stated to have been surrendered to Hákon by an unidentified knight.[131]

 
Locations relating to the expedition into the Lennox.

In early September, Hákon's fleet of Norwegians and Islesmen entered the Firth of Clyde.[133] After negotiations between the Scottish and Norwegian administrations broke down, the saga identifies Magnús Óláfsson, Dubhghall, (the latter's brother) Ailéan, Aonghus Mór, and Murchadh, as the commanders of a detachment of Islesmen and Norwegians who entered Loch Long, portaged across land into Loch Lomond, and ravaged the surrounding region of the Lennox.[134][note 14] According various versions of the saga, this contingent consisted of either forty or sixty ships—a considerable portion of Hákon's fleet.[139] There is reason to suspect that this strike is evidence that the Norwegians and Islesmen were directing their fury at the territories of the powerful Stewart kindred.[140] Furthermore, by penetrating into the Earldom of Lennox, and possibly striking further east inland, Hákon's adherents would have been encroaching into the Earldom of Menteith.[141][note 15]

Meanwhile, at the beginning of October, Hákon's main force clashed with the Scots at Largs, and withdrew into the Hebrides.[143] Once regrouped with the detachment of Islesmen, the saga records that Hákon rewarded his overseas supporters. Since Eóghan had refused to aid the Norwegians cause, Dubhghall and Ailéan were awarded his forfeited island territories. A certain Ruðri is stated to have received Bute, whilst Murchadh got Arran. Aonghus Mór—who is not identified as one of the beneficiaries—already enjoyed possession of Islay.[144][note 16]

The quick-spoken assembly-convener of swords brought the sea-skis on the paths of the ocean to the Hebrides. Angus surrendered Islay, captured in battle, on account of the very vigorous spoiler of the splendid lair of the valley-char.

— excerpt from Hrafnsmál, by Sturla Þórðarson, observing Aonghus Mór's submission to Hákon.[147]

Although the saga declares that the Norwegian campaign was an overwhelming triumph, it seems to have been an utter failure instead.[148] Not only did Hákon fail to break Scottish power, but Alexander III seized the initiative the following year, and oversaw a series of invasions into the Isles and northern Scotland. Recognising this dramatic shift in royal authority, Magnús Óláfsson submitted to Alexander III within the year,[149] and in so doing, symbolised the complete collapse of Norwegian sovereignty in the Isles.[150]

The Scots' retaliatory campaign against the Islesmen was evidently commanded by Alexander Comyn, Earl of Buchan, Uilleam, Earl of Mar, and Alan Hostarius.[151] According to the fourteenth-century Gesta Annalia II,[152] and the fifteenth-century Scotichronicon, it was these magnates who oversaw the Scots' ravaging of the islands.[153] This source is corroborated by the thirteenth-century Magnúss saga lagabœtis, which states that Scottish forces invaded the Isles in the summer after Hákon's campaign, and forced the submission of Aonghus Mór and other adherents to the Norwegian cause.[154] Evidence from the Scottish exchequer, concerning Uilleam's reception of monetary aid for commanding two hundred serjeants on behalf of the king in the Hebrides, also validates these accounts.[155] Further evidence of a concerted campaign against Hákon's supporters is the record of Walter Stewart, Earl of Menteith assembling a royal fleet at Ayr,[156] and of Uilleam taking twenty cattle from Kintyre.[157]

 
The names of Murchadh Mac Suibhne and Aonghus Mór as they appear on folio 122r of AM 45 fol (Codex Frisianus): "Myrgaðr ok Engus".[158]

Despite these retributory actions, the Scottish Crown was only partially successful in turning Clann Somhairle onside as Dubhghall stubbornly refused the recognise Scottish overlordship.[159] Nevertheless, in 1266, almost three years after Hákon's abortive campaign, terms of peace were finally agreed upon between the Scottish and Norwegian administrations. Specifically, with the conclusion of the Treaty of Perth in July, Hákon's son and successor, Magnús Hákonarson, King of Norway, formally resigned all rights to Mann and the islands on the western coast of Scotland. In so doing, the territorial dispute over Scotland's western maritime region was finally settled.[160]

A Scottish subject Edit

 
The seal of Aonghus Mór's eldest son and successor, Alasdair Óg.[161]

Incorporation within Alexander III's realm Edit

In the wake of the Norwegian withdrawal, and the violent extension of Scottish royal authority into the Isles, Aonghus Mór had no choice but to submit to the Scots. He was forced to hand over his son—seemingly Alasdair Óg, his eldest son and heir—who was consequently held at Ayr as a hostage of the Scottish Crown for Aonghus Mór's good behaviour.[162] The fact that his son was accompanied by a nurse suggests that he was merely a young child at the time.[163] In his submission, Aonghus Mór formally acknowledged that he would suffer disinheritance if his loyalty to the Scottish Crown was called into question again, whilst the other barons of Argyll swore to rise against him in the name of the king if such an eventuality came to pass.[164]

 
An imaginative sixteenth-century illustration of Alexander III, King of Scotland, attending the parliament of his English counterpart, as depicted by the Wriothesley Garter Book.[165]

Western magnates such as those of Clann Somhairle were rarely present at the Scottish royal court, although on certain occasions they participated in important affairs of state.[166] For instance, in 1284, Aonghus Mór attended a government council at Scone which acknowledged Alexander III's granddaughter, Margaret, as the king's rightful heir.[167] The inclusion of Aonghus Mór and three of his Clann Somhairle kinsmen—Alasdair Mac Dubhghaill and Ailéan—further illustrates the kindred's incorporation within the Scottish realm.[168][note 17]

Factionalism after Alexander III's death Edit

Other evidence of the Clann Somhairle's incorporation within Scotland concerns the formation of alliances with various factions within the realm.[170] Whilst Clann Dubhghall forged ties with the dominant Comyn kindred, Clann Domhnaill evidently aligned itself to the Bruce kindred.[171] This latter partnership appears to owe itself to the unsettled period immediately after Alexander III's unexpected demise in March 1286. Although the leading magnates of the realm had previously recognised Margaret as his legitimate heir, there were two major factions that possessed competing claims to the kingship. At the beginning of April, Robert Bruce V, Lord of Annandale announced his claim to the throne, whilst John Balliol—a magnate backed by the Comyns—seems to have declared a claim of his own before the end of the month.[172]

 
The seal of Robert Bruce VI.[173] The Turnberry Band was concluded at this man's principal residence, Turnberry Castle.[174]

It is possible that the Bruce faction regarded its claim to be weaker to that of Comyn-Balliol faction.[175] In September, members of the faction concluded a pact, known as the Turnberry Band, in which certain Scottish and Anglo-Irish magnates—including Aonghus Mór and his son Alasdair Óg—pledged to support one another.[176] Although the precise purpose of the pact is uncertain, it is possible that it was somehow connected to the Bruce faction's claim to the throne.[177] In accordance to the pact, the participating Scottish magnates swore to support two prominent Anglo-Irish magnates: Richard de Burgh, Earl of Ulster and Thomas de Clare, Lord of Thomond.[176] Thomas' father-in-law died the same year leaving him with claims in Connacht and Ulster.[178] This could indicate that one of the purposes of the bond was to further the ambitions of Richard and Thomas in north-west Ireland, and enable the latter to secure possession of his northern inheritance from the clutches of his chief competitor, John fitz Thomas, and the numerous native kindreds of the region.[179] One aspect of the pact, therefore, could have concerned the curtailment of overseas connections between Clann Domhnaill and Irish kindreds opposed to the earl, families such as the Uí Domhnaill and the Uí Néill.[180] In fact, the bond coincided with an immense show of force by Richard in Connacht and Ulster. This campaign saw the earl's exaction of hostages from Cineál Chonaill and Cineál Eoghain, the deposition of (Brian's son) Domhnall Ó Néill from the kingship of Tír Chonaill, and the subsequent replacement of the latter with a more palatable candidate.[181] The bond's Anglo-Irish cosignatories may have sought maritime support from Clann Domhnaill,[182] and it is possible that Aonghus Mór contributed to the earl's operation.[183]

 
The seal of Walter Stewart,[184] one of the signatories of the band.

The Bruces and Stewarts also had a stake in north-west Ireland, with the latter kindred eventually possessing claims to territories that had formerly been held by predecessors of John Balliol.[185][note 18] The participation of the Stewart/Menteith kindred in the band could have also concerned its part in the hostile annexation of the Clann Suibhne lordship in Argyll. Forced from its Scottish homeland, Clann Suibhne evidently found a safe haven in Tír Chonaill on account of an alliance forged with Domhnall Óg.[188] Not only was the latter's son and successor, Aodh, the product of a union with a member of Clann Suibhne,[88] but Domhnall Óg himself had been fostered by this family.[189] The fact that Murchadh is known to have died imprisoned by Richard's father could in turn indicate that the earls of Ulster were opposed to Clann Suibhne's resettlement in the region.[190][note 19] Clann Domhnaill's part in Toirdhealbhach's defeat of Aodh in 1290 meant that the forces of Clann Domhnaill were engaged supporting the cause of Aonghus Mór's maternal grandson against a maternal descendant of Clann Suibhne. Whether this clash was a direct result of the bond is uncertain, although it seems likely that Aonghus Mór's part in the pact concerned the value of his family's military might.[193][note 20]

Kin-strife under the regime of John Balliol Edit

 
A thirteenth-century illumination of Edward I, King of England on folio 6v of British Library Cotton Vitellius A XIII.[196]

By the death of Alexander III, the Clann Domhnaill holdings seem to have included Kintyre, Islay, southern Jura, and seemingly Colonsay and Oronsay. Whilst Aonghus Mór is regularly described with a patronymic referring to his father, Aonghus Mór's sons tend to be accorded the territorial designation "of Islay".[197] In 1292, the English Crown granted Aonghus Mór and Alasdair Óg safe conduct to travel and trade between Scotland and Ireland.[198] 1292 is also the year in which a violent feud between Clann Domhnaill and Clann Dubhghaill is first attested. The infighting appears to have stemmed from Alasdair Óg's marriage to an apparent member of Clann Dubhghaill, and seems to have concerned this woman's territorial claims.[199] Although Aonghus Mór, Alasdair Óg, and Alasdair Mac Dubhghaill, swore to Edward I, King of England that they would postpone the feud, and pledged to uphold the peace in the "isles and outlying territories", the bitter internecine struggle continued throughout the 1290s.[200]

 
The seal of John, King of Scotland,[201] a monarch closely connected with Aonghus Mór's neighbouring rival, Alasdair Mac Dubhghaill.

In February 1293, at the first parliament of John, King of Scotland, three new sheriffdoms were erected in the western reaches of the realm.[202] In the north-west, William II, Earl of Ross was made Sheriff of Skye, with a jurisdiction that appears to correspond to the territories formerly held by the Crovan dynasty before 1266. In the central-west, Alasdair Mac Dubhghaill was made Sheriff of Lorn, with a jurisdiction over much of Argyll. In the south-west, James Stewart, Steward of Scotland was made Sheriff of Kintyre.[203] The creation of these divisions dramatically evidences the steady consolidation of royal authority in the west in since 1266.[204] Remarkably, representatives of Clann Domhnaill failed to attend the king's inaugural parliament.[205][note 21] Days later, Alasdair Mac Dubhghaill—the Scottish Crown's leading representative in the west—was commanded to bring Aonghus Mór and two other regional landholders to do homage before the king by Easter.[209][note 22] Although it is unknown if Aonghus Mór obeyed the summons, the pledge by the barons of Argyll—to rise up against him in the event of his infidelity—may date to about this time. Whatever the case, it is apparent that by the 1290s the Scottish Crown demanded and expected unquestioned loyalty from Clann Somhairle.[215]

Aonghus Mór seems to have died in about 1293.[216] According to Hebridean tradition preserved by the eighteenth-century Book of Clanranald and the Sleat History, he died on Islay, with the latter source locating his burial on Iona.[217] Alasdair Óg's undated renewal of Aonghus Mór's charter concerning the church of St Ciarán seems to be evidence that the later had been succeeded by the date of its issue.[218] Certainly, Alasdair Óg appears to have succeeded Aonghus Mór by the mid 1290s.[219]

Notes Edit

  1. ^ The seal appears to be similar to that which was ascribed to his paternal grandfather in the fifteenth century.[2] The seals of Aonghus Mór, and his son Alasdair Óg, are the earliest examples of heraldry utilised by Clann Domhnaill.[3] The legend reads "S' ENGVS DE YLE FILII DOMNALDI", whilst the seal itself is blazoned on waves, a lymphad bearing four men, not on a shield.[4]
  2. ^ Since the 1980s, academics have accorded Aonghus Óg various patronyms in English secondary sources: Aenghus Mor Mac Domhnall,[5] Aengus mac Domnaill,[6] Áengus mac Domnall,[7] Áengus mac Domnaill,[8] Aengus Mór mac Domnaill,[6] Áengus Mór mac Domnaill,[8] Aengus Mór MacDomhnaill,[9] Angus fitz Donald,[10] Angus Mac Donald,[11] Angus MacDonald,[12] Angus Macdonald,[13] Angus Mór Mac Donald,[11] Angus Mor mac Donald,[14] Angus Mor MacDonald,[15] Angus Mór Macdonald,[16] Angus Mór MacDonald,[17] Angus Mor macDonald,[14] Angus Mor Macdonald,[18] Aonghas Mór Mac Domhnaill,[19] Aonghas Mór MacDhomhnaill,[20] Aonghas Mòr MacDhòmhnaill,[21] Aonghus mac Domhnaill,[22] Aonghus mac Domnaill,[23] Aonghus Mór Mac Dhómhnaill,[24] Aonghus Mór mac Domhnaill,[25] Aonghus Mór Mac Domhnaill,[26] and Aongus mac Domnaill.[27]
  3. ^ Aonghus Mór's marriage is not recorded by traditional Caimbéalaigh genealogies.[38] Aonghus Mór's epithet Mór is attributed to him by the fifteenth-century National Library of Scotland Advocates' 72.1.1 (MS 1467).[39] The Gaelic Óg and Mór mean "young" and "big" respectively.[40]
  4. ^ The personal name Alasdair is a Gaelic equivalent of Alexander.[42]
  5. ^ Clann Somhairle's employment of the name contrasts the continued preference of Scandinavian names borne by the neighbouring Crovan dynasty, a family that also held authority along Scotland's western seaboard.[45]
  6. ^ Another seventeenth-century pedigree states that the Ó Gnímh family descended from a grandson of Aonghus Mór's brother, Alasdair Mór.[56]
  7. ^ According to the Sleat History, an illegitimate daughter of Aonghus Mór was the mother of an early chiefly ancestor of Clann Mhic an Tóisigh. The father of this ancestor is stated to have fled to Aonghus Mór whilst on the run for committing manslaughter. Having fathered a son with Aonghus Mór's daughter, the man is then said to have campaigned with Edward Bruce, Earl of Carrick in Ireland where he was slain. The Sleat History also claims that the slain man's son—the ancestor of later Clann Mhic an Tóisigh chiefs—was brought up in Clann Domhnaill territory and endowed by the kindred with lands in Lochaber and Moray.[58] Whatever the case, there is no solid evidence of Clann Mhic an Tóisigh in the Lochaber region before the reign of Robert II, King of Scotland (reign 1371–1390).[59]
  8. ^ Despite the fact that nothing remains of the church itself,[69] its name is preserved in the place name Kilkerran.[70] Although one particular charter to the monastery of Paisley appears to be that of Aonghus Mór's father, Domhnall, the fact that it is nearly identical to that of this man's father—and even features an identical witness list—could indicate that Domhnall's charter was either granted at the same time as his father's, or else be evidence of its lack of authenticity.[71] These charters of Domhnall and Raghnall contain a curse to St Columba, although this saint is not mentioned Aonghus Mór's corresponding charter. This could indicate that the cult of St Columba was waning by Aonghus Mór's floruit.[72] The various grants to the monastery of Paisley may relate to the fact the kindred's eponymous ancestor, Somhairle mac Giolla Brighde, was killed near the region of this religious house, and the possibility that his body was looked after by its monks.[73]
  9. ^ Aodh's mother was a member of Clann Suibhne.[88] If much later tradition is to be believed, Brian also possessed personal connections with Clann Somhairle through his marriage to an apparent member of Clann Dubhghaill.[89]
  10. ^ Aonghus Mór is the subject of a remarkable piece of contemporary praise-poetry,[93] and it is possible that his support of disaffected Irish kindreds could account for the piratical boasts contained within this composition.[94] The poem itself seems to date to the mid part of the century, and appears to indicate that the unknown poet had earlier been commissioned to compose a similar panegyric for Aonghus Mór's father.[95]
  11. ^ The escutcheon is blazoned: gules, three galleys with dragon heads at each end or, one above the other.[98] The coat of arms concerns Hákon's coronation, and its associated caption reads in Latin: "Scutum regis Norwagiae nuper coronati, qui dicitur rex Insularum".[97] The coat of arms was illustrated by Matthew Paris, a man who met Hákon in 1248/1249, the year after the king's coronation. The emphasise that Matthew placed upon the Norwegian realm's sea power appears to be underscored in the heraldry he attributed to Hákon.[99]
  12. ^ A contemporary piece of praise-poetry composed in honour of Aonghus Mór makes note of "brown ivory chessmen" as heirlooms inherited from his father.[119]
  13. ^ Specifically, the words of the compiler of Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar, Hákon intended to "avenge the warfare that the Scots had made in his dominions".[125]
  14. ^ The saga reveals that the fleet portaged the approximately a 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) distance between Arrochar to Tarbet.[135] Although the placename Tarbet is variously stated to mean as "place of portage",[136] this claim may be influenced by the saga's account of the expedition,[137] and the place name actually means "isthmus".[138]
  15. ^ The Stewarts and the comital family of Lennox were allied in marriage, as Maol Domhnaich, Earl of Lennox was married to Elizabeth Stewart, sister of Walter Stewart, Earl of Menteith.[142]
  16. ^ Ruðri may have been a descendant of Óspakr suðreyski,[145] or Aonghus Mór's uncle, Ruaidhrí.[146]
  17. ^ The three are the last magnates to be listed in the order documenting their attendance.[169]
  18. ^ In time, both the Bruces and Stewarts would possess personal connections with the earl. By 1296, Richard was certainly a brother-in-law of James Stewart, Steward of Scotland[186]—himself a party to the bond—whilst Richard became a father-in-law of Robert Bruce V's like-named grandson in 1304.[187]
  19. ^ Murchadh is the first member of Clann Suibhne recorded in Ireland,[191] and by the Irish annals.[192]
  20. ^ The notice of Clann Domhnaill's part in Aodh's defeat to Toirdhealbhach is the first specific record of the term "gallowglass" (gallóglach).[194] Although this is certainly not the first time such overseas warriors were utilised in Ireland, it is the first time they are recorded to have been used to topple an Irish king.[195]
  21. ^ At one point, an apparent Clann Domhnaill dynast named "Douenald filius Aneg'" is listed as absent.[206] Although it is conceivable that this name refers to an otherwise attested Domhnall of Islay,[207] it is more likely a scribal error in reference to Aonghus Mór ('Aonghus mac Domhnaill'),[208] who is ordered to render his homage by Easter, 1293.[209] Another noted absentee was evidently Robert Bruce V's son, Robert Bruce VI, Earl of Carrick.[210] The record of parliamentary nonattendance may reveal Clann Domhnaill's continued support of the Bruces after the Turnberry accord.[211] The earlier pledges of peace made by Clann Domhnaill and Clann Dubhghaill to the English Crown reveal that Edward made two particular Guardians of Scotland guarantors for the concord. One was the steward, James, whilst the other was John Comyn II, Lord of Badenoch. The fact that the former guardian seems to have been a brother-in-law of Alasdair Mac Dubhghaill suggests that the steward and Clann Domhnaill may have been politically aligned.[212] The steward was certainly another signatory at Turnberry.
  22. ^ The two other handholders are Laghmann Mac Fearchair, and Aonghus, son of Donnchadh mac Fearchair. The former is the eponymous ancestor of Clann Laghmainn, whilst the latter is a kinsman of his.[213] The document preserving the summons describes Aonghus Mór as "miles" ("knight"), which could be evidence that he had been knighted.[214]

Citations Edit

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  2. ^ McDonald (1997) pp. 75–76; McDonald (1995) pp. 131–132.
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  73. ^ Butter (2007a) p. 134 n. 91; McDonald (1997) p. 223.
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  76. ^ Penman, MA (2014) pp. 63–64 n. 3; Duffy (2007) p. 16; Woolf (2007) p. 79; Power (2005) p. 49; Duffy (2002) p. 57; Duffy (1993) pp. 121, 126; Cowan, EJ (1990) pp. 119–120; Bain (1881) p. 393 § 2041; Sweetman (1877) p. 80 § 490; Rymer; Sanderson (1816a) p. 336.
  77. ^ Oram (2013) ch. 6; Woolf (2007) p. 77; Power (2005) p. 46; Brown, M (2004) pp. 80–81; Duffy (2004b) p. 47; Woolf (2004) p. 108; Verstraten (2003) p. 36 n. 131; Sellar (2000) p. 201; Bartlett (1999) p. 821; Lydon (1992) p. 7.
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  107. ^ Lewis (1987) pp. 466, 497 n. 185; Royal MS 14 C VII (n.d.).
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  110. ^ Oram (2013) ch. 6; Sellar (2004); Woolf (2004) p. 108.
  111. ^ Dahlberg (2014) pp. 52–55; Oram (2013) ch. 6; Oram (2011) ch. 13; Wærdahl (2011) p. 49; Broun (2007) pp. 3–4; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 254; Murray (2005) p. 303; Oram (2005) p. 42; Reid, NH (2005) p. 59; Stringer (2004); Carpenter (2003) ch. 10 ¶ 80; Bartlett (1999) pp. 823–824; McDonald (1997) p. 98; Williams, DGE (1997) p. 118; Cowan, EJ (1990) p. 110; Barrow (1981) p. 115; Anderson (1922) pp. 539–540; Jónsson (1916) p. 615 ch. 270; Kjær (1910) pp. 584–585 ch. 287/245; Dasent (1894) pp. 248–249 ch. 245; Vigfusson (1887) pp. 238–239 ch. 245; Unger (1871) p. 525 ch. 250; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 164 ch. 218.
  112. ^ Oram (2013) ch. 6; Oram (2011) ch. 13; Oram (2005) p. 42; Brown, M (2004) p. 80; Sellar (2004); Carpenter (2003) ch. 10 ¶ 80; Sellar (2000) p. 204; Barrow (1981) pp. 115–116.
  113. ^ Oram (2013) ch. 6; Wærdahl (2011) p. 49; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 254–255; Murray (2005) pp. 304–305; Oram (2005) pp. 42–43; Power (2005) p. 47; Brown, M (2004) p. 80; Sellar (2004); Stringer (2004); Woolf (2004) p. 108; Carpenter (2003) ch. 10 ¶ 80; Sellar (2000) p. 204; Williams, DGE (1997) p. 118; Cowan, EJ (1990) pp. 115–116; Barrow (1981) pp. 115–116; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) pp. 208–209.
  114. ^ Woolf (2004) p. 108.
  115. ^ Caldwell; Hall; Wilkinson (2009) pp. 156 fig. 1b, 163 fig. 8e.
  116. ^ Caldwell; Hall; Wilkinson (2009) pp. 197–198.
  117. ^ Caldwell; Hall; Wilkinson (2009) pp. 165, 197–198.
  118. ^ Caldwell; Hall; Wilkinson (2009) p. 155.
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  123. ^ McDonald (1997) p. 107; Storm (1977) p. 135; Anderson (1922) p. 607; Vigfusson (1878) p. 377.
  124. ^ Alexander; Neighbour; Oram (2002) p. 18; McDonald (1997) p. 107.
  125. ^ Pringle (1998) p. 152; McDonald (1997) p. 107; Duncan (1996) p. 578; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) pp. 212–213; Anderson (1922) pp. 609–610; Dasent (1894) pp. 341–342 ch. 317; Vigfusson (1887) pp. 328–329 ch. 317; Unger (1871) p. 570 ch. 325; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 218 ch. 275.
  126. ^ Alexander; Neighbour; Oram (2002) p. 18; McDonald (1997) pp. 107–108.
  127. ^ McDonald (1997) p. 108; Duffy (1993) p. 130; Anderson (1922) pp. 616–617; Dasent (1894) p. 347 ch. 318; Vigfusson (1887) pp. 334–335 ch. 319; Unger (1871) p. 572 ch. 327; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 221 ch. 277.
  128. ^ McDonald (1997) p. 109; Anderson (1922) p. 617; Dasent (1894) p. 348 ch. 320; Vigfusson (1887) p. 335 ch. 320; Unger (1871) p. 573 ch. 328; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 221 ch. 278.
  129. ^ a b McDonald (1997) pp. 109–110.
  130. ^ Holton (2017) p. 141; McDonald (1997) pp. 109–110.
  131. ^ a b Roberts (1999) p. 109; McDonald (1997) p. 110; Cowan, EJ (1990) p. 120; Munro; Munro (1986) p. 280 n. 4; Dunbar; Duncan (1971) p. 6; Anderson (1922) pp. 617–620; Dasent (1894) pp. 348–350 chs. 320–321; Vigfusson (1887) pp. 336–338 chs. 320–321; Unger (1871) pp. 573–574 chs. 328–329; Flateyjarbok (1868) pp. 221–222 ch. 279.
  132. ^ McDonald (1997) p. 110; Cowan, EJ (1990) p. 120; Dunbar; Duncan (1971) p. 6.
  133. ^ Alexander; Neighbour; Oram (2002) pp. 18–19.
  134. ^ James (2013) p. 1; Cox (2010) pp. 53–54; Campbell of Airds (2000) p. 38; McDonald (1997) pp. 112–113; Cowan, EJ (1990) p. 121; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 213; Anderson (1922) pp. 625–626; Dasent (1894) pp. 354–355 ch. 323; Vigfusson (1887) p. 342 ch. 323; Unger (1871) p. 575 ch. 331; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 224 ch. 280.
  135. ^ Martin, C (2014) p. 186; James (2013) p. 1; McNiven (2011) p. 75; Cox (2010) pp. 53–54; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 258; Alexander; Neighbour; Oram (2002) p. 19; Campbell of Airds (2000) p. 38; Roberts (1999) p. 110; Cowan, EJ (1990) p. 121.
  136. ^ Cox (2010) pp. 53–54; Mills (2003) § Tarbet.
  137. ^ Cox (2010) pp. 53–54.
  138. ^ Cox (2010) pp. 53–54; Tarbet (n.d.).
  139. ^ James (2013) p. 1; Alexander; Neighbour; Oram (2002) p. 19; McDonald (1997) p. 112; Cowan, EJ (1990) p. 121; Anderson (1922) p. 625, 625 n. 6; Dasent (1894) p. 354 ch. 323; Vigfusson (1887) p. 342 ch. 323; Unger (1871) p. 575 ch. 331; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 224 ch. 280.
  140. ^ Holton (2017) p. 142; McNiven (2011) p. 75; Boardman (2006) p. 30 n. 35; Raven (2005a) p. 59; Roberts (1999) p. 110; McDonald (1997) p. 113; Cowan, EJ (1990) pp. 121–122.
  141. ^ Holton (2017) p. 142; McNiven (2011) p. 75; Boardman (2006) p. 30 n. 35; Alexander; Neighbour; Oram (2002) p. 19; Roberts (1999) p. 110; Cowan, EJ (1990) pp. 121–122.
  142. ^ Roberts (1999) p. 110; Cowan, EJ (1990) p. 122; Cokayne; Gibbs; Doubleday et al. (1929) p. 590.
  143. ^ Martin, C (2014) pp. 186–187; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 260; Alexander; Neighbour; Oram (2002) pp. 19–20; McDonald (1997) pp. 113–114; Cowan, EJ (1990) p. 122.
  144. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 260; Power (2005) p. 53; McDonald (1997) pp. 114–115, 115 n. 43; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 213, 213 n. 1; Anderson (1922) p. 635, 635 n. 7; Dasent (1894) pp. 362–363 ch. 326; Vigfusson (1887) p. 350 ch. 326; Unger (1871) p. 579 ch. 334; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 227 ch. 281.
  145. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 257; Power (2005) p. 40 n. 42; McDonald (1997) p. 111; Cowan, EJ (1990) pp. 120–121; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 203 n. 5.
  146. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 257.
  147. ^ Holton (2017) p. 141; Gade (2009) pp. 733–734; Anderson (1922) pp. 618–619; Dasent (1894) p. 349 ch. 320; Vigfusson (1887) pp. 336–337 ch. 320; Unger (1871) p. 573 ch. 328; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 222 ch. 279; Sturl Hrafn 7II (n.d.).
  148. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 260–261; McDonald (1997) p. 115; Cowan, EJ (1990) pp. 122–123; Anderson (1922) p. 635; Dasent (1894) p. 363 ch. 326; Vigfusson (1887) p. 350 ch. 326; Unger (1871) p. 579 ch. 334; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 227 ch. 281.
  149. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 261–262; McDonald (1997) pp. 115–116; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) pp. 213–214.
  150. ^ Brown, M (2004) p. 84.
  151. ^ Young (2006); Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 261; Paton; Reid (2004); Young (2004); Oram (2003) p. 63; Duncan (1996) p. 581; Watt (1971) p. 23, 23 n. 129.
  152. ^ Neville (2016) p. 23; McDonald (1997) p. 116; Watt (1971) p. 23, 23 n. 129; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 214; Skene (1872) p. 296 ch. 56; Skene (1871) p. 301 ch. 56.
  153. ^ Oram (2003) p. 63; Goodall (1759) pp. 101–102 bk. 10 ch. 18.
  154. ^ Neville (2016) p. 23, 23 n. 139; Barrow (2006) p. 146; McDonald (1997) p. 116; Reid, NH (1984) p. 49 n. 63; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 214; Anderson (1922) pp. 648–649; Dasent (1894) p. 377 ch. 4; Vigfusson (1887) p. 364 ch. 4.
  155. ^ Neville; Simpson (2012) p. 211 § 226; McDonald (1997) p. 116; Duncan (1996) p. 581; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 214.
  156. ^ Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) pp. 214–215; Thomson (1836) pp. *9–*10; Dillon (1822) p. 390.
  157. ^ Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) pp. 214–215; Origines Parochiales Scotiae (1855) p. 819; Thomson (1836) p. *18; Dillon (1822) p. 367.
  158. ^ Unger (1871) p. 573; AM 45 Fol (n.d.).
  159. ^ Holton (2017) p. 143; Brown, M (2004) p. 84; McDonald (2004) p. 188; Carpenter (2003) ch. 12 ¶ 40; McDonald (1997) pp. 116, 118; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 214.
  160. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 263–264; Brown, M (2004) p. 84; Crawford (2004) p. 38; Woolf (2004) pp. 108–109; McDonald (1997) pp. 119–121; The Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland (1844) pp. 420–421; Diplomatarium Norvegicum (n.d.) vol. 8 § 9.
  161. ^ McAndrew (2006) p. 67; McDonald (1995) p. 132; Munro; Munro (1986) p. 281 n. 5; Rixson (1982) pp. 128, 219 n. 2; Macdonald (1904) p. 227 § 1793; MacDonald; MacDonald (1896) pp. 88–89; Laing (1866) p. 91 § 536.
  162. ^ Penman, MA (2014) pp. 63–64 n. 3, 84 n. 85; Roberts (1999) pp. 112–113; McDonald (1997) pp. 109–110, 159, 159 n. 5; Duncan (1996) p. 581; Duffy (1991) p. 312; Cowan, EJ (1990) p. 120; Munro; Munro (1986) pp. 280–281 nn. 4–5; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 214; Bremner (1912) p. 247 n. 3; Munch; Goss (1874) p. 211; Thomson (1836) p. *9; Dillon (1822) p. 367.
  163. ^ McDonald (1997) p. 159 n. 5.
  164. ^ Roberts (1999) pp. 112–113; McDonald (1997) p. 130; Duncan (1996) p. 581; McDonald (1995) p. 143 n. 69; Macphail (1916) p. 240; The Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland (1844) pp. 109, 112.
  165. ^ Prestwich (1988) pp. 304–405 pl. 14.
  166. ^ Duncan (1996) pp. 582–583.
  167. ^ Holton (2017) p. 146; Cameron (2014) p. 152; McDonald (2006) p. 77; Power (2005) p. 54; Raven (2005a) p. 60; Brown, M (2004) p. 85; Caldwell, DH (2004) pp. 71–72; McDonald (2004) p. 184; Sellar (2000) p. 210; Roberts (1999) p. 115; McDonald (1997) pp. 130, 136; Maclean-Bristol (1995) p. 168; McDonald (1995) p. 143, 143 n. 69; Young (1990) p. 22; Munro; Munro (1986) p. 280 n. 4; Barrow (1981) p. 119; Barrow (1973) p. 380; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 216; The Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland (1844) p. 424; Rymer; Sanderson (1816b) p. 638; Document 4/42/5 (n.d.).
  168. ^ Holton (2017) p. 146; McDonald (2006) p. 77; Smith (1998); McDonald (1997) p. 136.
  169. ^ Power (2005) p. 54 n. 58.
  170. ^ McDonald (1997) pp. 141–142.
  171. ^ Duffy (2013).
  172. ^ McNamee (2012a) ch. 2; Duncan (1966) pp. 185–186.
  173. ^ Stevenson, JH (1914) pp. 196–197 pl. xxx fig. 6.
  174. ^ Duffy (2013) p. 125.
  175. ^ McNamee (2012a) ch. 2.
  176. ^ a b Holton (2017) pp. 148–149; Petre, J (2015) p. 606; Penman, M (2014) pp. 25–26; Penman, MA (2014) pp. 63–64, 63 n. 2; Duffy (2013); McNamee (2012a) ch. 2; McNamee (2012b) ch. introduction; Young; Stead (2010a) p. 30; Young; Stead (2010b) p. 48; Hartland (2007) pp. 343–344; Barrow (2005) pp. 24–26, 75–76; Barrow; Royan (2004) pp. 172–173; Brown, M (2004) p. 256; Duffy (2004a); Blakely (2003) p. 110, 110 nn. 55–56; Roberts (1999) p. 129; McDonald (1997) pp. 161–162; Duffy (1993) pp. 151, 154, 206; Barrow (1990) p. 129; Munro; Munro (1986) p. 281 n. 5; Reid, NH (1984) pp. 57–58; Reid, N (1982) pp. 76–78; Lamont (1981) p. 160; Duncan (1966) p. 188; Fraser (1888b) pp. xxxi § 12, 219–220; Stevenson, J (1870) pp. 22–23 § 12; Document 3/0/0 (n.d.).
  177. ^ Duffy (2013) p. 125; McNamee (2012a) ch. 2; Young; Stead (2010a) p. 30; Young; Stead (2010b) p. 48; Barrow (2005) pp. 24, 429 n. 47; Oram (1992) p. 31; Reid, NH (1984) p. 57; Reid, N (1982) p. 77.
  178. ^ Duffy (2013) pp. 128–131; Ó Cléirigh (2008); Hartland (2007) pp. 341 fig. 2, 343; Frame (2005); Ó Cléirigh (2005); Duffy (2004a); Frame (2004); Duffy (1993) p. 152.
  179. ^ Duffy (2013) p. 131; Hartland (2007) p. 343; Duffy (2004a); Duffy (1993) pp. 152–153.
  180. ^ Penman, M (2014) p. 26; Penman, MA (2014) p. 63; Brown, M (2004) p. 256; Blakely (2003) p. 110 n. 55.
  181. ^ Penman, M (2014) p. 342 n. 76; Penman, MA (2014) pp. 63–64 n. 3; Duffy (2013) p. 132; Annála Connacht (2011a) § 1286.2; Annála Connacht (2011b) § 1286.2; Duffy (2005); Simms (2005b); Duffy (2004a).
  182. ^ Oram (1992) p. 31.
  183. ^ Duffy (2013) p. 132.
  184. ^ McAndrew (2006) p. 51; McAndrew (1999) p. 706 § 3065; Macdonald (1904) p. 322 § 2553; Fraser (1888a) p. 76; Fraser (1888b) pp. 454–455, 461 fig. 1; Laing (1850) p. 129 § 784.
  185. ^ Duffy (2013) pp. 133–135.
  186. ^ Penman, M (2014) p. 51; Duffy (2013) p. 134; McNamee (2012b) ch. introduction; Barrow; Royan (2004) p. 168; Duffy (2004a).
  187. ^ Penman, MA (2014) p. 64; Duffy (2013) p. 134; McNamee (2012b) ch. introduction; Duffy (2004a).
  188. ^ Duffy (2013) pp. 131–132.
  189. ^ Duffy (2013) p. 131; Simms (2008) p. 166; Duffy (2007) p. 20; Simms (2007) p. 107; Parkes (2006) p. 368 n. 19; McLeod (2005) pp. 42–43; Duffy (1993) pp. 127, 153; McKenna (1946) pp. 40, 42 § 22, 44 § 22.
  190. ^ Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 1267.2; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 1267.2; Duffy (2013) p. 132; Annála Connacht (2011a) § 1267.3; Annála Connacht (2011b) § 1267.3; Annals of Loch Cé (2008) §§ 1265.15, 1267.2; Nicholls (2007) p. 92; Simms (2007) p. 107; Annals of Loch Cé (2005) §§ 1265.15, 1267.2.
  191. ^ Duffy (2007) p. 20.
  192. ^ Simms (2007) p. 107.
  193. ^ Duffy (2013) pp. 132–133.
  194. ^ Duffy (2013) pp. 132–133; Annála Connacht (2011a) § 1290.7; Annála Connacht (2011b) § 1290.7; Annals of Loch Cé (2008) § 1290.6; Duffy (2007) pp. 1–2; Macniven (2006) p. 148; Annala Uladh (2005) § 1286.5; Annals of Loch Cé (2005) § 1290.6; McLeod (2005) p. 44; Annala Uladh (2003) § 1286.5; McDonald (1997) p. 155; Duffy (1993) pp. 154–155, 172; Lydon (1992) pp. 6–7; AU, 1290, p. 373 (n.d.); Succession Dispute (n.d.); The Annals of Connacht (n.d.a); The Annals of Connacht (n.d.b).
  195. ^ Duffy (2013) p. 133; Duffy (1993) p. 155.
  196. ^ Collard (2007) pp. 2, 10 fig. 8.
  197. ^ McDonald (1997) p. 130.
  198. ^ Cameron (2014) p. 152; Sellar (2000) p. 208; McDonald (1997) p. 154; Duffy (1993) pp. 164–165; Rixson (1982) p. 32; MacDonald; MacDonald (1896) p. 489; Calendar of the Patent Rolls (1895) p. 52; Bain (1884) p. 148 § 635; Sweetman (1879) p. 495 § 1137; Stevenson, J (1870) p. 337 § 276.
  199. ^ Watson (2013) ch. 2; Brown, M (2011) p. 16; McDonald (2006) p. 78; Barrow (2005) pp. 75–76, 437 n. 10; Brown, M (2004) p. 258, 258 n. 1; McQueen (2002) p. 110; Sellar (2000) p. 212, 212 n. 128; McDonald (1997) pp. 163–164; Munro; Munro (1986) p. 281 n. 5; Lamont (1981) pp. 160, 162–163; Bain (1884) p. 145 § 621; Rymer; Sanderson (1816b) p. 761; Rotuli Scotiæ' (1814) p. 21; Document 3/33/0 (n.d.).
  200. ^ Holton (2017) p. 149; Cameron (2014) p. 152; Brown, M (2011) p. 16, 16 n. 70; Barrow (2005) pp. 76, 437 n. 10; Brown, M (2004) p. 258; McQueen (2002) p. 110; Sellar (2000) p. 212; Munro; Munro (1986) p. 281 n. 5; Bain (1884) p. 145 §§ 621–623; Rymer; Sanderson (1816b) p. 761; Document 3/33/0 (n.d.); Document 3/31/0 (n.d.a); Document 3/31/0 (n.d.b).
  201. ^ Birch (1905) pp. 34–36, 127 pl. 16.
  202. ^ Cameron (2014) p. 152; Penman, M (2014) p. 38; Petre, JS (2014) pp. 270–272; Watson (2013) ch. 1 ¶ 43; Boardman (2006) p. 12; McDonald (1997) pp. 131–134; Reid, NH (1984) pp. 114, 148 n. 16, 413; Macphail (1916) p. 115; The Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland (1844) p. 447; RPS, 1293/2/16 (n.d.a); RPS, 1293/2/16 (n.d.b); RPS, 1293/2/17 (n.d.a); RPS, 1293/2/17 (n.d.b); RPS, 1293/2/18 (n.d.a); RPS, 1293/2/18 (n.d.b).
  203. ^ Holton (2017) p. 151; Young; Stead (2010a) p. 40; McDonald (1997) pp. 131–134; Reid, NH (1984) pp. 114, 148 n. 16.
  204. ^ Cameron (2014) p. 152; Watson (2013) ch. 1 ¶ 43; McDonald (1997) pp. 131–134, 163.
  205. ^ Penman, M (2014) p. 38; McNamee (2012a) ch. 2 ¶ 36; McDonald (1997) p. 163; Lamont (1981) p. 160; The Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland (1844) p. 447; RPS, 1293/2/20 (n.d.a); RPS, 1293/2/20 (n.d.b).
  206. ^ McQueen (2002) p. 144; Lamont (1981) pp. 160, 165; The Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland (1844) p. 447; RPS, 1293/2/20 (n.d.a); RPS, 1293/2/20 (n.d.b).
  207. ^ Lamont (1981) p. 165.
  208. ^ Penman, M (2014) p. 38; McQueen (2002) p. 144 n. 15; Lamont (1981) pp. 160, 165.
  209. ^ a b Holton (2017) pp. 149, 152, 161; Brown, M (2011) p. 16; Barrow (2005) p. 74; McQueen (2002) p. 144 n. 15; McDonald (1997) pp. 133–134, 146; Lamont (1914) p. 6 § 8; Brown, A (1889) pp. 192–194; The Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland (1844) p. 448; Rymer; Sanderson (1816b) p. 787; Document 1/51/4 (n.d.); RPS, 1293/2/8 (n.d.a); RPS, 1293/2/8 (n.d.b).
  210. ^ Penman, M (2014) p. 39; Lamont (1981) pp. 160, 165; The Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland (1844) p. 447; RPS, 1293/2/20 (n.d.a); RPS, 1293/2/20 (n.d.b).
  211. ^ Roberts (1999) pp. 129–130.
  212. ^ Brown, M (2011) p. 16.
  213. ^ MacGregor (1989) p. 23, 24 n. 44.
  214. ^ Holton (2017) p. 161; McDonald (1997) p. 146; Lamont (1914) p. 6 § 8; The Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland (1844) p. 448; Rymer; Sanderson (1816b) p. 787; RPS, 1293/2/8 (n.d.a); RPS, 1293/2/8 (n.d.b).
  215. ^ McDonald (1997) p. 134.
  216. ^ Sellar (2000) p. 194 tab. ii.
  217. ^ Munro; Munro (1986) pp. 280–281 n. 4; Macphail (1914) p. 17; Macbain; Kennedy (1894) p. 159.
  218. ^ Lamont (1981) p. 160; Origines Parochiales Scotiae (1854) p. 13; Registrum Monasterii de Passelet (1832) pp. 128–129; Document 3/31/4 (n.d.).
  219. ^ Brown, M (2011) p. 16; McDonald (1997) p. 159; Duffy (1991) p. 312; Lamont (1981) p. 160.

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External links Edit

  • "Angus, son of Donald of the Isles, Lord of Islay (d. ca 1293)". People of Medieval Scotland, 1093–1371.
  •   Media related to Aonghus Mór mac Domhnaill at Wikimedia Commons

October 19, 2023
aonghus, mór, domhnaill, died, 1293, leading, figure, thirteenth, century, kingdoms, isles, scotland, note, domhnall, raghnaill, eponym, clann, domhnaill, branch, clann, somhairle, appears, have, succeeded, father, part, thirteenth, century, time, rulers, isle. Aonghus Mor mac Domhnaill died c 1293 was a leading figure in the thirteenth century kingdoms of the Isles and Scotland note 2 He was a son of Domhnall mac Raghnaill the eponym of Clann Domhnaill a branch of Clann Somhairle Aonghus Mor appears to have succeeded his father in the mid part of the thirteenth century At the time the rulers of the Isles were fiercely independent of the Scottish Crown and owed nominal allegiance to the distant Norwegian Crown Aonghus Mor s first certain appearance in the historical record seems to evince his involvement in aiding native Irish kindreds against the consolidation of Anglo Irish authority in the north west of Ireland Such cooperation could have been undertaken in the context of overseas kindreds like Clann Domhnaill constructing Irish alliances to gain assistance against Scottish encroachment Aonghus Mor mac DomhnaillLord of IslayThe seal of Aonghus Mor 1 note 1 SuccessorAlasdair og Mac DomhnaillDiedc 1293Noble familyClann DomhnaillIssueAlasdair og Aonghus og Eoin SprangachFatherDomhnall mac RaghnaillScottish aggression against the Isles seems to have precipitated the Norwegian Crown s campaign against the Scots in 1263 Like other leading members of Clann Somhairle Aonghus Mor supported the Norwegian cause against Alexander III King of Scotland However the fact that Hakon Hakonarson King of Norway had to force Aonghus Mor s submission suggests that his support was rendered somewhat grudgingly Nevertheless the Norwegian campaign was ultimately a failure and the Islesmen were compelled to submit to the Scots after a retaliatory campaign the following year As for Aonghus Mor he was forced to hand over his son likely Alasdair og as a hostage of the Scottish Crown By 1266 the Isles were officially annexed by the Scots In the decades that followed Aonghus Mor and his Clann Somhairle kinsmen integrated themselves into the Scottish realm For example Aonghus Mor was one of three members of the kindred to attended an important government council at Scone in which Alexander III s granddaughter Margaret was recognised as the king s rightful heir Following Alexander III s unexpected death two years later Aonghus Mor and Alasdair og were signatories of the Turnberry Band a pact between several Scottish and Anglo Irish magnates One aspect of this bond may have concerned the continued resistance to Anglo Irish domination in north west Ireland This could indicate that Aonghus Mor was made a party to the pact as a means of limiting his kindred s support of the native opponents of the Anglo Irish Whatever the case Aonghus Mor died in about 1293 and was succeeded by Alasdair og as Lord of Islay Aonghus Mor was married to a member of the Caimbealaigh kindred Besides Alasdair og Aonghus Mor had two sons Aonghus og and Eoin Sprangach He also had a daughter who married Domhnall og o Domhnaill King of Tir Chonaill and another who married Hugh Bisset Contents 1 Clann Domhnaill 2 Early career 2 1 Attestations of uncertain date 2 2 Involvement in Irish affairs 3 A Norwegian subject 3 1 Clann Somhairle and the kingship of the Isles 3 2 Scottish aggression and Norwegian subjection 4 A Scottish subject 4 1 Incorporation within Alexander III s realm 4 2 Factionalism after Alexander III s death 4 3 Kin strife under the regime of John Balliol 5 Notes 6 Citations 7 References 7 1 Primary sources 7 2 Secondary sources 8 External linksClann Domhnaill EditAonghus Mor was a son of Domhnall mac Raghnaill 28 eponym of Clann Domhnaill 29 As such Aonghus Mor can be regarded as the first Mac Domhnaill 30 Clann Domhnaill was the junior most of three main branches of Clann Somhairle The other two branches were Clann Dubhghaill and Clann Ruaidhri respectively descended from Domhnall s uncle Dubhghall mac Somhairle and Domhnall s elder brother Ruaidhri mac Raghnaill 31 According to oral tradition dating to the eighteenth century 32 Aonghus Mor was fostered by the eponymous ancestor of Clann Duibhshithe 33 The date of Domhnall s death and Aonghus Mor s succession is unknown although the latter was certainly representing the family by 1260s seemingly indicating that the former was dead or retired by this time 34 nbsp The apparent name of Alasdair og as it appears on folio 71v of Oxford Bodleian Library Rawlinson B 489 the Annals of Ulster 35 Aonghus Mor was married to a member of the Caimbealaigh kindred the Campbells 36 According to early modern tradition preserved by the seventeenth century Sleat History she was a daughter of Cailean Mor Caimbeal a leading member of the Caimbealaigh and the mother of Aonghus Mor s younger son Aonghus og 37 note 3 Like his Clann Somhairle kinsman Eoghan Mac Dubhghaill Aonghus Mor evidently named his first born son Alasdair og after Alexander III King of Scotland 41 note 4 The kindred s adoption of this royal name appears to be indicative of the spread of Scottish influence into Isles 43 and could be evidence of the family s attempt to align itself closer to the Scottish Crown 44 note 5 A daughter of Aonghus Mor married Domhnall og o Domhnaill King of Tir Chonaill 46 Another married Hugh Bisset 47 Alasdair og was the progenitor of several prominent Clann Domhnaill gallowglass families in Ireland 48 the eponymous ancestor of the Clann Alasdair branch of Clann Domhnaill 49 and probably of the like named Kintyre branch of Clann Domhnaill 50 Another son Eoin Sprangach was the ancestor of the Ardnamurchan branch of Clann Domhnaill 51 There is evidence to suggest that Aonghus Mor may have had yet another son named Domhnall Although various historical records and chronicle accounts concerning the period make note of this man with some of these sources styling him of Islay 52 the precise identity of this individual is uncertain 53 A seventeenth century pedigree of the o Gnimh bardic kindred of Ulster traces its descent from a son of Aonghus Mor named Gofraidh 54 The familial origins of this kindred are uncertain Whilst it is possible that the family is a branch of Clann Domhnaill there is also reason to suspect that a genealogical connection between the families was concocted 55 note 6 According to the seventeenth century Macintosh History an ancestor of Clann Mhic an Toisigh named Fearchar married a daughter of Aonghus og named Moram The fact that Fearchar is supposed to have died in 1274 however suggests that this source has conflated Aonghus og and Aonghus Mor 57 note 7 Alexander Mackintosh Shaw 1880 confirms the father of Moran to be Aonghus Mor Ferquhard s intercourse with the fair Mora of Isla was at first of an unauthorised character and that this being discovered the lover fled to avoid the wrath of the powerful father He took refuge in Ireland but before he had been there long he was recalled and on his return made Mora his wife 60 Early career Edit nbsp The apparent name of Domhnall mac Raghnaill as it appears on folio 47v of British Library Cotton Julius A VII the Chronicle of Mann Dofnaldus 61 Attestations of uncertain date Edit Unlike some of his Clann Somhairle kinsmen there is little known of Aonghus Mor s career 33 Details of his father s life are even more obscure One source that may cast light upon the latter and potentially concern Aonghus Mor himself is the thirteenth to fourteenth century Chronicle of Mann According to this source an aged chieftain named Dofnaldus was held in high esteem by Haraldr olafsson King of Mann and the Isles but after the latter s unexpected death and the subsequent assassination of his brother Rǫgnvaldr olafsson the kingship was seized by their rival kinsman Haraldr Gudrodarson reigned 1249 1250 who in turn had Dofnaldus and his infant son imprisoned The episode concerning Dofnaldus concludes with him and his son successfully escaping their captors through divine intervention and the compiler of the chronicle stating that the recorded events were provided in person by the chieftain in question 62 There is reason to suspect that Dofnaldus and his infant son are identical to Domhnall and possibly Aonghus Mor himself Haraldr olafsson certainly associated himself with the Hebrides throughout his reign a fact which could in turn indicate that the chieftains whom he had held in highest esteem were indeed Hebrideans 63 nbsp The seal of Haraldr olafsson King of Mann and the Isles 64 The device depicts a sailing vessel on one side similar to that of Aonghus Mor 65 To the rulers of the Isles such vessels were symbols of power and authority 66 There are several charters that may have bearing upon Aonghus Mor s early career At some point he issued several undated charters to the monastery of Paisley One of these was a payment and promise of protection to the monks of this religious house not unlike an earlier grant by his paternal grandfather Raghnall mac Somhairle 67 Aonghus Mor s other charter concerned his grant of the church of St Ciaran in Kintyre to the monastery 68 note 8 This particular charter refers to both a king and prince named Alexander Although these two can be understood to refer to Alexander II and his son and successor Alexander III an identification that would date the endowment to 1241 1249 another possibility is that the names instead refer to the latter and his like named son Alexander If this latter identification is indeed correct the charter would instead date to 1264 1284 63 The grant itself stresses that the transaction was made for the welfare of my lord Alexander illustrious king of Scots pro salute domini mei Alexandri illustris regis Scotie a declaration that may be evidence that Aonghus Mor was attempting to align himself with the Scottish Crown 74 Involvement in Irish affairs Edit nbsp The name of Brian o Neill as it appears on folio 68r of Oxford Bodleian Library Rawlinson B 489 75 The first certain record of Aonghus Mor in contemporary sources dates to February 1256 when the English Crown commanded that he and other unnamed men from Scotland were not to be received in Ireland 76 In the mid thirteenth century leading members of Clann Somhairle were clearly involved in Irish affairs In 1247 a certain Mac Somhairle was slain whilst resisting an English invasion of Tir Chonaill 77 Dubhghall raided western Ireland and slew the English Sheriff of Connacht in 1258 78 The year after that a daughter of Dubhghall married Aodh na nGall o Conchobhair with the latter receiving the bride s tocher of one hundred and sixty gallowglass warriors commanded by Dubhghall s brother Ailean 79 The year before this Aodh na nGall had been one of several leading Irishmen who relinquished their claims to the high kingship of Ireland in favour of Brian o Neill King of Tir Eoghain 80 a man committed to combating the Anglo Irish in Ulster 81 Unfortunately for this group of Irish confederates their combined forces were utterly crushed by the Anglo Irish at Downpatrick in 1260 with Brian amongst the slain 82 nbsp A rook gaming piece of the Lewis chessmen 83 The Scandinavian connections of leading members of the Isles may have been reflected in their military armament and could have resembled that depicted upon such gaming pieces 84 Whilst the Ui Conchobhair clearly enlisted Hebridean military assistance from Clann Ruaidhri with members of the kindred potentially present at the catastrophe at Downpatrick 85 it is apparent that the Cineal Chonaill also enjoyed connections with Clann Domhnaill 86 as a daughter of Aonghus Mor is known to have married the King of Tir Chonaill Domhnall og 46 A product of this union was Toirdhealbhach o Domhnaill a man who is recorded to have seized the kingship of Tir Chonaill from his reigning paternal half brother Aodh by way of overseas military assistance from Clann Domhnaill in 1290 87 note 9 If Aonghus Mor had been involved with Brian and his insurrection such a relationship could account for Aonghus Mor being singled out by the English ordinance of 1256 The fact that this directive stated that the Scottish king would name other figures to be denied access to Ireland could indicate that these men were regarded as threats by the Scottish Crown Such could have been the case if alliances between Irishmen and Islesmen were undertaken in the context of lending mutual assistance to each other 90 It is conceivable that the overseas support lent to the Irish insurrection was ventured in the context of not only countering the English Crown in Ireland but of also opposing the westward extension of Scottish royal authority 91 In fact another ordinance dating to just weeks before Brian s defeat and almost certainly related to the uprising itself directed the Anglo Irish justiciar to arrest any Scottish subjects who were actively seeking confederacies with the Irish that might be to the king s detriment 92 note 10 In the 1230s and 1240s the Scottish Crown progressively attempted to expand its lordship into Argyll and the Isles One example of this expansion that appears to have specifically concerned Aonghus Mor was the king s grant of the rights of the church of Killean to the Diocese of Argyll Earlier in the century this church had been under the patronage of Aonghus Mor s uncle Ruaidhri and it is likely that Aonghus Mor himself considered its patronage as his own heritable prerogative 96 A Norwegian subject Edit nbsp The arms of Hakon Hakonarson depicted on folio 216v of Cambridge Corpus Christi College Parker Library 16II Chronica Majora 97 note 11 Clann Somhairle and the kingship of the Isles Edit In 1248 the year after the fall of Mac Somhairle two leading members of Clann Somhairle travelled to Norway seeking the kingship of the northern Sudreyjar from Hakon Hakonarson King of Norway The two kinsmen were Eoghan Mac Dubhghaill and Dubhghall mac Ruaidhri 100 chiefs of Clann Dubhghaill and Clann Ruaidhri respectively 101 Although the entirety of the Sudreyjar roughly encompassed the Hebrides and Mann 102 the precise jurisdiction which Dubhghall and Eoghan competed for is uncertain For instance the northern Hebridean islands of Lewis and Harris and Skye appear to have been held by the Crovan dynasty then represented by the reigning Haraldr olafsson 103 It is conceivable that Eoghan and Dubhghall sought kingship over the same jurisdiction that Hakon had awarded to ospakr Hakon about a decade before a region which could have included some or all of the islands possessed by Clann Somhairle 104 In fact it is possible that the events of 1247 and 1248 were related 105 and that Dubhghall and Eoghan sought to succeed Mac Somhairle s position in the Isles 106 nbsp The arms of Alexander II depicted on folio 146v of British Library Royal 14 C VII Historia Anglorum 107 The inverted shield represents the king s death in 1249 108 It was only after the unexpected death of Haraldr olafsson in 1248 that Hakon sent Eoghan west over sea to temporarily take up the kingship of the Isles on his behalf 109 Eoghan however was not only a Norwegian dependant in the Isles but an eminent Scottish magnate on the mainland 110 Although the Scottish Crown seems to have attempted to purchase the Isles earlier that decade 111 Eoghan s acceptance of Hakon s commission partly led Alexander II to unleash an invasion of Argyll in the summer of 1249 directed at the very heart of the Clann Dubhghaill lordship 112 The unfolding crisis only ended with the Scottish king s sudden death in July 1249 113 The first certain attestation of Aonghus Mor dates to the year after Eoghan finally himself with the Scottish Crown 114 Scottish aggression and Norwegian subjection Edit nbsp A king gaming piece of the Lewis chessmen 115 Comprising some four sets 116 the pieces are thought to have been crafted in Norway in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries 117 They were uncovered in Lewis in the early nineteenth century 118 note 12 About a decade after Alexander II s death his son and royal successor Alexander III came of age and took steps to continue his father s westward expansion 120 In 1261 the Scottish Crown sent envoys to Norway offering to purchase the Isles from Hakon Once the Norwegians rejected the offer the Scots are recorded to have lashed out against the Islesmen in a particularly savage attack upon the inhabitants of Skye 121 In 1262 the year after yet another failed attempt by the Scottish Crown to purchase the Hebrides the thirteenth century Hakonar saga Hakonarsonar reports that the Scots lashed out against the Islesmen in a particularly savage assault upon the inhabitants of Skye 122 Thus provoked Hakon assembled an enormous fleet described by the Icelandic annals as the largest force to have ever set sail from Norway 123 to reassert Norwegian sovereignty along the north and western coast of Scotland 124 note 13 In July 1263 this armada disembarked from Norway and by mid August Hakon reaffirmed his overlordship in Shetland and Orkney forced the submission of Caithness and arrived in the Hebrides 126 According to Hakonar saga Hakonarsonar Hakon was met in the region by Magnus olafsson King of Mann and the Isles and Dubhghall himself 127 As the fleet made its way southwards Hakon sent a detachment of vessels under the command of Dubhghall and Magnus olafsson to harry Kintyre whilst Hakon himself made landfall on Gigha 128 It is evident that Magnus olafsson 129 and Dubhghall 130 were tasked with bringing Aonghus Mor and Murchadh Mac Suibhne onto the king s side 129 The saga and pieces of poetry embedded within it glorifies the subsequent ravaging of Kintyre suggesting that it was this rapaciousness that finally compelled Aonghus Mor and Murchadh to come into the king s peace Certainly the saga reveals that these west coast magnates duly submitted to Hakon swearing oaths of allegiance surrendering hostages into his keeping and delivering the island of Islay into his control The king is further said to have levied a tax of one thousand head of cattle upon the Kintyre headland and a particular fortress 131 most likely Dunaverty Castle 132 is stated to have been surrendered to Hakon by an unidentified knight 131 nbsp Locations relating to the expedition into the Lennox In early September Hakon s fleet of Norwegians and Islesmen entered the Firth of Clyde 133 After negotiations between the Scottish and Norwegian administrations broke down the saga identifies Magnus olafsson Dubhghall the latter s brother Ailean Aonghus Mor and Murchadh as the commanders of a detachment of Islesmen and Norwegians who entered Loch Long portaged across land into Loch Lomond and ravaged the surrounding region of the Lennox 134 note 14 According various versions of the saga this contingent consisted of either forty or sixty ships a considerable portion of Hakon s fleet 139 There is reason to suspect that this strike is evidence that the Norwegians and Islesmen were directing their fury at the territories of the powerful Stewart kindred 140 Furthermore by penetrating into the Earldom of Lennox and possibly striking further east inland Hakon s adherents would have been encroaching into the Earldom of Menteith 141 note 15 Meanwhile at the beginning of October Hakon s main force clashed with the Scots at Largs and withdrew into the Hebrides 143 Once regrouped with the detachment of Islesmen the saga records that Hakon rewarded his overseas supporters Since Eoghan had refused to aid the Norwegians cause Dubhghall and Ailean were awarded his forfeited island territories A certain Rudri is stated to have received Bute whilst Murchadh got Arran Aonghus Mor who is not identified as one of the beneficiaries already enjoyed possession of Islay 144 note 16 The quick spoken assembly convener of swords brought the sea skis on the paths of the ocean to the Hebrides Angus surrendered Islay captured in battle on account of the very vigorous spoiler of the splendid lair of the valley char excerpt from Hrafnsmal by Sturla THordarson observing Aonghus Mor s submission to Hakon 147 Although the saga declares that the Norwegian campaign was an overwhelming triumph it seems to have been an utter failure instead 148 Not only did Hakon fail to break Scottish power but Alexander III seized the initiative the following year and oversaw a series of invasions into the Isles and northern Scotland Recognising this dramatic shift in royal authority Magnus olafsson submitted to Alexander III within the year 149 and in so doing symbolised the complete collapse of Norwegian sovereignty in the Isles 150 The Scots retaliatory campaign against the Islesmen was evidently commanded by Alexander Comyn Earl of Buchan Uilleam Earl of Mar and Alan Hostarius 151 According to the fourteenth century Gesta Annalia II 152 and the fifteenth century Scotichronicon it was these magnates who oversaw the Scots ravaging of the islands 153 This source is corroborated by the thirteenth century Magnuss saga lagabœtis which states that Scottish forces invaded the Isles in the summer after Hakon s campaign and forced the submission of Aonghus Mor and other adherents to the Norwegian cause 154 Evidence from the Scottish exchequer concerning Uilleam s reception of monetary aid for commanding two hundred serjeants on behalf of the king in the Hebrides also validates these accounts 155 Further evidence of a concerted campaign against Hakon s supporters is the record of Walter Stewart Earl of Menteith assembling a royal fleet at Ayr 156 and of Uilleam taking twenty cattle from Kintyre 157 nbsp The names of Murchadh Mac Suibhne and Aonghus Mor as they appear on folio 122r of AM 45 fol Codex Frisianus Myrgadr ok Engus 158 Despite these retributory actions the Scottish Crown was only partially successful in turning Clann Somhairle onside as Dubhghall stubbornly refused the recognise Scottish overlordship 159 Nevertheless in 1266 almost three years after Hakon s abortive campaign terms of peace were finally agreed upon between the Scottish and Norwegian administrations Specifically with the conclusion of the Treaty of Perth in July Hakon s son and successor Magnus Hakonarson King of Norway formally resigned all rights to Mann and the islands on the western coast of Scotland In so doing the territorial dispute over Scotland s western maritime region was finally settled 160 A Scottish subject Edit nbsp The seal of Aonghus Mor s eldest son and successor Alasdair og 161 Incorporation within Alexander III s realm Edit In the wake of the Norwegian withdrawal and the violent extension of Scottish royal authority into the Isles Aonghus Mor had no choice but to submit to the Scots He was forced to hand over his son seemingly Alasdair og his eldest son and heir who was consequently held at Ayr as a hostage of the Scottish Crown for Aonghus Mor s good behaviour 162 The fact that his son was accompanied by a nurse suggests that he was merely a young child at the time 163 In his submission Aonghus Mor formally acknowledged that he would suffer disinheritance if his loyalty to the Scottish Crown was called into question again whilst the other barons of Argyll swore to rise against him in the name of the king if such an eventuality came to pass 164 nbsp An imaginative sixteenth century illustration of Alexander III King of Scotland attending the parliament of his English counterpart as depicted by the Wriothesley Garter Book 165 Western magnates such as those of Clann Somhairle were rarely present at the Scottish royal court although on certain occasions they participated in important affairs of state 166 For instance in 1284 Aonghus Mor attended a government council at Scone which acknowledged Alexander III s granddaughter Margaret as the king s rightful heir 167 The inclusion of Aonghus Mor and three of his Clann Somhairle kinsmen Alasdair Mac Dubhghaill and Ailean further illustrates the kindred s incorporation within the Scottish realm 168 note 17 Factionalism after Alexander III s death Edit Other evidence of the Clann Somhairle s incorporation within Scotland concerns the formation of alliances with various factions within the realm 170 Whilst Clann Dubhghall forged ties with the dominant Comyn kindred Clann Domhnaill evidently aligned itself to the Bruce kindred 171 This latter partnership appears to owe itself to the unsettled period immediately after Alexander III s unexpected demise in March 1286 Although the leading magnates of the realm had previously recognised Margaret as his legitimate heir there were two major factions that possessed competing claims to the kingship At the beginning of April Robert Bruce V Lord of Annandale announced his claim to the throne whilst John Balliol a magnate backed by the Comyns seems to have declared a claim of his own before the end of the month 172 nbsp The seal of Robert Bruce VI 173 The Turnberry Band was concluded at this man s principal residence Turnberry Castle 174 It is possible that the Bruce faction regarded its claim to be weaker to that of Comyn Balliol faction 175 In September members of the faction concluded a pact known as the Turnberry Band in which certain Scottish and Anglo Irish magnates including Aonghus Mor and his son Alasdair og pledged to support one another 176 Although the precise purpose of the pact is uncertain it is possible that it was somehow connected to the Bruce faction s claim to the throne 177 In accordance to the pact the participating Scottish magnates swore to support two prominent Anglo Irish magnates Richard de Burgh Earl of Ulster and Thomas de Clare Lord of Thomond 176 Thomas father in law died the same year leaving him with claims in Connacht and Ulster 178 This could indicate that one of the purposes of the bond was to further the ambitions of Richard and Thomas in north west Ireland and enable the latter to secure possession of his northern inheritance from the clutches of his chief competitor John fitz Thomas and the numerous native kindreds of the region 179 One aspect of the pact therefore could have concerned the curtailment of overseas connections between Clann Domhnaill and Irish kindreds opposed to the earl families such as the Ui Domhnaill and the Ui Neill 180 In fact the bond coincided with an immense show of force by Richard in Connacht and Ulster This campaign saw the earl s exaction of hostages from Cineal Chonaill and Cineal Eoghain the deposition of Brian s son Domhnall o Neill from the kingship of Tir Chonaill and the subsequent replacement of the latter with a more palatable candidate 181 The bond s Anglo Irish cosignatories may have sought maritime support from Clann Domhnaill 182 and it is possible that Aonghus Mor contributed to the earl s operation 183 nbsp The seal of Walter Stewart 184 one of the signatories of the band The Bruces and Stewarts also had a stake in north west Ireland with the latter kindred eventually possessing claims to territories that had formerly been held by predecessors of John Balliol 185 note 18 The participation of the Stewart Menteith kindred in the band could have also concerned its part in the hostile annexation of the Clann Suibhne lordship in Argyll Forced from its Scottish homeland Clann Suibhne evidently found a safe haven in Tir Chonaill on account of an alliance forged with Domhnall og 188 Not only was the latter s son and successor Aodh the product of a union with a member of Clann Suibhne 88 but Domhnall og himself had been fostered by this family 189 The fact that Murchadh is known to have died imprisoned by Richard s father could in turn indicate that the earls of Ulster were opposed to Clann Suibhne s resettlement in the region 190 note 19 Clann Domhnaill s part in Toirdhealbhach s defeat of Aodh in 1290 meant that the forces of Clann Domhnaill were engaged supporting the cause of Aonghus Mor s maternal grandson against a maternal descendant of Clann Suibhne Whether this clash was a direct result of the bond is uncertain although it seems likely that Aonghus Mor s part in the pact concerned the value of his family s military might 193 note 20 Kin strife under the regime of John Balliol Edit nbsp A thirteenth century illumination of Edward I King of England on folio 6v of British Library Cotton Vitellius A XIII 196 By the death of Alexander III the Clann Domhnaill holdings seem to have included Kintyre Islay southern Jura and seemingly Colonsay and Oronsay Whilst Aonghus Mor is regularly described with a patronymic referring to his father Aonghus Mor s sons tend to be accorded the territorial designation of Islay 197 In 1292 the English Crown granted Aonghus Mor and Alasdair og safe conduct to travel and trade between Scotland and Ireland 198 1292 is also the year in which a violent feud between Clann Domhnaill and Clann Dubhghaill is first attested The infighting appears to have stemmed from Alasdair og s marriage to an apparent member of Clann Dubhghaill and seems to have concerned this woman s territorial claims 199 Although Aonghus Mor Alasdair og and Alasdair Mac Dubhghaill swore to Edward I King of England that they would postpone the feud and pledged to uphold the peace in the isles and outlying territories the bitter internecine struggle continued throughout the 1290s 200 nbsp The seal of John King of Scotland 201 a monarch closely connected with Aonghus Mor s neighbouring rival Alasdair Mac Dubhghaill In February 1293 at the first parliament of John King of Scotland three new sheriffdoms were erected in the western reaches of the realm 202 In the north west William II Earl of Ross was made Sheriff of Skye with a jurisdiction that appears to correspond to the territories formerly held by the Crovan dynasty before 1266 In the central west Alasdair Mac Dubhghaill was made Sheriff of Lorn with a jurisdiction over much of Argyll In the south west James Stewart Steward of Scotland was made Sheriff of Kintyre 203 The creation of these divisions dramatically evidences the steady consolidation of royal authority in the west in since 1266 204 Remarkably representatives of Clann Domhnaill failed to attend the king s inaugural parliament 205 note 21 Days later Alasdair Mac Dubhghaill the Scottish Crown s leading representative in the west was commanded to bring Aonghus Mor and two other regional landholders to do homage before the king by Easter 209 note 22 Although it is unknown if Aonghus Mor obeyed the summons the pledge by the barons of Argyll to rise up against him in the event of his infidelity may date to about this time Whatever the case it is apparent that by the 1290s the Scottish Crown demanded and expected unquestioned loyalty from Clann Somhairle 215 Aonghus Mor seems to have died in about 1293 216 According to Hebridean tradition preserved by the eighteenth century Book of Clanranald and the Sleat History he died on Islay with the latter source locating his burial on Iona 217 Alasdair og s undated renewal of Aonghus Mor s charter concerning the church of St Ciaran seems to be evidence that the later had been succeeded by the date of its issue 218 Certainly Alasdair og appears to have succeeded Aonghus Mor by the mid 1290s 219 Notes Edit The seal appears to be similar to that which was ascribed to his paternal grandfather in the fifteenth century 2 The seals of Aonghus Mor and his son Alasdair og are the earliest examples of heraldry utilised by Clann Domhnaill 3 The legend reads S ENGVS DE YLE FILII DOMNALDI whilst the seal itself is blazoned on waves a lymphad bearing four men not on a shield 4 Since the 1980s academics have accorded Aonghus og various patronyms in English secondary sources Aenghus Mor Mac Domhnall 5 Aengus mac Domnaill 6 Aengus mac Domnall 7 Aengus mac Domnaill 8 Aengus Mor mac Domnaill 6 Aengus Mor mac Domnaill 8 Aengus Mor MacDomhnaill 9 Angus fitz Donald 10 Angus Mac Donald 11 Angus MacDonald 12 Angus Macdonald 13 Angus Mor Mac Donald 11 Angus Mor mac Donald 14 Angus Mor MacDonald 15 Angus Mor Macdonald 16 Angus Mor MacDonald 17 Angus Mor macDonald 14 Angus Mor Macdonald 18 Aonghas Mor Mac Domhnaill 19 Aonghas Mor MacDhomhnaill 20 Aonghas Mor MacDhomhnaill 21 Aonghus mac Domhnaill 22 Aonghus mac Domnaill 23 Aonghus Mor Mac Dhomhnaill 24 Aonghus Mor mac Domhnaill 25 Aonghus Mor Mac Domhnaill 26 and Aongus mac Domnaill 27 Aonghus Mor s marriage is not recorded by traditional Caimbealaigh genealogies 38 Aonghus Mor s epithet Mor is attributed to him by the fifteenth century National Library of Scotland Advocates 72 1 1 MS 1467 39 The Gaelic og and Mor mean young and big respectively 40 The personal name Alasdair is a Gaelic equivalent of Alexander 42 Clann Somhairle s employment of the name contrasts the continued preference of Scandinavian names borne by the neighbouring Crovan dynasty a family that also held authority along Scotland s western seaboard 45 Another seventeenth century pedigree states that the o Gnimh family descended from a grandson of Aonghus Mor s brother Alasdair Mor 56 According to the Sleat History an illegitimate daughter of Aonghus Mor was the mother of an early chiefly ancestor of Clann Mhic an Toisigh The father of this ancestor is stated to have fled to Aonghus Mor whilst on the run for committing manslaughter Having fathered a son with Aonghus Mor s daughter the man is then said to have campaigned with Edward Bruce Earl of Carrick in Ireland where he was slain The Sleat History also claims that the slain man s son the ancestor of later Clann Mhic an Toisigh chiefs was brought up in Clann Domhnaill territory and endowed by the kindred with lands in Lochaber and Moray 58 Whatever the case there is no solid evidence of Clann Mhic an Toisigh in the Lochaber region before the reign of Robert II King of Scotland reign 1371 1390 59 Despite the fact that nothing remains of the church itself 69 its name is preserved in the place name Kilkerran 70 Although one particular charter to the monastery of Paisley appears to be that of Aonghus Mor s father Domhnall the fact that it is nearly identical to that of this man s father and even features an identical witness list could indicate that Domhnall s charter was either granted at the same time as his father s or else be evidence of its lack of authenticity 71 These charters of Domhnall and Raghnall contain a curse to St Columba although this saint is not mentioned Aonghus Mor s corresponding charter This could indicate that the cult of St Columba was waning by Aonghus Mor s floruit 72 The various grants to the monastery of Paisley may relate to the fact the kindred s eponymous ancestor Somhairle mac Giolla Brighde was killed near the region of this religious house and the possibility that his body was looked after by its monks 73 Aodh s mother was a member of Clann Suibhne 88 If much later tradition is to be believed Brian also possessed personal connections with Clann Somhairle through his marriage to an apparent member of Clann Dubhghaill 89 Aonghus Mor is the subject of a remarkable piece of contemporary praise poetry 93 and it is possible that his support of disaffected Irish kindreds could account for the piratical boasts contained within this composition 94 The poem itself seems to date to the mid part of the century and appears to indicate that the unknown poet had earlier been commissioned to compose a similar panegyric for Aonghus Mor s father 95 The escutcheon is blazoned gules three galleys with dragon heads at each end or one above the other 98 The coat of arms concerns Hakon s coronation and its associated caption reads in Latin Scutum regis Norwagiae nuper coronati qui dicitur rex Insularum 97 The coat of arms was illustrated by Matthew Paris a man who met Hakon in 1248 1249 the year after the king s coronation The emphasise that Matthew placed upon the Norwegian realm s sea power appears to be underscored in the heraldry he attributed to Hakon 99 A contemporary piece of praise poetry composed in honour of Aonghus Mor makes note of brown ivory chessmen as heirlooms inherited from his father 119 Specifically the words of the compiler of Hakonar saga Hakonarsonar Hakon intended to avenge the warfare that the Scots had made in his dominions 125 The saga reveals that the fleet portaged the approximately a 2 5 kilometres 1 6 mi distance between Arrochar to Tarbet 135 Although the placename Tarbet is variously stated to mean as place of portage 136 this claim may be influenced by the saga s account of the expedition 137 and the place name actually means isthmus 138 The Stewarts and the comital family of Lennox were allied in marriage as Maol Domhnaich Earl of Lennox was married to Elizabeth Stewart sister of Walter Stewart Earl of Menteith 142 Rudri may have been a descendant of ospakr sudreyski 145 or Aonghus Mor s uncle Ruaidhri 146 The three are the last magnates to be listed in the order documenting their attendance 169 In time both the Bruces and Stewarts would possess personal connections with the earl By 1296 Richard was certainly a brother in law of James Stewart Steward of Scotland 186 himself a party to the bond whilst Richard became a father in law of Robert Bruce V s like named grandson in 1304 187 Murchadh is the first member of Clann Suibhne recorded in Ireland 191 and by the Irish annals 192 The notice of Clann Domhnaill s part in Aodh s defeat to Toirdhealbhach is the first specific record of the term gallowglass galloglach 194 Although this is certainly not the first time such overseas warriors were utilised in Ireland it is the first time they are recorded to have been used to topple an Irish king 195 At one point an apparent Clann Domhnaill dynast named Douenald filius Aneg is listed as absent 206 Although it is conceivable that this name refers to an otherwise attested Domhnall of Islay 207 it is more likely a scribal error in reference to Aonghus Mor Aonghus mac Domhnaill 208 who is ordered to render his homage by Easter 1293 209 Another noted absentee was evidently Robert Bruce V s son Robert Bruce VI Earl of Carrick 210 The record of parliamentary nonattendance may reveal Clann Domhnaill s continued support of the Bruces after the Turnberry accord 211 The earlier pledges of peace made by Clann Domhnaill and Clann Dubhghaill to the English Crown reveal that Edward made two particular Guardians of Scotland guarantors for the concord One was the steward James whilst the other was John Comyn II Lord of Badenoch The fact that the former guardian seems to have been a brother in law of Alasdair Mac Dubhghaill suggests that the steward and Clann Domhnaill may have been politically aligned 212 The steward was certainly another signatory at Turnberry The two other handholders are Laghmann Mac Fearchair and Aonghus son of Donnchadh mac Fearchair The former is the eponymous ancestor of Clann Laghmainn whilst the latter is a kinsman of his 213 The document preserving the summons describes Aonghus Mor as miles knight which could be evidence that he had been knighted 214 Citations Edit Caldwell DH 2016 p 352 Caldwell DH 2008 p 21 McDonald 2007 p 56 McAndrew 2006 pp 66 67 Caldwell DH 2004 pp 73 74 74 fig 2b McAndrew 1999 p 750 3631 McDonald 1995 pp 131 132 132 n 12 Rixson 1982 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109 110 Holton 2017 p 141 McDonald 1997 pp 109 110 a b Roberts 1999 p 109 McDonald 1997 p 110 Cowan EJ 1990 p 120 Munro Munro 1986 p 280 n 4 Dunbar Duncan 1971 p 6 Anderson 1922 pp 617 620 Dasent 1894 pp 348 350 chs 320 321 Vigfusson 1887 pp 336 338 chs 320 321 Unger 1871 pp 573 574 chs 328 329 Flateyjarbok 1868 pp 221 222 ch 279 McDonald 1997 p 110 Cowan EJ 1990 p 120 Dunbar Duncan 1971 p 6 Alexander Neighbour Oram 2002 pp 18 19 James 2013 p 1 Cox 2010 pp 53 54 Campbell of Airds 2000 p 38 McDonald 1997 pp 112 113 Cowan EJ 1990 p 121 Duncan Brown 1956 1957 p 213 Anderson 1922 pp 625 626 Dasent 1894 pp 354 355 ch 323 Vigfusson 1887 p 342 ch 323 Unger 1871 p 575 ch 331 Flateyjarbok 1868 p 224 ch 280 Martin C 2014 p 186 James 2013 p 1 McNiven 2011 p 75 Cox 2010 pp 53 54 Forte Oram Pedersen 2005 p 258 Alexander Neighbour Oram 2002 p 19 Campbell of Airds 2000 p 38 Roberts 1999 p 110 Cowan EJ 1990 p 121 Cox 2010 pp 53 54 Mills 2003 Tarbet Cox 2010 pp 53 54 Cox 2010 pp 53 54 Tarbet n d James 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n d b Retrieved 1 November 2018 Document 3 31 1 People of Medieval Scotland 1093 1371 n d Retrieved 1 November 2018 Document 3 31 2 People of Medieval Scotland 1093 1371 n d Retrieved 1 November 2018 Document 3 31 3 People of Medieval Scotland 1093 1371 n d Retrieved 1 November 2018 Document 3 31 4 People of Medieval Scotland 1093 1371 n d Retrieved 1 November 2018 Document 3 32 1 People of Medieval Scotland 1093 1371 n d Retrieved 1 November 2018 Document 3 33 0 People of Medieval Scotland 1093 1371 n d Retrieved 1 November 2018 Document 4 42 5 People of Medieval Scotland 1093 1371 n d Retrieved 1 November 2018 Flateyjarbok En Samling af Norske Konge Sagaer med Indskudte Mindre Fortaellinger om Begivenheder i og Udenfor Norse Same Annaler Vol 3 Oslo P T Mallings Forlagsboghandel 1868 OL 23388689M Fraser W ed 1888b The Red Book of Menteith Vol 2 Edinburgh OL 25295262M a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Gade KE ed 2009 Poetry From the Kings Sagas 2 From c 1035 to c 1300 Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages Turnhout Brepols Publishers ISBN 978 2 503 51897 8 Goodall W ed 1759 Joannis de Fordun Scotichronicon cum Supplementis ac Continuatione Walteri Boweri Vol 2 Edinburgh Roberti Flaminii hdl 2027 mdp 39015005759371 Jonsson F ed 1916 Eirspennill Am 47 Fol Oslo Julius Thomtes Boktrykkeri OL 18620939M Kjaer A ed 1910 Det Arnamagnaeanske Hanndskrift 81a Fol Skalholtsbok Yngsta Oslo Mallingske Bogtrykkeri OL 25104944M Lamont N ed 1914 An Inventory of Lamont Papers 1231 1897 Edinburgh J Skinner amp Company OL 7155258M Macbain A Kennedy J eds 1894 Reliquiae Celticae Texts Papers and Studies in Gaelic Literature and Philology Left by the Late Rev Alexander Cameron LL D Vol 2 Inverness The Northern Counties Newspaper and Printing and Publishing Company OL 24821349M Macphail JRN ed 1914 Highland Papers Publications of the Scottish History Society Vol 1 Edinburgh Scottish History Society OL 23303390M Moncreiffe of that Ilk I 1967 The Highland Clans London Barrie amp Rockliff Munch PA Goss A eds 1874 Chronica Regvm Manniae et Insvlarvm The Chronicle of Man and the Sudreys Vol 1 Douglas IM Manx Society Neville CJ Simpson GG eds 2012 The Acts of Alexander III King of Scots 1249 1286 Regesta Regum Scottorum Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press ISBN 978 0 7486 2732 5 Archived from the original on 28 June 2019 Retrieved 28 June 2019 Oswald HR 1860 Vestigia Insulae Manniae Antiquiora or a Dissertation on the Armorial Bearings of the Isle of Man the Regalities and Prerogatives of its Ancient Kings and the Original Usages Customs Privileges Laws and Constitutional Government of the Manx People Douglas IM Manx Society hdl 2027 hvd 32044081282790 O Byrne D 1856 The History of The Queen s County Dublin John O Daly Origines Parochiales Scotiae The Antiquities Ecclesiastical and Territorial of the Parishes of Scotland Vol 2 pt 1 Edinburgh W H Lizars 1854 OL 24829769M Origines Parochiales Scotiae The Antiquities Ecclesiastical and Territorial of the Parishes of Scotland Vol 2 pt 2 Edinburgh W H Lizars 1855 OL 24829748M Paul JB ed 1882 Registrum Magni Sigilli Regum Scotorum The Register of the Great Seal of Scotland A D 1424 1513 Edinburgh H M General Register House OL 23329160M Registrum Monasterii de Passelet Cartas Privilegia Conventiones Aliaque Munimenta Complectens A Domo Fundata A D MCLXIII Usque Ad A D MDXXIX Edinburgh 1832 OL 24829867M Rotuli Scotiae in Turri Londinensi Vol 1 His Majesty King George III 1814 Royal MS 14 C VII British Library n d Retrieved 29 May 2016 RPS 1293 2 8 The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707 n d a Retrieved 24 May 2016 RPS 1293 2 8 The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707 n d b Retrieved 24 May 2016 RPS 1293 2 16 The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707 n d a Retrieved 10 April 2017 RPS 1293 2 16 The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707 n d b Retrieved 10 April 2017 RPS 1293 2 17 The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707 n d a Retrieved 24 May 2016 RPS 1293 2 17 The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707 n d b Retrieved 24 May 2016 RPS 1293 2 18 The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707 n d a Retrieved 10 April 2017 RPS 1293 2 18 The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707 n d b Retrieved 10 April 2017 RPS 1293 2 20 The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707 n d a Retrieved 24 May 2016 RPS 1293 2 20 The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707 n d b Retrieved 24 May 2016 Rymer T Sanderson R eds 1816a Fœdera Conventiones Litterae Et Cujuscunque Generis Acta Publica Inter Reges Angliae Et Alios Quosvis Imperatores Reges Pontifices Principes Vel Communitates Vol 1 pt 1 London hdl 2027 umn 31951002098035k Rymer T Sanderson R eds 1816b Fœdera Conventiones Litterae Et Cujuscunque Generis Acta Publica Inter Reges Angliae Et Alios Quosvis Imperatores Reges Pontifices Principes Vel Communitates Vol 1 pt 2 London hdl 2027 umn 31951002098036i Skene WF ed 1871 Johannis de Fordun Chronica Gentis Scotorum Edinburgh Edmonston and Douglas OL 24871486M Skene WF ed 1872 John of Fordun s Chronicle of the Scottish Nation Edinburgh Edmonston and Douglas OL 24871442M Source Name Title AU 1290 p 373 The Galloglass Project n d Retrieved 11 November 2017 Source Name Title The Annals of Connacht AD 1224 1544 ed A Martin Freeman Dublin The Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies 1944 p 185 Paragraph 7 1290 The Galloglass Project n d a Retrieved 11 November 2017 Source Name Title The Annals of Connacht AD 1224 1544 ed A Martin Freeman Dublin The Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies 1944 p 185 Paragraph 7 1290 The Galloglass Project n d b Retrieved 11 November 2017 Stevenson J ed 1870 Documents Illustrative of the History of Scotland Vol 1 Edinburgh H M General Register House Storm G ed 1977 1888 Islandske Annaler Indtil 1578 Oslo Norsk historisk kjeldeskrift institutt hdl 10802 5009 ISBN 82 7061 192 1 Sturl Hrafn 7II The Skaldic Project n d Retrieved 2 June 2016 Sweetman HS ed 1877 Calendar of Documents Relating to Ireland Preserved in Her Majesty s Public Record Office London 1252 1284 London Longman amp Co Sweetman HS ed 1879 Calendar of Documents Relating to Ireland Preserved in Her Majesty s Public Record Office London 1285 1292 London Longman amp Co The Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland Vol 1 1844 hdl 2027 mdp 39015035897480 Thomson T ed 1836 The Accounts of the Great Chamberlains of Scotland vol 1 Edinburgh Unger CR ed 1871 Codex Frisianus En Samling Af Norske Konge Sagaer Norske historiske kildeskriftfonds skrifter Oslo P T Mallings Forlagsboghandel hdl 2027 hvd 32044084740760 Vigfusson G ed 1878 Sturlunga Saga Including the Islendinga Saga of Lawman Sturla Thordsson and Other Works Vol 2 Oxford Clarendon Press Vigfusson G ed 1887 Icelandic Sagas and Other Historical Documents Relating to the Settlements and Descents of the Northmen on the British Isles Rerum Britannicarum Medii AEvi Scriptores Vol 2 London Her Majesty s Stationery Office Walsh P 1938 O Donnell Genealogies Analecta Hibernica 8 373 375 418 ISSN 0791 6167 JSTOR 25510954 Secondary sources Edit Addyman T Oram R 2012 Mingary Castle Ardnamurchan Highland Analytical and Historical Assessment for Ardnamurchan Estate Mingary Castle Preservation and Restoration Trust Retrieved 27 November 2015 Alexander D Neighbour T Oram R 2002 Glorious Victory The Battle of Largs 2 October 1263 History Scotland 2 2 17 22 Barrow GWS 1973 The Kingdom of the Scots Government Church and Society From the Eleventh to the Fourteenth Century New York St Martin s Press Barrow GWS 1981 Kingship and Unity Scotland 1000 1306 Toronto University of Toronto Press ISBN 0 8020 6448 5 Barrow GWS 1990 A Kingdom in Crisis Scotland and the Maid of Norway Scottish Historical Review 69 2 120 141 eISSN 1750 0222 ISSN 0036 9241 JSTOR 25530459 Barrow GWS 2005 1965 Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland Edinburgh Edinburgh 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Broun D 2007 Scottish Independence and the Idea of Britain From the Picts to Alexander III Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press ISBN 978 0 7486 2360 0 Brown M 2004 The Wars of Scotland 1214 1371 The New Edinburgh History of Scotland Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press ISBN 0 7486 1238 6 Brown M 2011 Aristocratic Politics and the Crisis of Scottish Kingship 1286 96 Scottish Historical Review 90 1 1 26 doi 10 3366 shr 2011 0002 eISSN 1750 0222 ISSN 0036 9241 Butter R 2007a Cill Names and Saints in Argyll A Way Towards Understanding the Early Church in Dal Riata PhD thesis Vol 1 University of Glasgow Butter R 2007b Cill Names and Saints in Argyll A Way Towards Understanding the Early Church in Dal Riata PhD thesis Vol 2 University of Glasgow Caldwell D 2008 Islay The Land of the Lordship Edinburgh Birlinn Caldwell DH 2004 The Scandinavian Heritage of the Lordship of the Isles In Adams J Holman K eds Scandinavia and Europe 800 1350 Contact Conflict and Coexistence Medieval Texts and Cultures of Northern Europe Vol 4 Turnhout Brepols Publishers pp 69 83 doi 10 1484 M TCNE EB 3 4100 ISBN 2 503 51085 X Caldwell DH 2008 Having the Right Kit Galloglass Fighting in Ireland History Ireland 16 1 20 25 ISSN 0791 8224 JSTOR 27725735 Caldwell DH 2016 The Sea Power of the Western Isles of Scotland in the Late Medieval Period In Barrett JH Gibbon SJ eds Maritime Societies of the Viking and Medieval World The Society for Medieval Archaeology Monograph Milton Park Abingdon Routledge pp 350 368 doi 10 4324 9781315630755 ISBN 978 1 315 63075 5 ISSN 0583 9106 Caldwell DH Hall MA Wilkinson CM 2009 The Lewis Hoard of Gaming Pieces A Re examination of Their Context Meanings Discovery and Manufacture Medieval Archaeology 53 1 155 203 doi 10 1179 007660909X12457506806243 eISSN 1745 817X ISSN 0076 6097 S2CID 154568763 Cameron C 2014 Contumaciously Absent The Lords of the Isles and the Scottish Crown In Oram RD ed The Lordship of the Isles The Northern World North Europe and the Baltic c 400 1700 AD Peoples Economics and Cultures Leiden Brill pp 146 175 doi 10 1163 9789004280359 008 ISBN 978 90 04 28035 9 ISSN 1569 1462 Campbell of Airds A 2000 A History of Clan Campbell Vol 1 Edinburgh Polygon at Edinburgh ISBN 1 902930 17 7 Carpenter D 2003 The Struggle For Mastery Britain 1066 1284 EPUB The Penguin History of Britain London Allen Lane ISBN 978 0 14 193514 0 Cathcart A 2006 Kinship and Clientage Highland Clanship 1451 1609 The Northern World North Europe and the Baltic c 400 1700 AD Peoples Economics and Cultures Leiden Brill ISBN 978 90 04 15045 4 ISSN 1569 1462 Cheape H 2001 Art Highland In Lynch M ed The Oxford Companion to Scottish History Oxford Companions Oxford Oxford University Press pp 29 31 ISBN 0 19 211696 7 Clancy TO 2006 Scottish Gaelic Poetry 1 Classical Gaelic In Koch JT ed Celtic Culture A Historical Encyclopedia Vol 4 Santa Barbara CA ABC CLIO pp 1577 1578 ISBN 1 85109 445 8 Clancy TO 2007 The Poetry of the Court Praise In Clancy TO Pittock M Brown I Manning S Horvat K Hales A eds The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature Vol 1 Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press pp 63 71 ISBN 978 0 7486 1615 2 Clancy TO 2012 Scottish Literature Before Scottish Literature In Carruthers G McIlvanney L eds The Cambridge Companion to Scottish Literature Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 13 26 doi 10 1017 CCO9781139045407 003 ISBN 9781139045407 Cochran Yu DK 2015 A Keystone of Contention The Earldom of Ross 1215 1517 PhD thesis University of Glasgow Coira MP 2012 By Poetic Authority The Rhetoric of Panegyric in Gaelic Poetry of Scotland to c 1700 Edinburgh Dunedin Academic Press ISBN 978 1 78046 003 1 Cokayne GE Gibbs V Doubleday HA Howard de Walden eds 1929 The Complete Peerage Vol 7 London The St Catherine Press Collard J 2007 Effigies ad Regem Angliae and the Representation of Kingship in Thirteenth Century English Royal Culture PDF Electronic British Library Journal 1 26 ISSN 1478 0259 Cowan EJ 1990 Norwegian Sunset Scottish Dawn Hakon IV 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9171 Duffy S 1991 The Continuation of Nicholas Trevet A New Source for the Bruce Invasion Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 91C 303 315 eISSN 2009 0048 ISSN 0035 8991 JSTOR 25516086 Duffy S 1993 Ireland and the Irish Sea Region 1014 1318 PhD thesis Trinity College Dublin hdl 2262 77137 Duffy S 2002 The Bruce Brothers and the Irish Sea World 1306 29 In Duffy S ed Robert the Bruce s Irish Wars The Invasions of Ireland 1306 1329 Stroud Tempus Publishing pp 45 70 ISBN 0 7524 1974 9 Duffy S 2004a Burgh Richard de Second Earl of Ulster b in or After 1259 d 1326 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 3995 Subscription or UK public library membership required Duffy S 2004b The Lords of Galloway Earls of Carrick and the Bissets of the Glens Scottish Settlement in Thirteenth Century Ulster In Edwards D ed Regions and Rulers in Ireland 1100 1650 Essays for Kenneth Nicholls Dublin Four Courts Press pp 37 50 ISBN 1 85182 742 0 Duffy S 2005 Ua Neill Domnall Ante 1260 1325 In Duffy S ed Medieval Ireland An Encyclopedia New York Routledge pp 480 481 ISBN 0 415 94052 4 Duffy S 2007 The Prehistory of the Galloglass In Duffy S ed The World of the Galloglass Kings Warlords and Warriors in Ireland and Scotland 1200 1600 Dublin Four Courts Press pp 1 23 ISBN 978 1 85182 946 0 Duffy S 2013 The Turnberry Band In Duffy S ed Princes Prelates and Poets in Medieval Ireland Essays in Honour of Katharine Simms Dublin Four Courts Press pp 124 138 Dumville DN 2018 Origins of the Kingdom of the English In Naismith R Woodman DA eds Writing Kingship and Power in Anglo Saxon England Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 71 121 doi 10 1017 9781316676066 005 ISBN 978 1 107 16097 2 Dunbar JG Duncan AAM 1971 Tarbert Castle A Contribution to the History of Argyll Scottish Historical Review 50 1 1 17 eISSN 1750 0222 ISSN 0036 9241 JSTOR 25528888 Duncan AAM 1966 The Community of the Realm of Scotland and Robert Bruce A Review Scottish Historical Review 45 2 184 201 eISSN 1750 0222 ISSN 0036 9241 JSTOR 25528661 Duncan AAM 1996 1975 Scotland The Making of the Kingdom The Edinburgh History of Scotland Edinburgh Mercat Press ISBN 0 901824 83 6 Duncan AAM Brown AL 1956 1957 Argyll and the Isles in the Earlier Middle Ages PDF Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 90 192 220 doi 10 9750 PSAS 090 192 220 eISSN 2056 743X ISSN 0081 1564 S2CID 189977430 Fisher I 2005 The Heirs of Somerled In Oram RD Stell GP eds Lordship and Architecture in Medieval and Renaissance Scotland Edinburgh John Donald pp 85 95 ISBN 978 0 85976 628 9 Archived from the original on 16 June 2019 Retrieved 28 June 2019 Forte A Oram RD Pedersen F 2005 Viking Empires Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 82992 2 Frame R 2004 Fitzgerald Maurice fitz Maurice d 1286 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 9577 Subscription or UK public library membership required Frame R 2005 Clare Thomas de 1244x7 1287 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography October 2005 ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 50023 Subscription or UK public library membership required Fraser W ed 1888a The Red Book of Menteith Vol 1 Edinburgh a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Hall MA 2011 Playtime Everyday The Material Culture of Medieval Gaming In Cowan EJ Henderson L eds A History of Everyday Life in Medieval Scotland 1000 to 1600 A History of Everyday Life in Scotland Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press pp 145 168 ISBN 978 0 7486 2156 9 Hanks P Hardcastle K Hodges F 2006 1990 A Dictionary of First Names Oxford Paperback Reference 2nd ed Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 861060 1 Hartland B 2007 English Lords in Late Thirteenth and Early Fourteenth Century Ireland Roger Bigod and the de Clare Lords of Thomond English Historical Review 122 496 318 348 doi 10 1093 ehr cem002 eISSN 1477 4534 ISSN 0013 8266 JSTOR 4493806 Hickey R 2011 The Dialects of Irish Study of a Changing Landscape Trends in Linguistics Studies and Monographs Berlin Walter de Gruyter GmbH amp Co KG ISBN 978 3 11 023804 4 ISSN 1861 4302 Holton CT 2017 Masculine Identity in Medieval Scotland Gender Ethnicity and Regionality PhD thesis University of Guelph hdl 10214 10473 Howson JS 1841 Ecclesiastical Antiquities of Argyllshire No II Parochial Chapels Transactions of the Cambridge Camden Society 78 95 hdl 2027 nyp 33433081868675 Imsen S 2010 Introduction In Imsen S ed The Norwegian Domination and the Norse World c 1100 c 1400 Trondheim Studies in History Trondheim Tapir Academic Press pp 13 33 ISBN 978 82 519 2563 1 James H 2013 Hidden Heritage of a Landscape Vengeful Vikings and Reckless Rustlers PDF Northern Archaeology Today 4 1 5 ISSN 2049 5897 Archived from the original PDF on 10 September 2015 Retrieved 29 July 2018 Jefferies HA 2005 Ua Briain Ui Briain O Brien In Duffy S ed Medieval Ireland An Encyclopedia New York Routledge pp 457 459 ISBN 0 415 94052 4 Kenny G 2006 Anglo Irish and Gaelic Marriage Laws and Traditions in Late Medieval Ireland Journal of Medieval History 32 1 27 42 doi 10 1016 j jmedhist 2005 12 004 eISSN 1873 1279 ISSN 0304 4181 S2CID 159684335 Kenny G 2007 Anglo Irish and Gaelic Women in Ireland c 1170 1540 Dublin Four Courts Press ISBN 978 1 85182 984 2 Laing H 1850 Descriptive Catalogue of Impressions From Ancient Scottish Seals Royal Baronial Ecclesiastical and Municipal Embracing a Period from A D 1094 to the Commonwealth Edinburgh Bannatyne Club OL 24829707M Laing H 1866 Supplemental Descriptive Catalogue of Ancient Scottish Seals Royal Baronial Ecclesiastical and Municipal Embracing the Period From A D 1150 to the Eighteenth Century Edinburgh Edmonston and Douglas OL 24829694M Lamont WD 1981 Alexander of Islay Son of Angus Mor Scottish Historical Review 60 2 160 169 eISSN 1750 0222 ISSN 0036 9241 JSTOR 25529420 Lewis S 1987 The Art of Matthew Paris in Chronica Majora California Studies in the History of Art Berkeley and Los Angeles University of California Press ISBN 0 520 04981 0 Lydon J 1992 The Scottish Soldier in Medieval Ireland The Bruce Invasion and the Galloglass In Simpson GG ed The Scottish Soldier Abroad 1247 1967 The Mackie Monographs Edinburgh John Donald Publishers pp 1 15 ISBN 0 85976 341 2 Lydon J 1994 1967 The Medieval English Colony In Moody TW Martin FX eds The Course of Irish History 1994 revised and enlarged ed Cork Mercier Press pp 144 157 ISBN 1 85635 108 4 OL 16601962M Lydon J 2008 1987 A Land of War In Cosgrove A ed Medieval Ireland 1169 1534 New History of Ireland Oxford Oxford University Press pp 240 274 doi 10 1093 acprof oso 9780199539703 003 0010 ISBN 978 0 19 953970 3 via Oxford Scholarship Online MacCoinnich A 2008 Where and How was Gaelic Written in Late Medieval and Early Modern Scotland Orthographic Practices and Cultural Identities Scottish Gaelic Studies 24 309 356 ISSN 0080 8024 MacDonald A 1896 The Clan Donald Vol 1 Inverness The Northern Counties Publishing Company Macdonald WR 1904 Scottish Armorial Seals Edinburgh William Green and Sons OL 23704765M Maclean Bristol N 1995 Warriors and Priests The History of the Clan Maclean 1300 1570 East Linton Tuckwell Press MacGregor MDW 1989 A Political History of the MacGregors Before 1571 PhD thesis University of Edinburgh hdl 1842 6887 Macniven A 2006 The Norse in Islay A Settlement Historical Case Study for Medieval Scandinavian Activity in Western Maritime Scotland PhD thesis University of Edinburgh hdl 1842 8973 Macphail JRN ed 1916 Highland Papers Publications of the Scottish History Society Vol 2 Edinburgh T and A Constable OL 24828785M Martin C 2014 A Maritime Dominion Sea Power and the Lordship In Oram RD ed The Lordship of the Isles The Northern World North Europe and the Baltic c 400 1700 AD Peoples Economics and Cultures Leiden Brill pp 176 199 doi 10 1163 9789004280359 009 ISBN 978 90 04 28035 9 ISSN 1569 1462 Martin FX 1994 1967 The Normans Arrival and Settlement 1169 c 1300 In Moody TW Martin FX eds The Course of Irish History 1994 revised and enlarged ed Cork Mercier Press pp 123 143 ISBN 1 85635 108 4 OL 16601962M Matheson W 1950 Traditions of the MacKenzies Transactions of the Gaelic Society of Inverness 39 40 193 228 McAndrew BA 1999 The Sigillography of the Ragman Roll PDF Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 129 663 752 doi 10 9750 PSAS 129 663 752 eISSN 2056 743X ISSN 0081 1564 S2CID 202524449 McAndrew BA 2006 Scotland s Historic Heraldry Woodbridge Boydell Press ISBN 9781843832614 McDonald RA 1995 Images of Hebridean Lordship in the Late Twelfth and Early Thirteenth Centuries The Seal of Raonall Mac Sorley Scottish Historical Review 74 2 129 143 doi 10 3366 shr 1995 74 2 129 eISSN 1750 0222 ISSN 0036 9241 JSTOR 25530679 McDonald RA 1997 The Kingdom of the Isles Scotland s Western Seaboard c 1100 c 1336 Scottish Historical Monographs East Linton Tuckwell Press ISBN 978 1 898410 85 0 McDonald RA 2003 Outlaws of Medieval Scotland Challenges to the Canmore Kings 1058 1266 East Linton Tuckwell Press ISBN 9781862322363 McDonald RA 2004 Coming in From the Margins The Descendants of Somerled and Cultural Accommodation in the Hebrides 1164 1317 In Smith B ed Britain and Ireland 900 1300 Insular Responses to Medieval European Change Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 179 198 ISBN 0 511 03855 0 McDonald RA 2006 The Western Gaidhealtachd in the Middle Ages In Harris B MacDonald AR eds Scotland The Making and Unmaking of the Nation c 1100 1707 Vol 1 Dundee Dundee University Press ISBN 978 1 84586 004 2 McDonald RA 2007 Manx Kingship in its Irish Sea Setting 1187 1229 King Rǫgnvaldr and the Crovan Dynasty Dublin Four Courts Press ISBN 978 1 84682 047 2 McDonald RA 2012 The Manx Sea Kings and the Western Oceans The Late Norse Isle of Man in its North Atlantic Context 1079 1265 In Hudson B ed Studies in the Medieval Atlantic The New Middle Ages New York Palgrave Macmillan pp 143 184 doi 10 1057 9781137062390 0012 ISBN 978 1 137 06239 0 McDonald RA 2016 Sea Kings Maritime Kingdoms and the Tides of Change Man and the Isles and Medieval European Change AD c1100 1265 In Barrett JH Gibbon SJ eds Maritime Societies of the Viking and Medieval World The Society for Medieval Archaeology Monograph Milton Park Abingdon Routledge pp 333 349 doi 10 4324 9781315630755 ISBN 978 1 315 63075 5 ISSN 0583 9106 McDonnell H 2005 A Fragment of an Irish MS History of the MacDonalds of Antrim Ulster Journal of Archaeology 64 140 153 ISSN 0082 7355 JSTOR 20568358 McKean FG 1906 McKean Historical Notes Washington DC Gibson Bros OL 7168928M McKenna L 1946 Some Irish Bardic Poems LXXVII Studies An Irish Quarterly Review 35 137 40 44 ISSN 0039 3495 JSTOR 30099620 McLeod W 2002 Ri Innsi Gall Ri Fionnghall Ceannas nan Gaidheal Sovereignty and Rhetoric in the Late Medieval Hebrides Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies 43 25 48 ISSN 1353 0089 McLeod W 2005 2004 Political and Cultural Background Divided Gaels Gaelic Cultural Identities in Scotland and Ireland 1200 1650 Oxford Oxford University Press pp 14 54 doi 10 1093 acprof oso 9780199247226 003 0002 ISBN 0 19 924722 6 via Oxford Scholarship Online McNamee C 2012a 2006 Robert Bruce Our Most Valiant Prince King and Lord Edinburgh Birlinn Limited ISBN 978 0 85790 496 6 McNamee C 2012b 1997 The Wars of the Bruces Scotland England and Ireland 1306 1328 Edinburgh John Donald ISBN 978 0 85790 495 9 McNiven PE 2011 Gaelic Place Names and the Social History of Gaelic Speakers in Medieval Menteith PhD thesis University of Glasgow McQueen AAB 2002 The Origins and Development of the Scottish Parliament 1249 1329 PhD thesis University of St Andrews hdl 10023 6461 McWhannell DC 2002 The Galleys of Argyll The Mariner s Mirror 88 1 13 32 doi 10 1080 00253359 2002 10656825 ISSN 0025 3359 S2CID 163902973 Mills AD 2003 1991 A Dictionary of British Place Names EPUB Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 852758 6 Moody TW Martin FX eds 1994 1967 A Chronology of Irish History The Course of Irish History 1994 revised and enlarged ed Cork Mercier Press pp 425 481 ISBN 1 85635 108 4 OL 16601962M Munro J Munro RW 1986 The Acts of the Lords of the Isles 1336 1493 Scottish History Society Edinburgh Scottish History Society ISBN 0 906245 07 9 Murray N 2002 A House Divided Against Itself A Brief Synopsis of the History of Clann Alexandair and the Early Career of Good John of Islay c 1290 1370 In McGuire NR o Baoill C eds Rannsachadh na Gaidhlig 2000 Papers Read at the Conference Scottish Gaelic Studies 2000 Held at the University of Aberdeen 2 4 August 2000 Aberdeen An Clo Gaidhealach pp 221 230 ISBN 0952391171 Murray N 2005 Swerving From the Path of Justice In Oram RD ed The Reign of Alexander II 1214 49 The Northern World North Europe and the Baltic c 400 1700 AD Peoples Economics and Cultures Leiden Brill pp 285 305 ISBN 90 04 14206 1 ISSN 1569 1462 Neville CJ 2016 The Beginnings of Royal Pardon in Scotland Journal of Medieval History 42 5 1 29 doi 10 1080 03044181 2016 1212250 eISSN 1873 1279 ISSN 0304 4181 S2CID 157655719 Nicholls K 2005 Mac Domnaill Macdonnell In Duffy S ed Medieval Ireland An Encyclopedia New York Routledge pp 291 292 ISBN 0 415 94052 4 Nicholls K 2007 Scottish Mercenary Kindreds in Ireland 1250 1600 In Duffy S ed The World of the Galloglass Kings Warlords and Warriors in Ireland and Scotland 1200 1600 Dublin Four Courts Press pp 86 105 ISBN 978 1 85182 946 0 Oram RD 1992 Bruce Balliol and the Lordship of Galloway South West Scotland and the Wars of Independence PDF Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society 67 29 47 ISSN 0141 1292 Archived from the original PDF on 20 June 2019 Retrieved 28 June 2019 Oram RD 2003 The Earls and Earldom of Mar c 1150 1300 In Boardman S Ross A eds The Exercise of Power in Medieval Scotland 1200 1500 Dublin Four Courts Press pp 46 66 Oram RD 2005 Introduction An Overview of the Reign of Alexander II In Oram RD ed The Reign of Alexander II 1214 49 The Northern World North Europe and the Baltic c 400 1700 AD Peoples Economics and Cultures Leiden Brill pp 1 47 ISBN 90 04 14206 1 ISSN 1569 1462 Oram RD 2011 2001 The Kings amp Queens of Scotland Brimscombe Port The History Press ISBN 978 0 7524 7099 3 Oram RD 2013 2012 Alexander II King of Scots 1214 1249 Edinburgh Birlinn ISBN 978 1 907909 05 4 o Cleirigh C 2008 Fitzgerald John fitz Thomas First Earl of Kildare d 1316 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography January 2008 ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 9645 Subscription or UK public library membership required o Cleirigh C 2005 Fitzgerald In Duffy S ed Medieval Ireland An Encyclopedia New York Routledge pp 173 175 ISBN 0 415 94052 4 o Cuiv B 1984 The Family of o Gnimh in Ireland and Scotland A Look at the Sources PDF Nomina 8 57 71 ISSN 0141 6340 o Mainnin MB 1999 The Same in Origin and in Blood Bardic Windows on the Relationship between Irish and Scottish Gaels in the Period c 1200 1650 Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies 38 1 52 ISSN 1353 0089 Parkes P 2006 Celtic Fosterage Adoptive Kinship and Clientage in Northwest Europe PDF Comparative Studies in Society and History 48 2 359 395 doi 10 1017 S0010417506000144 eISSN 0010 4175 ISSN 1475 2999 JSTOR 3879355 S2CID 146501187 Paton H Reid NH 2004 William Fifth Earl of Mar d in or before 1281 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 18023 Subscription or UK public library membership required Penman M 2014 Robert the Bruce King of the Scots New Haven CT Yale University Press ISBN 978 0 300 14872 5 Penman MA 2014 The MacDonald Lordship and the Bruce Dynasty c 1306 c 1371 In Oram RD ed The Lordship of the Isles The Northern World North Europe and the Baltic c 400 1700 AD Peoples Economics and Cultures Leiden Brill pp 62 87 doi 10 1163 9789004280359 004 hdl 1893 20883 ISBN 978 90 04 28035 9 ISSN 1569 1462 Petre J 2015 Donald Balloch the Treaty 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5 Ross A 2014 Ghille Chattan Mhor and Clann Mhic an Toisich Lands in the Clann Dhomhnail Lordship of Lochaber In Oram RD ed The Lordship of the Isles The Northern World North Europe and the Baltic c 400 1700 AD Peoples Economics and Cultures Leiden Brill pp 101 122 doi 10 1163 9789004280359 006 ISBN 978 90 04 28035 9 ISSN 1569 1462 Sellar WDH 2000 Hebridean Sea Kings The Successors of Somerled 1164 1316 In Cowan EJ McDonald RA eds Alba Celtic Scotland in the Middle Ages East Linton Tuckwell Press pp 187 218 ISBN 1 86232 151 5 Sellar WDH 2004 MacDougall Ewen Lord of Argyll d in or After 1268 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 49384 Subscription or UK public library membership required Sellar WDH 2016 Review of RD Oram The Lordship of the Isles Northern Scotland 7 1 103 107 doi 10 3366 nor 2016 0114 eISSN 2042 2717 ISSN 0306 5278 Simms K 1997 1996 Gaelic Warfare in the Middle Ages In Bartlett T Jeffrey K eds A Military History 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EM Crang JA Strickland MJ eds A Military History of Scotland Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press pp 94 132 ISBN 978 0 7486 3204 6 Stringer K 2004 Alexander II 1198 1249 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 322 Subscription or UK public library membership required Stringer K 2005 The Emergence of a Nation State 1100 1300 In Wormald J ed Scotland A History Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 820615 1 OL 7397531M Tarbet Argyll Ainmean Aite na h Alba n d Retrieved 14 July 2018 Tremlett TD London HS Wagner A 1967 Rolls of Arms Henry III Publications of the Harleian Society London Harleian Society Verstraten F 2002 Normans amp Natives in Medieval Connacht The Reign of Feidlim Ua Conchobair 1230 65 History Ireland 10 2 11 15 ISSN 0791 8224 JSTOR 27724969 Verstraten F 2003 Both King and Vassal Feidlim Ua Conchobair of Connacht 1230 65 Journal of the Galway Archaeological and Historical Society 55 13 37 ISSN 0332 415X JSTOR 25535754 Verstraten F 2005 Ua Conchobair Ui Conchobair o Conchobair In Duffy S ed Medieval Ireland An Encyclopedia New York Routledge pp 464 466 ISBN 0 415 94052 4 Walton H 1980 The English in Connacht 1171 1333 PhD thesis University of Dublin hdl 2262 77267 Watson F 2013 1998 Under the Hammer Edward I and Scotland 1286 1306 EPUB Edinburgh John Donald ISBN 978 1 907909 19 1 Watt DER 1971 The Minority of Alexander III of Scotland Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 21 1 23 doi 10 2307 3678917 eISSN 1474 0648 ISSN 0080 4401 JSTOR 3678917 Waerdahl RB 2011 Crozier A ed The Incorporation and Integration of the King s Tributary Lands into the Norwegian Realm c 1195 1397 The Northern World North Europe and the Baltic c 400 1700 AD Peoples Economics and Cultures Leiden Brill ISBN 978 90 04 20613 7 ISSN 1569 1462 Williams DGE 1997 Land Assessment and Military Organisation in the Norse Settlements in Scotland c 900 1266 AD PhD thesis University of St Andrews hdl 10023 7088 Williams G 2007 These People were High Born and Thought Well of Themselves The Family of Moddan of Dale In Smith BB Taylor S Williams G eds West Over Sea Studies in Scandinavian Sea Borne Expansion and Settlement Before 1300 The Northern World North Europe and the Baltic c 400 1700 AD Peoples Economics and Cultures Leiden Brill pp 129 152 ISBN 978 90 04 15893 1 ISSN 1569 1462 Woolf A 2004 The Age of Sea Kings 900 1300 In Omand D ed The Argyll Book Edinburgh Birlinn pp 94 109 ISBN 1 84158 253 0 Woolf A 2007 A Dead Man at Ballyshannon In Duffy S ed The World of the Galloglass Kings Warlords and Warriors in Ireland and Scotland 1200 1600 Dublin Four Courts Press pp 77 85 ISBN 978 1 85182 946 0 Young A 1990 Noble Families and Political Factions in the Reign of Alexander III In Reid NH ed Scotland in the Reign of Alexander III 1249 1286 Edinburgh John Donald Publishers pp 1 30 ISBN 0 85976 218 1 Young A 2004 Comyn Alexander Sixth Earl of Buchan d 1289 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 6042 Subscription or UK public library membership required Young A 2006 Durward Alan d 1275 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography October 2006 ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 8328 Subscription or UK public library membership required Young A Stead MJ 2010a 1999 In the Footsteps of Robert Bruce in Scotland Northern England and Ireland Brimscombe Port The History Press ISBN 978 0 7524 5642 3 Young A Stead MJ 2010b 2002 In the Footsteps of William Wallace In Scotland and Northern England Brimscombe Port The History Press ISBN 978 0 7524 5638 6 External links Edit Angus son of Donald of the Isles Lord of Islay d ca 1293 People of Medieval Scotland 1093 1371 nbsp Media related to Aonghus Mor mac Domhnaill at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Aonghus Mor amp oldid 1180099563, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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