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Dubhghall mac Ruaidhrí

April 10, 2024

Dubhghall mac Ruaidhrí (died 1268) was a leading figure in the thirteenth-century Kingdom of the Isles, on the West Coast of Scotland.[note 1] He was a son of Ruaidhrí mac Raghnaill, and thus a member of Clann Ruaidhrí. Dubhgall was the last Gaelic King of Mann.

Dubhghall mac Ruaidhrí
King of Argyll and the Isles Scotland
Dubhghall's name and title ("King of Argyll") Scotland as it appears on folio 19v of Royal Irish Academy C iii 1 (the Annals of Connacht).[1]
Died1268
possibly Norway
Issue
  • Eiríkr
  • Donnchadh
  • Jartrud (Gjertrude)
HouseClann Ruaidhrí (Clann Somhairle)
FatherRuaidhrí mac Raghnaill

Dubhghall was also active in Ireland, and is recorded to have conducted military operations against the English in Connacht. In 1259, the year after his victory over the English Sheriff of Connacht, Dubhghall's daughter was married to Aodh na nGall Ó Conchobhair, son of the reigning King of Connacht. This woman's tocher consisted of a host of gallowglass warriors commanded by Dubhghall's brother, Ailéan. This record appears to be the earliest notice of such soldiers in surviving sources. The epithet borne by Dubhghall's son-in-law—na nGall—can be taken to mean "of the Hebrideans", and appears to refer to the Hebridean military support that contributed to his success against the English.

The careers of Dubhghall and his Clann Somhairle kinsman, Eóghan Mac Dubhghaill, exemplify the difficulties faced by the leading Norse-Gaelic lords in the Isles and along western seaboard of Scotland. In theory, these regions formed part of the greater Norwegian commonwealth. However, during the tenures of Dubhghall and Eóghan, successive thirteenth-century Scottish kings succeeded in extending their own authority into these Norse-Gaelic regions. Whilst Eóghan eventually submitted to the Scots, Dubhghall steadfastly supported the Norwegian cause. Recognised as a king by the reigning Hákon Hákonarson, King of Norway, Dubhghall was one of the leading figures in the failed 1263 campaign against the Scots. Although Dubhghall is last recorded resisting the encroachment of Scottish overlordship, the Scots succeeded in wrenching control of the Isles from the Norwegians in 1266. Dubhghall may have died in exile in Norway, where his son, Eiríkr, was an active baron.

Clann Ruaidhrí edit

 
Locations relating the life and times of Dubhghall.

Dubhghall was a son of Ruaidhrí mac Raghnaill, Lord of Kintyre in Scotland,[30] the eponym of Clann Ruaidhrí,[31] a branch of Clann Somhairle.[32] By the second decade of the thirteenth century, Ruaidhrí may have been the leading member of Clann Somhairle.[33]

The little that is known of Dubhghall's father suggests that, much like Dubhghall himself, Ruaidhrí operated against the looming threat of Scottish overlordship of Argyll and the Isles. Although Ruaidhrí appears to have originally held power in Kintyre, the Scottish Crown seems to have expelled him from the region in the 1220s.[34] In Ruaidhrí's place, Alexander II, King of Scotland appears to have planted Ruaidhrí's younger brother, Domhnall, an apparently more palatable candidate from the Scots' perspective.[35] This dramatic projection of Scottish royal authority may have also resulted in the king's establishment of the Clann Dubhghaill lordship of Argyll which appears on record not long afterwards.[36] By the midpoint of the thirteenth century, Clann Dubhghaill—yet another branch of Clann Somhairle—was represented by Eóghan Mac Dubhghaill,[37] whilst Dubhghall himself represented Clann Ruaidhrí.[38]

 
Dubhghall's name as it appears on folio 114v of AM 45 fol (Codex Frisianus): "Dvggal son Ruðra".[39]

Although it is possible that Dubhghall's power base was located in Garmoran[40] and perhaps the Uists,[41] there is uncertainty as to how and when these territories entered into the possession of his family.[42] Later leading members of Clann Ruaidhrí certainly possessed these lands, but evidence of custody before the mid thirteenth century is lacking.[43] In theory, these territories could have been awarded to the kindred following the Scots' acquisition of the Isles in 1266.[44] On the other hand, the family's position in the Isles may have stemmed from its marital alliance with the Crovan dynasty, an affiliation undertaken at some point before Ruaidhrí's apparent expulsion from Kintyre.[45][note 2]

Alignment with the Norwegian Crown edit

 
One of the king gaming pieces of the so-called Lewis chessmen.[48] Comprising some four sets,[49] the pieces are thought to have been crafted in Norway in the twelfth- and thirteenth centuries.[50] They were uncovered in Lewis in the early nineteenth century.[51]

In 1248, both Dubhghall and Eóghan are stated by the thirteenth-century Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar to have arrived in Norway, with both men seeking the kingship of the northern Suðreyjar from Hákon Hákonarson, King of Norway.[52] The entirety of the Suðreyjar—an Old Norse term meaning "Southern Islands"—roughly equates to the Hebrides and Mann.[53] The precise jurisdiction that Dubhghall and Eóghan competed for is uncertain. For example, the northern Hebridean islands of Lewis and Harris and Skye appear to have been held by the Crovan dynasty, then represented by the reigning Haraldr Óláfsson, King of Mann and the Isles.[54] In about 1241, the dominion of the latter appears to have been defined by Hákon as the islands which had been previously ruled by Haraldr's father, uncle, and grandfather. Hákon, therefore, appears to have not only deliberately excluded the island territories ruled by Clann Somhairle, but limited the possibility of Haraldr becoming drawn into alignment with Scottish interests as some leading members of Clann Somhairle had been. Eóghan and Dubhghall, therefore, may have contended for all the islands excluded from Haraldr's allotment.[55] It is conceivable that Eóghan and Dubhghall sought kingship of the same jurisdiction that Hákon had awarded to Óspakr-Hákon about a decade before—a region which could have included some or all of the islands possessed by Clann Somhairle.[56][note 3]

 
One of the rook gaming pieces of the Lewis chessmen.[58] The Scandinavian connections of leading members of the Isles may have been reflected in their military armament, and could have resembled that depicted upon such gaming pieces.[59]

Although 1247 was also the year of Hákon's royal coronation, and it is possible that the arrival of the Clann Somhairle dynasts was a result of the reimposition of Norwegian overlordship in the Isles,[60] another reason for their arrival may relate to the death of a certain Mac Somhairle, an apparent member of Clann Somhairle, slain whilst resisting an English invasion of Tír Chonaill in 1247.[61] Merely a year before, Haraldr seems to have submitted to Henry III, King of England,[62] and it is possible that Hákon had consequently recognised Mac Somhairle's kingship in the Isles in retaliation to Haraldr's acceptance of English overtures. If so, Dubhghall and Eóghan may have both sought to succeed their kinsman in the Isles.[63] In fact, Dubhghall's father may well be identical to Mac Somhairle.[64] Certainly, Dubhghall's presence in Norway suggests that Ruaidhrí was indeed dead by this date.[65][note 4]

An alliance with a ruler of the Isles would have certainly benefited Henry's ongoing military operations in Ireland,[72] and it is possible that it was Haraldr's pact with him that had prompted Mac Somhairle's involvement against the English in Ireland.[63] In fact, Clann Somhairle may have faced immediate repercussions for their alignment with the Norwegian Crown.[73] For example, English financial records for 1248 reveal that Walter Bisset was tasked to fortify a castle along the Scottish coast. This castle appears to have been that of Dunaverty, seated upon the southern coast of Kintyre,[74] which could indicate that Walter's Ulster-based actions in Kintyre were undertaken as a means to divide the Isles, isolating Mann from the Hebrides.[73]

Repercussions from the Scottish Crown edit

 
Coat of arms of Alexander II as it appears on folio 146v of British Library Royal 14 C VII (Historia Anglorum).[75] The inverted shield represents the king's death in 1249.[76]

Whilst Dubhghall and Eóghan were in Norway, Hákon appears to have attempted to bring Haraldr back onside; and in so doing, Hákon gave away his widowed daughter in marriage to Haraldr. Unfortunately for Hákon and his designs in the Isles, the newly wedded couple were lost at sea whilst sailing from Norway to the Isles.[77] Not only did this calamity deprive the Islesmen of a capable king, but it cost the Norwegian Crown a closely connected advocate in the region.[55] Upon learning of the catastrophe, Hákon immediately sent Eóghan west-over-sea to temporarily take up the kingship of the Isles on his behalf.[78] The fact that the thirteenth- to fourteenth-century Chronicle of Mann reports that Haraldr's brother, Rǫgnvaldr, succeeded to the kingship in 1249, could indicate that Rǫgnvaldr and Eóghan shared a degree of authority in the Isles.[79] In any event, Eóghan was not only a Norwegian dependant in the Isles, but an eminent Scottish magnate on the mainland.[80] Although the Scottish Crown appears to have attempted to purchase the Isles earlier that decade,[81] Alexander II launched an invasion of Argyll, in the summer of 1249, directed at the very heart of the Clann Dubhghaill lordship. The apparent cooling of relations between Eóghan and Alexander II,[55] along with Haraldr's demise,[82] the resultant kin-strife over Haraldr's succession,[83] and Eóghan's acceptance of royal powers on Hákon's behalf, could all have spurred the Scots' offensive.[84] In the course of this offensive, Alexander II demanded that Eóghan renounce his allegiance to Hákon, and ordered him to hand over certain mainland and island fortresses. Eóghan stubbornly refused, and the unfolding crisis only ended with the Scottish king's untimely death in July 1249.[85]

 
Detail from Maughold IV,[86] a Manx runestone displaying a contemporary sailing vessel.[87] The power of the kings of the Isles laid in their armed galley-fleets.[88]

Eóghan dearly suffered as a result of conflicting obligations the Norwegians and Scots. In fact, it is probable that he had been utterly dispossessed by the Scots a result of their invasion.[89] Although the reasons why Hákon originally awarded him the kingship over Dubhghall are unknown;[90] for whatever reason, the latter appears to have been regarded as a less preferable candidate at the time.[91] Eóghan's apparent displacement at the hands of Alexander II, however, could well have upended the hierarchy of Clann Somhairle.[92] For instance, a particular entry preserved by the Icelandic annals states that, within the very year that Eóghan was forced from Argyll by the Scots, Dubhghall himself "took kingship" in the Isles.[93] This record could reveal that Dubhghall and Eóghan shared kingship in the Hebrides,[94] or that Dubhghall assumed the kingship from a severely weakened Eóghan.[95] In fact, Eóghan's actions of the following year—when he and Magnús Óláfsson, a member of the Crovan dynasty, unsuccessfully attempted to seized control of Mann—could further indicate he was in dire straits.[96]

Magnús,[97] Dubhghall, and Eóghan were back in Scandinavia in 1253,[98] as Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar reveals that the latter two took part in the Norwegians' royal campaign against the Danish Crown.[99] By 1255, however, Eóghan was reconciled with the Scottish Crown.[100] The fact that Dubhghall was later regarded as king in Scandinavian sources could indicate that Hákon's original award of the title to Eóghan in 1248 was reversed upon the restoration of Eóghan's Scottish lordship.[101] However, the record of Dubhghall holding kingship as early as 1249, coupled with Eóghan's attempt to gain control of Mann in 1250, and the fact that both men were identified as kings whilst campaigning with the Norwegians royal forces in 1253, could indicate that Hákon had originally intended for both men to hold kingship, possibly with Dubhghall in the Hebrides and Eóghan on Mann.[102][note 5]

Involvement in Ireland edit

 
Fifteenth-century sculpted figure of a gallowglass,[104] as depicted upon the apparent effigy of Feidhlimidh Ó Conchobhair,[105] father of Dubhghall's son-in-law, Aodh na nGall.

In 1258, the fifteenth- to sixteenth-century Annals of Connacht, the sixteenth-century Annals of Loch Cé, and the seventeenth-century Annals of the Four Masters indicate that Dubhghall, at the command of a formidable fleet, sailed to Connemara on the western Irish coast, where he is stated to have robbed a merchant ship. No doubt as a result of this spoliation, the sources further reveal that Jordan d'Exeter, the English Sheriff of Connacht, pursued Dubhghall's fleet and was slain along with many of his men in the culminating clash. Enriched with plunder, Dubhghall is then stated to have returned home from this piratical cruise.[106] The next entry preserved by the Annals of Connacht concerns an extraordinary assembly of Aodh na nGall Ó Conchobhair, Tadhg Ó Briain, and Brian Ó Néill, King of Tír Eoghain, within the year.[107] It was at this convention, at Caol Uisce on the River Erne, that Aodh—son of the King of Connacht—and Tadhg—son of the King of Thomond—relinquished their claims to the high-kingship of Ireland in favour of Brian, who was then proclaimed high king.[108] The latter was then in midst of campaigning against a temporarily weakened English Earldom of Ulster, and closely allied with Aodh in his cause.[109]

The following year, Dubhghall again appears on record in Irish affairs, as the Annals of Connacht, the Annals of Loch Cé, and the Annals of the Four Masters reveal that Aodh travelled to Derry and married a daughter of Dubhghall, and thereby received a tocher that included one hundred and sixty gallowglass warriors commanded by Dubhghall's brother, Ailéan.[110][note 6] The marital alliance between Aodh and Dubhghall was conducted at the main port within Brian's realm, a site indicating that the union—along with the assembly and naval operations of the previous year—was part of a carefully coordinated plan to tackle English power in the north west of Ireland.[115]

 
Armed Irishmen depicted on folio 28r of British Library Royal 13 B VIII (Topographia Hibernica).[116][note 7]

Unfortunately for these confederates, Tadhg was dead by 1259, and the combined forces of Aodh and Brian were utterly crushed in battle at Downpatrick in 1260, with Brian amongst the slain.[119] Despite this catastrophe, the phenomenon of eminent Irish lords importing heavily armed mercenaries from the Isles and western Scotland became more prevalent in the later part of the century,[120] and helped to even the military superiority enjoyed by English forces over native Irish troops.[121][note 8] The association of Aodh with Dubhghall appears to have earned Aodh the epithet na nGall (literally "of the Foreigners",[125] but perhaps meaning "of the Hebrideans").[126] In fact, there may be evidence to suggest that Brian had also been married to a member of Clann Somhairle, perhaps a daughter of Eóghan himself.[127][note 9]

Collapse of Norwegian sovereignty edit

 
Coat of arms of Hákon Hákonarson as depicted on folio 216v of Cambridge Corpus Christi College Parker Library 16II (Chronica Majora).[131][note 10]

With the death of Alexander II in 1249 the Scottish invasion of the Argyll and the Isles came to an abrupt end. About a decade later, the latter's son and royal successor, Alexander III, came of age and took steps to continue his father's westward expansion.[134] In 1262, the year after yet another failed attempt by the Scottish Crown to purchase the Isles, Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar reports that the Scots lashed out against the Islesmen in a particularly savage attack upon the inhabitants of Skye.[135] Thus provoked, Hákon assembled an enormous fleet—described by the Icelandic annals as the largest force to have ever set sail from Norway[136]—to reassert Norwegian sovereignty along the north and west coasts of Scotland.[137][note 11] Amongst the distinguished men stated to have manned Hákon's own vessel was Dubhghall's own son, Eiríkr.[139][note 12] In July 1263, this armada disembarked from Norway, and by mid August, Hákon reaffirmed his overlordship in Shetland and Orkney, forced the submission of Caithness, and arrived in the Hebrides.[141]

 
Locations relating to the expedition into the Lennox.

According to the saga, Hákon was met in the region by Magnús (by then the reigning King of Mann and the Isles) and Dubhghall himself.[142][note 13] As the fleet made its way southwards, Hákon sent a detachment of vessels under the command of Dubhghall and Magnús to harry Kintyre whilst Hákon himself made landfall on Gigha.[144] It is evident that Magnús[145] and Dubhghall[146] were tasked with bringing Aonghus Mór Mac Domhnaill and Murchadh Mac Suibhne onto the king's side.[145] In early September, the reinforced fleet of Norwegians and Islesmen entered the Firth of Clyde.[147]

After peace talks broke down between Hákon and Alexander III, the saga identifies Magnús, Dubhghall, Ailéan, Aonghus Mór, and Murchadh himself, as the commanders of a detachment of Islesmen and Norwegians who entered Loch Long, portaged across land into Loch Lomond, and ravaged the surrounding region of the Lennox.[148][note 14] According various versions of the saga, this contingent consisted of either forty or sixty ships—a considerable portion of Hákon's fleet.[153] There is reason to suspect that this strike is evidence that the Norwegians and Islesmen were directing their fury at the territories of the powerful Stewart kindred.[154] Furthermore, by penetrating into the Earldom of Lennox, and possibly striking further east inland, Hákon's adherents would have been encroaching into the Earldom of Menteith.[155][note 15]

Meanwhile, at the beginning of October, Hákon's main force clashed with the Scots at Largs, and withdrew into the Hebrides.[157] Once regrouped with the detachment of Islesmen, the saga records that Hákon rewarded his overseas supporters. Since Eóghan had refused to aid the Norwegians cause, Dubhghall and Ailéan were awarded his forfeited island territories. A certain Ruðri is stated to have received Bute, whilst Murchadh got Arran.[158][note 16]

The flight-shy ring-users of the swayer of the din of spears pulled the boats along the broad beach-paths. The fearless war-men of honour devastated the islands in the widely inhabited lake with spear-winds.

— excerpt from Hrafnsmál, by Sturla Þórðarson, extolling the devastation of the Lennox by a detachment of Islesmen including Dubhghall himself.[161]

A commonality amongst some of Hákon's most prominent and steadfast supporters from the Isles was their close connections with Ireland.[162] In fact, the saga reveals that Hákon had previously received overtures from the Irish, requesting the Norwegians combat the English in exchange for overlordship of Ireland. Although the saga reports that the king was eventually dissuaded from such Irish offers,[163] and died in Orkney that December,[164] the Annals of Loch Cé and the Annals of Connacht report his death in context of coming to Ireland.[165] There is reason to suspect that Magnús had once been aligned with Brian;[166] and the fact that the latter's ally Aodh was aligned with Dubhghall and Ailéan strongly suggests that it was Aodh himself who had requested assistance from the Norwegian Crown.[167] In fact, the invitation itself may be one of the most innovative ideas in the history of thirteenth-century Gaelic Ireland.[168] Certainly, Aodh's relationship with Clann Ruaidhrí,[169] and his apparent overtures to the Norwegian Crown, illustrate the radical measures that certain Irish lords were prepared to take in order to overcome English dominance in Ireland.[168] The fact that Dubhghall, Ailéan, and Magnús, were unequivocal supporters of the Norwegian cause against Scottish encroachment in the Isles, and simultaneously involved in Irish affairs, suggests that they were the unidentified men that Alexander attempted to prevent from entering Ireland just prior to the battle at Downpatrick.[170]

 
The rocky headland where the scanty remains of Dunaverty Castle lay. The castle fell to Hákon in 1263,[171] who later doled it out to Dubhghall.[172]

Although Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar declares that the operation was an overwhelming triumph, it seems to have been an utter failure instead.[173] Not only did Hákon fail to break Scottish power, but Alexander III seized the initiative the following year, and oversaw a series of invasions into the Isles and northern Scotland. Recognising this dramatic shift in royal authority, Magnús submitted to Alexander III within the year,[174] and in so doing, symbolised the complete collapse of Norwegian sovereignty in the Isles.[175] Dubhghall, on the other hand, contrasted many of his compatriots from the Isles, and stubbornly refused to submit to the Scottish Crown.[176] In fact, the thirteenth-century Magnúss saga lagabœtis reveals that he continued to resist, and conducted military operations against the Scots in Caithness. This source states that Dubhghall attacked the Scots whilst they were extracting a fine from the Caithnessmen, and in so doing seized much of this treasure and slew many of the Scots.[177] This amercement may correspond to one noted by the Scottish exchequer rolls in which two hundred head of cattle were extracted from the Caithnessmen.[178] Whatever the case, in 1266, almost three years after Hákon's abortive campaign, terms of peace were finally agreed upon between the Scottish and Norwegian administrations. Specifically, with the conclusion of the Treaty of Perth in July, Hákon's son and successor, Magnús Hákonarson, King of Norway, formally resigned all rights to Mann and the islands on the western coast of Scotland. In so doing, the territorial dispute over Scotland's western maritime region was finally settled.[179]

 
Image a. Dubhghall's name and title as it appears on folio 54v (part 2) of Royal Irish Academy P 6 (the Annals of the Four Masters).[180]
 
Image b. Dubhghall's name and title as it appears on folio 221r of GKS 1005 fol (Flateyjarbók): "Dufgall Sudreyia konungr".[181]

Dubhghall died in 1268.[182] His death is recorded by the Icelandic annals, and various Irish annals, such as the Annals of Loch Cé, the Annals of the Four Masters, and the Annals of Connacht.[183] The latter source styles him "King of Argyll", a title that may add weight to the possibility that Mac Somhairle was indeed his father.[184][note 17] Whatever the case, Dubhghall's demise is not noticed by existing Scottish sources,[191] and it is possible that he died in Norway.[192] Certainly, Eiríkr remained loyal to the Norwegian cause, and was himself a prominent baron of this northern realm.[193] From the 1260s, Clann Ruaidhrí disappears from the Scottish historical record. When the kindred finally reemerges in 1275, it is in the person of Dubhghall's brother, Ailéan, a man who was by then a prominent Scottish magnate,[194] and representative of Clann Ruaidhrí.[195] Unlike Dubhghall, Ailéan is not accorded any title in contemporary sources.[196] Nevertheless, there is reason to suspect that the title rí Innsi Gall accorded to an apparent Clann Ruaidhrí chieftain in 1318—a man possibly identical to one of Ailéan's sons—was that of Ailéan's lordship and inherited from him.[197] In any case, it was during Ailéan's tenure that the kindred assimilated into the Scottish realm,[198] and his descendants continued to be factors in Scottish history well into the fourteenth century.[199] Another son of Dubhghall, Donnchadh, appears on record in the late thirteenth century.[200]

Ancestry edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Since the 1980s, academics have accorded Dubhghall various personal names in English secondary sources: Dougal MacRory,[2] Dougall MacRuari,[3] Dubgall mac Ruaídrí,[4] Dubgall mac Ruaidrí,[5] Dubgall Mac Ruaidrí,[6] Dubgall mac Ruarídh,[7] Dubgall Mac Sumarlaide,[8] Dubgall MacRuaídrí,[4] Dubhgall mac Ruaidhrí,[9] Dubhgall Mac Somhairle,[10] Dubhgall Macruaidhri,[11] Dubhgall MacRuaidhri,[12] Dubhgall MacSomhairle,[13] Dubhghall mac Ruaidhri mhic Raghnaill mhic Shomhairle,[14] Dubhghall mac Ruaidhrí mhic Raghnaill,[15] Dubhghall mac Ruaidhrí,[9] Dubhghall mac Ruaidhri,[16] Dubhghall MacRory,[17] Dubhghall MacSorley,[18] Dugald mac Roderick,[19] Dugald Mac Ruairi,[20] Dugald mac Ruairi,[21] Dugald mac Ruari,[22] Dugald Mac Sorley,[23] Dugald MacRuairi,[24] Dugald Macruari,[25] Dugall mac Ruari,[22] Dugall macRuari,[22] Duggal Rudrisson,[26] Duggáll mac Ruaidhrí,[27] Mac Sorley,[28] and Mac Sumarlaide.[29]
  2. ^ It is also possible that the mainland territories of Clann Ruaidhrí were lands earlier possessed by Somhairle mac Giolla Brighde,[46] common ancestor of Clann Somhairle,[47] and that the island territories passed from the Crovan dynasty to Clann Somhairle by way of Somhairle's wife, Ragnhildr Óláfsdóttir.[46]
  3. ^ Óspakr appears to have been another member of Clann Somhairle, perhaps the Clann Dubhghaill branch, and thus a close kinsman of Eóghan himself.[57]
  4. ^ Another candidate for the slain Mac Somhairle includes Ruaidhrí's younger brother, Domhnall (eponym of the Clann Domhnaill branch of Clann Somhairle),[66] although there appears to be evidence that this figure lived into the later part of the century.[67] Eóghan's father, Donnchadh mac Dubhghaill, is another candidate,[68] but the fact that this man was active in 1175—over seventy years before Mac Somhairle's demise—could be evidence against this.[69] So too may be the fact that Eóghan is recorded to have granted property to the Diocese of Argyll in 1240, which could be evidence that Donnchadh was dead by this date.[70] Another Clann Dubhghaill candidate is Donnchadh's younger brother, Dubhghall.[71]
  5. ^ Whilst Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar identifies both men as kings, and locates Eóghan's kingship in the Suðreyjar, it does not specify the territorial extent of Dubhghall's.[103]
  6. ^ This tocher seems to be similar to that attributed to the bride of Dubhghall's later kinsman, Aonghus Óg Mac Domhnaill.[41] According to Hebridean tradition preserved by the eighteenth-century Book of Clanranald and the seventeenth-century Sleat History, the latter's bride, Áine Ní Chatháin, was accompanied to her husband by a remarkable retinue of Irishmen.[111] The first recorded instance of the term "gallowglass" (gallóglach) concerns events dated 1290.[112] Although the sources documenting the marriage of Dubhghall's daughter do not specifically identify the warriors as gallowglasses, they are in fact called óglaigh, a term that seems to refer to gallowglasses in this particular instance.[113] In fact, the 1247 notice of Mac Somhairle's death in battle may well be evidence that this man also led gallowglasses.[114]
  7. ^ According to Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar, the Scottish footsoldiers that clashed with Hákon's troops at Largs in 1263 were mainly armed with bows and "Irish axes".[117] The latter two-handed weapons were likely of Scandinavian origin. They were apparently favoured by the Norse-Gaelic warriors as well, and used by latter gallowglass warriors.[118]
  8. ^ Generally, English knights were superior to the comparatively lightly armed Irish horsemen. Gallowglass warriors fought in formations fashioned to counteract the devastating charge of such knights.[122] The Clann Ruaidhrí tocher of gallowglasses may well have fought at the battle at Downpatrick,[123] although the fact that Brian's forces were defeated by local English levies lends little evidence to their capabilities.[124]
  9. ^ Aodh is first accorded the epithet in the context of a great victory over the English at Magh Slécht in 1256. This suggests that Aodh was well acquainted with Clann Somhairle years before his marriage.[128] It is possible that Aodh enjoyed connections with Dubhghall's family as early as 1247.[129] Aodh (and possibly Brian) were not alone in conducting overseas marital alliances during this period. A contemporary and rival of these men, Domhnall Óg Ó Domhnaill, King of Tír Chonaill, married women from Clann Domhnaill (another branch of Clann Somhairle) and Clann Suibhne, kindreds known for their export of gallowglasses.[130]
  10. ^ This coat of arms is blazoned: gules, three galleys with dragon heads at each end or, one above the other.[132] The coat of arms concerns Hákon's coronation, and its associated caption reads in Latin: "Scutum regis Norwagiae nuper coronati, qui dicitur rex Insularum".[131] The coat of arms was illustrated by Matthew Paris, a man who met Hákon in 1248/1249, the year after the king's coronation. The emphasise that Matthew placed upon the Norwegian realm's sea power appears to be underscored in the heraldry he attributed to Hákon.[133]
  11. ^ Specifically, in the words of the compiler of Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar, Hákon intended to "avenge the warfare that the Scots had made in his dominions".[138]
  12. ^ Eiríkr's name is Norse. This could suggest that his mother was Norwegian, and perhaps a member of Hákon's family. A relationship such as this may have been arrange as a means to bind the Hebridean leadership to the Norwegian royal family. Certainly, Hákon's daughter, Cecilía, was married to Dubhghall's contemporary Haraldr.[140]
  13. ^ Before the Norwegian fleet had been assembled in Norway, Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar reveals that Dubhghall had spread rumours in the Isles of an imminent arrival of a fleet, and by doing so deterred Scottish military operations.[143]
  14. ^ The saga reveals that the fleet portaged the approximately a 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) distance between Arrochar to Tarbet.[149] Although the placename Tarbet is variously stated to mean as "place of portage",[150] this claim may be influenced by the saga's account of the expedition,[151] and the place name actually means "isthmus".[152]
  15. ^ The Stewarts and the comital family of Lennox were allied in marriage, as Maol Domhnaich, Earl of Lennox was married to Elizabeth Stewart, sister of Walter Stewart, Earl of Menteith.[156]
  16. ^ Ruðri may have been a descendant of Óspakr-Hákon,[159] or Dubhghall's father, Ruaidhrí.[160]
  17. ^ These three Irish annals respectively style Dubhghall him on his death: "rí Innsi Gall & Oirir Ghaoidel",[185] "tighearna Innsi Gall & Airir Gaoidheal",[186] and "ri Orir Gaidel".[187] These sources respectively style Mac Somhairle on his death: "ri Airir Gaoidel",[188] "ticcherna Airer Ghaoidheal",[189] and "ri Airir Gaidil".[190]

Citations edit

  1. ^ Annála Connacht (2011a) § 1268.14; Annála Connacht (2011b) § 1268.14; Sellar (2000) p. 207; Royal Irish Academy MS C iii 1 (n.d.).
  2. ^ Simms (2001); Simms (1998); Barrow (1981).
  3. ^ Campbell of Airds (2000).
  4. ^ a b Woolf (2004).
  5. ^ Beuermann (2010); O'Byrne (2005b); Verstraten (2003); Duffy (2002); Duffy (1993).
  6. ^ Downham (2018); Verstraten (2005).
  7. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005).
  8. ^ Moody; Martin (1994).
  9. ^ a b Oram (2013).
  10. ^ Simms (2000b).
  11. ^ Barrow (1981).
  12. ^ Simms (1998).
  13. ^ Kenny (2007); Kenny (2005); Kenny (2000).
  14. ^ Simms (2000a).
  15. ^ McLeod (2002).
  16. ^ Martin, C (2014); Duffy (2007); Woolf (2007); Simms (2000a).
  17. ^ Simms (1997).
  18. ^ O'Byrne (2001).
  19. ^ Cowan (1990).
  20. ^ Holton (2017); McDonald (2004).
  21. ^ Brown (2004); Sellar (2004); Sellar (2000).
  22. ^ a b c Roberts (1999).
  23. ^ Walton (1980).
  24. ^ Wærdahl (2011); McDonald (2006); McDonald (2003a); McDonald (1997).
  25. ^ Rixson (2001); Rixson (1982).
  26. ^ Wærdahl (2011); Sellar (2000).
  27. ^ Power (2005).
  28. ^ Perros (1996–1997); Walton (1980).
  29. ^ Lydon (2008).
  30. ^ Holton (2017) p. viii fig. 2; Fisher (2005) 86 fig. 5.2; Raven (2005b) fig. 13; Brown (2004) p. 77 tab. 4.1; Sellar (2000) p. 194 tab. ii; Roberts (1999) p. 99 fig. 5.2; McDonald (1997) p. 258 genealogical tree ii; Rixson (1982) p. 14 fig. 1.
  31. ^ Holton (2017) pp. 126–127; McDonald (2007b) p. 110; Raven (2005a) p. 56; Raven (2005b) fig. 13; Duffy (2004) p. 47; Dalglish (2003) p. 158.
  32. ^ Beuermann (2010) p. 108 n. 28; Dalglish (2003) p. 158.
  33. ^ Woolf (2007) pp. 80–82.
  34. ^ Oram (2011a) pp. 186, 189; Woolf (2007) pp. 81–82; Woolf (2003) p. 178.
  35. ^ Oram (2011a) p. 186.
  36. ^ Woolf (2007) p. 82.
  37. ^ McDonald (2004) p. 180.
  38. ^ McDonald (2004) p. 181.
  39. ^ Unger (1871) p. 535 ch. 264; AM 45 Fol (n.d.).
  40. ^ Sellar (2000) p. 206; Cowan (1990) p. 115.
  41. ^ a b Sellar (2000) p. 206.
  42. ^ Raven (2005a) pp. 56–58; Rixson (2001) p. 86.
  43. ^ Ross (2012) pp. 3–4; Raven (2005a) pp. 56–58.
  44. ^ Ross (2012) p. 3; Raven (2005a) p. 57.
  45. ^ Raven (2005a) pp. 57–58; Woolf (2003) p. 178.
  46. ^ a b Rixson (2001) p. 86.
  47. ^ McDonald (2007b) p. 111; Dalglish (2003) p. 158.
  48. ^ Caldwell; Hall; Wilkinson (2009) p. 156 fig. 1g.
  49. ^ Caldwell; Hall; Wilkinson (2009) pp. 197–198.
  50. ^ Caldwell; Hall; Wilkinson (2009) pp. 165, 197–198.
  51. ^ Caldwell; Hall; Wilkinson (2009) pp. 155, 168–173.
  52. ^ Holton (2017) p. 129; Oram (2013) ch. 6; Wærdahl (2011) p. 49; Beuermann (2010) p. 108; Broun (2007) pp. 4, 26 n. 17; Woolf (2007) p. 83; Murray (2005) pp. 302–304; Power (2005) p. 46; Brown (2004) p. 80; McLeod (2002) p. 30; Rixson (2001) p. 86; Sellar (2000) pp. 203–204, 206; McDonald (1997) pp. 68, 98–99; Williams, DGE (1997) p. 118; Cowan (1990) p. 115; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 207; Anderson (1922) p. 548; Jónsson (1916) p. 627 ch. 287; Kjær (1910) p. 608 ch. 304/259; Dasent (1894) p. 266 ch. 259; Vigfusson (1887) p. 255 ch. 259; Unger (1871) p. 535 ch. 264; Flateyjarbok (1868) pp. 174–175 ch. 230.
  53. ^ Dumville (2018) pp. 113; McDonald (2012) p. 152; Williams, G (2007) pp. 130–132 n. 8.
  54. ^ Holton (2017) p. 129; McDonald (1997) p. 99; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 207.
  55. ^ a b c Oram (2013) ch. 6.
  56. ^ Wærdahl (2011) p. 49 n. 66; McDonald (1997) p. 99; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 207.
  57. ^ Power (2005) pp. 33, 39–40, 44.
  58. ^ Caldwell; Hall; Wilkinson (2009) pp. 161 fig. 6g, 185 fig. 12.
  59. ^ Strickland (2012) p. 113.
  60. ^ Oram (2013) ch. 6; Wærdahl (2011) p. 49; Woolf (2007) p. 83.
  61. ^ Oram (2013) ch. 6; Woolf (2007) p. 83; Sellar (2000) p. 201.
  62. ^ Dahlberg (2014) pp. 51–52; Oram (2013) ch. 6; Woolf (2007) pp. 83–84.
  63. ^ a b Woolf (2007) pp. 83–84.
  64. ^ Oram (2013) ch. 6; Woolf (2007) pp. 79–80; McLeod (2005) p. 42, n. 77; Power (2005) p. 46; Brown (2004) pp. 80–81; Duffy (2004) p. 47; Woolf (2004) p. 108; McLeod (2002) p. 31 n. 23; Sellar (2000) pp. 200–201.
  65. ^ Murray (2005) p. 302.
  66. ^ Woolf (2007) pp. 77–79; McLeod (2005) p. 42, n. 77; Murray (2005) p. 302, 302 n. 77; Power (2005) p. 46 n. 49; Duffy (2002) p. 56; McLeod (2002) p. 31 n. 23; Sellar (2000) p. 201 n. 64; McDonald (1997) p. 94, 94 n. 91.
  67. ^ Woolf (2007) pp. 78–79.
  68. ^ Oram (2013); Woolf (2007) pp. 79, 83; McLeod (2005) p. 42, n. 77; McLeod (2002) p. 31 n. 23; Sellar (2000) p. 201; McDonald (1997) p. 94; Lydon (1992) p. 14 n. 47.
  69. ^ Oram (2013); Woolf (2007) pp. 79, 83; Woolf (2004) p. 108; Sellar (2000) p. 201.
  70. ^ Oram (2013); Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 219 § 4; Document 3/33/1 (2007).
  71. ^ Woolf (2007) p. 83; Murray (2005) p. 302 n. 77.
  72. ^ Dahlberg (2014) p. 56; Woolf (2007) pp. 83–84.
  73. ^ a b Woolf (2007) p. 84.
  74. ^ Woolf (2007) p. 84; Duffy (2004) p. 47; Duffy (1993) p. 251; Calendar of the Patent Rolls (1908) p. 11; Sweetman (1875) p. 436 § 2925.
  75. ^ Lewis (1987) pp. 466, 497 n. 185; Royal MS 14 C VII (n.d.).
  76. ^ Lewis (1987) p. 497 n. 185.
  77. ^ Holton (2017) p. 129; Oram (2013) ch. 6; Wærdahl (2011) p. 49; Woolf (2007) p. 84; Power (2005) p. 46; Williams, DGE (1997) p. 118; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 207.
  78. ^ McDonald (2019) p. 33; Holton (2017) p. 129; Oram (2013) ch. 6; Wærdahl (2011) p. 49, 49 n. 66; Beuermann (2010) p. 108, 108 n. 29; Woolf (2007) p. 84; Power (2005) p. 46; Sellar (2004); Stringer (2004); Carpenter (2003) ch. 10 ¶ 80; Sellar (2000) p. 204; Williams, DGE (1997) p. 118; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 207.
  79. ^ Duffy (1993) p. 107, 107 n. 29; Anderson (1922) p. 553, 553 n. 5; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 100–101.
  80. ^ Oram (2013) ch. 6; Sellar (2004); Woolf (2004) p. 108.
  81. ^ Dahlberg (2014) pp. 52–55; Oram (2013) ch. 6; Oram (2011b) ch. 13; Wærdahl (2011) p. 49; Broun (2007) p. 3; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 254; Murray (2005) p. 303; Oram (2005) p. 42; Reid (2005) p. 59; Stringer (2004); Carpenter (2003) ch. 10 ¶ 80; Bartlett (1999) pp. 823–824; Williams, DGE (1997) p. 118; Cowan (1990) p. 110; Barrow (1981) p. 115; Anderson (1922) pp. 539–540; Jónsson (1916) p. 615 ch. 270; Kjær (1910) pp. 584–585 ch. 287/245; Dasent (1894) pp. 248–249 ch. 245; Vigfusson (1887) pp. 238–239 ch. 245; Unger (1871) p. 525 ch. 250; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 164 ch. 218.
  82. ^ Oram (2013) ch. 6; Brown (2004) p. 80; Barrow (1981) p. 111.
  83. ^ Brown (2004) p. 80.
  84. ^ Oram (2013) ch. 6; Woolf (2007) p. 85; Bridgland (2004) p. 87; Sellar (2004); Carpenter (2003) ch. 10 ¶ 80; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 207.
  85. ^ Oram (2013) ch. 6; Oram (2011b) ch. 13; Wærdahl (2011) p. 49; Thomson, PL (2008) p. 140; Murray (2005) pp. 304–305; Oram (2005) pp. 42–43; Power (2005) p. 47; Brown (2004) p. 80; Sellar (2004); Stringer (2004); Woolf (2004) p. 108; Carpenter (2003) ch. 10 ¶ 80; Sellar (2000) p. 204; Williams, DGE (1997) p. 118; Cowan (1990) pp. 115–116; Barrow (1981) pp. 115–116; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) pp. 208–209.
  86. ^ McDonald (2007a) p. 59; McDonald (2007b) pp. 128–129 pl. 1; Rixson (1982) pp. 114–115 pl. 1; Cubbon (1952) p. 70 fig. 24; Kermode (1915–1916) p. 57 fig. 9.
  87. ^ McDonald (2012) p. 151; McDonald (2007a) pp. 58–59; McDonald (2007b) pp. 54–55, 128–129 pl. 1; Wilson (1973) p. 15.
  88. ^ McDonald (2016) p. 337; McDonald (2012) p. 151; McDonald (2007b) pp. 120, 128–129 pl. 1.
  89. ^ McDonald (1997) pp. 103–104.
  90. ^ McDonald (1997) p. 99.
  91. ^ Power (2005) p. 46.
  92. ^ McDonald (1997) pp. 99, 104.
  93. ^ Holton (2017) pp. 131–132; Raven (2005a) p. 58; McDonald (1997) pp. 99, 104; Storm (1977) pp. 132, 190, 482; Anderson (1922) p. 554, 554 n. 2; Vigfusson (1878) p. 374.
  94. ^ Holton (2017) p. 130 n. 33.
  95. ^ Holton (2017) pp. 130 n. 33, 132; McDonald (1997) pp. 99, 104.
  96. ^ McDonald (1997) p. 104; Cowan (1990) p. 117.
  97. ^ Williams, DGE (1997) p. 118.
  98. ^ Holton (2017) pp. 131–132; Beuermann (2010) p. 112; Broun (2007) pp. 4, 26 n. 17; Brown (2004) p. 81; Rixson (2001) p. 87; Sellar (2000) p. 206; McDonald (1997) p. 104; Williams, DGE (1997) p. 118.
  99. ^ Holton (2017) pp. 131–132; Beuermann (2010) p. 112; Broun (2007) pp. 4, 26 n. 17; McDonald (1997) p. 104; Williams, DGE (1997) p. 118; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 211, 211 n. 5; Anderson (1922) p. 577; Kjær (1910) pp. 635–636 ch. 332/279; Dasent (1894) p. 286 ch. 279; Vigfusson (1887) p. 275 ch. 279; Unger (1871) p. 545 ch. 284; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 187 ch. 244.
  100. ^ Holton (2017) p. 130; Neville (2012) p. 16; Sellar (2004); Woolf (2004) p. 108; McDonald (1997) pp. 104–105, 116–118; Cowan (1990) p. 117; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) pp. 211–212.
  101. ^ Holton (2017) pp. 130 n. 33, 132; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 212 n. 2.
  102. ^ Holton (2017) p. 132.
  103. ^ Holton (2017) p. 132; Anderson (1922) p. 577; Kjær (1910) pp. 635–636 ch. 332/279; Dasent (1894) p. 286 ch. 279; Vigfusson (1887) p. 275 ch. 279; Unger (1871) p. 545 ch. 284; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 187 ch. 244.
  104. ^ Halpin; Newman (2006) p. 244; Simms (1998) p. 78; Simms (1997) pp. 111 fig. 5.3, 114 fig. 5.6; Halpin (1986) p. 205; Crawford, HS (1924).
  105. ^ Halpin; Newman (2006) p. 244; Verstraten (2002) p. 11; Crawford, HS (1924).
  106. ^ Holton (2017) pp. 133, 194; Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 1258.13; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 1258.13; Annála Connacht (2011a) §§ 1258.6–1258.8; Annála Connacht (2011b) §§ 1258.6–1258.8; Annals of Loch Cé (2008) § 1258.5; Duffy (2007) pp. 17–18; Woolf (2007) p. 85; Annals of Loch Cé (2005) § 1258.5; Power (2005) p. 49; Verstraten (2003) p. 36 n. 131; Duffy (2002) pp. 57–58; Sellar (2000) p. 206, 206 n. 97; McDonald (1997) p. 118; Perros (1996–1997) p. 2; Duffy (1993) p. 127; Walton (1980) pp. 160, 234 n. 134, 506; Anderson (1922) pp. 594–595, 594 n. 4, 595 n. 1; Island, Connemara (n.d.); The Annals of Connacht, p. 127 (n.d.).
  107. ^ Annála Connacht (2011a) § 1258.9; Annála Connacht (2011b) § 1258.9; Duffy (2007) pp. 17–18; Verstraten (2003) p. 27; Duffy (1993) p. 124.
  108. ^ Duffy (2007) pp. 17–18; Jefferies (2005); Power (2005) p. 49; Simms (2005a); Simms (2005b); Verstraten (2003) p. 27; Duffy (2002) pp. 57–58; Verstraten (2002) p. 15; O'Byrne (2001) pp. 107–108; Bartlett (1999) p. 822; Lydon (1994) p. 153; Martin, FX (1994) p. 142; Moody; Martin (1994) p. 432; Duffy (1993) p. 124; Walton (1980) p. 232.
  109. ^ Duffy (2007) p. 18; Simms (2005b); Bartlett (1999) pp. 821–822; Simms (1998) pp. 79–80; Walton (1980) pp. 231–232.
  110. ^ Downham (2018) p. 229; Holton (2017) p. 133; Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 1259.5; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 1259.5; Annála Connacht (2011a) § 1259.6; Annála Connacht (2011b) § 1259.6; Annals of Loch Cé (2008) § 1259.3; Lydon (2008) pp. 245, 248; Duffy (2007) pp. 1, 10 n. 43, 18; Kenny (2007) p. 68; Kenny (2006) p. 33; Annals of Loch Cé (2005) § 1259.3; Kenny (2005) p. 103; McLeod (2005) p. 43, n. 79; Power (2005) p. 49; Verstraten (2003) pp. 26, 36 n. 131; Duffy (2002) pp. 57–58; Simms (2001) p. 6; Sellar (2000) p. 206, 206 n. 99; Simms (2000a) pp. 121–122; Simms (2000b) p. 157 n. 62; McDonald (1997) pp. 118, 155; Simms (1997) p. 110; Duffy (1993) p. 127; Lydon (1992) p. 7; Walton (1980) pp. 233–234, 234 n. 134; Derry (n.d.); The Annals of Connacht, p. 131 (n.d.).
  111. ^ McLeod (2005) p. 43; MacGregor (2000) pp. 15–16; Sellar (2000) p. 206; Macbain; Kennedy (1894) pp. 158–159; Macphail (1914) pp. 20–21.
  112. ^ Duffy (2013) pp. 132–133; Duffy (2007) pp. 1–2; McLeod (2005) p. 44; McDonald (1997) p. 155; Duffy (1993) pp. 154–155, 172; Lydon (1992) pp. 6–7.
  113. ^ Holton (2017) p. 133; Duffy (2007) p. 1; McDonald (1997) p. 155; Lydon (1992) p. 7.
  114. ^ Duffy (2007) p. 1; Simms (2000a) p. 121; Simms (1998) p. 76; McDonald (1997) p. 155; Ballyshannon (n.d.); Mac Somhairle (n.d.); The Annals of Connacht, p. 91 (n.d.).
  115. ^ Duffy (2007) pp. 17–18.
  116. ^ Royal MS 13 B VIII (n.d.).
  117. ^ Caldwell (2012) p. 269; Strickland (2012) p. 112; Barrow (1990) p. 139; Anderson (1922) p. 630; Dasent (1894) p. 358 ch. 326; Vigfusson (1887) p. 346 ch. 326; Unger (1871) p. 579 ch. 334; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 225 ch. 281.
  118. ^ Strickland (2012) pp. 112–113; Mahr (1938).
  119. ^ Downham (2018) p. 258; Duffy (2007) pp. 18–19; Simms (2005a); Simms (2005b); Verstraten (2005); Verstraten (2003) pp. 27, 36 n. 142; Verstraten (2002) p. 15; O'Byrne (2001) p. 108, 108 n. 556; Simms (2001) p. 6; Simms (1998) p. 80; Lydon (1994) p. 153; Moody; Martin (1994) p. 432; Duffy (1993) p. 125; Walton (1980) p. 236.
  120. ^ McLeod (2005) p. 43; Simms (2000a) p. 122; Bartlett (1999) p. 821.
  121. ^ Simms (1998) p. 76; Martin, FX (1994) p. 142.
  122. ^ O'Byrne (2005a).
  123. ^ Lydon (2008) p. 245; Duffy (2007) p. 19.
  124. ^ Lydon (2008) p. 245.
  125. ^ Simms (1998) p. 76.
  126. ^ Verstraten (2003) p. 26; Duffy (1997) p. 94.
  127. ^ Duffy (2007) p. 19; Power (2005) p. 49.
  128. ^ Verstraten (2003) p. 26; Verstraten (2002) p. 14.
  129. ^ Verstraten (2002) p. 14.
  130. ^ Duffy (2013) p. 132; Parkes (2006) p. 368 n. 19; McGettigan (2005a); McGettigan (2005b); McLeod (2005) n. 79; O'Byrne (2005); Duffy (2002) p. 61; Simms (2000a) p. 122; Simms (1997) p. 110; Barrow (1980) p. 158 n. 70; Walsh (1938) p. 377.
  131. ^ a b Imsen (2010) p. 13 n. 2; Lewis (1987) p. 456; Tremlett; London; Wagner (1967) p. 72.
  132. ^ Lewis (1987) p. 456; Tremlett; London; Wagner (1967) p. 72.
  133. ^ Imsen (2010) pp. 13–14, 13 n. 2.
  134. ^ Reid (2011); Wærdahl (2011) p. 49; Alexander; Neighbour; Oram (2002) p. 18.
  135. ^ Cochran-Yu (2015) pp. 46–47; Broun (2007) p. 4; Barrow (2006) p. 146; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 256; McDonald (2003b) pp. 56, 132; McDonald (1997) p. 106; Duffy (1993) p. 109; Cowan (1990) pp. 117–118, 130 n. 70; Crawford or Hall (1971) p. 106; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 212; Matheson (1950) p. 196; Anderson (1922) p. 605; Dasent (1894) pp. 339–340 ch. 314; Vigfusson (1887) p. 327 ch. 314; Unger (1871) p. 569 ch. 322; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 217 ch. 274.
  136. ^ McDonald (1997) p. 107; Storm (1977) p. 135; Anderson (1922) p. 607; Vigfusson (1878) p. 377; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 534.
  137. ^ Alexander; Neighbour; Oram (2002) p. 18; McDonald (1997) p. 107.
  138. ^ Pringle (1998) p. 152; McDonald (1997) p. 107; Duncan (1996) p. 578; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) pp. 212–213; Anderson (1922) pp. 609–610; Dasent (1894) pp. 341–342 ch. 317; Vigfusson (1887) pp. 328–329 ch. 317; Unger (1871) p. 570 ch. 325; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 218 ch. 275.
  139. ^ Sellar (2000) p. 205; Anderson (1922) p. 613, 613 n. 17; Dasent (1894) p. 345 ch. 318; Vigfusson (1887) p. 332 ch. 318, 332 n. 3; Unger (1871) p. 571 ch. 327; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 219 ch. 277.
  140. ^ Rixson (2001) p. 87.
  141. ^ Alexander; Neighbour; Oram (2002) p. 18; McDonald (1997) pp. 107–108.
  142. ^ McDonald (1997) p. 108; Duffy (1993) p. 130; Anderson (1922) pp. 616–617; Dasent (1894) p. 347 ch. 318; Vigfusson (1887) pp. 334–335 ch. 319; Unger (1871) p. 572 ch. 327; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 221 ch. 277.
  143. ^ McDonald (1997) p. 108; Duffy (1993) p. 130; Anderson (1922) p. 611, 611 n. 5; Dasent (1894) p. 342 ch. 317; Vigfusson (1887) pp. 329 ch. 317; Unger (1871) p. 570 ch. 325; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 218 ch. 275.
  144. ^ McDonald (1997) p. 109; Anderson (1922) p. 617; Dasent (1894) p. 348 ch. 320; Vigfusson (1887) p. 335 ch. 320; Unger (1871) p. 573 ch. 328; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 221 ch. 278.
  145. ^ a b McDonald (1997) pp. 109–110.
  146. ^ Holton (2017) p. 141; McDonald (1997) pp. 109–110.
  147. ^ Alexander; Neighbour; Oram (2002) pp. 18–19.
  148. ^ James (2013) p. 1; Cox (2010) pp. 53–54; McDonald (1997) pp. 112–113; Cowan (1990) p. 121; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 213; Campbell of Airds (2000) p. 38; Anderson (1922) pp. 625–626; Dasent (1894) pp. 354–355 ch. 323; Vigfusson (1887) p. 342 ch. 323; Unger (1871) p. 575 ch. 331; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 224 ch. 280.
  149. ^ Martin, C (2014) p. 186; James (2013) p. 1; McNiven (2011) p. 75; Cox (2010) pp. 53–54; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 258; Alexander; Neighbour; Oram (2002) p. 19; Campbell of Airds (2000) p. 38; Roberts (1999) p. 110; Cowan (1990) p. 121.
  150. ^ Cox (2010) pp. 53–54; Mills (2003) § Tarbet.
  151. ^ Cox (2010) pp. 53–54.
  152. ^ Cox (2010) pp. 53–54; Tarbet (n.d.).
  153. ^ James (2013) p. 1; Alexander; Neighbour; Oram (2002) p. 19; McDonald (1997) p. 112; Cowan (1990) p. 121; Anderson (1922) p. 625, 625 n. 6; Dasent (1894) p. 354 ch. 323; Vigfusson (1887) p. 342 ch. 323; Unger (1871) p. 575 ch. 331; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 224 ch. 280.
  154. ^ Holton (2017) p. 142; McNiven (2011) p. 75; Boardman (2006) p. 30 n. 35; Raven (2005a) p. 59; Roberts (1999) p. 110; McDonald (1997) p. 113; Cowan (1990) pp. 121–122.
  155. ^ Holton (2017) p. 142; McNiven (2011) p. 75; Boardman (2006) p. 30 n. 35; Alexander; Neighbour; Oram (2002) p. 19; Roberts (1999) p. 110; Cowan (1990) pp. 121–122.
  156. ^ Roberts (1999) p. 110; Cowan (1990) p. 122; Cokayne; Gibbs; Doubleday et al. (1929) p. 590.
  157. ^ Martin, C (2014) pp. 186–187; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 260; Alexander; Neighbour; Oram (2002) pp. 19–20; McDonald (1997) pp. 113–114; Cowan (1990) p. 122.
  158. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 260; Power (2005) p. 53; McDonald (1997) pp. 114–115, 115 n. 43; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 213, 213 n. 1; Anderson (1922) p. 635, 635 n. 7; Dasent (1894) pp. 362–363 ch. 326; Vigfusson (1887) p. 350 ch. 326; Unger (1871) p. 579 ch. 334; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 227 ch. 281.
  159. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 257; Power (2005) p. 40 n. 42; McDonald (1997) p. 111; Cowan (1990) pp. 120–121; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 203 n. 5.
  160. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 257.
  161. ^ Gade (2009) p. 738; McDonald (1997) p. 112; Anderson (1922) p. 626; Dasent (1894) p. 355 ch. 323; Vigfusson (1887) p. 342 ch. 323; Unger (1871) p. 575 ch. 331; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 224 ch. 280; Sturl Hrafn 13II (n.d.).
  162. ^ Duffy (2007) pp. 21–22; Duffy (2002) pp. 57–58; Duffy (1993) p. 128.
  163. ^ Duffy (2007) pp. 22–23; Duffy (2002) p. 58; Duffy (1993) p. 128; Walton (1980) pp. 242–243, 243 n. 175; Anderson (1922) pp. 622, 622 n. 5, 634, 634 n. 6; Dasent (1894) pp. 351–352 ch. 322; 361–362 ch. 326; Vigfusson (1887) pp. 339 ch. 322, 349 ch. 326; Unger (1871) pp. 574–575 ch. 330, 578 ch. 334; Flateyjarbok (1868) pp. 223 ch. 280, 227 ch. 281.
  164. ^ Duffy (2007) p. 23; Cowan (1990) p. 123; Anderson (1922) p. 641; Dasent (1894) p. 367 ch. 331; Vigfusson (1887) p. 355 ch. 355; Unger (1871) p. 580 ch. 338; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 230 ch. 285.
  165. ^ Annála Connacht (2011a) § 1263.5; Annála Connacht (2011b) § 1263.5; Annals of Loch Cé (2008) § 1263.4; Duffy (2007) pp. 22–23; Annals of Loch Cé (2005) § 1263.4; Duffy (1993) p. 129.
  166. ^ Duffy (2007) pp. 21–22; Duffy (1993) pp. 108, 120, 128.
  167. ^ Duffy (2007) pp. 21–23; Duffy (1993) pp. 129–129; Walton (1980) pp. 242–243.
  168. ^ a b Duffy (2007) p. 23; Duffy (1993) p. 129.
  169. ^ Lydon (2008) p. 248.
  170. ^ Duffy (1993) p. 128; Bain (1881) p. 429 § 2185; Sweetman (1877) p. 106 § 652.
  171. ^ Brown (2004) p. 82; Campbell of Airds (2000) p. 39; Cowan (1990) p. 120.
  172. ^ Power (2005) p. 53; Rixson (2001) p. 88; Barrow (1981) p. 120.
  173. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 260–261; McDonald (1997) p. 115; Cowan (1990) pp. 122–123; Anderson (1922) p. 635; Dasent (1894) p. 363 ch. 326; Vigfusson (1887) p. 350 ch. 326; Unger (1871) p. 579 ch. 334; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 227 ch. 281.
  174. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 261–262; McDonald (1997) pp. 115–116; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) pp. 213–214.
  175. ^ Brown (2004) p. 84.
  176. ^ Holton (2017) p. 143; Brown (2004) p. 84; Carpenter (2003) ch. 12 ¶ 40; McDonald (1997) pp. 116, 118; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 214.
  177. ^ Holton (2017) p. 143; Crawford, BE (2004) p. 38; McDonald (2003a) p. 44; Barrow (2006) p. 146; Rixson (2001) p. 89; McDonald (1997) p. 119; Rixson (1982) pp. 19, 79; Crawford or Hall (1971) p. 106; Anderson (1922) pp. 648–649; Dasent (1894) p. 377 ch. 4; Vigfusson (1887) p. 364 ch. 4.
  178. ^ Carpenter (2013) p. 157 § 12; Crawford, BE (2004) p. 38; Crawford or Hall (1971) p. 106; Fraser-Mackintosh (1875) p. 34; Thomson, T (1836) p. *31.
  179. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 263–264; Brown (2004) p. p. 84; Crawford, BE (2004) p. 38; Woolf (2004) pp. 108–109; McDonald (1997) pp. 119–121; The Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland (1844) pp. 420–421; Diplomatarium Norvegicum (n.d.) vol. 8 § 9.
  180. ^ Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 1268.6; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 1268.6; Anderson (1922) p. 600 n. 5; Royal Irish Academy MS 23 P 6 (n.d.).
  181. ^ Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 537; GKS 1005 Fol (n.d.).
  182. ^ Power (2005) p. 33; McDonald (2004) p. 181; McDonald (1997) p. 119; Rixson (1982) p. 14 fig. 1; Barrow (1981) p. 120; Walton (1980) p. 234 n. 134.
  183. ^ Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 1268.6; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 1268.6; Annála Connacht (2011a) § 1268.14; Annála Connacht (2011b) § 1268.14; Annals of Loch Cé (2008) § 1268.12; Annals of Loch Cé (2005) § 1268.12; Raven (2005a) p. 59; McLeod (2002) p. 31, 34–35, 35 n. 35; Sellar (2000) pp. 201, 207; McDonald (1997) p. 119; Walton (1980) p. 234 n. 134; Storm (1977) pp. 28, 68, 137, 331, 483; Anderson (1922) p. 660, 660 n. 5; Vigfusson (1878) p. 379; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 537.
  184. ^ Annála Connacht (2011a) § 1268.14; Annála Connacht (2011b) § 1268.14; Sellar (2000) pp. 201, 207.
  185. ^ Annals of Loch Cé (2008) § 1268.12; Annals of Loch Cé (2005) § 1268.12; McLeod (2002) p. 31; Sellar (2000) p. 207; McDonald (1997) p. 119; Anderson (1922) p. 660.
  186. ^ Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 1268.6; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 1268.6; McLeod (2002) pp. 34–35, 35 n. 35; Anderson (1922) p. 660 n. 5.
  187. ^ Annála Connacht (2011a) § 1268.14; Annála Connacht (2011b) § 1268.14; Raven (2005a) p. 59; McLeod (2002) p. 31; Sellar (2000) p. 207.
  188. ^ Annals of Loch Cé (2008) § 1247.7; Woolf (2007) p. 77; Annals of Loch Cé (2005) § 1247.7; McDonald (1997) p. 94; Ó Murchadha (1992–1993) p. 57.
  189. ^ Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 1247.3; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 1247.3; Duffy (2002) p. 56.
  190. ^ Annála Connacht (2011a) § 1247.7; Annála Connacht (2011b) § 1247.7; Duffy (2007) p. 1; McLeod (2005) p. 42; Duffy (2004) p. 47; McLeod (2002) p. 31; Sellar (2000) p. 201; Simms (2000a) p. 121; Bartlett (1999) p. 821; Ó Murchadha (1992–1993) p. 57.
  191. ^ Sellar (2000) p. 207.
  192. ^ Raven (2005a) p. 59; Sellar (2000) p. 207.
  193. ^ Dahlberg (2014) p. 66; Wærdahl (2011) pp. 50 n. 68, 200; Raven (2005a) p. 59; Carpenter (2003) ch. 12 ¶ 40; Sellar (2000) p. 207; McDonald (1997) p. 119, 124; Barrow (1981) p. 120; Munch; Goss (1874) p. 230.
  194. ^ McDonald (2004) pp. 181, 183–184; McDonald (1997) pp. 130–131.
  195. ^ Holton (2017) p. 147.
  196. ^ Raven (2005a) p. 59.
  197. ^ Annála Connacht (2011a) § 1318.8; Annála Connacht (2011b) § 1318.8; Duffy (1993) pp. 206–207; The Annals of Connacht, p. 253 (n.d.).
  198. ^ McDonald (2006) p. 77.
  199. ^ McDonald (2006) p. 77; McDonald (2004) p. 181; McDonald (1997) pp. 130–131.
  200. ^ Power (2005) p. 33; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) pp. 196–197; Rymer; Sanderson (1816) p. 761; Document 3/33/0 (n.d.).
  201. ^ Oram (2011a) p. xvii tab. 6; McDonald (2007b) p. 28 tab. 2; Brown (2004) p. 77 tab. 4.1; Sellar (2000) pp. 191 tab. i, 194 tab. ii.
  202. ^ Oram (2011a) p. xvii tab. 6; McDonald (2007b) pp. 27 tab. 1, 28 tab. 2; Brown (2004) p. 77 tab. 4.1; Sellar (2000) pp. 191 tab. i, 194 tab. ii.
  203. ^ Oram (2011a) pp. xvi tab. 5, xvii tab. 6; McDonald (2007b) p. 27 tab. 1; Brown (2004) p. 77 tab. 4.1; Sellar (2000) pp. 191 tab. i, 194 tab. ii.
  204. ^ Oram (2011a) p. xvii tab. 6.
  205. ^ Oram (2011a) pp. xvi tab. 5, xvii tab. 6; McDonald (2007b) p. 27 tab. 1; Brown (2004) p. 77 tab. 4.1; Sellar (2000) p. 191 tab. i.

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External links edit

  • "Dougal (father of Duncan)". People of Medieval Scotland, 1093–1371.
  •   Media related to Dubhghall mac Ruaidhrí at Wikimedia Commons

April 10, 2024
dubhghall, ruaidhrí, died, 1268, leading, figure, thirteenth, century, kingdom, isles, west, coast, scotland, note, ruaidhrí, raghnaill, thus, member, clann, ruaidhrí, dubhgall, last, gaelic, king, mann, king, argyll, isles, scotlanddubhghall, name, title, kin. Dubhghall mac Ruaidhri died 1268 was a leading figure in the thirteenth century Kingdom of the Isles on the West Coast of Scotland note 1 He was a son of Ruaidhri mac Raghnaill and thus a member of Clann Ruaidhri Dubhgall was the last Gaelic King of Mann Dubhghall mac RuaidhriKing of Argyll and the Isles ScotlandDubhghall s name and title King of Argyll Scotland as it appears on folio 19v of Royal Irish Academy C iii 1 the Annals of Connacht 1 Died1268possibly NorwayIssueEirikr Donnchadh Jartrud Gjertrude HouseClann Ruaidhri Clann Somhairle FatherRuaidhri mac RaghnaillDubhghall was also active in Ireland and is recorded to have conducted military operations against the English in Connacht In 1259 the year after his victory over the English Sheriff of Connacht Dubhghall s daughter was married to Aodh na nGall o Conchobhair son of the reigning King of Connacht This woman s tocher consisted of a host of gallowglass warriors commanded by Dubhghall s brother Ailean This record appears to be the earliest notice of such soldiers in surviving sources The epithet borne by Dubhghall s son in law na nGall can be taken to mean of the Hebrideans and appears to refer to the Hebridean military support that contributed to his success against the English The careers of Dubhghall and his Clann Somhairle kinsman Eoghan Mac Dubhghaill exemplify the difficulties faced by the leading Norse Gaelic lords in the Isles and along western seaboard of Scotland In theory these regions formed part of the greater Norwegian commonwealth However during the tenures of Dubhghall and Eoghan successive thirteenth century Scottish kings succeeded in extending their own authority into these Norse Gaelic regions Whilst Eoghan eventually submitted to the Scots Dubhghall steadfastly supported the Norwegian cause Recognised as a king by the reigning Hakon Hakonarson King of Norway Dubhghall was one of the leading figures in the failed 1263 campaign against the Scots Although Dubhghall is last recorded resisting the encroachment of Scottish overlordship the Scots succeeded in wrenching control of the Isles from the Norwegians in 1266 Dubhghall may have died in exile in Norway where his son Eirikr was an active baron Contents 1 Clann Ruaidhri 2 Alignment with the Norwegian Crown 3 Repercussions from the Scottish Crown 4 Involvement in Ireland 5 Collapse of Norwegian sovereignty 6 Ancestry 7 Notes 8 Citations 9 References 9 1 Primary sources 9 2 Secondary sources 10 External linksClann Ruaidhri edit nbsp Locations relating the life and times of Dubhghall Dubhghall was a son of Ruaidhri mac Raghnaill Lord of Kintyre in Scotland 30 the eponym of Clann Ruaidhri 31 a branch of Clann Somhairle 32 By the second decade of the thirteenth century Ruaidhri may have been the leading member of Clann Somhairle 33 The little that is known of Dubhghall s father suggests that much like Dubhghall himself Ruaidhri operated against the looming threat of Scottish overlordship of Argyll and the Isles Although Ruaidhri appears to have originally held power in Kintyre the Scottish Crown seems to have expelled him from the region in the 1220s 34 In Ruaidhri s place Alexander II King of Scotland appears to have planted Ruaidhri s younger brother Domhnall an apparently more palatable candidate from the Scots perspective 35 This dramatic projection of Scottish royal authority may have also resulted in the king s establishment of the Clann Dubhghaill lordship of Argyll which appears on record not long afterwards 36 By the midpoint of the thirteenth century Clann Dubhghaill yet another branch of Clann Somhairle was represented by Eoghan Mac Dubhghaill 37 whilst Dubhghall himself represented Clann Ruaidhri 38 nbsp Dubhghall s name as it appears on folio 114v of AM 45 fol Codex Frisianus Dvggal son Rudra 39 Although it is possible that Dubhghall s power base was located in Garmoran 40 and perhaps the Uists 41 there is uncertainty as to how and when these territories entered into the possession of his family 42 Later leading members of Clann Ruaidhri certainly possessed these lands but evidence of custody before the mid thirteenth century is lacking 43 In theory these territories could have been awarded to the kindred following the Scots acquisition of the Isles in 1266 44 On the other hand the family s position in the Isles may have stemmed from its marital alliance with the Crovan dynasty an affiliation undertaken at some point before Ruaidhri s apparent expulsion from Kintyre 45 note 2 Alignment with the Norwegian Crown edit nbsp One of the king gaming pieces of the so called Lewis chessmen 48 Comprising some four sets 49 the pieces are thought to have been crafted in Norway in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries 50 They were uncovered in Lewis in the early nineteenth century 51 In 1248 both Dubhghall and Eoghan are stated by the thirteenth century Hakonar saga Hakonarsonar to have arrived in Norway with both men seeking the kingship of the northern Sudreyjar from Hakon Hakonarson King of Norway 52 The entirety of the Sudreyjar an Old Norse term meaning Southern Islands roughly equates to the Hebrides and Mann 53 The precise jurisdiction that Dubhghall and Eoghan competed for is uncertain For example the northern Hebridean islands of Lewis and Harris and Skye appear to have been held by the Crovan dynasty then represented by the reigning Haraldr olafsson King of Mann and the Isles 54 In about 1241 the dominion of the latter appears to have been defined by Hakon as the islands which had been previously ruled by Haraldr s father uncle and grandfather Hakon therefore appears to have not only deliberately excluded the island territories ruled by Clann Somhairle but limited the possibility of Haraldr becoming drawn into alignment with Scottish interests as some leading members of Clann Somhairle had been Eoghan and Dubhghall therefore may have contended for all the islands excluded from Haraldr s allotment 55 It is conceivable that Eoghan and Dubhghall sought kingship of the same jurisdiction that Hakon had awarded to ospakr Hakon about a decade before a region which could have included some or all of the islands possessed by Clann Somhairle 56 note 3 nbsp One of the rook gaming pieces of the Lewis chessmen 58 The Scandinavian connections of leading members of the Isles may have been reflected in their military armament and could have resembled that depicted upon such gaming pieces 59 Although 1247 was also the year of Hakon s royal coronation and it is possible that the arrival of the Clann Somhairle dynasts was a result of the reimposition of Norwegian overlordship in the Isles 60 another reason for their arrival may relate to the death of a certain Mac Somhairle an apparent member of Clann Somhairle slain whilst resisting an English invasion of Tir Chonaill in 1247 61 Merely a year before Haraldr seems to have submitted to Henry III King of England 62 and it is possible that Hakon had consequently recognised Mac Somhairle s kingship in the Isles in retaliation to Haraldr s acceptance of English overtures If so Dubhghall and Eoghan may have both sought to succeed their kinsman in the Isles 63 In fact Dubhghall s father may well be identical to Mac Somhairle 64 Certainly Dubhghall s presence in Norway suggests that Ruaidhri was indeed dead by this date 65 note 4 An alliance with a ruler of the Isles would have certainly benefited Henry s ongoing military operations in Ireland 72 and it is possible that it was Haraldr s pact with him that had prompted Mac Somhairle s involvement against the English in Ireland 63 In fact Clann Somhairle may have faced immediate repercussions for their alignment with the Norwegian Crown 73 For example English financial records for 1248 reveal that Walter Bisset was tasked to fortify a castle along the Scottish coast This castle appears to have been that of Dunaverty seated upon the southern coast of Kintyre 74 which could indicate that Walter s Ulster based actions in Kintyre were undertaken as a means to divide the Isles isolating Mann from the Hebrides 73 Repercussions from the Scottish Crown edit nbsp Coat of arms of Alexander II as it appears on folio 146v of British Library Royal 14 C VII Historia Anglorum 75 The inverted shield represents the king s death in 1249 76 Whilst Dubhghall and Eoghan were in Norway Hakon appears to have attempted to bring Haraldr back onside and in so doing Hakon gave away his widowed daughter in marriage to Haraldr Unfortunately for Hakon and his designs in the Isles the newly wedded couple were lost at sea whilst sailing from Norway to the Isles 77 Not only did this calamity deprive the Islesmen of a capable king but it cost the Norwegian Crown a closely connected advocate in the region 55 Upon learning of the catastrophe Hakon immediately sent Eoghan west over sea to temporarily take up the kingship of the Isles on his behalf 78 The fact that the thirteenth to fourteenth century Chronicle of Mann reports that Haraldr s brother Rǫgnvaldr succeeded to the kingship in 1249 could indicate that Rǫgnvaldr and Eoghan shared a degree of authority in the Isles 79 In any event Eoghan was not only a Norwegian dependant in the Isles but an eminent Scottish magnate on the mainland 80 Although the Scottish Crown appears to have attempted to purchase the Isles earlier that decade 81 Alexander II launched an invasion of Argyll in the summer of 1249 directed at the very heart of the Clann Dubhghaill lordship The apparent cooling of relations between Eoghan and Alexander II 55 along with Haraldr s demise 82 the resultant kin strife over Haraldr s succession 83 and Eoghan s acceptance of royal powers on Hakon s behalf could all have spurred the Scots offensive 84 In the course of this offensive Alexander II demanded that Eoghan renounce his allegiance to Hakon and ordered him to hand over certain mainland and island fortresses Eoghan stubbornly refused and the unfolding crisis only ended with the Scottish king s untimely death in July 1249 85 nbsp Detail from Maughold IV 86 a Manx runestone displaying a contemporary sailing vessel 87 The power of the kings of the Isles laid in their armed galley fleets 88 Eoghan dearly suffered as a result of conflicting obligations the Norwegians and Scots In fact it is probable that he had been utterly dispossessed by the Scots a result of their invasion 89 Although the reasons why Hakon originally awarded him the kingship over Dubhghall are unknown 90 for whatever reason the latter appears to have been regarded as a less preferable candidate at the time 91 Eoghan s apparent displacement at the hands of Alexander II however could well have upended the hierarchy of Clann Somhairle 92 For instance a particular entry preserved by the Icelandic annals states that within the very year that Eoghan was forced from Argyll by the Scots Dubhghall himself took kingship in the Isles 93 This record could reveal that Dubhghall and Eoghan shared kingship in the Hebrides 94 or that Dubhghall assumed the kingship from a severely weakened Eoghan 95 In fact Eoghan s actions of the following year when he and Magnus olafsson a member of the Crovan dynasty unsuccessfully attempted to seized control of Mann could further indicate he was in dire straits 96 Magnus 97 Dubhghall and Eoghan were back in Scandinavia in 1253 98 as Hakonar saga Hakonarsonar reveals that the latter two took part in the Norwegians royal campaign against the Danish Crown 99 By 1255 however Eoghan was reconciled with the Scottish Crown 100 The fact that Dubhghall was later regarded as king in Scandinavian sources could indicate that Hakon s original award of the title to Eoghan in 1248 was reversed upon the restoration of Eoghan s Scottish lordship 101 However the record of Dubhghall holding kingship as early as 1249 coupled with Eoghan s attempt to gain control of Mann in 1250 and the fact that both men were identified as kings whilst campaigning with the Norwegians royal forces in 1253 could indicate that Hakon had originally intended for both men to hold kingship possibly with Dubhghall in the Hebrides and Eoghan on Mann 102 note 5 Involvement in Ireland edit nbsp Fifteenth century sculpted figure of a gallowglass 104 as depicted upon the apparent effigy of Feidhlimidh o Conchobhair 105 father of Dubhghall s son in law Aodh na nGall In 1258 the fifteenth to sixteenth century Annals of Connacht the sixteenth century Annals of Loch Ce and the seventeenth century Annals of the Four Masters indicate that Dubhghall at the command of a formidable fleet sailed to Connemara on the western Irish coast where he is stated to have robbed a merchant ship No doubt as a result of this spoliation the sources further reveal that Jordan d Exeter the English Sheriff of Connacht pursued Dubhghall s fleet and was slain along with many of his men in the culminating clash Enriched with plunder Dubhghall is then stated to have returned home from this piratical cruise 106 The next entry preserved by the Annals of Connacht concerns an extraordinary assembly of Aodh na nGall o Conchobhair Tadhg o Briain and Brian o Neill King of Tir Eoghain within the year 107 It was at this convention at Caol Uisce on the River Erne that Aodh son of the King of Connacht and Tadhg son of the King of Thomond relinquished their claims to the high kingship of Ireland in favour of Brian who was then proclaimed high king 108 The latter was then in midst of campaigning against a temporarily weakened English Earldom of Ulster and closely allied with Aodh in his cause 109 The following year Dubhghall again appears on record in Irish affairs as the Annals of Connacht the Annals of Loch Ce and the Annals of the Four Masters reveal that Aodh travelled to Derry and married a daughter of Dubhghall and thereby received a tocher that included one hundred and sixty gallowglass warriors commanded by Dubhghall s brother Ailean 110 note 6 The marital alliance between Aodh and Dubhghall was conducted at the main port within Brian s realm a site indicating that the union along with the assembly and naval operations of the previous year was part of a carefully coordinated plan to tackle English power in the north west of Ireland 115 nbsp Armed Irishmen depicted on folio 28r of British Library Royal 13 B VIII Topographia Hibernica 116 note 7 Unfortunately for these confederates Tadhg was dead by 1259 and the combined forces of Aodh and Brian were utterly crushed in battle at Downpatrick in 1260 with Brian amongst the slain 119 Despite this catastrophe the phenomenon of eminent Irish lords importing heavily armed mercenaries from the Isles and western Scotland became more prevalent in the later part of the century 120 and helped to even the military superiority enjoyed by English forces over native Irish troops 121 note 8 The association of Aodh with Dubhghall appears to have earned Aodh the epithet na nGall literally of the Foreigners 125 but perhaps meaning of the Hebrideans 126 In fact there may be evidence to suggest that Brian had also been married to a member of Clann Somhairle perhaps a daughter of Eoghan himself 127 note 9 Collapse of Norwegian sovereignty edit nbsp Coat of arms of Hakon Hakonarson as depicted on folio 216v of Cambridge Corpus Christi College Parker Library 16II Chronica Majora 131 note 10 With the death of Alexander II in 1249 the Scottish invasion of the Argyll and the Isles came to an abrupt end About a decade later the latter s son and royal successor Alexander III came of age and took steps to continue his father s westward expansion 134 In 1262 the year after yet another failed attempt by the Scottish Crown to purchase the Isles Hakonar saga Hakonarsonar reports that the Scots lashed out against the Islesmen in a particularly savage attack upon the inhabitants of Skye 135 Thus provoked Hakon assembled an enormous fleet described by the Icelandic annals as the largest force to have ever set sail from Norway 136 to reassert Norwegian sovereignty along the north and west coasts of Scotland 137 note 11 Amongst the distinguished men stated to have manned Hakon s own vessel was Dubhghall s own son Eirikr 139 note 12 In July 1263 this armada disembarked from Norway and by mid August Hakon reaffirmed his overlordship in Shetland and Orkney forced the submission of Caithness and arrived in the Hebrides 141 nbsp Locations relating to the expedition into the Lennox According to the saga Hakon was met in the region by Magnus by then the reigning King of Mann and the Isles and Dubhghall himself 142 note 13 As the fleet made its way southwards Hakon sent a detachment of vessels under the command of Dubhghall and Magnus to harry Kintyre whilst Hakon himself made landfall on Gigha 144 It is evident that Magnus 145 and Dubhghall 146 were tasked with bringing Aonghus Mor Mac Domhnaill and Murchadh Mac Suibhne onto the king s side 145 In early September the reinforced fleet of Norwegians and Islesmen entered the Firth of Clyde 147 After peace talks broke down between Hakon and Alexander III the saga identifies Magnus Dubhghall Ailean Aonghus Mor and Murchadh himself as the commanders of a detachment of Islesmen and Norwegians who entered Loch Long portaged across land into Loch Lomond and ravaged the surrounding region of the Lennox 148 note 14 According various versions of the saga this contingent consisted of either forty or sixty ships a considerable portion of Hakon s fleet 153 There is reason to suspect that this strike is evidence that the Norwegians and Islesmen were directing their fury at the territories of the powerful Stewart kindred 154 Furthermore by penetrating into the Earldom of Lennox and possibly striking further east inland Hakon s adherents would have been encroaching into the Earldom of Menteith 155 note 15 Meanwhile at the beginning of October Hakon s main force clashed with the Scots at Largs and withdrew into the Hebrides 157 Once regrouped with the detachment of Islesmen the saga records that Hakon rewarded his overseas supporters Since Eoghan had refused to aid the Norwegians cause Dubhghall and Ailean were awarded his forfeited island territories A certain Rudri is stated to have received Bute whilst Murchadh got Arran 158 note 16 The flight shy ring users of the swayer of the din of spears pulled the boats along the broad beach paths The fearless war men of honour devastated the islands in the widely inhabited lake with spear winds excerpt from Hrafnsmal by Sturla THordarson extolling the devastation of the Lennox by a detachment of Islesmen including Dubhghall himself 161 A commonality amongst some of Hakon s most prominent and steadfast supporters from the Isles was their close connections with Ireland 162 In fact the saga reveals that Hakon had previously received overtures from the Irish requesting the Norwegians combat the English in exchange for overlordship of Ireland Although the saga reports that the king was eventually dissuaded from such Irish offers 163 and died in Orkney that December 164 the Annals of Loch Ce and the Annals of Connacht report his death in context of coming to Ireland 165 There is reason to suspect that Magnus had once been aligned with Brian 166 and the fact that the latter s ally Aodh was aligned with Dubhghall and Ailean strongly suggests that it was Aodh himself who had requested assistance from the Norwegian Crown 167 In fact the invitation itself may be one of the most innovative ideas in the history of thirteenth century Gaelic Ireland 168 Certainly Aodh s relationship with Clann Ruaidhri 169 and his apparent overtures to the Norwegian Crown illustrate the radical measures that certain Irish lords were prepared to take in order to overcome English dominance in Ireland 168 The fact that Dubhghall Ailean and Magnus were unequivocal supporters of the Norwegian cause against Scottish encroachment in the Isles and simultaneously involved in Irish affairs suggests that they were the unidentified men that Alexander attempted to prevent from entering Ireland just prior to the battle at Downpatrick 170 nbsp The rocky headland where the scanty remains of Dunaverty Castle lay The castle fell to Hakon in 1263 171 who later doled it out to Dubhghall 172 Although Hakonar saga Hakonarsonar declares that the operation was an overwhelming triumph it seems to have been an utter failure instead 173 Not only did Hakon fail to break Scottish power but Alexander III seized the initiative the following year and oversaw a series of invasions into the Isles and northern Scotland Recognising this dramatic shift in royal authority Magnus submitted to Alexander III within the year 174 and in so doing symbolised the complete collapse of Norwegian sovereignty in the Isles 175 Dubhghall on the other hand contrasted many of his compatriots from the Isles and stubbornly refused to submit to the Scottish Crown 176 In fact the thirteenth century Magnuss saga lagabœtis reveals that he continued to resist and conducted military operations against the Scots in Caithness This source states that Dubhghall attacked the Scots whilst they were extracting a fine from the Caithnessmen and in so doing seized much of this treasure and slew many of the Scots 177 This amercement may correspond to one noted by the Scottish exchequer rolls in which two hundred head of cattle were extracted from the Caithnessmen 178 Whatever the case in 1266 almost three years after Hakon s abortive campaign terms of peace were finally agreed upon between the Scottish and Norwegian administrations Specifically with the conclusion of the Treaty of Perth in July Hakon s son and successor Magnus Hakonarson King of Norway formally resigned all rights to Mann and the islands on the western coast of Scotland In so doing the territorial dispute over Scotland s western maritime region was finally settled 179 nbsp Image a Dubhghall s name and title as it appears on folio 54v part 2 of Royal Irish Academy P 6 the Annals of the Four Masters 180 nbsp Image b Dubhghall s name and title as it appears on folio 221r of GKS 1005 fol Flateyjarbok Dufgall Sudreyia konungr 181 Dubhghall died in 1268 182 His death is recorded by the Icelandic annals and various Irish annals such as the Annals of Loch Ce the Annals of the Four Masters and the Annals of Connacht 183 The latter source styles him King of Argyll a title that may add weight to the possibility that Mac Somhairle was indeed his father 184 note 17 Whatever the case Dubhghall s demise is not noticed by existing Scottish sources 191 and it is possible that he died in Norway 192 Certainly Eirikr remained loyal to the Norwegian cause and was himself a prominent baron of this northern realm 193 From the 1260s Clann Ruaidhri disappears from the Scottish historical record When the kindred finally reemerges in 1275 it is in the person of Dubhghall s brother Ailean a man who was by then a prominent Scottish magnate 194 and representative of Clann Ruaidhri 195 Unlike Dubhghall Ailean is not accorded any title in contemporary sources 196 Nevertheless there is reason to suspect that the title ri Innsi Gall accorded to an apparent Clann Ruaidhri chieftain in 1318 a man possibly identical to one of Ailean s sons was that of Ailean s lordship and inherited from him 197 In any case it was during Ailean s tenure that the kindred assimilated into the Scottish realm 198 and his descendants continued to be factors in Scottish history well into the fourteenth century 199 Another son of Dubhghall Donnchadh appears on record in the late thirteenth century 200 Ancestry editAncestors of Dubhghall mac Ruaidhri16 Giolla Brighde mac Giolla Adhamhnain 204 8 Somhairle mac Giolla Brighde died 1164 202 4 Raghnall mac Somhairle died 1191 1192 c 1210 1227 201 18 olafr Gudrodarson died 1153 205 9 Ragnhildr olafsdottir 203 2 Ruaidhri mac Raghnaill died 1247 1 Dubhghall mac Ruaidhri died 1268 Notes edit Since the 1980s academics have accorded Dubhghall various personal names in English secondary sources Dougal MacRory 2 Dougall MacRuari 3 Dubgall mac Ruaidri 4 Dubgall mac Ruaidri 5 Dubgall Mac Ruaidri 6 Dubgall mac Ruaridh 7 Dubgall Mac Sumarlaide 8 Dubgall MacRuaidri 4 Dubhgall mac Ruaidhri 9 Dubhgall Mac Somhairle 10 Dubhgall Macruaidhri 11 Dubhgall MacRuaidhri 12 Dubhgall MacSomhairle 13 Dubhghall mac Ruaidhri mhic Raghnaill mhic Shomhairle 14 Dubhghall mac Ruaidhri mhic Raghnaill 15 Dubhghall mac Ruaidhri 9 Dubhghall mac Ruaidhri 16 Dubhghall MacRory 17 Dubhghall MacSorley 18 Dugald mac Roderick 19 Dugald Mac Ruairi 20 Dugald mac Ruairi 21 Dugald mac Ruari 22 Dugald Mac Sorley 23 Dugald MacRuairi 24 Dugald Macruari 25 Dugall mac Ruari 22 Dugall macRuari 22 Duggal Rudrisson 26 Duggall mac Ruaidhri 27 Mac Sorley 28 and Mac Sumarlaide 29 It is also possible that the mainland territories of Clann Ruaidhri were lands earlier possessed by Somhairle mac Giolla Brighde 46 common ancestor of Clann Somhairle 47 and that the island territories passed from the Crovan dynasty to Clann Somhairle by way of Somhairle s wife Ragnhildr olafsdottir 46 ospakr appears to have been another member of Clann Somhairle perhaps the Clann Dubhghaill branch and thus a close kinsman of Eoghan himself 57 Another candidate for the slain Mac Somhairle includes Ruaidhri s younger brother Domhnall eponym of the Clann Domhnaill branch of Clann Somhairle 66 although there appears to be evidence that this figure lived into the later part of the century 67 Eoghan s father Donnchadh mac Dubhghaill is another candidate 68 but the fact that this man was active in 1175 over seventy years before Mac Somhairle s demise could be evidence against this 69 So too may be the fact that Eoghan is recorded to have granted property to the Diocese of Argyll in 1240 which could be evidence that Donnchadh was dead by this date 70 Another Clann Dubhghaill candidate is Donnchadh s younger brother Dubhghall 71 Whilst Hakonar saga Hakonarsonar identifies both men as kings and locates Eoghan s kingship in the Sudreyjar it does not specify the territorial extent of Dubhghall s 103 This tocher seems to be similar to that attributed to the bride of Dubhghall s later kinsman Aonghus og Mac Domhnaill 41 According to Hebridean tradition preserved by the eighteenth century Book of Clanranald and the seventeenth century Sleat History the latter s bride Aine Ni Chathain was accompanied to her husband by a remarkable retinue of Irishmen 111 The first recorded instance of the term gallowglass galloglach concerns events dated 1290 112 Although the sources documenting the marriage of Dubhghall s daughter do not specifically identify the warriors as gallowglasses they are in fact called oglaigh a term that seems to refer to gallowglasses in this particular instance 113 In fact the 1247 notice of Mac Somhairle s death in battle may well be evidence that this man also led gallowglasses 114 According to Hakonar saga Hakonarsonar the Scottish footsoldiers that clashed with Hakon s troops at Largs in 1263 were mainly armed with bows and Irish axes 117 The latter two handed weapons were likely of Scandinavian origin They were apparently favoured by the Norse Gaelic warriors as well and used by latter gallowglass warriors 118 Generally English knights were superior to the comparatively lightly armed Irish horsemen Gallowglass warriors fought in formations fashioned to counteract the devastating charge of such knights 122 The Clann Ruaidhri tocher of gallowglasses may well have fought at the battle at Downpatrick 123 although the fact that Brian s forces were defeated by local English levies lends little evidence to their capabilities 124 Aodh is first accorded the epithet in the context of a great victory over the English at Magh Slecht in 1256 This suggests that Aodh was well acquainted with Clann Somhairle years before his marriage 128 It is possible that Aodh enjoyed connections with Dubhghall s family as early as 1247 129 Aodh and possibly Brian were not alone in conducting overseas marital alliances during this period A contemporary and rival of these men Domhnall og o Domhnaill King of Tir Chonaill married women from Clann Domhnaill another branch of Clann Somhairle and Clann Suibhne kindreds known for their export of gallowglasses 130 This coat of arms is blazoned gules three galleys with dragon heads at each end or one above the other 132 The coat of arms concerns Hakon s coronation and its associated caption reads in Latin Scutum regis Norwagiae nuper coronati qui dicitur rex Insularum 131 The coat of arms was illustrated by Matthew Paris a man who met Hakon in 1248 1249 the year after the king s coronation The emphasise that Matthew placed upon the Norwegian realm s sea power appears to be underscored in the heraldry he attributed to Hakon 133 Specifically in the words of the compiler of Hakonar saga Hakonarsonar Hakon intended to avenge the warfare that the Scots had made in his dominions 138 Eirikr s name is Norse This could suggest that his mother was Norwegian and perhaps a member of Hakon s family A relationship such as this may have been arrange as a means to bind the Hebridean leadership to the Norwegian royal family Certainly Hakon s daughter Cecilia was married to Dubhghall s contemporary Haraldr 140 Before the Norwegian fleet had been assembled in Norway Hakonar saga Hakonarsonar reveals that Dubhghall had spread rumours in the Isles of an imminent arrival of a fleet and by doing so deterred Scottish military operations 143 The saga reveals that the fleet portaged the approximately a 2 5 kilometres 1 6 mi distance between Arrochar to Tarbet 149 Although the placename Tarbet is variously stated to mean as place of portage 150 this claim may be influenced by the saga s account of the expedition 151 and the place name actually means isthmus 152 The Stewarts and the comital family of Lennox were allied in marriage as Maol Domhnaich Earl of Lennox was married to Elizabeth Stewart sister of Walter Stewart Earl of Menteith 156 Rudri may have been a descendant of ospakr Hakon 159 or Dubhghall s father Ruaidhri 160 These three Irish annals respectively style Dubhghall him on his death ri Innsi Gall amp Oirir Ghaoidel 185 tighearna Innsi Gall amp Airir Gaoidheal 186 and ri Orir Gaidel 187 These sources respectively style Mac Somhairle on his death ri Airir Gaoidel 188 ticcherna Airer Ghaoidheal 189 and ri Airir Gaidil 190 Citations edit Annala Connacht 2011a 1268 14 Annala Connacht 2011b 1268 14 Sellar 2000 p 207 Royal Irish Academy MS C iii 1 n d Simms 2001 Simms 1998 Barrow 1981 Campbell of Airds 2000 a b Woolf 2004 Beuermann 2010 O Byrne 2005b Verstraten 2003 Duffy 2002 Duffy 1993 Downham 2018 Verstraten 2005 Forte Oram Pedersen 2005 Moody Martin 1994 a b Oram 2013 Simms 2000b Barrow 1981 Simms 1998 Kenny 2007 Kenny 2005 Kenny 2000 Simms 2000a McLeod 2002 Martin C 2014 Duffy 2007 Woolf 2007 Simms 2000a Simms 1997 O Byrne 2001 Cowan 1990 Holton 2017 McDonald 2004 Brown 2004 Sellar 2004 Sellar 2000 a b c Roberts 1999 Walton 1980 Waerdahl 2011 McDonald 2006 McDonald 2003a McDonald 1997 Rixson 2001 Rixson 1982 Waerdahl 2011 Sellar 2000 Power 2005 Perros 1996 1997 Walton 1980 Lydon 2008 Holton 2017 p viii fig 2 Fisher 2005 86 fig 5 2 Raven 2005b fig 13 Brown 2004 p 77 tab 4 1 Sellar 2000 p 194 tab ii Roberts 1999 p 99 fig 5 2 McDonald 1997 p 258 genealogical tree ii Rixson 1982 p 14 fig 1 Holton 2017 pp 126 127 McDonald 2007b p 110 Raven 2005a p 56 Raven 2005b fig 13 Duffy 2004 p 47 Dalglish 2003 p 158 Beuermann 2010 p 108 n 28 Dalglish 2003 p 158 Woolf 2007 pp 80 82 Oram 2011a pp 186 189 Woolf 2007 pp 81 82 Woolf 2003 p 178 Oram 2011a p 186 Woolf 2007 p 82 McDonald 2004 p 180 McDonald 2004 p 181 Unger 1871 p 535 ch 264 AM 45 Fol n d Sellar 2000 p 206 Cowan 1990 p 115 a b Sellar 2000 p 206 Raven 2005a pp 56 58 Rixson 2001 p 86 Ross 2012 pp 3 4 Raven 2005a pp 56 58 Ross 2012 p 3 Raven 2005a p 57 Raven 2005a pp 57 58 Woolf 2003 p 178 a 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Oram Pedersen 2005 p 257 Power 2005 p 40 n 42 McDonald 1997 p 111 Cowan 1990 pp 120 121 Duncan Brown 1956 1957 p 203 n 5 Forte Oram Pedersen 2005 p 257 Gade 2009 p 738 McDonald 1997 p 112 Anderson 1922 p 626 Dasent 1894 p 355 ch 323 Vigfusson 1887 p 342 ch 323 Unger 1871 p 575 ch 331 Flateyjarbok 1868 p 224 ch 280 Sturl Hrafn 13II n d Duffy 2007 pp 21 22 Duffy 2002 pp 57 58 Duffy 1993 p 128 Duffy 2007 pp 22 23 Duffy 2002 p 58 Duffy 1993 p 128 Walton 1980 pp 242 243 243 n 175 Anderson 1922 pp 622 622 n 5 634 634 n 6 Dasent 1894 pp 351 352 ch 322 361 362 ch 326 Vigfusson 1887 pp 339 ch 322 349 ch 326 Unger 1871 pp 574 575 ch 330 578 ch 334 Flateyjarbok 1868 pp 223 ch 280 227 ch 281 Duffy 2007 p 23 Cowan 1990 p 123 Anderson 1922 p 641 Dasent 1894 p 367 ch 331 Vigfusson 1887 p 355 ch 355 Unger 1871 p 580 ch 338 Flateyjarbok 1868 p 230 ch 285 Annala Connacht 2011a 1263 5 Annala Connacht 2011b 1263 5 Annals of Loch Ce 2008 1263 4 Duffy 2007 pp 22 23 Annals of Loch Ce 2005 1263 4 Duffy 1993 p 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364 ch 4 Carpenter 2013 p 157 12 Crawford BE 2004 p 38 Crawford or Hall 1971 p 106 Fraser Mackintosh 1875 p 34 Thomson T 1836 p 31 Forte Oram Pedersen 2005 pp 263 264 Brown 2004 p p 84 Crawford BE 2004 p 38 Woolf 2004 pp 108 109 McDonald 1997 pp 119 121 The Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland 1844 pp 420 421 Diplomatarium Norvegicum n d vol 8 9 Annals of the Four Masters 2013a 1268 6 Annals of the Four Masters 2013b 1268 6 Anderson 1922 p 600 n 5 Royal Irish Academy MS 23 P 6 n d Flateyjarbok 1868 p 537 GKS 1005 Fol n d Power 2005 p 33 McDonald 2004 p 181 McDonald 1997 p 119 Rixson 1982 p 14 fig 1 Barrow 1981 p 120 Walton 1980 p 234 n 134 Annals of the Four Masters 2013a 1268 6 Annals of the Four Masters 2013b 1268 6 Annala Connacht 2011a 1268 14 Annala Connacht 2011b 1268 14 Annals of Loch Ce 2008 1268 12 Annals of Loch Ce 2005 1268 12 Raven 2005a p 59 McLeod 2002 p 31 34 35 35 n 35 Sellar 2000 pp 201 207 McDonald 1997 p 119 Walton 1980 p 234 n 134 Storm 1977 pp 28 68 137 331 483 Anderson 1922 p 660 660 n 5 Vigfusson 1878 p 379 Flateyjarbok 1868 p 537 Annala Connacht 2011a 1268 14 Annala Connacht 2011b 1268 14 Sellar 2000 pp 201 207 Annals of Loch Ce 2008 1268 12 Annals of Loch Ce 2005 1268 12 McLeod 2002 p 31 Sellar 2000 p 207 McDonald 1997 p 119 Anderson 1922 p 660 Annals of the Four Masters 2013a 1268 6 Annals of the Four Masters 2013b 1268 6 McLeod 2002 pp 34 35 35 n 35 Anderson 1922 p 660 n 5 Annala Connacht 2011a 1268 14 Annala Connacht 2011b 1268 14 Raven 2005a p 59 McLeod 2002 p 31 Sellar 2000 p 207 Annals of Loch Ce 2008 1247 7 Woolf 2007 p 77 Annals of Loch Ce 2005 1247 7 McDonald 1997 p 94 o Murchadha 1992 1993 p 57 Annals of the Four Masters 2013a 1247 3 Annals of the Four Masters 2013b 1247 3 Duffy 2002 p 56 Annala Connacht 2011a 1247 7 Annala Connacht 2011b 1247 7 Duffy 2007 p 1 McLeod 2005 p 42 Duffy 2004 p 47 McLeod 2002 p 31 Sellar 2000 p 201 Simms 2000a p 121 Bartlett 1999 p 821 o Murchadha 1992 1993 p 57 Sellar 2000 p 207 Raven 2005a p 59 Sellar 2000 p 207 Dahlberg 2014 p 66 Waerdahl 2011 pp 50 n 68 200 Raven 2005a p 59 Carpenter 2003 ch 12 40 Sellar 2000 p 207 McDonald 1997 p 119 124 Barrow 1981 p 120 Munch Goss 1874 p 230 McDonald 2004 pp 181 183 184 McDonald 1997 pp 130 131 Holton 2017 p 147 Raven 2005a p 59 Annala Connacht 2011a 1318 8 Annala Connacht 2011b 1318 8 Duffy 1993 pp 206 207 The Annals of Connacht p 253 n d McDonald 2006 p 77 McDonald 2006 p 77 McDonald 2004 p 181 McDonald 1997 pp 130 131 Power 2005 p 33 Duncan Brown 1956 1957 pp 196 197 Rymer Sanderson 1816 p 761 Document 3 33 0 n d Oram 2011a p xvii tab 6 McDonald 2007b p 28 tab 2 Brown 2004 p 77 tab 4 1 Sellar 2000 pp 191 tab i 194 tab ii Oram 2011a p xvii tab 6 McDonald 2007b pp 27 tab 1 28 tab 2 Brown 2004 p 77 tab 4 1 Sellar 2000 pp 191 tab i 194 tab ii Oram 2011a pp xvi tab 5 xvii tab 6 McDonald 2007b p 27 tab 1 Brown 2004 p 77 tab 4 1 Sellar 2000 pp 191 tab i 194 tab ii Oram 2011a p xvii tab 6 Oram 2011a pp xvi tab 5 xvii tab 6 McDonald 2007b p 27 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University of Glasgow Reid NH 2005 A Great Prince and Very Greedy of This World s Honour The Historiography of Alexander II In Oram RD ed The Reign of Alexander II 1214 49 The Northern World North Europe and the Baltic c 400 1700 AD Peoples Economics and Cultures Leiden Brill pp 49 78 ISBN 90 04 14206 1 ISSN 1569 1462 Reid NH 2011 Alexander III 1241 1286 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography May 2011 ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 323 Retrieved 5 July 2011 Subscription or UK public library membership required Rixson D 1982 The West Highland Galley Edinburgh Birlinn ISBN 1 874744 86 6 Rixson D 2001 The Small Isles Canna Rum Eigg and Muck Edinburgh Birlinn ISBN 1 84158 154 2 OL 3544460M Roberts JL 1999 Lost Kingdoms Celtic Scotland and the Middle Ages Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press ISBN 0 7486 0910 5 Ross A 2012 Lochailort Highland Desk Based Assessment and Oral Reminiscence Report no 1995 CFA Archaeology Sellar WDH 2000 Hebridean Sea Kings The Successors of Somerled 1164 1316 In Cowan EJ McDonald RA eds Alba Celtic Scotland in the Middle Ages East Linton Tuckwell Press pp 187 218 ISBN 1 86232 151 5 Sellar WDH 2004 MacDougall Ewen Lord of Argyll d in or After 1268 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 49384 Retrieved 5 July 2011 Subscription or UK public library membership required Simms K 1997 1996 Gaelic Warfare in the Middle Ages In Bartlett T Jeffrey K eds A Military History of Ireland Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 99 115 ISBN 0 521 41599 3 Simms K 1998 1989 The Norman Invasion and the Gaelic Recovery In Foster RF ed The Oxford Illustrated History of Ireland Oxford Oxford University Press pp 53 103 ISBN 0 19 285245 0 OL 22502124M Simms K 2000a 1987 From Kings to Warlords Woodbridge The Boydell Press ISBN 978 0 85115 784 9 Simms K 2000b Late Medieval Tir Eoghain The Kingdom of The Great o Neill In Dillon C Jefferies HA eds Tyrone History amp Society Dublin Geography Publications pp 127 162 Simms K 2001 The Clan Murtagh O Conors Journal of the Galway Archaeological and Historical Society 53 1 22 ISSN 0332 415X JSTOR 25535718 Simms K 2005a Gaelic Revival In Duffy S ed Medieval Ireland An Encyclopedia New York Routledge pp 189 190 ISBN 0 415 94052 4 Simms K 2005b Ua Neill o Neill In Duffy S ed Medieval Ireland An Encyclopedia New York Routledge pp 477 480 ISBN 0 415 94052 4 Strickland MJ 2012 The Kings of Scots at War c 1093 1286 In Spiers EM Crang JA Strickland MJ eds A Military History of Scotland Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press pp 94 132 ISBN 978 0 7486 3204 6 Stringer K 2004 Alexander II 1198 1249 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 322 Retrieved 5 July 2011 Subscription or UK public library membership required Tarbet Argyll Ainmean Aite na h Alba n d Archived from the original on 29 July 2018 Retrieved 14 July 2018 Thomson PL 2008 1987 The New History of Orkney 3rd ed Edinburgh Birlinn ISBN 978 1 84158 696 0 Tremlett TD London HS Wagner A 1967 Rolls of Arms Henry III Publications of the Harleian Society London Harleian Society Verstraten F 2002 Normans amp Natives in Medieval Connacht The Reign of Feidlim Ua Conchobair 1230 65 History Ireland 10 2 11 15 ISSN 0791 8224 JSTOR 27724969 Verstraten F 2003 Both King and Vassal Feidlim Ua Conchobair of Connacht 1230 65 Journal of the Galway Archaeological and Historical Society 55 13 37 ISSN 0332 415X JSTOR 25535754 Verstraten F 2005 Ua Conchobair Ui Conchobair o Conchobair In Duffy S ed Medieval Ireland An Encyclopedia New York Routledge pp 464 466 ISBN 0 415 94052 4 Walton H 1980 The English in Connacht 1171 1333 PhD thesis Trinity College Dublin hdl 2262 77267 Waerdahl RB 2011 Crozier A ed The Incorporation and Integration of the King s Tributary Lands into the Norwegian Realm c 1195 1397 The Northern World North Europe and the Baltic c 400 1700 AD Peoples Economics and Cultures Leiden Brill ISBN 978 90 04 20613 7 ISSN 1569 1462 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a journal ignored help Williams DGE 1997 Land Assessment and Military Organisation in the Norse Settlements in Scotland c 900 1266 AD PhD thesis University of St Andrews hdl 10023 7088 Williams G 2007 These People were High Born and Thought Well of Themselves The Family of Moddan of Dale In Smith BB Taylor S Williams G eds West Over Sea Studies in Scandinavian Sea Borne Expansion and Settlement Before 1300 The Northern World North Europe and the Baltic c 400 1700 AD Peoples Economics and Cultures Leiden Brill pp 129 152 ISBN 978 90 04 15893 1 ISSN 1569 1462 Wilson DM 1973 Manx Memorial Stones of the Viking Period PDF Saga Book 18 1 18 Woolf A 2003 The Diocese of the Sudreyar In Imsen S ed Ecclesia Nidrosiensis 1153 1537 Sokelys pa Nidaroskirkens og Nidarosprovinsens Historie Tapir Akademisk Forlag pp 171 181 ISBN 9788251918732 Woolf A 2004 The Age of Sea Kings 900 1300 In Omand D ed The Argyll Book Edinburgh Birlinn pp 94 109 ISBN 1 84158 253 0 Woolf A 2007 A Dead Man at Ballyshannon In Duffy S ed The World of the Galloglass Kings Warlords and Warriors in Ireland and Scotland 1200 1600 Dublin Four Courts Press pp 77 85 ISBN 978 1 85182 946 0 External links edit Dougal father of Duncan People of Medieval Scotland 1093 1371 nbsp Media related to Dubhghall mac Ruaidhri at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Dubhghall mac Ruaidhri amp oldid 1207678555, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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