Antimony(III) oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula Sb2O3. It is the most important commercial compound of antimony. It is found in nature as the minerals valentinite and senarmontite.[3] Like most polymeric oxides, Sb2O3 dissolves in aqueous solutions with hydrolysis. A mixed arsenic-antimony oxide occurs in nature as the very rare mineral stibioclaudetite.[4][5]
Global production of antimony(III) oxide in 2012 was 130,000 tonnes, an increase from 112,600 tonnes in 2002. China produces the largest share followed by US/Mexico, Europe, Japan and South Africa and other countries (2%).[6]
As of 2010, antimony(III) oxide was produced at four sites in the EU. It is produced via two routes, re-volatilizing of crude antimony(III) oxide and by oxidation of antimony metal. Oxidation of antimony metal dominates in Europe. Several processes for the production of crude antimony(III) oxide or metallic antimony from virgin material. The choice of process depends on the composition of the ore and other factors. Typical steps include mining, crushing and grinding of ore, sometimes followed by froth flotation and separation of the metal using pyrometallurgical processes (smelting or roasting) or in a few cases (e.g. when the ore is rich in precious metals) by hydrometallurgical processes. These steps do not take place in the EU but closer to the mining location.
Re-volatilizing of crude antimony(III) oxideEdit
Step 1) Crude stibnite is oxidized to crude antimony(III) oxide using furnaces operating at approximately 500 to 1,000 °C. The reaction is the following:
2 Sb2S3 + 9 O2 → 2 Sb2O3 + 6 SO2
Step 2) The crude antimony(III) oxide is purified by sublimation.
Oxidation of antimony metalEdit
Antimony metal is oxidized to antimony(III) oxide in furnaces. The reaction is exothermic. Antimony(III) oxide is formed through sublimation and recovered in bag filters. The size of the formed particles is controlled by process conditions in furnace and gas flow. The reaction can be schematically described by:
4 Sb + 3 O2 → 2 Sb2O3
PropertiesEdit
Antimony(III) oxide is an amphoteric oxide. It dissolves in aqueous sodium hydroxide solution to give the meta-antimonite NaSbO2, which can be isolated as the trihydrate. Antimony(III) oxide also dissolves in concentrated mineral acids to give the corresponding salts, which hydrolyzes upon dilution with water.[7] With nitric acid, the trioxide is oxidized to antimony(V) oxide.[8]
The structure of Sb2O3 depends on the temperature of the sample. Dimeric Sb4O6 is the high temperature (1560 °C) gas.[10] Sb4O6 molecules are bicyclic cages, similar to the related oxide of phosphorus(III), phosphorus trioxide.[11] The cage structure is retained in a solid that crystallizes in a cubic habit. The Sb–O distance is 197.7 pm and the O–Sb–O angle of 95.6°.[12] This form exists in nature as the mineralsenarmontite.[11] Above 606 °C, the more stable form is orthorhombic, consisting of pairs of -Sb-O-Sb-O- chains that are linked by oxide bridges between the Sb centers. This form exists in nature as the mineral valentinite.[11]
Sb4O6
senarmontite
valentinite
UsesEdit
The annual consumption of antimony(III) oxide in the United States and Europe is approximately 10,000 and 25,000 tonnes, respectively. The main application is as flame retardant synergist in combination with halogenated materials. The combination of the halides and the antimony is key to the flame-retardant action for polymers, helping to form less flammable chars. Such flame retardants are found in electrical apparatuses, textiles, leather, and coatings.[13]
Antimony(III) oxide has suspected carcinogenic potential for humans.[13] Its TLV is 0.5 mg/m3, as for most antimony compounds.[14] Before 2021, no other human health hazards were identified for antimony(III) oxide, and no risks to human health and the environment were identified from the production and use of antimony trioxide in daily life. However, the 15th Report on Carcinogens released on December 21, 2021 by the US Department of Health and Human Services categorised antimony(III) oxide as carcinogenic.[15]
^(PDF) (Report). Sweden. November 2008. CAS No: 1309-64-4; EINECS No: 215-175-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-01-06.
^Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. (2008). "Chapter 15: The group 15 elements". Inorganic Chemistry (3rd ed.). Pearson. p. 481. ISBN978-0-13-175553-6.
^ abPatnaik, P. (2002). Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals. McGraw-Hill. p. 56. ISBN0-07-049439-8.
^Bellama, J. M.; MacDiarmid, A. G. (1968). "Synthesis of the Hydrides of Germanium, Phosphorus, Arsenic, and Antimony by the Solid-Phase Reaction of the Corresponding Oxide with Lithium Aluminum Hydride". Inorganic Chemistry. 7 (10): 2070–2072. doi:10.1021/ic50068a024.
^Wiberg, E.; Holleman, A. F. (2001). Inorganic Chemistry. Elsevier. ISBN0-12-352651-5.
^ abcWells, A. F. (1984). Structural Inorganic Chemistry. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN0-19-855370-6.
^Svensson, C. (1975). "Refinement of the crystal structure of cubic antimony(III) oxide, Sb2O3". Acta Crystallographica B. 31 (8): 2016–2018. doi:10.1107/S0567740875006759.
^Newton, P. E.; Schroeder, R. E.; Zwick, L.; Serex, T. (2004). "Inhalation Developmental Toxicity Studies In Rats With Antimony(III) oxide (Sb2O3)". Toxicologist. 78 (1–S): 38.
^"15th Report on Carcinogens". National Toxicology Program. Retrieved 2023-06-15.
Further readingEdit
Institut national de recherche et de sécurité (INRS), Fiche toxicologique nº 198 : Trioxyde de diantimoine, 1992.
The Oxide Handbook, G.V. Samsonov, 1981, 2nd ed. IFI/Plenum, ISBN0-306-65177-7
External linksEdit
International Antimony Association
International Chemical Safety Card 0012
Société industrielle et chimique de l'Aisne
October 14, 2023
antimony, trioxide, antimony, oxide, inorganic, compound, with, formula, sb2o3, most, important, commercial, compound, antimony, found, nature, minerals, valentinite, senarmontite, like, most, polymeric, oxides, sb2o3, dissolves, aqueous, solutions, with, hydr. Antimony III oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula Sb2O3 It is the most important commercial compound of antimony It is found in nature as the minerals valentinite and senarmontite 3 Like most polymeric oxides Sb2O3 dissolves in aqueous solutions with hydrolysis A mixed arsenic antimony oxide occurs in nature as the very rare mineral stibioclaudetite 4 5 Antimony III oxide NamesIUPAC name Antimony III oxideOther names Antimony sesquioxideAntimonous oxideFlowers of AntimonyIdentifiersCAS Number 1309 64 4 Y3D model JSmol Interactive imageChemSpider 25727 YECHA InfoCard 100 013 796EC Number 215 474 6KEGG C19192 YPubChem CID 14794RTECS number CC5650000UNII P217481X5E YCompTox Dashboard EPA DTXSID4023880InChI InChI 1S 3O 2Sb YKey ADCOVFLJGNWWNZ UHFFFAOYSA N YInChI 1 3O 2Sb rO3Sb2 c1 4 3 5 2Key ADCOVFLJGNWWNZ VTKDZCJOAASMILES O Sb O Sb OPropertiesChemical formula Sb2O3Molar mass 291 518 g molAppearance white solidOdor odorlessDensity 5 2 g cm3 a form 5 67 g cm3 b formMelting point 656 C 1 213 F 929 K Boiling point 1 425 C 2 597 F 1 698 K sublimes Solubility in water 370 37 µg L between 20 8 C and 22 9 CSolubility soluble in acidMagnetic susceptibility x 69 4 10 6 cm3 molRefractive index nD 2 087 a form 2 35 b formStructureCrystal structure cubic a lt 570 Corthorhombic b gt 570 CCoordination geometry pyramidalDipole moment zeroHazardsGHS labelling Pictograms 1 Signal word Warning 1 Hazard statements H351 1 Precautionary statements P281 1 NFPA 704 fire diamond 200Lethal dose or concentration LD LC LD50 median dose 7000 mg kg oral rat NIOSH US health exposure limits PEL Permissible TWA 0 5 mg m3 as Sb 2 REL Recommended TWA 0 5 mg m3 as Sb 2 Related compoundsOther anions Antimony trisulfideAntimony triselenideAntimony tellurideOther cations Dinitrogen trioxidePhosphorus trioxideArsenic trioxideBismuth trioxideRelated compounds Diantimony tetraoxideAntimony pentoxideSupplementary data pageAntimony trioxide data page Except where otherwise noted data are given for materials in their standard state at 25 C 77 F 100 kPa Y verify what is Y N Infobox references Contents 1 Production and properties 1 1 Re volatilizing of crude antimony III oxide 1 2 Oxidation of antimony metal 1 3 Properties 2 Structure 3 Uses 4 Safety 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksProduction and properties EditGlobal production of antimony III oxide in 2012 was 130 000 tonnes an increase from 112 600 tonnes in 2002 China produces the largest share followed by US Mexico Europe Japan and South Africa and other countries 2 6 As of 2010 antimony III oxide was produced at four sites in the EU It is produced via two routes re volatilizing of crude antimony III oxide and by oxidation of antimony metal Oxidation of antimony metal dominates in Europe Several processes for the production of crude antimony III oxide or metallic antimony from virgin material The choice of process depends on the composition of the ore and other factors Typical steps include mining crushing and grinding of ore sometimes followed by froth flotation and separation of the metal using pyrometallurgical processes smelting or roasting or in a few cases e g when the ore is rich in precious metals by hydrometallurgical processes These steps do not take place in the EU but closer to the mining location Re volatilizing of crude antimony III oxide Edit Step 1 Crude stibnite is oxidized to crude antimony III oxide using furnaces operating at approximately 500 to 1 000 C The reaction is the following 2 Sb2S3 9 O2 2 Sb2O3 6 SO2Step 2 The crude antimony III oxide is purified by sublimation Oxidation of antimony metal Edit Antimony metal is oxidized to antimony III oxide in furnaces The reaction is exothermic Antimony III oxide is formed through sublimation and recovered in bag filters The size of the formed particles is controlled by process conditions in furnace and gas flow The reaction can be schematically described by 4 Sb 3 O2 2 Sb2O3Properties Edit Antimony III oxide is an amphoteric oxide It dissolves in aqueous sodium hydroxide solution to give the meta antimonite NaSbO2 which can be isolated as the trihydrate Antimony III oxide also dissolves in concentrated mineral acids to give the corresponding salts which hydrolyzes upon dilution with water 7 With nitric acid the trioxide is oxidized to antimony V oxide 8 When heated with carbon the oxide is reduced to antimony metal With other reducing agents such as sodium borohydride or lithium aluminium hydride the unstable and very toxic gas stibine is produced 9 When heated with potassium bitartrate a complex salt potassium antimony tartrate KSb OH 2 C4H2O6 is formed 8 Structure EditThe structure of Sb2O3 depends on the temperature of the sample Dimeric Sb4O6 is the high temperature 1560 C gas 10 Sb4O6 molecules are bicyclic cages similar to the related oxide of phosphorus III phosphorus trioxide 11 The cage structure is retained in a solid that crystallizes in a cubic habit The Sb O distance is 197 7 pm and the O Sb O angle of 95 6 12 This form exists in nature as the mineral senarmontite 11 Above 606 C the more stable form is orthorhombic consisting of pairs of Sb O Sb O chains that are linked by oxide bridges between the Sb centers This form exists in nature as the mineral valentinite 11 nbsp nbsp nbsp Sb4O6 senarmontite valentiniteUses EditThe annual consumption of antimony III oxide in the United States and Europe is approximately 10 000 and 25 000 tonnes respectively The main application is as flame retardant synergist in combination with halogenated materials The combination of the halides and the antimony is key to the flame retardant action for polymers helping to form less flammable chars Such flame retardants are found in electrical apparatuses textiles leather and coatings 13 Other applications Antimony III oxide is an opacifying agent for glasses ceramics and enamels Some specialty pigments contain antimony Antimony III oxide is a useful catalyst in the production of polyethylene terephthalate PET plastic and the vulcanization of rubber Safety EditAntimony III oxide has suspected carcinogenic potential for humans 13 Its TLV is 0 5 mg m3 as for most antimony compounds 14 Before 2021 no other human health hazards were identified for antimony III oxide and no risks to human health and the environment were identified from the production and use of antimony trioxide in daily life However the 15th Report on Carcinogens released on December 21 2021 by the US Department of Health and Human Services categorised antimony III oxide as carcinogenic 15 References Edit a b c d Record of Antimony trioxide in the GESTIS Substance Database of the Institute for Occupational Safety and Health accessed on 23 August 2017 a b NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards 0036 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health NIOSH Greenwood N N amp Earnshaw A 1997 Chemistry of the Elements 2nd Edn Oxford Butterworth Heinemann ISBN 0 7506 3365 4 Stibioclaudetite List of Minerals 21 March 2011 European Union Risk Assessment Report DIANTIMONY TRIOXIDE draft PDF Report Sweden November 2008 CAS No 1309 64 4 EINECS No 215 175 0 Archived from the original PDF on 2014 01 06 Housecroft C E Sharpe A G 2008 Chapter 15 The group 15 elements Inorganic Chemistry 3rd ed Pearson p 481 ISBN 978 0 13 175553 6 a b Patnaik P 2002 Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals McGraw Hill p 56 ISBN 0 07 049439 8 Bellama J M MacDiarmid A G 1968 Synthesis of the Hydrides of Germanium Phosphorus Arsenic and Antimony by the Solid Phase Reaction of the Corresponding Oxide with Lithium Aluminum Hydride Inorganic Chemistry 7 10 2070 2072 doi 10 1021 ic50068a024 Wiberg E Holleman A F 2001 Inorganic Chemistry Elsevier ISBN 0 12 352651 5 a b c Wells A F 1984 Structural Inorganic Chemistry Oxford Clarendon Press ISBN 0 19 855370 6 Svensson C 1975 Refinement of the crystal structure of cubic antimony III oxide Sb2O3 Acta Crystallographica B 31 8 2016 2018 doi 10 1107 S0567740875006759 a b Grund S C Hanusch K Breunig H J Wolf H U Antimony and Antimony Compounds Ullmann s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry Weinheim Wiley VCH doi 10 1002 14356007 a03 055 pub2 Newton P E Schroeder R E Zwick L Serex T 2004 Inhalation Developmental Toxicity Studies In Rats With Antimony III oxide Sb2O3 Toxicologist 78 1 S 38 15th Report on Carcinogens National Toxicology Program Retrieved 2023 06 15 Further reading EditInstitut national de recherche et de securite INRS Fiche toxicologique nº 198 Trioxyde de diantimoine 1992 The Oxide Handbook G V Samsonov 1981 2nd ed IFI Plenum ISBN 0 306 65177 7External links EditInternational Antimony Association International Chemical Safety Card 0012 Antimony Market And Price Societe industrielle et chimique de l Aisne Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Antimony trioxide amp oldid 1176274204, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
