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Woodhouse's toad

January 01, 1970

Woodhouse's toad (Anaxyrus woodhousii) is a medium-sized (4 inches or 10 centimetres) true toad native to the United States and Mexico. There are three recognized subspecies. A. woodhousii tends to hybridize with Anaxyrus americanus where their ranges overlap.

Woodhouse's toad
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Bufonidae
Genus: Anaxyrus
Species:
A. woodhousii
Binomial name
Anaxyrus woodhousii
(Girard, 1854)
United States range of A. woodhousii
Synonyms

Bufo woodhousii Girard, 1854

Taxonomy edit

Woodhouse's toad was first described in 1854 by the French herpetologist Charles Frédéric Girard. He gave it the name Bufo woodhousii in honor of the American physician and naturalist Samuel Washington Woodhouse.[2] The large genus Bufo was split by Frost et al. in 2006, with the North American species being included in the genus Anaxyrus and this toad becoming A. woodhousii.[3][4] There are three recognised subspecies:[5]

  • Rocky Mountain toad – Anaxyrus woodhousii woodhousii (Girard, 1854)[6]
  • East Texas toad – Anaxyrus woodhousii velatus (Bragg and Sanders, 1951)[7]
  • Southwestern Woodhouse's toad – Anaxyrus woodhousii australis (Shannon & Lowe, 1955)[8]

At one time, Fowler's toad (Anaxyrus fowleri) was considered to be a subspecies.[1]

Description edit

Woodhouse's toad is a robust amphibian and can grow to a maximum snout-vent length of 127 mm (5 in). The head has prominent cranial crests in front of and in between the eyes. The parotoid glands are long and large. The dorsal surface of this toad is grayish-brown or yellowish-brown and it is speckled with small dark spots. There is a narrow pale line running along the spine. The belly is rather paler and is usually unspotted. The male has a single vocal sac on his throat. His call resembles the bleat of a sheep and lasts from one to three seconds.[9][10]

Distribution and habitat edit

Woodhouse's toad is found in North America at altitudes of up to 2,500 metres (8,200 ft). Its range extends from Mexico in the south to Washington in the north. In the United States it is found in Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. In the western part of its range it is typically found in lowland riparian corridors, wooded land besides streams and rivers. At higher altitudes it inhabits wet meadows, ponds, reservoirs and lakes. It is also found in urban environments, canals, ponds and irrigated agricultural land.[11]

 
The East Texas toad was described as a subspecies,[7] elevated to full species,[12] and dismissed as a hybrid between A. woodhousei x A. fowleri without taxonomic status by others.[13] Photographed in the Big Thicket National Preserve, Hardin Co. TX. USA, 2019.

Behavior edit

Woodhouse's toad is nocturnal and feeds on insects and other small invertebrates. Near human habitations these toads may congregate underneath outside lights to feed on the insects they attract.[10] Breeding takes place at different times of year in different parts of the range. The males call from in, or close to, standing water and the eggs are laid in gelatinous strings in still-water habitats such as ditches, ponds, pools, cattle tanks and lakes. The tadpoles typically take from five to eight weeks to reach metamorphosis.[11]

Status edit

Woodhouse's toad has a very wide range and presumed large total population. It is able to live in a number of types of habitat and can tolerate some modification to its habitat. The population seems steady and no particular threats have been identified so the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed it as being of "least concern". In central Arizona it seems to be displacing or hybridizing with the Arizona toad (Anaxyrus microscaphus).[1]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2021). "Anaxyrus woodhousii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T54798A53951380. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T54798A53951380.en. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  2. ^ Beltz, Ellin (2006). "Woodhouse, Samuel Washington". Scientific and Common Names of the Reptiles and Amphibians of North America - Explained. Retrieved 2014-11-17.
  3. ^ Howard Clark. "Arizona toad (Anaxyrus microscaphus)". Tucson Herpetological Society. Retrieved 2014-11-16.
  4. ^ Frost, D. R., T. Grant, J. Faivovich, R. H. Bain, A. Haas, C. F. B. Haddad, R. O. de Sá, A. Channing, M. Wilkinson, S. C. Donnellan, C. J. Raxworthy, J. A. Campbell, B. L. Blotto, P. E. Moler, R. C. Drewes, R. A. Nussbaum, J. D. Lynch, D. M. Green, and W. C. Wheeler. 2006. The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 297: 1–370
  5. ^ "Order Anura: Frogs and Toads". Checklist of Amphibian Species and Identification Guide. USGS. 2013-02-02. Retrieved 2014-11-17.
  6. ^ Girard, C. 1854. A list of North American bufonids, with diagnoses of new species. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 7: 86–88.
  7. ^ a b Bragg, A. N., and O. Sanders. 1951. A new subspecies of the Bufo woodhousii group of toads (Salientia: Bufonidae). Wasmann Journal of Biology. San Francisco 9: 363–378
  8. ^ Shannon, F. A., and C. H. Lowe, Jr. 1955. A new subspecies of Bufo woodhousei from the inland Southwest. Herpetologica 11: 185–190.
  9. ^ Jim Rorabaugh. "Woodhouse's toad (Anaxyrus woodhousii)". Tucson Herpetological Society. Retrieved 2014-11-17.
  10. ^ a b "Woodhouse's Toad, Bufo woodhousii". Checklist of Amphibian Species and Identification Guide. USGS. Retrieved 2014-11-17.
  11. ^ a b Brian K. Sullivan (2005). "Anaxyrus woodhousii". AmphibiaWeb. Retrieved 2014-11-15.
  12. ^ Sanders, O. 1986. The heritage of Bufo woodhousei Girard in Texas (Salientia: Bufonidae). Occasional Papers of the Strecker Museum. Waco, Texas 1: 1–28.
  13. ^ Sullivan, B. K., K. B. Malmos, and M. F. Given. 1996. Systematics of the Bufo woodhousii complex (Anura: Bufonidae): advertisement call variation. Copeia 1996: 274–280.
  • Frost, D. R.; Grant, T.; Faivovich, J. N.; Bain, R. H.; Haas, A.; Haddad, C. L. F. B.; De Sá, R. O.; Channing, A.; Wilkinson, M.; Donnellan, S. C.; Raxworthy, C. J.; Campbell, J. A.; Blotto, B. L.; Moler, P.; Drewes, R. C.; Nussbaum, R. A.; Lynch, J. D.; Green, D. M.; Wheeler, W. C. (2006). "The Amphibian Tree of Life". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 297: 1–291. doi:10.1206/0003-0090(2006)297[0001:TATOL]2.0.CO;2. hdl:2246/5781. S2CID 86140137.
  • Pauly, G. B.; Hillis, D. M.; Cannatella, D. C. (November 2004). "The History of a Nearctic Colonization: Molecular Phylogenetics and Biogeography of the Nearctic Toads (Bufo)". Evolution. 58 (11): 2517–2535. doi:10.1554/04-208. PMID 15612295. S2CID 198155461.
  • "Anaxyrus woodhousii". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 9 October 2014.

External links edit

 
Wikispecies has information related to Anaxyrus woodhousii.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anaxyrus woodhousii.

January 01, 1970
woodhouse, toad, anaxyrus, woodhousii, medium, sized, inches, centimetres, true, toad, native, united, states, mexico, there, three, recognized, subspecies, woodhousii, tends, hybridize, with, anaxyrus, americanus, where, their, ranges, overlap, conservation, . Woodhouse s toad Anaxyrus woodhousii is a medium sized 4 inches or 10 centimetres true toad native to the United States and Mexico There are three recognized subspecies A woodhousii tends to hybridize with Anaxyrus americanus where their ranges overlap Woodhouse s toad Conservation status Least Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Amphibia Order Anura Family Bufonidae Genus Anaxyrus Species A woodhousii Binomial name Anaxyrus woodhousii Girard 1854 United States range of A woodhousii Synonyms Bufo woodhousii Girard 1854 Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Behavior 5 Status 6 References 7 External linksTaxonomy editWoodhouse s toad was first described in 1854 by the French herpetologist Charles Frederic Girard He gave it the name Bufo woodhousii in honor of the American physician and naturalist Samuel Washington Woodhouse 2 The large genus Bufo was split by Frost et al in 2006 with the North American species being included in the genus Anaxyrus and this toad becoming A woodhousii 3 4 There are three recognised subspecies 5 Rocky Mountain toad Anaxyrus woodhousii woodhousii Girard 1854 6 East Texas toad Anaxyrus woodhousii velatus Bragg and Sanders 1951 7 Southwestern Woodhouse s toad Anaxyrus woodhousii australis Shannon amp Lowe 1955 8 At one time Fowler s toad Anaxyrus fowleri was considered to be a subspecies 1 Description editWoodhouse s toad is a robust amphibian and can grow to a maximum snout vent length of 127 mm 5 in The head has prominent cranial crests in front of and in between the eyes The parotoid glands are long and large The dorsal surface of this toad is grayish brown or yellowish brown and it is speckled with small dark spots There is a narrow pale line running along the spine The belly is rather paler and is usually unspotted The male has a single vocal sac on his throat His call resembles the bleat of a sheep and lasts from one to three seconds 9 10 Distribution and habitat editWoodhouse s toad is found in North America at altitudes of up to 2 500 metres 8 200 ft Its range extends from Mexico in the south to Washington in the north In the United States it is found in Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Idaho Kansas Montana Nebraska Nevada New Mexico North Dakota Oklahoma Oregon South Dakota Texas Utah Washington and Wyoming In the western part of its range it is typically found in lowland riparian corridors wooded land besides streams and rivers At higher altitudes it inhabits wet meadows ponds reservoirs and lakes It is also found in urban environments canals ponds and irrigated agricultural land 11 nbsp The East Texas toad was described as a subspecies 7 elevated to full species 12 and dismissed as a hybrid between A woodhousei x A fowleri without taxonomic status by others 13 Photographed in the Big Thicket National Preserve Hardin Co TX USA 2019 Behavior editWoodhouse s toad is nocturnal and feeds on insects and other small invertebrates Near human habitations these toads may congregate underneath outside lights to feed on the insects they attract 10 Breeding takes place at different times of year in different parts of the range The males call from in or close to standing water and the eggs are laid in gelatinous strings in still water habitats such as ditches ponds pools cattle tanks and lakes The tadpoles typically take from five to eight weeks to reach metamorphosis 11 Status editWoodhouse s toad has a very wide range and presumed large total population It is able to live in a number of types of habitat and can tolerate some modification to its habitat The population seems steady and no particular threats have been identified so the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed it as being of least concern In central Arizona it seems to be displacing or hybridizing with the Arizona toad Anaxyrus microscaphus 1 References edit a b c IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group 2021 Anaxyrus woodhousii IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021 e T54798A53951380 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2021 3 RLTS T54798A53951380 en Retrieved 17 July 2023 Beltz Ellin 2006 Woodhouse Samuel Washington Scientific and Common Names of the Reptiles and Amphibians of North America Explained Retrieved 2014 11 17 Howard Clark Arizona toad Anaxyrus microscaphus Tucson Herpetological Society Retrieved 2014 11 16 Frost D R T Grant J Faivovich R H Bain A Haas C F B Haddad R O de Sa A Channing M Wilkinson S C Donnellan C J Raxworthy J A Campbell B L Blotto P E Moler R C Drewes R A Nussbaum J D Lynch D M Green and W C Wheeler 2006 The amphibian tree of life Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 297 1 370 Order Anura Frogs and Toads Checklist of Amphibian Species and Identification Guide USGS 2013 02 02 Retrieved 2014 11 17 Girard C 1854 A list of North American bufonids with diagnoses of new species Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 7 86 88 a b Bragg A N and O Sanders 1951 A new subspecies of the Bufo woodhousii group of toads Salientia Bufonidae Wasmann Journal of Biology San Francisco 9 363 378 Shannon F A and C H Lowe Jr 1955 A new subspecies of Bufo woodhousei from the inland Southwest Herpetologica 11 185 190 Jim Rorabaugh Woodhouse s toad Anaxyrus woodhousii Tucson Herpetological Society Retrieved 2014 11 17 a b Woodhouse s Toad Bufo woodhousii Checklist of Amphibian Species and Identification Guide USGS Retrieved 2014 11 17 a b Brian K Sullivan 2005 Anaxyrus woodhousii AmphibiaWeb Retrieved 2014 11 15 Sanders O 1986 The heritage of Bufo woodhousei Girard in Texas Salientia Bufonidae Occasional Papers of the Strecker Museum Waco Texas 1 1 28 Sullivan B K K B Malmos and M F Given 1996 Systematics of the Bufo woodhousii complex Anura Bufonidae advertisement call variation Copeia 1996 274 280 Frost D R Grant T Faivovich J N Bain R H Haas A Haddad C L F B De Sa R O Channing A Wilkinson M Donnellan S C Raxworthy C J Campbell J A Blotto B L Moler P Drewes R C Nussbaum R A Lynch J D Green D M Wheeler W C 2006 The Amphibian Tree of Life Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 297 1 291 doi 10 1206 0003 0090 2006 297 0001 TATOL 2 0 CO 2 hdl 2246 5781 S2CID 86140137 Pauly G B Hillis D M Cannatella D C November 2004 The History of a Nearctic Colonization Molecular Phylogenetics and Biogeography of the Nearctic Toads Bufo Evolution 58 11 2517 2535 doi 10 1554 04 208 PMID 15612295 S2CID 198155461 Anaxyrus woodhousii Integrated Taxonomic Information System Retrieved 9 October 2014 External links edit nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Anaxyrus woodhousii nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anaxyrus woodhousii Woodhouse s toad at the Encyclopedia of Life Anaxyrus woodhousii in the CalPhotos photo database University of California Berkeley Western Soundscape Archive Western Woodhouse s Toad recording Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Woodhouse 27s toad amp oldid 1170027816, wikipedia, wiki, 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