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Wikipedia

Chick culling

January 07, 2023

Chick culling or unwanted chick killing is the process of separating and killing unwanted (male and unhealthy female) chicks for which the intensive animal farming industry has no use. It occurs in all industrialised egg production, whether free range, organic, or battery cage. However, some certified pasture-raised egg farms are taking steps to eliminate the practice entirely.[1][2] Worldwide, around 7 billion male chicks are culled each year in the egg industry.[3] Because male chickens do not lay eggs and only those in breeding programmes are required to fertilise eggs, they are considered redundant to the egg-laying industry and are usually killed shortly after being sexed, which occurs just days after they are conceived or after they hatch.[3] Some methods of culling that do not involve anaesthetics include: cervical dislocation, asphyxiation by carbon dioxide, and maceration using a high-speed grinder. Maceration is the primary method in the United States. Maceration is often a preferred method over carbon dioxide asphyxiation in western countries as it is often considered as "more humane" due to the deaths occurring immediately or within a second.[4][5]

Male chicks on a macerator conveyor belt, seconds before they are crushed to death
Chicks ground by a macerator

Due to modern selective breeding, laying hen strains differ from meat production strains (broilers). In the United States, males are culled in egg production because males "don't lay eggs or grow large enough to become broilers."[4]

Ducklings and goslings are also culled in the production of foie gras. However, because males gain more weight than females in this production system, the females are culled, sometimes in an industrial macerator.[6] Up to 40 million female ducks per year may be killed in this way. The remains of female ducklings are later used in cat food and fertilisers.[7]

Because of animal welfare concerns, there is societal opposition to chick culling. In the 2010s, scientists developed technologies to determine the sexes of chicks when they are still in their eggs (in-ovo sexing). As soon as these methods were available on a commercial scale, Germany and France jointly became the first countries in the world to prohibit all chick killing from 1 January 2022, and called on other EU member states to do the same.[8]

History

 
Chicks bred in the early 1900s

Prior to the development of modern broiler meat breeds, most male chickens (cockerels) were slaughtered for meat, whereas females (pullets) would be kept for egg production. However, once the industry successfully bred separate meat and egg-producing hybrids—starting in the 1920s and 1930s[9]—there was no reason to keep males of the egg-producing hybrid. As a consequence, the males of egg-laying chickens are killed as soon as possible after hatching and sexing to reduce financial losses incurred by the breeder. Special techniques have been developed to accurately determine the sex of chicks at as young an age as possible.

In November 2018, the "world's first industry-scale production no-kill eggs" were sold to the public in Berlin, Germany.[10]

Methods

 
Chick grinding machine

Several methods are used to cull chicks:

Permitted methods in the EU

Authorised procedures for killing chicks have been harmonised within the European Union. The regulations initiated in 1976 evolved in 1993, the first directive to specifically take chicks into account.[15] A new directive was adopted in 2009, enacted on 1 January 2013 (replacing the 1993 directive) and last updated on 14 December 2019:[16]

  • "Use of a mechanical apparatus causing rapid death" (essentially grinding)
  • "Exposure to carbon dioxide" (essentially gassing)

Recommended methods in the US

The American Veterinary Medical Association (AMVA) "Euthanasia" methods include: cervical dislocation, maceration, and asphyxiation by carbon dioxide.[17] The 2005–2006 AMVA Executive Board proposed a policy change, recommended by the Animal Welfare Committee on the killing of unwanted chicks, poults, and pipped eggs. The policy states:

  • 'Unwanted chicks, poults, and pipped eggs should be killed by an acceptable humane method, such as use of a commercially designed macerator that results in instantaneous death. Smothering unwanted chicks or poults in bags or containers is not acceptable. Pips, unwanted chicks, or poults should be killed prior to disposal. A pipped egg, or pip, is one where the chick or poult has not been successful in escaping the egg shell during the hatching process.'[18]

US producers announced in 2016 a goal of being able by 2020 to determine the sex of the developing chick long before hatching, so male eggs can be destroyed.[4][19] However in January 2020 they stated that killing day-old male chicks remains unavoidable due to the lack of a viable alternative.[20]

Statistics

 
Male chicks prepared to be killed
 
Shredded male chicks
  • Worldwide: approximately 7 billion male chicks are culled annually around the world (2015 Poultry Site estimate).[3] Other estimates include 6 billion (June 2016 SMH claim),[21] 4–6 billion chicks (December 2018 The Guardian claim).[22] According to In Ovo cofouder Wouter Bruins in October 2013, the top 20 poultry production countries alone culled 3.2 billion male chicks a year.[23]
  • Australia: more than 12 million male chicks are culled annually (June 2016 estimate).[21] Maceration is the primary method used,[24] but gassing is also used.[21]
  • Belgium: more than 15 million male chicks are culled annually, 40,000 a day (February 2020 estimate).[12] CO2 gassing is the only method used and happens in two stages: chicks are first stunned and then killed.[12]
  • Canada: 22.5 million male chicks are culled annually, nearly 62,000 a day (December 2016 estimate).[25]
  • France: 50 million male chicks are culled annually in the egg industry (February 2020 estimate)[26] and about 16 million female ducklings and goslings are culled annually in the foie gras industry.[27] Maceration is the primary method in both industries.[7][26]
  • Germany: up to 50 million male chicks are culled annually (October 2019 estimate).[28] Gassing is the primary method.[28]
  • India: over 180 million male chicks are culled annually (October 2014 estimate).[14] Maceration appears to be the primary method, though suffocation using plastic bags has also been reported.[14]
  • Netherlands: 45 million male chicks are culled annually (May 2016 estimate).[29] Gassing is the primary method.[29]
  • New Zealand: 2.5 million (April 2001 estimate) to 3 million (June 2016 estimate) male chicks are culled annually.[30][31] Maceration is the primary method.[30]
  • Spain: 35 million male chicks are culled annually (March 2020 estimate).[32]
  • Switzerland: about 3 million male chicks are culled annually (September 2019 estimate).[33] Gassing is the only method used; maceration was prohibited on 1 January 2020, but rarely used before that date.[33]
  • United Kingdom: 30 to 40 million male chicks are culled annually (November 2010 Viva! claim).[34] A November 2010 Telegraph article reported on two undercover operations carried out by animal rights organisation Viva! showing a gassing-method hatchery and a maceration-method hatchery, both located in Preston.[34] Both methods were reportedly 'legal and approved by both the Humane Slaughter Association and the RSPCA', with a British Egg Information Service (BEIS) spokesman saying gassing was used more often than maceration in the UK.[34] In March 2015, a BEIS spokesman insisted that gassing was the only method used in the UK.[11]
  • United States: 300 million male chicks are culled annually (January 2020 The Humane Society claim).[35] The Associated Press estimated this number at 200 million in 2009.[36] Maceration is the primary method.[4]

Controversy and phaseout

Animal welfare advocates maintain that many of the current practices surrounding chicken slaughtering are unethical.[37][38][39] Animal rights advocates argue that it is wrong to unnecessarily exploit and kill other sentient beings for food production, including chicks.[40]

Scientific research into alternatives (2010s)

 
A female chick hatching
Main article: In-ovo sexing

Several technologies may obviate chick culling by determining the sex of a chick before hatching. These technologies rely on measuring eggs (through spectroscopy, chemical assays, or imaging); they can determine a chick's sex within 4–9 days of laying. Some methods require genetic engineering to make male eggs fluorescent. Such methods are attractive not only for ethical reasons but to reduce the costs of employing human cullers and of incubating male eggs. Timothy Kurt, a director from the United States Department of Agriculture, said, "Everyone wants the same thing, and the right piece of technology could solve this right now."[41]

A Unilever spokesperson has been quoted as saying in 2014: "We have also committed to providing funding and expertise for research and introduction of alternative methods such as in-ovo gender identification (sexing) of eggs. This new technology offers the potential to eliminate the hatching and culling of male chicks."[14]

In 2015, the Leipzig University developed a method to determine the gender of fertilized eggs 72 hours after the incubation process has started. The procedure would use a laser to drill a hole into the eggshell and analyze the way the egg's blood cells disperse that light using near-infrared Raman spectroscopy.[42] The hole in the eggshell would then be sealed again, and female embryos could be incubated as normal. Males would still be discarded, but earlier in their development.[43]

In 2018, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, invested $844,000 to electronically "scan" fertilized eggs to determine if they are male or female.[36]

In September 2019, the Foundation for Food and Agriculture Research, a company that was founded by the United States Congress in 2014 will award six contestants from ten countries, $6 million for working entries.[41] United Egg Producers intends to be cull-free by 2020.[41]

CRISPR technology uses a "pair of molecular scissors" to illuminate the male chicks after being conceived and before being placed in the incubator to be hatched, thus eliminating all male chicks from being hatched.[44]

In spring 2021, the Leiden-based Dutch company In Ovo presented the new in ovo-sexing machine "Ella", which had an accuracy of over 95%, which could possibly be upgraded to 99% in the short term. Its method of retrieving some fluid from the fertilised egg with a needle, and finding the biomarker sabineamine in this sample with mass spectrometry, takes less than one second to perform.[45]

In late May 2021, a research team from the Technische Hochschule OWL based in Lemgo, Germany, claimed to be able to shine a laser into a small hole in fertilised eggs’ scale, and derive its sex from the reflected light using fluorescence spectroscopy within six days, thus complying to Germany's legal requirement of early sexing from 2024. Startups including Respeggt and In Ovo responded skeptically, saying the publication of these conclusions seemed rushed, and that "many methods may seem promising at first, but aren't immediately useful in practice."[46]

Legal challenge in Germany (2013–2019)

In 2013, the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia issued a decree banning hatcheries from killing chicks, against which two egg hatcheries in the state appealed.[47] As paragraph one of Germany's Animal Welfare Act stipulates that "No-one shall inflict pain, suffering or harm on an animal without a reasonable cause," a lower court ruled that killing for food production was a "reasonable" ground.[47] This led to a challenge in the Federal Administrative Court in Leipzig.[47] On 13 June 2019,[47] this court decided that the current way of culling chicks "violates the country's laws against killing animals without a justifiable reason."[41] However, the court allowed hatcheries to keep culling chicks on a temporary basis until alternatives, such as sex determination in eggs, are introduced.[47] Such "no-kill eggs" had been introduced into the German market in 2018 and were available in more than 200 shops by June 2019,[47] but there was no industrial-scale solution available yet.[48]

Political efforts (2019–present)

 
Current global legal status of chick culling in the poultry industry:
  Ban on all chick culling (France, Germany, Austria, and Italy)
  Grinding chicks illegal, gassing chicks legal (Switzerland)
  Planned ban on all chick culling by 2022 (Spain and Netherlands)
  Planned ban on grinding chicks (currently none)
  Chick culling legal, no ban planned
  No data

In response to the June 2019 Leipzig court ruling, German Agriculture Minister Julia Klöckner stated chick culling was "ethically unacceptable" and argued it should be prohibited.[47] The Grand Coalition agreement of March 2018 stated that chick culling should have been ended "by the middle of the current legislative period", which would have been in October 2019, but this goal was not met.[28] At that time, gassing was the most common method of chick culling in Germany, which killed up to 50 million chicks a year.[28] Although the federal government had already invested millions of euros in stimulating scientific research into two alternative methods for sex determination in eggs by then, these were still not ready for the market yet.[28]

In September 2019, in Switzerland, the parliament voted to outlaw the shredding of chickens. This is despite this practice not being used in Switzerland. It was further commented that: "This tendency to rear species only for the production of eggs or for meat turns animals into mere objects. It has led to absurd practices such as the shredding of living male chicks". However, the practice of gassing chicks, which kills about three million male baby chicks in Switzerland per year, remained legal.[33]

In late October 2019, French Agriculture Minister Didier Guillaume told France Inter: "We announced last week with my colleague, German Minister for Agriculture [Julia Klöckner], that we were going to stop the shredding of chicks, which is no longer bearable today. We said end of the year 2021." He further argued that the practice needed to be phased out and not immediately discontinued: "If we do it right away, what will happen? There won't be eggs anymore."[49]

On 13 January 2020, during an official visit of Guillaume to Klöckner, the Ministers said in a joint statement that France and Germany wanted to end the mass shredding of male chicks at the EU level by the end of 2021. Guillaume stated that "France and Germany should be the European motor to advance on this issue", with Klöckner adding that Germany's EU presidency in the second half of 2020 was a good opportunity to do so. The countries planned to bring together various groups to share scientific knowledge and implement alternative methods.[50] On 28 January 2020, Guillaume repeated at a press conference that the culling of unwanted male chicks (by shredding) would be outlawed in France by the end of 2021.[51] While some animal rights activists welcomed the move, others said that the decision did not go far enough.[48] The minister's entourage told Agence France-Presse that it was unclear whether his announced ban also included asphyxiation by CO2[52] (which was excluded from the Swiss ban[51]), pressing him to explicitly prohibit that chick culling method as well.[52]

In early February 2020, four Dutch animal rights organisations sent letters to Prime Minister Mark Rutte and the Parliamentary Commission on Agriculture urging them to follow the examples given by Switzerland and France, and phase out all chick culling including gassing in the Netherlands by the end of 2021.[53] The Dutch Ministry of Agriculture cautiously responded that "a political solution is being explored" and that the Agriculture Minister would soon provide more information.[54] In March 2020, the Directorate of Production and Agrarian Markets of the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture stated that it is working with egg producers to end the annual culling of 35 million male chicks in Spain in 2021. The Ministry said producers were testing two different techniques of in-ovo sex detection.[32]

In January 2021, the German federal government approved a draft law banning chick culling, to be effectuated at the end of 2021.[55] If passed by the Bundestag, Germany would become the first country in the world to ban this practice, confirming its joint commitment with France made in January 2020.[56] On 20 May 2021, the Bundestag indeed voted to ban the culling of male chicks in Germany from 1 January 2022.[57] Although as of 2021 the scientific consensus was that chicken embryos wouldn't be able to experience pain until day 11 at the earliest, and at the time most in ovo-sexing startups managed to sex them at day 9, the new German law also dictated that by 1 January 2024, all fertilised eggs in Germany must be sexed within 6 days to avoid any chance of the embryo having consciousness and thus being able to experience pain, presenting new challenges to scientists.[46]

On 15 June 2021, the Dutch parliament by 81 votes to 69 adopted a motion[58] directed at Agriculture Minister Carola Schouten to ban chick killing in the Netherlands.[59][60] The motion, written and submitted by MPs Sandra Beckerman (SP) and Leonie Vestering (PvdD), stated: "[Parliament], noting that about 40 million male chicks are killed in the Netherlands annually because they have no economic value; considering that this is unnecessary because there are alternatives; considering that France and Germany are already introducing a ban; pronounces that the killing of male chicks should be prohibited."[59][58] The same day, another motion by MPs Beckerman and Derk Boswijk (CDA), adopted by a much larger majority of 115 votes to 35,[61] requested the government to inquire how, and how fast, a ban on killing male chicks could be introduced.[60] The motion reiterated that the annual killing of 40 million Dutch male chicks was unnecessary, that France and Germany were already introducing a ban, and furthermore stated that "a ban in the Netherlands is desirable and must be done in a way that is good for animals, farmers and consumers."[61]

On 18 July 2021, French Minister of Agriculture, Julien Denormandie, announced chick culling would be banned from 1 January 2022.[62] Both maceration and gassing will be prohibited, and the French government would grant chicken breeders subsidies of 10 million euros combined in order to acquire in-ovo sexing machines instead (leading to extra consumer costs of about 1 eurocent per box of six eggs). Denormandie stated that two-thirds of the poultry industry was expected to have adopted these machines by the end of the first quarter of 2022.[63] and must have them installed by December 31, 2022.[64] On 21 July 2021, Germany and France made a joint declaration that called on other EU member states to prohibit chick culling throughout the Union; their call was officially supported by Austria, Spain, Ireland, Luxembourg, and Portugal.[8]

Business efforts (2018–present)

Currently, the following businesses (producers, distributors and retailers) are in the process of introducing no-kill eggs (also called 'brotherless eggs') and phasing out kill eggs:

 
A sixpack of organic eggs with the Respeggt label, sold by Jumbo in the Netherlands, July 2021
  • German supermarket chain REWE is one of the main stakeholders of the Dutch–German Seleggt company that developed the first no-kill eggs. Under the label of Respeggt, these no-kill eggs were first introduced in 350 supermarkets and shops of REWE and Penny in the Berlin region in November 2018.[54] By September 2019, Respeggt eggs were sold in 1,350 REWE shops.[54]
  • German supermarket chains Edeka, Marktkauf and Famila introduced brotherless eggs in 2019.[65]
  • French retail multinational Carrefour, Fermiers de Loué and German group Agri Advanced Technologies (AAT) introduced no-kill eggs in France in December 2019.[66] On 10 February 2020, Carrefour announced it planned to mark the package of no-kill eggs with special logos, to have 20% of all its eggs sold without chick culling by 1 May 2020, and to completely produce and sell all eggs with the AAT method before the end of 2021.[26] The number of Carrefour locations that sold AAT-style eggs grew gradually in the first half of 2020.[65]
  • In early February 2020, French egg distribution business Cocorette announced it would collaborate with poultry company Novoponto to produce no-kill eggs using Seleggt's technology.[26]
  • The German supermarket chains Aldi Nord and Aldi Süd announced in March 2020 they wanted to phase out chick culling in their entire chain before 2022. Aldi Netherlands was still considering its course as of May 2020.[54]
  • Dutch supermarket chain Jumbo was the first company in the Netherlands to start selling Respeggt eggs. Since mid-March 2020, all Jumbo supermarkets (more than 600 locations in the Netherlands and a few in Belgium) had them in store, and organic Respeggt eggs are planned to be introduced later in 2020.[54]
  • Dutch supermarket chain Coop (over 300 locations) will start selling free-range Respeggt eggs in September 2020.[54]
  • In July 2021, the Dutch in-ovo sexing machine companies Respeggt and In Ovo stated that in-ovo sexing was gaining momentum in Northwestern Europe, and major retailers were switching to it in anticipation of the German legal ban on chick killing.[45] Generally speaking, the extra costs were not transferred to producers, but to consumers (at about 1 eurocent per egg in the case of Respeggt). Respeggt CEO Martijn Haarman stated: "The [poultry] industry is demonstrating that it has listened to society's desire to no longer kill male chicks. ... So now it's up to the consumer to decide if that higher price [of 1 cent per egg] is worth paying in order to prevent chick killing."[45] Haarman also argued that the alternative of raising male chicks to roosters for meat was not economically viable, and "a step back both for animal welfare and the environment."[45]

The following businesses are considering or have committed to introducing no-kill eggs and phasing out kill eggs:

  • In 2016, United Egg Producers, representing hatcheries that produce 95% of all eggs in the United States, reached an agreement with The Humane League that it would voluntarily phase out chick culling by 2020, or as soon as it was 'economically feasible' and an alternative was "commercially available". In January 2020, UEP president Chad Gregory said "a workable, scalable, solution is not yet available", but remained "a priority and the right thing to do" and that the UEP are "hopeful a breakthrough is on the horizon". The Humane League president David Coman-Hidy was similarly optimistic about the technological progress made and remains confident that alternatives will be soon be put in place "in order to spare the lives of the estimated 300 million male chicks that are killed every year in the U.S. alone".[35] As of March 25, 2021, according to a press release from United Egg Producers, the agreement had not been upheld.[67]
  • Albert Heijn, the largest Dutch supermarket chain, with 1000 locations in the Netherlands and Belgium, stated in May 2020 that they are "meticulously monitoring the technological developments, and when it's operationally feasible, we will enable it".[54]

See also

References

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  60. ^ a b Martijn van Rossum (15 June 2021). "Tweede Kamer stemt voor eind aan doden eendagshaantjes". Nieuwe Oogst (in Dutch). Retrieved 25 July 2021.
  61. ^ a b Sandra Beckerman & Derk Boswijk (15 June 2021). "Gewijzigde motie van de leden Beckerman en Boswijk over een onderzoek naar een verbod op het doden van haantjes". tweedekamer.nl (in Dutch). Dutch Parliament. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
  62. ^ "Julien Denormandie : "C'est la fin du broyage des poussins"". leparisien.fr (in French). 2021-07-18. Retrieved 2021-07-22.
  63. ^ "France bans crushing and gassing of male chicks from 2022". Euronews. Reuters. 18 July 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
  64. ^ Thompson, Hannah (February 8, 2022). "50 million male chicks saved as France bans egg industry from culling". The Connexion. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
  65. ^ a b Fabian Brockotter (24 April 2020). "Novel techniques make culling male layers obsolete". Poultry World. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  66. ^ "Carrefour, premier distributeur à implanter une technique pour mettre fin à l'élimination des poussins mâles" (in French). Carrefour. 10 February 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  67. ^ "United Egg Producers Updated Statement on Male Chicks". United Egg Producers (Press release). March 25, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2022.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Unwanted chick killing.
  • Hatchery Horrors: The Egg Industry's tiniest victims. Mercy for Animals. (includes graphic video on culling)
  • Germany Ponders the Super Chicken. Der Spiegel. October 16, 2013.
  • The short, brutal life of male chickens. Al Jazeera America. February 20, 2015.
  • Animal Equality investigation in chicken hatcheries. Animal Equality via YouTube. November 25, 2015.
  • Stop killing male chicks: We can save billions of animal lives from meeting a gruesome end. Gene Baur for the New York Daily News. February 8, 2020.

January 07, 2023
chick, culling, unwanted, chick, killing, process, separating, killing, unwanted, male, unhealthy, female, chicks, which, intensive, animal, farming, industry, occurs, industrialised, production, whether, free, range, organic, battery, cage, however, some, cer. Chick culling or unwanted chick killing is the process of separating and killing unwanted male and unhealthy female chicks for which the intensive animal farming industry has no use It occurs in all industrialised egg production whether free range organic or battery cage However some certified pasture raised egg farms are taking steps to eliminate the practice entirely 1 2 Worldwide around 7 billion male chicks are culled each year in the egg industry 3 Because male chickens do not lay eggs and only those in breeding programmes are required to fertilise eggs they are considered redundant to the egg laying industry and are usually killed shortly after being sexed which occurs just days after they are conceived or after they hatch 3 Some methods of culling that do not involve anaesthetics include cervical dislocation asphyxiation by carbon dioxide and maceration using a high speed grinder Maceration is the primary method in the United States Maceration is often a preferred method over carbon dioxide asphyxiation in western countries as it is often considered as more humane due to the deaths occurring immediately or within a second 4 5 Male chicks on a macerator conveyor belt seconds before they are crushed to death Chicks ground by a macerator Due to modern selective breeding laying hen strains differ from meat production strains broilers In the United States males are culled in egg production because males don t lay eggs or grow large enough to become broilers 4 Ducklings and goslings are also culled in the production of foie gras However because males gain more weight than females in this production system the females are culled sometimes in an industrial macerator 6 Up to 40 million female ducks per year may be killed in this way The remains of female ducklings are later used in cat food and fertilisers 7 Because of animal welfare concerns there is societal opposition to chick culling In the 2010s scientists developed technologies to determine the sexes of chicks when they are still in their eggs in ovo sexing As soon as these methods were available on a commercial scale Germany and France jointly became the first countries in the world to prohibit all chick killing from 1 January 2022 and called on other EU member states to do the same 8 Contents 1 History 2 Methods 2 1 Permitted methods in the EU 2 2 Recommended methods in the US 3 Statistics 4 Controversy and phaseout 4 1 Scientific research into alternatives 2010s 4 2 Legal challenge in Germany 2013 2019 4 3 Political efforts 2019 present 4 4 Business efforts 2018 present 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksHistory Edit Chicks bred in the early 1900s Prior to the development of modern broiler meat breeds most male chickens cockerels were slaughtered for meat whereas females pullets would be kept for egg production However once the industry successfully bred separate meat and egg producing hybrids starting in the 1920s and 1930s 9 there was no reason to keep males of the egg producing hybrid As a consequence the males of egg laying chickens are killed as soon as possible after hatching and sexing to reduce financial losses incurred by the breeder Special techniques have been developed to accurately determine the sex of chicks at as young an age as possible In November 2018 the world s first industry scale production no kill eggs were sold to the public in Berlin Germany 10 Methods Edit Chick grinding machine Several methods are used to cull chicks Maceration also called grinding shredding or mincing the chicks are placed into a large high speed grinder 11 Asphyxiation also called gassing or controlled atmosphere killing carbon dioxide is used to induce unconsciousness and then death 11 12 Cervical dislocation the neck is broken Electrocution an electric current is passed through the chick s body until it is dead 13 Suffocation the chicks are placed in plastic bags 14 Permitted methods in the EU Edit Authorised procedures for killing chicks have been harmonised within the European Union The regulations initiated in 1976 evolved in 1993 the first directive to specifically take chicks into account 15 A new directive was adopted in 2009 enacted on 1 January 2013 replacing the 1993 directive and last updated on 14 December 2019 16 Use of a mechanical apparatus causing rapid death essentially grinding Exposure to carbon dioxide essentially gassing Recommended methods in the US Edit The American Veterinary Medical Association AMVA Euthanasia methods include cervical dislocation maceration and asphyxiation by carbon dioxide 17 The 2005 2006 AMVA Executive Board proposed a policy change recommended by the Animal Welfare Committee on the killing of unwanted chicks poults and pipped eggs The policy states Unwanted chicks poults and pipped eggs should be killed by an acceptable humane method such as use of a commercially designed macerator that results in instantaneous death Smothering unwanted chicks or poults in bags or containers is not acceptable Pips unwanted chicks or poults should be killed prior to disposal A pipped egg or pip is one where the chick or poult has not been successful in escaping the egg shell during the hatching process 18 US producers announced in 2016 a goal of being able by 2020 to determine the sex of the developing chick long before hatching so male eggs can be destroyed 4 19 However in January 2020 they stated that killing day old male chicks remains unavoidable due to the lack of a viable alternative 20 Statistics Edit Male chicks prepared to be killed Shredded male chicks Worldwide approximately 7 billion male chicks are culled annually around the world 2015 Poultry Site estimate 3 Other estimates include 6 billion June 2016 SMH claim 21 4 6 billion chicks December 2018 The Guardian claim 22 According to In Ovo cofouder Wouter Bruins in October 2013 the top 20 poultry production countries alone culled 3 2 billion male chicks a year 23 Australia more than 12 million male chicks are culled annually June 2016 estimate 21 Maceration is the primary method used 24 but gassing is also used 21 Belgium more than 15 million male chicks are culled annually 40 000 a day February 2020 estimate 12 CO2 gassing is the only method used and happens in two stages chicks are first stunned and then killed 12 Canada 22 5 million male chicks are culled annually nearly 62 000 a day December 2016 estimate 25 France 50 million male chicks are culled annually in the egg industry February 2020 estimate 26 and about 16 million female ducklings and goslings are culled annually in the foie gras industry 27 Maceration is the primary method in both industries 7 26 Germany up to 50 million male chicks are culled annually October 2019 estimate 28 Gassing is the primary method 28 India over 180 million male chicks are culled annually October 2014 estimate 14 Maceration appears to be the primary method though suffocation using plastic bags has also been reported 14 Netherlands 45 million male chicks are culled annually May 2016 estimate 29 Gassing is the primary method 29 New Zealand 2 5 million April 2001 estimate to 3 million June 2016 estimate male chicks are culled annually 30 31 Maceration is the primary method 30 Spain 35 million male chicks are culled annually March 2020 estimate 32 Switzerland about 3 million male chicks are culled annually September 2019 estimate 33 Gassing is the only method used maceration was prohibited on 1 January 2020 but rarely used before that date 33 United Kingdom 30 to 40 million male chicks are culled annually November 2010 Viva claim 34 A November 2010 Telegraph article reported on two undercover operations carried out by animal rights organisation Viva showing a gassing method hatchery and a maceration method hatchery both located in Preston 34 Both methods were reportedly legal and approved by both the Humane Slaughter Association and the RSPCA with a British Egg Information Service BEIS spokesman saying gassing was used more often than maceration in the UK 34 In March 2015 a BEIS spokesman insisted that gassing was the only method used in the UK 11 United States 300 million male chicks are culled annually January 2020 The Humane Society claim 35 The Associated Press estimated this number at 200 million in 2009 36 Maceration is the primary method 4 Controversy and phaseout EditAnimal welfare advocates maintain that many of the current practices surrounding chicken slaughtering are unethical 37 38 39 Animal rights advocates argue that it is wrong to unnecessarily exploit and kill other sentient beings for food production including chicks 40 Scientific research into alternatives 2010s Edit A female chick hatching Main article In ovo sexing Several technologies may obviate chick culling by determining the sex of a chick before hatching These technologies rely on measuring eggs through spectroscopy chemical assays or imaging they can determine a chick s sex within 4 9 days of laying Some methods require genetic engineering to make male eggs fluorescent Such methods are attractive not only for ethical reasons but to reduce the costs of employing human cullers and of incubating male eggs Timothy Kurt a director from the United States Department of Agriculture said Everyone wants the same thing and the right piece of technology could solve this right now 41 A Unilever spokesperson has been quoted as saying in 2014 We have also committed to providing funding and expertise for research and introduction of alternative methods such as in ovo gender identification sexing of eggs This new technology offers the potential to eliminate the hatching and culling of male chicks 14 In 2015 the Leipzig University developed a method to determine the gender of fertilized eggs 72 hours after the incubation process has started The procedure would use a laser to drill a hole into the eggshell and analyze the way the egg s blood cells disperse that light using near infrared Raman spectroscopy 42 The hole in the eggshell would then be sealed again and female embryos could be incubated as normal Males would still be discarded but earlier in their development 43 In 2018 Agriculture and Agri Food Canada invested 844 000 to electronically scan fertilized eggs to determine if they are male or female 36 In September 2019 the Foundation for Food and Agriculture Research a company that was founded by the United States Congress in 2014 will award six contestants from ten countries 6 million for working entries 41 United Egg Producers intends to be cull free by 2020 41 CRISPR technology uses a pair of molecular scissors to illuminate the male chicks after being conceived and before being placed in the incubator to be hatched thus eliminating all male chicks from being hatched 44 In spring 2021 the Leiden based Dutch company In Ovo presented the new in ovo sexing machine Ella which had an accuracy of over 95 which could possibly be upgraded to 99 in the short term Its method of retrieving some fluid from the fertilised egg with a needle and finding the biomarker sabineamine in this sample with mass spectrometry takes less than one second to perform 45 In late May 2021 a research team from the Technische Hochschule OWL based in Lemgo Germany claimed to be able to shine a laser into a small hole in fertilised eggs scale and derive its sex from the reflected light using fluorescence spectroscopy within six days thus complying to Germany s legal requirement of early sexing from 2024 Startups including Respeggt and In Ovo responded skeptically saying the publication of these conclusions seemed rushed and that many methods may seem promising at first but aren t immediately useful in practice 46 Legal challenge in Germany 2013 2019 Edit In 2013 the German state of North Rhine Westphalia issued a decree banning hatcheries from killing chicks against which two egg hatcheries in the state appealed 47 As paragraph one of Germany s Animal Welfare Act stipulates that No one shall inflict pain suffering or harm on an animal without a reasonable cause a lower court ruled that killing for food production was a reasonable ground 47 This led to a challenge in the Federal Administrative Court in Leipzig 47 On 13 June 2019 47 this court decided that the current way of culling chicks violates the country s laws against killing animals without a justifiable reason 41 However the court allowed hatcheries to keep culling chicks on a temporary basis until alternatives such as sex determination in eggs are introduced 47 Such no kill eggs had been introduced into the German market in 2018 and were available in more than 200 shops by June 2019 47 but there was no industrial scale solution available yet 48 Political efforts 2019 present Edit Current global legal status of chick culling in the poultry industry Ban on all chick culling France Germany Austria and Italy Grinding chicks illegal gassing chicks legal Switzerland Planned ban on all chick culling by 2022 Spain and Netherlands Planned ban on grinding chicks currently none Chick culling legal no ban planned No data In response to the June 2019 Leipzig court ruling German Agriculture Minister Julia Klockner stated chick culling was ethically unacceptable and argued it should be prohibited 47 The Grand Coalition agreement of March 2018 stated that chick culling should have been ended by the middle of the current legislative period which would have been in October 2019 but this goal was not met 28 At that time gassing was the most common method of chick culling in Germany which killed up to 50 million chicks a year 28 Although the federal government had already invested millions of euros in stimulating scientific research into two alternative methods for sex determination in eggs by then these were still not ready for the market yet 28 In September 2019 in Switzerland the parliament voted to outlaw the shredding of chickens This is despite this practice not being used in Switzerland It was further commented that This tendency to rear species only for the production of eggs or for meat turns animals into mere objects It has led to absurd practices such as the shredding of living male chicks However the practice of gassing chicks which kills about three million male baby chicks in Switzerland per year remained legal 33 In late October 2019 French Agriculture Minister Didier Guillaume told France Inter We announced last week with my colleague German Minister for Agriculture Julia Klockner that we were going to stop the shredding of chicks which is no longer bearable today We said end of the year 2021 He further argued that the practice needed to be phased out and not immediately discontinued If we do it right away what will happen There won t be eggs anymore 49 On 13 January 2020 during an official visit of Guillaume to Klockner the Ministers said in a joint statement that France and Germany wanted to end the mass shredding of male chicks at the EU level by the end of 2021 Guillaume stated that France and Germany should be the European motor to advance on this issue with Klockner adding that Germany s EU presidency in the second half of 2020 was a good opportunity to do so The countries planned to bring together various groups to share scientific knowledge and implement alternative methods 50 On 28 January 2020 Guillaume repeated at a press conference that the culling of unwanted male chicks by shredding would be outlawed in France by the end of 2021 51 While some animal rights activists welcomed the move others said that the decision did not go far enough 48 The minister s entourage told Agence France Presse that it was unclear whether his announced ban also included asphyxiation by CO2 52 which was excluded from the Swiss ban 51 pressing him to explicitly prohibit that chick culling method as well 52 In early February 2020 four Dutch animal rights organisations sent letters to Prime Minister Mark Rutte and the Parliamentary Commission on Agriculture urging them to follow the examples given by Switzerland and France and phase out all chick culling including gassing in the Netherlands by the end of 2021 53 The Dutch Ministry of Agriculture cautiously responded that a political solution is being explored and that the Agriculture Minister would soon provide more information 54 In March 2020 the Directorate of Production and Agrarian Markets of the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture stated that it is working with egg producers to end the annual culling of 35 million male chicks in Spain in 2021 The Ministry said producers were testing two different techniques of in ovo sex detection 32 In January 2021 the German federal government approved a draft law banning chick culling to be effectuated at the end of 2021 55 If passed by the Bundestag Germany would become the first country in the world to ban this practice confirming its joint commitment with France made in January 2020 56 On 20 May 2021 the Bundestag indeed voted to ban the culling of male chicks in Germany from 1 January 2022 57 Although as of 2021 the scientific consensus was that chicken embryos wouldn t be able to experience pain until day 11 at the earliest and at the time most in ovo sexing startups managed to sex them at day 9 the new German law also dictated that by 1 January 2024 all fertilised eggs in Germany must be sexed within 6 days to avoid any chance of the embryo having consciousness and thus being able to experience pain presenting new challenges to scientists 46 On 15 June 2021 the Dutch parliament by 81 votes to 69 adopted a motion 58 directed at Agriculture Minister Carola Schouten to ban chick killing in the Netherlands 59 60 The motion written and submitted by MPs Sandra Beckerman SP and Leonie Vestering PvdD stated Parliament noting that about 40 million male chicks are killed in the Netherlands annually because they have no economic value considering that this is unnecessary because there are alternatives considering that France and Germany are already introducing a ban pronounces that the killing of male chicks should be prohibited 59 58 The same day another motion by MPs Beckerman and Derk Boswijk CDA adopted by a much larger majority of 115 votes to 35 61 requested the government to inquire how and how fast a ban on killing male chicks could be introduced 60 The motion reiterated that the annual killing of 40 million Dutch male chicks was unnecessary that France and Germany were already introducing a ban and furthermore stated that a ban in the Netherlands is desirable and must be done in a way that is good for animals farmers and consumers 61 On 18 July 2021 French Minister of Agriculture Julien Denormandie announced chick culling would be banned from 1 January 2022 62 Both maceration and gassing will be prohibited and the French government would grant chicken breeders subsidies of 10 million euros combined in order to acquire in ovo sexing machines instead leading to extra consumer costs of about 1 eurocent per box of six eggs Denormandie stated that two thirds of the poultry industry was expected to have adopted these machines by the end of the first quarter of 2022 63 and must have them installed by December 31 2022 64 On 21 July 2021 Germany and France made a joint declaration that called on other EU member states to prohibit chick culling throughout the Union their call was officially supported by Austria Spain Ireland Luxembourg and Portugal 8 Business efforts 2018 present Edit Currently the following businesses producers distributors and retailers are in the process of introducing no kill eggs also called brotherless eggs and phasing out kill eggs A sixpack of organic eggs with the Respeggt label sold by Jumbo in the Netherlands July 2021 German supermarket chain REWE is one of the main stakeholders of the Dutch German Seleggt company that developed the first no kill eggs Under the label of Respeggt these no kill eggs were first introduced in 350 supermarkets and shops of REWE and Penny in the Berlin region in November 2018 54 By September 2019 Respeggt eggs were sold in 1 350 REWE shops 54 German supermarket chains Edeka Marktkauf and Famila introduced brotherless eggs in 2019 65 French retail multinational Carrefour Fermiers de Loue and German group Agri Advanced Technologies AAT introduced no kill eggs in France in December 2019 66 On 10 February 2020 Carrefour announced it planned to mark the package of no kill eggs with special logos to have 20 of all its eggs sold without chick culling by 1 May 2020 and to completely produce and sell all eggs with the AAT method before the end of 2021 26 The number of Carrefour locations that sold AAT style eggs grew gradually in the first half of 2020 65 In early February 2020 French egg distribution business Cocorette announced it would collaborate with poultry company Novoponto to produce no kill eggs using Seleggt s technology 26 The German supermarket chains Aldi Nord and Aldi Sud announced in March 2020 they wanted to phase out chick culling in their entire chain before 2022 Aldi Netherlands was still considering its course as of May 2020 54 Dutch supermarket chain Jumbo was the first company in the Netherlands to start selling Respeggt eggs Since mid March 2020 all Jumbo supermarkets more than 600 locations in the Netherlands and a few in Belgium had them in store and organic Respeggt eggs are planned to be introduced later in 2020 54 Dutch supermarket chain Coop over 300 locations will start selling free range Respeggt eggs in September 2020 54 In July 2021 the Dutch in ovo sexing machine companies Respeggt and In Ovo stated that in ovo sexing was gaining momentum in Northwestern Europe and major retailers were switching to it in anticipation of the German legal ban on chick killing 45 Generally speaking the extra costs were not transferred to producers but to consumers at about 1 eurocent per egg in the case of Respeggt Respeggt CEO Martijn Haarman stated The poultry industry is demonstrating that it has listened to society s desire to no longer kill male chicks So now it s up to the consumer to decide if that higher price of 1 cent per egg is worth paying in order to prevent chick killing 45 Haarman also argued that the alternative of raising male chicks to roosters for meat was not economically viable and a step back both for animal welfare and the environment 45 The following businesses are considering or have committed to introducing no kill eggs and phasing out kill eggs In 2016 United Egg Producers representing hatcheries that produce 95 of all eggs in the United States reached an agreement with The Humane League that it would voluntarily phase out chick culling by 2020 or as soon as it was economically feasible and an alternative was commercially available In January 2020 UEP president Chad Gregory said a workable scalable solution is not yet available but remained a priority and the right thing to do and that the UEP are hopeful a breakthrough is on the horizon The Humane League president David Coman Hidy was similarly optimistic about the technological progress made and remains confident that alternatives will be soon be put in place in order to spare the lives of the estimated 300 million male chicks that are killed every year in the U S alone 35 As of March 25 2021 according to a press release from United Egg Producers the agreement had not been upheld 67 Albert Heijn the largest Dutch supermarket chain with 1000 locations in the Netherlands and Belgium stated in May 2020 that they are meticulously monitoring the technological developments and when it s operationally feasible we will enable it 54 See also EditAnimal industrial complex Culling Chick sexing GendercideReferences Edit Lay Thee Down To Rest Vital Farms Retrieved 2022 06 21 Brulliard Karin October 27 2016 New technique may prevent the gruesome deaths of billions of male chicks The Washington Post Retrieved June 20 2022 a b c Krautwald Junghanns ME Cramer K Fischer B Forster A Galli R Kremer F Mapesa EU Meissner S Preisinger R Preusse G Schnabel C Steiner G Bartels T 1 March 2018 Current approaches to avoid the culling of day old male chicks in the layer industry with special reference to spectroscopic methods Poultry Science 97 3 749 757 doi 10 3382 ps pex389 PMID 29294120 a b c d Blakemore Erin 2016 06 13 Egg Producers Pledge More Humane Fate for Male Chicks Smithsonian What happens with male chicks in the egg industry RSPCA Knowledgebase Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals 22 September 2021 Retrieved 9 July 2022 Rodenburg T B Bracke M B M Berk J Cooper J Faure J M Guemene D Guy G Harlander A Jones T December 2005 Welfare of ducks in European duck husbandry systems World s Poultry Science Journal 61 4 633 646 doi 10 1079 WPS200575 ISSN 1743 4777 S2CID 1206732 a b Hughes I 2014 Shocking video shows hundreds of live ducklings thrown into mincer on cruel foie gras farm The Mirror Retrieved March 14 2015 a b Julia Dahm amp Magdalena Pistorius 21 July 2021 Germany France call on EU countries to also ban culling of male chicks Euractiv Retrieved 25 July 2021 U S Chicken Industry History The National Chicken Council Retrieved 2019 10 10 Le Blond Josie December 22 2018 World s first no kill eggs go on sale in Berlin The Guardian Retrieved February 17 2020 a b c Saul Heather March 5 2015 Hatched discarded gassed What happens to male chicks in the UK The independent Archived from the original on 2015 03 06 Retrieved July 1 2015 a b c Eendagshaantjes zijn er alternatieven Vlaams infocentrum voor land en tuinbouw in Dutch 4 February 2020 Retrieved 22 May 2020 Humane Killing of Male Chicks at the Laying Branch Archived September 27 2007 at the Wayback Machine a b c d Saraswathy M 4 October 2014 Unilever working to end the culling of male chicks Business Standard India Business Standard Retrieved February 5 2015 Council of the European Union 22 December 1993 Council Directive 93 119 EC of 22 December 1993 on the protection of animals at the time of slaughter or killing Official Journal of the European Union available on EU Lex Publications Office of the European Union Retrieved 24 May 2020 Council of the European Union 24 September 2009 Council Regulation EC No 1099 2009 of 24 September 2009 on the protection of animals at the time of killing Official Journal of the European Union available on EU Lex Publications Office of the European Union Retrieved 24 May 2020 AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals 2020 Edition M1 4 Carbon Monoxide M3 6 Cervical Dislocation M3 10 Maceration PDF American Veterinary Medical Association 2020 pp 26 27 44 47 Retrieved January 26 2020 Kahler Susan C September 1 2006 Executive Board meets pressing needs American Veterinary Medical Association Retrieved February 17 2020 Fassler Joe DiPrinzio Harry 15 July 2016 The cure for culling The New Food Economy Retrieved 18 August 2016 Shannon Joel France bans mass killing of male chicks but US egg farmers say there s no other workable solution USA Today a b c Esther Han 11 June 2016 Egg industry wants to stop grinding and gassing millions of male chicks to death The Sydney Morning Herald Retrieved 22 May 2020 Josie Le Blond 22 December 2018 World s first no kill eggs go on sale in Berlin The Guardian Retrieved 22 May 2020 Kees de Vre 9 October 2013 Redder van de nutteloze haantjes Trouw in Dutch Retrieved 22 May 2020 Shredding day old chicks how Australia s egg industry works ABC Online 20 July 2016 Retrieved 22 May 2020 Melanie Epp 19 December 2016 Hypereye A game changer Canadian Poultry Magazine Retrieved 22 May 2020 a b c d Fanny Ohier 10 February 2020 Carrefour et Loue s associent pour reduire le broyage des poussins males France Inter in French Retrieved 22 May 2020 Le broyage des femelles pour le foie gras L214 in French 2019 11 15 Retrieved 2021 07 22 a b c d e Dirk Fisser 23 October 2019 Groko bricht Versprechen Vergasung von mannlichen Kuken geht weiter Schleswig Holsteinischer Zeitungsverlag in German Retrieved 21 May 2020 a b Chris Koenis 24 May 2016 Doorbraak Nederlands bedrijf voorkomt vergassen miljoenen kuikens RTL Nieuws in Dutch Retrieved 22 May 2020 a b Anne Beston 7 April 2001 Chick shredding ordeal shocks unprepared staff The New Zealand Herald Retrieved 22 May 2020 Catherine Harris 12 June 2016 Poultry industry hails potential to avoid male chick cull Stuff Stuff Ltd Retrieved 22 May 2020 a b Aurora Cancela Perez 27 March 2020 El sacrificio de pollitos macho en Espana podria terminar en 2021 segun el Ministerio de Agricultura Cronica Norte in Spanish Retrieved 21 May 2020 a b c Vuilleumier Marie September 20 2019 Switzerland bans shredding of male chicks Swissinfo Retrieved February 19 2020 a b c Louise Gray 4 November 2010 40 million chicks on conveyor belt to death The Daily Telegraph Retrieved 22 May 2020 a b Michael Brice Saddler 30 January 2020 France says its poultry industry will stop shredding male chicks alive by 2022 The Washington Post Nash Retrieved 21 May 2020 a b Wray Meaghan January 16 2020 Germany France push to end male chick shredding in European Union Retrieved February 17 2020 Gillick Kathryn April 22 2003 DA asks for more information in chicken chipping case United Poultry Concerns Retrieved February 17 2020 Toliver Zachary March 13 2017 Treated Like Garbage These Chicks Are Burned Drowned and Walked On PeTA Retrieved February 17 2020 Egg laying and male birds Vegsoc org Archived from the original on February 22 2009 Lin Doris January 8 2018 What Are Animal Rights ThoughtCo Retrieved January 26 2020 a b c d Vogel Gretchen August 14 2019 Ethical eggs could save male chicks from mass slaughter Science Magazine Archived from the original on December 19 2019 Retrieved August 26 2019 Egg tests for humane chicken farming DW 9 April 2015 Scientists train laser beams on cruel practice of shredding newborn chicks DW 16 January 2017 Ryan Jackson March 7 2019 How CRISPR could save 6 billion chickens from the meat grinder Red light green light CNET Retrieved February 17 2020 a b c d Michiel Elands 12 July 2021 Girls only kuikens breken door in Nederland Nieuwe Oogst in Dutch Retrieved 25 July 2021 a b Michiel Elands 12 July 2021 Kunnen kuikens al op dag zes worden gesekst Nieuwe Oogst in Dutch Retrieved 25 July 2021 a b c d e f g German court rules mass killing of male chicks legal BBC News 13 June 2019 Retrieved 21 May 2020 a b France to ban culling of unwanted male chicks by end of 2021 BBC News 29 January 2020 Retrieved 29 January 2020 Le broyage des poussins devrait etre interdit en France a la fin de 2021 Le Monde in French 30 October 2019 Retrieved 21 May 2020 AFP 13 January 2020 Germany France to push EU to end shredding of male chicks France 24 Retrieved 21 May 2020 a b AFP 28 January 2020 La France veut interdire la castration a vif des porcelets et le broyage des poussins a la fin de 2021 Le Monde in French Retrieved 21 May 2020 a b Caroline Quevrain 28 January 2020 Quatre questions sur la fin annoncee du broyage des poussins males La Chaine Info in French Retrieved 21 May 2020 Martijn van Rossum 4 February 2020 Dierenorganisaties willen verbod op doden kuikens Nieuwe Oogst in Dutch Retrieved 21 May 2020 a b c d e f g Hans Bijleveld amp Kirsten Graumans 21 May 2020 De opmars van geslachtbepaling bij broedeieren Boerderij nl in Dutch Retrieved 21 May 2020 Kukentoten wird verboten German Federal Government 20 January 2021 Retrieved 23 January 2021 Agence France Presse 20 January 2021 Germany approves draft law to end mass culling of male chicks The Guardian Retrieved 21 January 2021 Germany bans male chick culling from 2022 Deutsche Welle 20 May 2021 Retrieved 25 July 2021 a b Sandra Beckerman amp Leonie Vestering 10 June 2021 Motie van de leden Beckerman en Vestering over een verbod op het doden van haantjes tweedekamer nl in Dutch Dutch Parliament Retrieved 25 July 2021 a b Verbied het doden van eendagskuikens BNNVARA in Dutch 16 June 2021 Retrieved 25 July 2021 a b Martijn van Rossum 15 June 2021 Tweede Kamer stemt voor eind aan doden eendagshaantjes Nieuwe Oogst in Dutch Retrieved 25 July 2021 a b Sandra Beckerman amp Derk Boswijk 15 June 2021 Gewijzigde motie van de leden Beckerman en Boswijk over een onderzoek naar een verbod op het doden van haantjes tweedekamer nl in Dutch Dutch Parliament Retrieved 25 July 2021 Julien Denormandie C est la fin du broyage des poussins leparisien fr in French 2021 07 18 Retrieved 2021 07 22 France bans crushing and gassing of male chicks from 2022 Euronews Reuters 18 July 2021 Retrieved 24 July 2021 Thompson Hannah February 8 2022 50 million male chicks saved as France bans egg industry from culling The Connexion Retrieved August 23 2022 a b Fabian Brockotter 24 April 2020 Novel techniques make culling male layers obsolete Poultry World Retrieved 22 May 2020 Carrefour premier distributeur a implanter une technique pour mettre fin a l elimination des poussins males in French Carrefour 10 February 2020 Retrieved 22 May 2020 United Egg Producers Updated Statement on Male Chicks United Egg Producers Press release March 25 2021 Retrieved August 23 2022 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Unwanted chick killing Hatchery Horrors The Egg Industry s tiniest victims Mercy for Animals includes graphic video on culling Germany Ponders the Super Chicken Der Spiegel October 16 2013 The short brutal life of male chickens Al Jazeera America February 20 2015 Animal Equality investigation in chicken hatcheries Animal Equality via YouTube November 25 2015 Stop killing male chicks We can save billions of animal lives from meeting a gruesome end Gene Baur for the New York Daily News February 8 2020 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Chick culling amp oldid 1128098545, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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