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Oscar II

October 15, 2023

For other uses, see Oscar II (disambiguation).

Oscar II (Oscar Fredrik;[1] 21 January 1829 – 8 December 1907) was King of Sweden from 1872 until his death in 1907 and King of Norway from 1872 to 1905.

Oscar II
Photograph of Oscar II, c. 1900–07
King of Sweden
Reign18 September 1872 – 8 December 1907
Coronation12 May 1873
PredecessorCharles XV
SuccessorGustaf V
King of Norway
Reign18 September 1872 – 7 June 1905
Coronation18 July 1873
PredecessorCharles IV
SuccessorHaakon VII
Born(1829-01-21)21 January 1829
Stockholm Palace, Stockholm, Sweden
Died8 December 1907(1907-12-08) (aged 78)
Stockholm Palace, Stockholm, Sweden
Burial19 December 1907
Riddarholm Church
Spouse
​
(m. 1857)​
IssueGustaf V of Sweden
Prince Oscar Bernadotte
Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland
Prince Eugen, Duke of Närke
Names
Oscar Fredrik
HouseBernadotte
FatherOscar I of Sweden
MotherJosephine of Leuchtenberg
ReligionChurch of Sweden
Church of Norway
Signature

Oscar was the son of King Oscar I and Queen Josephine. He inherited the Swedish and Norwegian thrones when his brother died in 1872. Oscar II ruled during a time when both countries were undergoing a period of industrialization and rapid technological progress. His reign also saw the gradual decline of the Union of Sweden and Norway, which culminated in its dissolution in 1905. In 1905, the throne of Norway was transferred to his grandnephew Prince Carl of Denmark under the regnal name Haakon VII. When Oscar died in 1907, he was succeeded in Sweden by his eldest son, Gustaf V.

Oscar II is the paternal great-great-grandfather of King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden. Queen Margrethe II of Denmark is his descendant through his son Gustaf V. King Harald V of Norway; King Philippe of the Belgians; and Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg are also descendants of Oscar II, all through his third son Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland.

Early life Edit

 
Aides Daniel Nordlander (upper left) and Fritz von Dardel, Ordnance Officer Ferdinand-Alphonse Hamelin, General Henri-Pierre Castelnau, King Charles XV of Sweden and Prince Oscar, future King Oscar II of Sweden, at the 1867 International Exposition in Paris, France.

Oscar Fredrik was born in Stockholm on 21 January 1829, the third of four sons of Crown Prince Oscar and Josephine of Leuchtenberg. Upon his birth, he was created Duke of Östergötland. During his childhood he was placed in the care of the royal governess, Countess Christina Ulrika Taube.[2]

Prince Oscar entered the Royal Swedish Navy as a midshipman at the age of eleven, and was appointed junior lieutenant in July 1845. Later he studied at Uppsala University, where he distinguished himself in mathematics. On 13 December 1848, was made an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

A distinguished writer and musical amateur himself, King Oscar proved a generous friend of learning, and did much to encourage the development of education throughout his dominions. In 1858 a collection of his lyrical and narrative poems, Memorials of the Swedish Fleet, published anonymously, obtained the second prize of the Swedish Academy. His "Contributions to the Military History of Sweden in the Years 1711, 1712, 1713", originally appeared in the Annals of the academy, and were printed separately in 1865. His works, which included his speeches, translations of Herder's Cid and Goethe's Torquato Tasso, and a play, Castle Cronberg, were collected in two volumes in 1875–76, and a larger edition, in three volumes, appeared in 1885–88.

In 1859, Prince Oscar became heir-presumptive to the thrones of Sweden and Norway, as his eldest brother King Charles XV of Sweden/Charles IV of Norway was without a legitimate heir, having lost his only son, Prince Carl Oscar, Duke of Södermanland, to pneumonia in 1854. His second elder brother, Prince Gustaf, Duke of Uppland, had before died of typhoid fever in 1852.

King of Sweden and Norway Edit

 
Photograph of Oscar II, c. 1870s

Oscar II became King on 18 September 1872, upon the death of his brother, Charles XV who died without an heir. At his accession, he adopted as his motto Brödrafolkens väl / Broderfolkenes Vel ("The Welfare of the Brother Peoples"). While the King, his family and the Royal Court resided mostly in Sweden, Oscar II made the effort of learning to be fluent in Norwegian and from the very beginning realized the essential difficulties in the maintenance of the union between the two countries.

Foreign and domestic statecraft Edit

 
Photograph of Oscar II by Gösta Florman, c. 1891

His acute intelligence and his aloofness from the dynastic considerations affecting most European sovereigns (both his paternal and maternal grandfathers were French military commanders who served under Napoleon I) gave the king considerable weight as an arbitrator in international questions. At the request of the United Kingdom, Germany, and the United States in 1889 he appointed the Chief Justice of Samoa under the Treaty of Berlin, and he was again called on to arbitrate in Samoan affairs in 1899.

In 1897 he was empowered to appoint a fifth arbitrator if necessary in the Venezuelan dispute, and he was called on to act as umpire in the Anglo-American arbitration treaty that was quashed by the United States Senate. He won many friends in the United Kingdom by his outspoken and generous support of Britain at the time of the Second Boer War (1899–1902), expressed in a declaration printed in The Times of 2 May 1900, when continental opinion was almost universally hostile.[3]

He remained a strong supporter of the Navy throughout his life, and frequently visited ships of the fleet. When the coastal defence ship Oscar II was launched, he even signed his name on the vessel's aft main gun tower.[4]

The office of Prime Minister of Sweden was instituted in 1876. Louis De Geer became the first head of government in Sweden to use this title. The most known and powerful first minister of the Crown during the reign of Oscar was the conservative estate owner Erik Gustaf Boström. Boström served as Prime Minister in 1891–1900 and 1902–1905. He was trusted and respected by Oscar II, who had much difficulty approving someone else as prime minister. Over a period of time, the King gave Boström a free hand to select his own ministers without much royal involvement. It was an arrangement (unintentional by both the King and Boström) that furthered the road to parliamentarism.

Science and the arts Edit

 
Portrait of Oscar II by Anders Zorn 1898

His Easter hymn and some other of his poems are familiar throughout the Scandinavian countries. His work on Charles XII of Sweden were translated into English in 1879. In 1881 he founded the world's first open-air museum, at Bygdøy, located next to his summer residence near Oslo (back then known as Christiania). In 1885 he published his Address to the Academy of Music, and a translation of one of his essays on music appeared in Literature in May 1900. He had a valuable collection of printed and manuscript music, which was readily accessible to the historical student of music.

Being a theater lover, he commissioned a new opera house to be built by Axel Anderberg for the Royal Swedish Opera which was inaugurated on 19 September 1898. It remains as the home of that institution. Oscar II once told playwright Henrik Ibsen that his Ghosts was "not a good play". As he was dying, he requested that the theatres not be closed on account of his death. His wishes were respected.

Oscar was also particularly interested in mathematics. In 1889 he set up a contest, on the occasion of his 60th birthday, for "an important discovery in the realm of higher mathematical analysis".[5][6] The contest listed four potential areas of research, one of which was the n-body problem in celestial mechanics, relevant to the stability of the solar system. Henri Poincare, a professor at the University of Paris, won by submitting an entry showing that even the 3-body problem was unstable - the seminal result in what is now called chaos theory.[7][8]

King Oscar II was an enthusiast of Arctic exploration. Along with Swedish millionaire Oscar Dickson and Russian magnate Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Sibiryakov, he was the patron of a number of pioneering Arctic expeditions in the 1800s. Among the ventures the king sponsored, the most important are Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld's explorations to the Russian Arctic and Greenland, and Fridtjof Nansen's Polar journey on the Fram.[9]

Oscar was also a generous sponsor of the sciences and personally funded the Vega Expedition, which was the first Arctic expedition to navigate through the Northeast Passage, the sea route between Europe and Asia through the Arctic Ocean, and the first voyage to circumnavigate Eurasia.

Death Edit

The political events which led up to the peaceful dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905 could hardly have been attained but for the tact and patience of the king himself. He was dethroned on 7 June 1905 by the Storting and renounced the Norwegian throne on 26 October. He declined, indeed, to permit any prince of his house to become king of Norway, but better relations between the two countries were restored before his death. Oscar II died in Stockholm on 8 December 1907 at 9:10 am.[10]

Marriage and children Edit

 
Norwegian coronation medal for Oscar and Sophia
 
Oscar II boating.
Engraving by Anders Zorn.

On 6 June 1857 he married in Wiesbaden-Biebrich, Duchy of Nassau (located in present-day Hessen, Germany) Princess Sophia Wilhelmina, the youngest daughter of Duke William of Nassau and Princess Pauline of Württemberg. They had four sons:

  1. King Gustaf V (1858–1950)
  2. Prince Oscar, Duke of Gotland, later known as Prince Oscar Bernadotte, Count of Wisborg (1859–1953)
  3. Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland (1861–1951)
  4. Prince Eugen, Duke of Närke (1865–1947)

His eldest son Gustaf was Duke of Värmland and succeeded him as King Gustaf V of Sweden from 1907 until 1950, married Princess Victoria of Baden and they had three sons. His second son, Prince Oscar, lost his rights of succession to the throne upon his unequal marriage in 1888 to a former lady-in-waiting, Ebba Munck af Fulkila, and was granted the title of Prince Bernadotte first in Sweden, and from 1892 in Luxembourg, where he also was created Count of Wisborg as an hereditary title for his marital progeny (Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, was the half-brother of his mother, Queen Sophia). The other sons of Oscar II were Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland who married Princess Ingeborg of Denmark; and Prince Eugén, Duke of Närke, who was well known as an artist and remained a bachelor all his life.

Alleged extramarital children Edit

Oscar II is also suspected to have had several extramarital children,[11] of which at least five are named:

  • Anna Hofman-Uddgren (1868–1947) by Emma Hammarström (1849–1910)[12]
  • Elin Esping Smitz (1878–1960) by Paulina Mathilda Esping (1858–1878)[13][14]
  • Knut August Ekstam (born 1878, in U.S.A. 1903, death unknown) by Marie Friberg (1852–1934)
  • Florence Stephens (1881–1979) by Elisabeth Kreüger Stephens (1858–1911)[15]
  • Nils Teodor Ekstam (1889–1954) also by Friberg above[16][17]

However, unlike his father, Oscar II never officially recognized any illegitimate children of his.

Honours Edit

 
Portrait of Oscar II wearing the Crown of Eric XIV and mantle, by Oscar Björck. King Oscar II was the last crowned Swedish king and was known to enjoy the pomp and ceremony.
National[18]
Foreign[18]

Legacy Edit

The name and portrait of Oscar II have been used as a trademark for King Oscar sardines in Norway since 1902[40] (which remains the only brand to have once obtained his "royal permission" [41]) as well as gingerbread cookies (pepparkakor) and other bakery products made by Göteborgs Kex in Sweden.[42]

Ancestry Edit

Heraldry Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ Stockholm City Archives, archive of the Court parish, birth and baptism records, volume C I:5
  2. ^ Gustaf Elgenstierna, Den introducerade svenska adelns ättartavlor. 1925–36.
  3. ^ Chisholm 1911.
  4. ^ Borgenstam, Curt (2017). (PDF). International Navy Journal. 5 (1): 65. ISSN 2411-3204. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
  5. ^ The scientific legacy of Poincaré. Charpentier, Éric., Ghys, E. (Etienne), Lesne, Annick. Providence, R.I.: American Mathematical Society. 2010. p. 165. ISBN 9780821847183. OCLC 426389803.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  6. ^ King Oscar’s Prize. 14 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine Springer.
  7. ^ "Chaos", Chaos: An Introduction to Dynamical Systems, Textbooks in Mathematical Sciences, New York, NY: Springer New York, 1996, pp. 105–147, doi:10.1007/0-387-22492-0_3, ISBN 978-0-387-94677-1, from the original on 9 July 2023, retrieved 2 February 2022
  8. ^ The solution of the n-body problem 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Florin Diacu. Mar 2016.
  9. ^ Aho, Maire (January 1999), "AE Nordenskiöld Collection included in the Unesco Memory of the World Program", , FI: Helsinki, archived from the original on 7 July 2007.
  10. ^ "Death Of Oscar King Of Sweden. His Son Ascends The Throne And Takes The Title Gustave The Fifth". The New York Times. 9 December 1907. from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2017. He Eulogizes His Father Tells Why The Country Should Cherish His Memory. In His Sentiments All Sweden Shares.
  11. ^ Gustaf von Platen in Bakom den gyllene fasaden Bonniers ISBN 91-0-058048-1 p 146
  12. ^ Anna Hofmann – varietéstjärna och filmregissör, catalogue of exhibition by that name at Stockholms Stadsmuséum 1998 with essays by Åke Abrahamsson and Marika Lagercrantz/Lotte Wellton.
  13. ^ Throne of a Thousand Years p. 277
  14. ^ "FamSAC of Stockholm & Blair – Family Tree". famsac.tribalpages.com. from the original on 26 March 2022. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
  15. ^ Norlin, Arne (2015). Familjen Bernadotte: makten, myterna, människorna (in Swedish). Stockholm: Fischer & Co. pp. 218–220. ISBN 9789186597962. SELIBR 17803399.
  16. ^ Sherlock Holmes and the King of Scandinavia 16 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine The Swedish Pathological Society
  17. ^ Sandberg, Mattias (24 May 2010). "Jakten på den försvunne sonen". Aftonbladet (in Swedish). from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
  18. ^ a b Sveriges statskalender (in Swedish), 1905, p. 438, from the original on 21 August 2017, retrieved 6 January 2018 – via runeberg.org
  19. ^ Sveriges och Norges statskalender (in Swedish), 1870, p. 568, from the original on 25 April 2018, retrieved 6 January 2018 – via runeberg.org
  20. ^ Sveriges och Norges statskalender (in Swedish), 1870, p. 690, from the original on 19 July 2019, retrieved 6 January 2018 – via runeberg.org
  21. ^ "The Order of the Norwegian Lion" 10 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine, The Royal House of Norway. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
  22. ^ . Archived from the original on 22 December 2010.
  23. ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden (1880), "Großherzogliche Orden" pp. 60 6 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine, 72 6 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine
  24. ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreichs Bayern (1906), "Königliche Orden" p. 7
  25. ^ Ferdinand Veldekens (1858). Le livre d'or de l'ordre de Léopold et de la croix de fer. lelong. p. 224. from the original on 9 July 2023. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  26. ^ Bille-Hansen, A. C.; Holck, Harald, eds. (1907) [1st pub.:1801]. Statshaandbog for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret 1907 [State Manual of the Kingdom of Denmark for the Year 1907] (PDF). Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Statskalender (in Danish). Copenhagen: J.H. Schultz A.-S. Universitetsbogtrykkeri. p. 3. (PDF) from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2020 – via da:DIS Danmark.
  27. ^ "oscar-iis-franska-raddningsmedalj" [Oscar II's Rescue Medal] (in Swedish). 28 February 2018. from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
  28. ^ Staat Hannover (1865). Hof- und Staatshandbuch für das Königreich Hannover: 1865. Berenberg. p. 81.
  29. ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Hessen (1883), "Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen", p. 14 9 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  30. ^ Cibrario, Luigi (1869). Notizia storica del nobilissimo ordine supremo della santissima Annunziata. Sunto degli statuti, catalogo dei cavalieri (in Italian). Eredi Botta. p. 118. from the original on 9 July 2023. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  31. ^ 刑部芳則 (2017). 明治時代の勲章外交儀礼 (PDF) (in Japanese). 明治聖徳記念学会紀要. p. 143. (PDF) from the original on 28 March 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  32. ^ Journal de Monaco 18 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine
  33. ^ Staats- und Adreß-Handbuch des Herzogthums Nassau (1866), "Herzogliche Orden" p. 8 7 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine
  34. ^ a b "Königlich Preussische Ordensliste", Preussische Ordens-Liste (in German), Berlin, 1: 6, 935, 1886, from the original on 18 August 2021, retrieved 22 August 2021
  35. ^ Sachsen (1876). Staatshandbuch für den Freistaat Sachsen: 1876. Heinrich. p. 3. from the original on 9 July 2023. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
  36. ^ Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach (1864), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p. 13 30 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  37. ^ "Caballeros de la insigne orden del toisón de oro", Guía Oficial de España (in Spanish), 1887, p. 146, from the original on 22 December 2019, retrieved 21 March 2019
  38. ^ Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) The Knights of England, I, London, p. 66
  39. ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg (1907), "Königliche Orden" p. 28
  40. ^ "About King Oscar". kingoscar.com. from the original on 7 July 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
  41. ^ "King of the sea". The Norwegian American. 7 September 2016. from the original on 7 July 2019. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
  42. ^ "Kung Oscar" (in Swedish). Göteborgs Kex AB. from the original on 7 July 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2019.

Further reading Edit

  • Cronholm, Neander N. (1902). A History of Sweden from the Earliest Times to the Present Day. Chicago, New York [etc.] The author. pp. 301–10.
  • "Oscar II." . The American Cyclopædia. 1879.
  • "Oscar II, Frederic" . The New Student's Reference Work . 1914.

External links Edit

  •   Media related to Oscar II of Sweden at Wikimedia Commons
Oscar II
Born: 21 January 1829 Died: 8 December 1907
Regnal titles
Preceded by King of Sweden
18 September 1872 – 8 December 1907 		Succeeded by
King of Norway
18 September 1872 – 7 June 1905 		Vacant
Title next held by
Haakon VII
Titles in pretence
Loss of title
 — TITULAR —
King of Norway
7 June 1905 – 26 October 1905 		Succeeded by
Claim ended

October 15, 2023
oscar, other, uses, disambiguation, oscar, fredrik, january, 1829, december, 1907, king, sweden, from, 1872, until, death, 1907, king, norway, from, 1872, 1905, photograph, 1900, 07king, swedenreign18, september, 1872, december, 1907coronation12, 1873predecess. For other uses see Oscar II disambiguation Oscar II Oscar Fredrik 1 21 January 1829 8 December 1907 was King of Sweden from 1872 until his death in 1907 and King of Norway from 1872 to 1905 Oscar IIPhotograph of Oscar II c 1900 07King of SwedenReign18 September 1872 8 December 1907Coronation12 May 1873PredecessorCharles XVSuccessorGustaf VKing of NorwayReign18 September 1872 7 June 1905Coronation18 July 1873PredecessorCharles IVSuccessorHaakon VIIBorn 1829 01 21 21 January 1829Stockholm Palace Stockholm SwedenDied8 December 1907 1907 12 08 aged 78 Stockholm Palace Stockholm SwedenBurial19 December 1907Riddarholm ChurchSpouseSophia of Nassau m 1857 wbr IssueGustaf V of SwedenPrince Oscar BernadottePrince Carl Duke of VastergotlandPrince Eugen Duke of NarkeNamesOscar FredrikHouseBernadotteFatherOscar I of SwedenMotherJosephine of LeuchtenbergReligionChurch of SwedenChurch of NorwaySignatureOscar was the son of King Oscar I and Queen Josephine He inherited the Swedish and Norwegian thrones when his brother died in 1872 Oscar II ruled during a time when both countries were undergoing a period of industrialization and rapid technological progress His reign also saw the gradual decline of the Union of Sweden and Norway which culminated in its dissolution in 1905 In 1905 the throne of Norway was transferred to his grandnephew Prince Carl of Denmark under the regnal name Haakon VII When Oscar died in 1907 he was succeeded in Sweden by his eldest son Gustaf V Oscar II is the paternal great great grandfather of King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden Queen Margrethe II of Denmark is his descendant through his son Gustaf V King Harald V of Norway King Philippe of the Belgians and Henri Grand Duke of Luxembourg are also descendants of Oscar II all through his third son Prince Carl Duke of Vastergotland Contents 1 Early life 2 King of Sweden and Norway 2 1 Foreign and domestic statecraft 2 2 Science and the arts 3 Death 4 Marriage and children 4 1 Alleged extramarital children 5 Honours 6 Legacy 7 Ancestry 8 Heraldry 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External linksEarly life Edit nbsp Aides Daniel Nordlander upper left and Fritz von Dardel Ordnance Officer Ferdinand Alphonse Hamelin General Henri Pierre Castelnau King Charles XV of Sweden and Prince Oscar future King Oscar II of Sweden at the 1867 International Exposition in Paris France Oscar Fredrik was born in Stockholm on 21 January 1829 the third of four sons of Crown Prince Oscar and Josephine of Leuchtenberg Upon his birth he was created Duke of Ostergotland During his childhood he was placed in the care of the royal governess Countess Christina Ulrika Taube 2 Prince Oscar entered the Royal Swedish Navy as a midshipman at the age of eleven and was appointed junior lieutenant in July 1845 Later he studied at Uppsala University where he distinguished himself in mathematics On 13 December 1848 was made an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences A distinguished writer and musical amateur himself King Oscar proved a generous friend of learning and did much to encourage the development of education throughout his dominions In 1858 a collection of his lyrical and narrative poems Memorials of the Swedish Fleet published anonymously obtained the second prize of the Swedish Academy His Contributions to the Military History of Sweden in the Years 1711 1712 1713 originally appeared in the Annals of the academy and were printed separately in 1865 His works which included his speeches translations of Herder s Cid and Goethe s Torquato Tasso and a play Castle Cronberg were collected in two volumes in 1875 76 and a larger edition in three volumes appeared in 1885 88 In 1859 Prince Oscar became heir presumptive to the thrones of Sweden and Norway as his eldest brother King Charles XV of Sweden Charles IV of Norway was without a legitimate heir having lost his only son Prince Carl Oscar Duke of Sodermanland to pneumonia in 1854 His second elder brother Prince Gustaf Duke of Uppland had before died of typhoid fever in 1852 King of Sweden and Norway Edit nbsp Photograph of Oscar II c 1870sOscar II became King on 18 September 1872 upon the death of his brother Charles XV who died without an heir At his accession he adopted as his motto Brodrafolkens val Broderfolkenes Vel The Welfare of the Brother Peoples While the King his family and the Royal Court resided mostly in Sweden Oscar II made the effort of learning to be fluent in Norwegian and from the very beginning realized the essential difficulties in the maintenance of the union between the two countries Foreign and domestic statecraft Edit nbsp Photograph of Oscar II by Gosta Florman c 1891His acute intelligence and his aloofness from the dynastic considerations affecting most European sovereigns both his paternal and maternal grandfathers were French military commanders who served under Napoleon I gave the king considerable weight as an arbitrator in international questions At the request of the United Kingdom Germany and the United States in 1889 he appointed the Chief Justice of Samoa under the Treaty of Berlin and he was again called on to arbitrate in Samoan affairs in 1899 In 1897 he was empowered to appoint a fifth arbitrator if necessary in the Venezuelan dispute and he was called on to act as umpire in the Anglo American arbitration treaty that was quashed by the United States Senate He won many friends in the United Kingdom by his outspoken and generous support of Britain at the time of the Second Boer War 1899 1902 expressed in a declaration printed in The Times of 2 May 1900 when continental opinion was almost universally hostile 3 He remained a strong supporter of the Navy throughout his life and frequently visited ships of the fleet When the coastal defence ship Oscar II was launched he even signed his name on the vessel s aft main gun tower 4 The office of Prime Minister of Sweden was instituted in 1876 Louis De Geer became the first head of government in Sweden to use this title The most known and powerful first minister of the Crown during the reign of Oscar was the conservative estate owner Erik Gustaf Bostrom Bostrom served as Prime Minister in 1891 1900 and 1902 1905 He was trusted and respected by Oscar II who had much difficulty approving someone else as prime minister Over a period of time the King gave Bostrom a free hand to select his own ministers without much royal involvement It was an arrangement unintentional by both the King and Bostrom that furthered the road to parliamentarism Science and the arts Edit nbsp Portrait of Oscar II by Anders Zorn 1898His Easter hymn and some other of his poems are familiar throughout the Scandinavian countries His work on Charles XII of Sweden were translated into English in 1879 In 1881 he founded the world s first open air museum at Bygdoy located next to his summer residence near Oslo back then known as Christiania In 1885 he published his Address to the Academy of Music and a translation of one of his essays on music appeared in Literature in May 1900 He had a valuable collection of printed and manuscript music which was readily accessible to the historical student of music Being a theater lover he commissioned a new opera house to be built by Axel Anderberg for the Royal Swedish Opera which was inaugurated on 19 September 1898 It remains as the home of that institution Oscar II once told playwright Henrik Ibsen that his Ghosts was not a good play As he was dying he requested that the theatres not be closed on account of his death His wishes were respected Oscar was also particularly interested in mathematics In 1889 he set up a contest on the occasion of his 60th birthday for an important discovery in the realm of higher mathematical analysis 5 6 The contest listed four potential areas of research one of which was the n body problem in celestial mechanics relevant to the stability of the solar system Henri Poincare a professor at the University of Paris won by submitting an entry showing that even the 3 body problem was unstable the seminal result in what is now called chaos theory 7 8 King Oscar II was an enthusiast of Arctic exploration Along with Swedish millionaire Oscar Dickson and Russian magnate Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Sibiryakov he was the patron of a number of pioneering Arctic expeditions in the 1800s Among the ventures the king sponsored the most important are Adolf Erik Nordenskiold s explorations to the Russian Arctic and Greenland and Fridtjof Nansen s Polar journey on the Fram 9 Oscar was also a generous sponsor of the sciences and personally funded the Vega Expedition which was the first Arctic expedition to navigate through the Northeast Passage the sea route between Europe and Asia through the Arctic Ocean and the first voyage to circumnavigate Eurasia Death EditThe political events which led up to the peaceful dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905 could hardly have been attained but for the tact and patience of the king himself He was dethroned on 7 June 1905 by the Storting and renounced the Norwegian throne on 26 October He declined indeed to permit any prince of his house to become king of Norway but better relations between the two countries were restored before his death Oscar II died in Stockholm on 8 December 1907 at 9 10 am 10 Marriage and children Edit nbsp Norwegian coronation medal for Oscar and Sophia nbsp Oscar II boating Engraving by Anders Zorn On 6 June 1857 he married in Wiesbaden Biebrich Duchy of Nassau located in present day Hessen Germany Princess Sophia Wilhelmina the youngest daughter of Duke William of Nassau and Princess Pauline of Wurttemberg They had four sons King Gustaf V 1858 1950 Prince Oscar Duke of Gotland later known as Prince Oscar Bernadotte Count of Wisborg 1859 1953 Prince Carl Duke of Vastergotland 1861 1951 Prince Eugen Duke of Narke 1865 1947 His eldest son Gustaf was Duke of Varmland and succeeded him as King Gustaf V of Sweden from 1907 until 1950 married Princess Victoria of Baden and they had three sons His second son Prince Oscar lost his rights of succession to the throne upon his unequal marriage in 1888 to a former lady in waiting Ebba Munck af Fulkila and was granted the title of Prince Bernadotte first in Sweden and from 1892 in Luxembourg where he also was created Count of Wisborg as an hereditary title for his marital progeny Adolphe Grand Duke of Luxembourg was the half brother of his mother Queen Sophia The other sons of Oscar II were Prince Carl Duke of Vastergotland who married Princess Ingeborg of Denmark and Prince Eugen Duke of Narke who was well known as an artist and remained a bachelor all his life Alleged extramarital children Edit Oscar II is also suspected to have had several extramarital children 11 of which at least five are named Anna Hofman Uddgren 1868 1947 by Emma Hammarstrom 1849 1910 12 Elin Esping Smitz 1878 1960 by Paulina Mathilda Esping 1858 1878 13 14 Knut August Ekstam born 1878 in U S A 1903 death unknown by Marie Friberg 1852 1934 Florence Stephens 1881 1979 by Elisabeth Kreuger Stephens 1858 1911 15 Nils Teodor Ekstam 1889 1954 also by Friberg above 16 17 However unlike his father Oscar II never officially recognized any illegitimate children of his Honours Edit nbsp Portrait of Oscar II wearing the Crown of Eric XIV and mantle by Oscar Bjorck King Oscar II was the last crowned Swedish king and was known to enjoy the pomp and ceremony National 18 Knight and Commander of the Seraphim 21 January 1829 Knight of the Order of Charles XIII 21 January 1829 Commander Grand Cross of the Sword 21 January 1829 Commander Grand Cross of the Polar Star 21 January 1829 Commander Grand Cross of the Order of Vasa 15 June 1866 19 Grand Cross of St Olav with Collar 21 August 1847 20 Founder and Master of the Order of the Norwegian Lion 21 January 1904 26 October 1905 21 Foreign 18 nbsp Anhalt Grand Cross of the Order of Albert the Bear nbsp Austria Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian Order of St Stephen 1866 22 nbsp Baden 23 Knight of the House Order of Fidelity 1877 Knight of the Order of Berthold the First 1877 nbsp Bavaria Knight of St Hubert 1862 24 nbsp Belgium Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold 17 May 1856 25 nbsp Brazil Grand Cross of the Southern Cross nbsp Denmark 26 Knight of the Elephant 3 June 1848 Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog 5 October 1863 nbsp France Honour medal for Courage and Devotion 23 March 1862 27 Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour Gold Medaille militaire nbsp Greece Grand Cross of the Redeemer nbsp Hanover Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order 1852 28 nbsp Hawaii Grand Cross of the Order of Kamehameha I nbsp Hesse Darmstadt Grand Cross of the Ludwig Order 20 September 1881 29 nbsp Italy Knight of the Annunciation 10 January 1862 30 nbsp Japan Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum 27 July 1881 31 nbsp Mecklenburg Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown with Crown in Ore nbsp Monaco Grand Cross of St Charles 16 January 1862 32 nbsp Nassau Knight of the Gold Lion of Nassau July 1858 33 nbsp Netherlands Grand Cross of the Netherlands Lion nbsp Luxembourg Grand Cross of the Oak Crown nbsp Ottoman Empire Order of Osmanieh 1st Class Order of Distinction nbsp Beylik of Tunis Husainid Family Order nbsp Portugal Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword Grand Cross of the Sash of the Three Orders nbsp Persia House Order of the Imperial Effigy 1st Class nbsp Prussia Knight of the Black Eagle 28 September 1861 34 with Collar Grand Cross of the Red Eagle Grand Commander s Cross of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern 12 June 1875 34 nbsp Romania Grand Cross of the Star of Romania Grand Cross of the Crown of Romania nbsp Russia Knight of St Andrew 9 July 1846 Knight of St Alexander Nevsky Knight of the White Eagle Knight of St Anna 1st Class Knight of St Stanislaus 1st Class nbsp Saxony Knight of the Rue Crown 1875 35 nbsp Saxe Weimar Eisenach Grand Cross of the White Falcon 26 May 1862 36 nbsp Serbia Grand Cross of the Cross of Takovo nbsp Siam Knight of the Order of the Royal House of Chakri 29 October 1888 Grand Cross of the White Elephant nbsp Spain Knight of the Golden Fleece 14 July 1872 37 nbsp United Kingdom Stranger Knight Companion of the Garter 17 May 1881 38 nbsp Venezuela Collar of the Order of the Liberator nbsp Wurttemberg Grand Cross of the Wurttemberg Crown 1879 39 Legacy EditThe name and portrait of Oscar II have been used as a trademark for King Oscar sardines in Norway since 1902 40 which remains the only brand to have once obtained his royal permission 41 as well as gingerbread cookies pepparkakor and other bakery products made by Goteborgs Kex in Sweden 42 Ancestry EditAncestors of Oscar II8 Jean Henri Bernadotte4 Charles XIV John of Sweden9 Jeanne de Saint Vincent2 Oscar I of Sweden10 Francois Clary5 Desiree Clary11 Francoise Rose Somis1 Oscar II of Sweden12 Alexandre Viscount of Beauharnais6 Eugene de Beauharnais 1st Duke of Leuchtenberg13 Josephine de Tascher de La Pagerie3 Princess Josephine of Leuchtenberg14 Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria7 Princess Augusta of Bavaria15 Princess Augusta Wilhelmine of Hesse DarmstadtHeraldry EditHeraldry of Oscar II of Sweden nbsp Prince of Sweden and Norway and Duke of Ostergotland 1829 1844 nbsp Prince of Sweden and Norway and Duke of Ostergotland 1844 1872 nbsp King of Sweden and Norway 1872 1885 nbsp King of Sweden and Norway 1885 1905 nbsp Monogram of King Oscar II of Sweden Arms of Oscar II King of Sweden and Norway as displayed on his Garter stall plate in St George s ChapelReferences Edit Stockholm City Archives archive of the Court parish birth and baptism records volume C I 5 Gustaf Elgenstierna Den introducerade svenska adelns attartavlor 1925 36 Chisholm 1911 Borgenstam Curt 2017 Swedish Coastal Defence Ship Oscar II PDF International Navy Journal 5 1 65 ISSN 2411 3204 Archived from the original PDF on 11 February 2020 Retrieved 18 September 2018 The scientific legacy of Poincare Charpentier Eric Ghys E Etienne Lesne Annick Providence R I American Mathematical Society 2010 p 165 ISBN 9780821847183 OCLC 426389803 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link King Oscar s Prize Archived 14 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine Springer Chaos Chaos An Introduction to Dynamical Systems Textbooks in Mathematical Sciences New York NY Springer New York 1996 pp 105 147 doi 10 1007 0 387 22492 0 3 ISBN 978 0 387 94677 1 archived from the original on 9 July 2023 retrieved 2 February 2022 The solution of the n body problem Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Florin Diacu Mar 2016 Aho Maire January 1999 AE Nordenskiold Collection included in the Unesco Memory of the World Program Tietolinja News FI Helsinki archived from the original on 7 July 2007 Death Of Oscar King Of Sweden His Son Ascends The Throne And Takes The Title Gustave The Fifth The New York Times 9 December 1907 Archived from the original on 20 December 2016 Retrieved 11 February 2017 He Eulogizes His Father Tells Why The Country Should Cherish His Memory In His Sentiments All Sweden Shares Gustaf von Platen in Bakom den gyllene fasaden Bonniers ISBN 91 0 058048 1 p 146 Anna Hofmann varietestjarna och filmregissor catalogue of exhibition by that name at Stockholms Stadsmuseum 1998 with essays by Ake Abrahamsson and Marika Lagercrantz Lotte Wellton Throne of a Thousand Years p 277 FamSAC of Stockholm amp Blair Family Tree famsac tribalpages com Archived from the original on 26 March 2022 Retrieved 8 July 2022 Norlin Arne 2015 Familjen Bernadotte makten myterna manniskorna in Swedish Stockholm Fischer amp Co pp 218 220 ISBN 9789186597962 SELIBR 17803399 Sherlock Holmes and the King of Scandinavia Archived 16 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine The Swedish Pathological Society Sandberg Mattias 24 May 2010 Jakten pa den forsvunne sonen Aftonbladet in Swedish Archived from the original on 31 October 2013 Retrieved 4 May 2016 a b Sveriges statskalender in Swedish 1905 p 438 archived from the original on 21 August 2017 retrieved 6 January 2018 via runeberg org Sveriges och Norges statskalender in Swedish 1870 p 568 archived from the original on 25 April 2018 retrieved 6 January 2018 via runeberg org Sveriges och Norges statskalender in Swedish 1870 p 690 archived from the original on 19 July 2019 retrieved 6 January 2018 via runeberg org The Order of the Norwegian Lion Archived 10 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine The Royal House of Norway Retrieved 10 August 2018 A Szent Istvan Rend tagjai Archived from the original on 22 December 2010 Hof und Staats Handbuch des Grossherzogtum Baden 1880 Grossherzogliche Orden pp 60 Archived 6 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine 72 Archived 6 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine Hof und Staats Handbuch des Konigreichs Bayern 1906 Konigliche Orden p 7 Ferdinand Veldekens 1858 Le livre d or de l ordre de Leopold et de la croix de fer lelong p 224 Archived from the original on 9 July 2023 Retrieved 17 December 2020 Bille Hansen A C Holck Harald eds 1907 1st pub 1801 Statshaandbog for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret 1907 State Manual of the Kingdom of Denmark for the Year 1907 PDF Kongelig Dansk Hof og Statskalender in Danish Copenhagen J H Schultz A S Universitetsbogtrykkeri p 3 Archived PDF from the original on 21 October 2020 Retrieved 7 September 2020 via da DIS Danmark oscar iis franska raddningsmedalj Oscar II s Rescue Medal in Swedish 28 February 2018 Archived from the original on 6 August 2020 Retrieved 3 May 2020 Staat Hannover 1865 Hof und Staatshandbuch fur das Konigreich Hannover 1865 Berenberg p 81 Hof und Staats Handbuch des Grossherzogtum Hessen 1883 Grossherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen p 14 Archived 9 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine Cibrario Luigi 1869 Notizia storica del nobilissimo ordine supremo della santissima Annunziata Sunto degli statuti catalogo dei cavalieri in Italian Eredi Botta p 118 Archived from the original on 9 July 2023 Retrieved 9 May 2020 刑部芳則 2017 明治時代の勲章外交儀礼 PDF in Japanese 明治聖徳記念学会紀要 p 143 Archived PDF from the original on 28 March 2021 Retrieved 17 August 2020 Journal de Monaco Archived 18 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine Staats und Adress Handbuch des Herzogthums Nassau 1866 Herzogliche Orden p 8 Archived 7 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine a b Koniglich Preussische Ordensliste Preussische Ordens Liste in German Berlin 1 6 935 1886 archived from the original on 18 August 2021 retrieved 22 August 2021 Sachsen 1876 Staatshandbuch fur den Freistaat Sachsen 1876 Heinrich p 3 Archived from the original on 9 July 2023 Retrieved 24 June 2020 Staatshandbuch fur das Grossherzogtum Sachsen Sachsen Weimar Eisenach 1864 Grossherzogliche Hausorden p 13 Archived 30 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine Caballeros de la insigne orden del toison de oro Guia Oficial de Espana in Spanish 1887 p 146 archived from the original on 22 December 2019 retrieved 21 March 2019 Shaw Wm A 1906 The Knights of England I London p 66 Hof und Staats Handbuch des Konigreich Wurttemberg 1907 Konigliche Orden p 28 About King Oscar kingoscar com Archived from the original on 7 July 2019 Retrieved 7 July 2019 King of the sea The Norwegian American 7 September 2016 Archived from the original on 7 July 2019 Retrieved 6 July 2019 Kung Oscar in Swedish Goteborgs Kex AB Archived from the original on 7 July 2019 Retrieved 7 July 2019 nbsp This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Oscar II Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 20 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 346 Further reading EditCronholm Neander N 1902 A History of Sweden from the Earliest Times to the Present Day Chicago New York etc The author pp 301 10 Oscar II The American Cyclopaedia 1879 Oscar II Frederic The New Student s Reference Work 1914 External links Edit nbsp Media related to Oscar II of Sweden at Wikimedia Commons The Royal Norwegian Order of St Olav H M King Oscar II the former Grand Master of the OrderOscar IIHouse of BernadotteBorn 21 January 1829 Died 8 December 1907Regnal titlesPreceded byCharles XV IV King of Sweden18 September 1872 8 December 1907 Succeeded byGustav VKing of Norway18 September 1872 7 June 1905 VacantTitle next held byHaakon VIITitles in pretenceLoss of titleDissolution of the union TITULAR King of Norway7 June 1905 26 October 1905 Succeeded byClaim ended Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Oscar II amp oldid 1178635860, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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