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Wikipedia

British intelligence agencies

April 07, 2023

The Government of the United Kingdom maintains several intelligence agencies that deal with secret intelligence. These agencies are responsible for collecting, analysing and exploiting foreign and domestic intelligence, providing military intelligence, and performing espionage and counter-espionage. Their intelligence assessments contribute to the conduct of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom, maintaining the national security of the United Kingdom, military planning, public safety, and law enforcement in the United Kingdom. The four main agencies are the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS or MI6), the Security Service (MI5), the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) and Defence Intelligence (DI). The agencies are organised under three government departments, the Foreign Office, the Home Office and the Ministry of Defence.

The history of the organisations dates back to the 19th century. The decryption of the Zimmermann Telegram in 1917 was described as the most significant intelligence triumph for Britain during World War I,[1] and one of the earliest occasions on which a piece of signals intelligence influenced world events.[2] During the Second World War and afterwards, many observers regarded Ultra signals intelligence as immensely valuable to the Allies of World War II. In 1962, during the Cuban Missile Crisis, GCHQ interceptions of Soviet ship positions were sent directly to the White House.[3] Intelligence cooperation in the post-war period between the United Kingdom and the United States became the cornerstone of Western intelligence gathering and the "Special Relationship" between the United Kingdom and the United States.[4]

National security community

Leadership

Coordination, analysis, and advice

The National Security Adviser (NSA) is a senior official in the Cabinet Office, based in Whitehall, who serves as the principal adviser to the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Cabinet of the United Kingdom on all national security issues.[5] The National Security Secretariat and the Joint Intelligence Organisation are part of Cabinet Office. They support the National Security Council and the Joint Intelligence Committee by providing coordination on strategic issues, all-source intelligence analysis, and policy advice to the Prime Minister and other senior ministers.[6][7]

Oversight

Agencies

Parent department Agency Description Personnel
Intelligence and
security agencies 		Foreign Office Secret Intelligence Service (SIS/MI6)[8] Covert overseas collection and analysis of human intelligence 3,644[9]
Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ)[10] Providing signals intelligence and information assurance 7,181[9]
Home Office Security Service (MI5)[11] Counter terrorism and counter espionage intelligence gathering and analysis 5,259[9]
Military intelligence Ministry of Defence Defence Intelligence (DI)[12] Military intelligence gathering and analysis 4,115[9]
Domestic intelligence and security Home Office National Crime Agency (NCA)[13] Organised crime intelligence gathering and analysis 5,663[14]
Office for Security and Counter-Terrorism (OSCT) Counter terrorism and protecting critical national infrastructure 1,061[9]
Gangmasters and Labour Abuse Authority (GLAA) Modern Slavery, trafficking, and organised crime 120[15]
National Fraud Intelligence Bureau (NFIB)[16] Joint police unit addressing economic crime intelligence gathering and analysis 90[17]
National Ballistics Intelligence Service (NABIS)[18] Joint police unit providing illegal firearms intelligence analysis 40[19]
National Domestic Extremism and Disorder Intelligence Unit (NDEDIU)[20] Joint police unit covering counter extremism and public disorder intelligence gathering and analysis

National centres of excellence

History

Origins

Organised intelligence collection and planning for the Government of the United Kingdom and the British Empire was established during the 19th century. The War Office, responsible for administration of the British Army, formed the Intelligence Branch in 1873, which became the Directorate of Military Intelligence. The Admiralty, responsible for command of the Royal Navy, formed the Foreign Intelligence Committee in 1882,[21] which evolved into the Naval Intelligence Department (NID) in 1887.[22]

The Committee of Imperial Defence, established in 1902, was responsible for research, and some co-ordination, on issues of military strategy.

First World War

 
The Zimmermann Telegram as it was sent from Washington, DC, to Ambassador Heinrich von Eckardt, the German ambassador to Mexico.

The Secret Service Bureau was founded in 1909 as a joint initiative of the Admiralty and the War Office to control secret intelligence operations in the UK and overseas, particularly concentrating on the activities of the Imperial German government. The Bureau was split into naval and army sections which, over time, specialised in foreign espionage and internal counter-espionage activities respectively. This specialisation, formalised prior to 1914, was a result of the Admiralty intelligence requirements related to the maritime strength of the Imperial German Navy. In 1916, during the First World War, the two sections underwent administrative changes so that the internal counter-espionage section became the Directorate of Military Intelligence Section 5 (MI5) and the foreign section became the Directorate of Military Intelligence Section 6 (MI6), names by which the Security Service and Secret Intelligence Service are commonly known today.

The Naval Intelligence Division led the Royal Navy's highly successful cryptographic efforts, Room 40 (later known as NID25). The decryption of the Zimmermann Telegram was described as the most significant intelligence triumph for Britain during World War I,[1] and one of the earliest occasions on which a piece of signals intelligence influenced world events.[2]

The Imperial War Cabinet was the British Empire's wartime coordinating body.

Interwar

In 1919, the Cabinet's Secret Service Committee, recommended that a peacetime codebreaking agency should be created.[23] Staff were merged from NID25 and MI1b into the new organisation,[24] which was given the cover-name the "Government Code and Cypher School" (GC&CS).[25]

The Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) was founded in 1936 as a sub-committee of the Committee of Imperial Defence.[26]

Second World War

Following the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, the JIC became the senior intelligence assessment body for the United Kingdom government.

During the War, the RAF Intelligence Branch was established, although personnel had been employed in intelligence duties in the RAF since its formation in 1918.

The Special Operations Executive (SOE) was operational from 1940 until early 1946. SOE conducted espionage, sabotage and reconnaissance in occupied Europe and later in occupied Southeast Asia against the Axis powers and aided local resistance movements.

 
A typical Bletchley Park intercept sheet of an Enigma machine message, after decryption.

The 1943 British–US Communication Intelligence Agreement, BRUSA, connected the signal intercept networks of the GC&CS and the US National Security Agency (NSA).[27] The GC&CS was based largely at Bletchley Park. Its staff, including Alan Turing, worked on cryptanalysis of the Enigma (codenamed Ultra) and Lorenz cipher,[28] and also a large number of other enemy systems. Winston Churchill was reported to have told King George VI, when presenting to him Stewart Menzies (head of the Secret Intelligence Service and the person who controlled distribution of Ultra decrypts to the government): "It is thanks to the secret weapon of General Menzies, put into use on all the fronts, that we won the war!"[29] F. W. Winterbotham quoted the western Supreme Allied Commander, Dwight D. Eisenhower, at war's end describing Ultra as having been "decisive" to Allied victory.[30] Sir Harry Hinsley, Bletchley Park veteran and official historian of British Intelligence in World War II, made a similar assessment about Ultra, saying that it shortened the war "by not less than two years and probably by four years"; and that, in the absence of Ultra, it is uncertain how the war would have ended.[31]

Cold War

 
Declassified GCHQ report of Soviet ship positions, which played a key role in resolving the Cuban Missile Crisis.

The Government Code and Cypher School was renamed the "Government Communications Headquarters" (GCHQ) in 1946.[32] The Joint Intelligence Bureau (JIB) was established the same year.[33] It was structured into a series of divisions: procurement (JIB 1), geographic (JIB 2 and JIB 3), defences, ports and beaches (JIB 4), airfields (JIB 5), key points (JIB 6), oil (JIB 7) and telecommunications (JIB 8).[34]

Wartime signals intelligence cooperation between the United Kingdom and the United States continued in the post-war period.[35] The two countries signed the bilateral UKUSA Agreement in 1948.[36] Later broadened to include Canada, Australia and New Zealand, known as the Five Eyes, as well as cooperation with several "third-party" nations, this became the cornerstone of Western intelligence gathering and the "Special Relationship" between the UK and the USA.[4] Since World War II, the chief of the London station of the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency has attended the Joint Intelligence Committee's weekly meetings. One former US intelligence officer has described this as the "highlight of the job" for the London CIA chief.[37] Resident intelligence chiefs from Australia, Canada, and New Zealand may attend when certain issues are discussed.[citation needed]

The Joint Intelligence Committee moved to the Cabinet Office in 1957 with its assessments staff who prepared intelligence assessments for the committee to consider.

During the Cuban Missile Crisis, GCHQ Scarborough intercepted radio communications from Soviet ships reporting their positions and used that to establish where they were heading. A copy of the report was sent directly to the White House Situation Room, providing initial indications of Soviet intentions with regards the US naval blockade of Cuba.[3]

When the Ministry of Defence was formed in 1964, the Joint Intelligence Bureau, Naval Intelligence, Military Intelligence and Air Intelligence were combined to form the Defence Intelligence Staff (DIS).[38] The DIS focussed initially on Cold War issues.[39]

As well as a mission to gather intelligence, GCHQ has for a long time had a corresponding mission to assist in the protection of the British government's own communications. Building on the work of James H. Ellis in the late 1960s, Clifford Cocks invented a public-key cryptography algorithm in 1973 (equivalent to what would become, in 1978, the RSA algorithm), which was shared with the NSA in the United States.[40]

The Security Service Act 1989 established the legal basis of the Security Service (MI5) for the first time under the government led by Margaret Thatcher. GCHQ and the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) were placed on a statutory footing by the Intelligence Services Act 1994 under the government led by John Major.

The National Infrastructure Security Co-ordination Centre (NISCC) and the National Security Advice Centre (NSAC) were formed in 1999. NISCC existed to provide advice to companies operating critical national infrastructure,[41] and NSAC was a unit within MI5 that provided security advice to other parts of the UK government.

21st century

The Defence Intelligence Staff changed its name to Defence Intelligence (DI) in 2009.[39] The National Security Council (NSC) was established in 2010, reestablishing the central coordination of national security issues seen in the Committee of Imperial Defence.[42] The Joint Intelligence Organisation was formalised to provide intelligence assessment and advice on development of the UK intelligence community's analytical capability for the Joint Intelligence Committee and NSC.[43]

The National Crime Agency, established in 2013, gathers and analyses intelligence on serious and organised crime.[13] It was preceded by the National Drugs Intelligence Unit (1970s–1992), National Criminal Intelligence Service (1992–2006), and the Serious Organised Crime Agency (2006–2013).

Five other organisations which collect and analyse domestic intelligence within specific fields were formed under the authority of the Home Office: the National Domestic Extremism and Disorder Intelligence Unit, which dates back to 2004 and has been hosted by the Metropolitan Police Service since 2011; the Gangmasters and Labour Abuse Authority which was formed in 2005; the Office for Security and Counter-Terrorism, created in 2007, which is responsible for leading work on counter-terrorism working closely with the police and security services; the National Ballistics Intelligence Service, which was created in 2008; and the National Fraud Intelligence Bureau, which was established in 2010 by the City of London Police.[16]

The Centre for the Protection of National Infrastructure (CPNI) was formed as a child agency of MI5 in 2007, merging the NISCC and NSAC.[44] CPNI provided integrated (combining information, personnel, and physical) security advice to the businesses and organisations which made up the critical national infrastructure.[45] In 2016, the cybersecurity-related aspects of the CPNI's role were taken over by the newly-formed National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC), itself a child agency of GCHQ.[46] The CPNI evolved into the National Protective Security Authority (NPSA) in 2023, taking on a remit beyond critical national infrastructure.[47]

Budget

Single Intelligence Account

The Single Intelligence Account (SIA) is the funding vehicle for the three main security and intelligence agencies: the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS/MI6),[48] Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ)[49] and the Security Service (MI5).[50] Spending on the SIA was £3.2 billion in financial year 2017/18.[51]

Defence Intelligence

Defence Intelligence has a unique position within the UK intelligence community as an 'all-source' intelligence function. It is integral part of the Ministry of Defence (MoD) and is funded within the UK's defence budget.

Other agencies

The domestic intelligence and security organisations, including joint police units, described in the sections above are funded by the Home Office.

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b "Why was the Zimmerman Telegram so important?". BBC. 17 January 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
  2. ^ a b "The telegram that brought America into the First World War". BBC History Magazine. 17 January 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
  3. ^ a b Corera, Gordon (2019-10-21). "Scarborough's Cuban missile crisis role revealed". Retrieved 2019-10-21.
  4. ^ a b Adam White (29 June 2010). "How a Secret Spy Pact Helped Win the Cold War". Time.
  5. ^ "Sir Tim Barrow appointed as National Security Adviser". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2023-04-02.
  6. ^ "National security and intelligence: About us". GOV.UK. from the original on 2014-07-04. Retrieved 2021-12-24.
  7. ^ "National security and intelligence". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2021-12-24.
  8. ^ "SIS (MI6)". SIS. Retrieved 2014-03-07.
  9. ^ a b c d e Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament "Annual Report 2021–2022"
  10. ^ "GCHQ Home page". GCHQ.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 2014-08-01. Retrieved 2014-03-07.
  11. ^ "The Security Service". MI5. Retrieved 2014-03-07.
  12. ^ "Defence Intelligence - Detailed guidance - GOV.UK". gov.uk. Retrieved 2014-03-07.
  13. ^ a b . National Crime Agency. Archived from the original on 2017-01-22. Retrieved 2017-01-21.
  14. ^ National Crime Agency "Annual Report and Accounts 2021-22"
  15. ^ "| GANGMASTERS LABOUR ABUSE AUTHORITY – MEMBERS". Retrieved 2021-12-23.
  16. ^ a b "General guide to the NFIB" (PDF). City of London Police. July 2010. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
  17. ^ Meadows, Sam (2018-07-13). "What really happens when you report a scam? We go behind closed doors at Action Fraud". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2018-10-08.
  18. ^ "NABIS - National Ballistics Intelligence Service". nabis.police.uk. Retrieved 2014-03-07.
  19. ^ "Tracking firearms". The Economist. 3 October 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  20. ^ . National Police Chief's Council. Archived from the original on 2 February 2018. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
  21. ^ Allen. The Foreign Intelligence Committee. p. 68.
  22. ^ "Obituary". Obituaries. The Times. No. 34523. London. 13 March 1895. col F, p. 10.
  23. ^ Johnson, 1997, p. 44
  24. ^ Johnson, 1997, p. 45 and Kahn, 1991, p. 82
  25. ^ Macksey, Kenneth (2003). The Searchers: How Radio Interception Changed the Course of Both World Wars. Cassell Military. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-304-36545-6.
  26. ^ Aldrich, Richard James; Cormac, Rory; Goodman, Michael S. (2014). Spying on the World. p. 10. ISBN 9780748678570.
  27. ^ "How the British and Americans started listening in". BBC News. 2016-02-08. Retrieved 2023-04-02.
  28. ^ Gannon, Paul (2006). Colossus: Bletchley Park's Greatest Secret. Atlantic Books. ISBN 978-1-84354-331-2.
  29. ^ The original source for this quote is Gustave Bertrand, Enigma, p. 256, at the end of a short passage asserting the importance of Enigma-derived intelligence for Allied victory.
  30. ^ Winterbotham 1974, pp. 154, 191.
  31. ^ Hinsley 1996.
  32. ^ Smith, Michael (1998). Station X. Channel 4 books. p. 176. ISBN 978-0-330-41929-1.
  33. ^ Dylan, p. xiii
  34. ^ Dylan, p. 31
  35. ^ "How the British and Americans started listening in". BBC. 8 February 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
  36. ^ "Diary reveals birth of secret UK-US spy pact that grew into Five Eyes". BBC News. 2021-03-05. Retrieved 2023-04-02.
  37. ^ "Why no questions about the CIA?". New Statesman. September 2003. Archived from the original on 2013-07-06.
  38. ^ Dylan, p. 184
  39. ^ a b "Defence Intelligence: Roles". Ministry of Defence. 12 December 2012. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  40. ^ "British Document Outlines Early Encryption Discovery". archive.nytimes.com. Retrieved 2021-05-12. The set of algorithms, equations and arcane mathematics that make up public key cryptography are a crucial technology for preserving computer privacy in and making commerce possible on the Internet. Some hail its discovery as one of the most important accomplishments of 20th-century mathematics because it allows two people to set up a secure phone call without meeting beforehand. Without it, there would be no privacy in cyberspace.
  41. ^ . British Computer Society. 9 June 2005. Archived from the original on 21 May 2011. Retrieved 25 May 2012.
  42. ^ "The National Security Council". Institute for Government. Retrieved 2023-04-02.
  43. ^ "Joint Intelligence Organisation - GOV.UK". gov.uk. Retrieved 2014-03-07.
  44. ^ . Security Service. 1 February 2007. Archived from the original on 7 May 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2012.
  45. ^ Margaret Rouse (February 2008). "Centre for the Protection of National Infrastructure (CPNI)". SearchSecurity.co.uk. Retrieved 25 May 2012.
  46. ^ HM Government (1 November 2016). "National Cyber Security Strategy 2016-2021" (PDF). gov.uk. p. 29. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
  47. ^ "About NPSA". www.npsa.gov.uk. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
  48. ^ SIS: Funding and financial controls 2014-11-10 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2 March 2014.
  49. ^ GCHQ funding & financial controls Retrieved on 2 March 2014.
  50. ^ . Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
  51. ^ "Financial Statement 2017-18" (PDF). Security and Intelligence Agencies. p. 13. Retrieved 2 April 2020.

Bibliography

  • Dylan, Huw (2014). Defence Intelligence and the Cold War: Britain's Joint Intelligence Bureau 1945-1964. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199657025.
  • Hinsley, Sir Harry (1996) [1993], The Influence of ULTRA in the Second World War (PDF), retrieved 23 July 2012 Transcript of a lecture given on Tuesday 19 October 1993 at Cambridge University
  • Johnson, John (1997). The Evolution of British Sigint: 1653–1939. HMSO. ASIN B002ALSXTC.
  • Winterbotham, F. W. (1974), The Ultra Secret, New York: Harper & Row, ISBN 978-0-06-014678-8 The first published account of the previously secret wartime operation, concentrating mainly on distribution of intelligence. It was written from memory and has been shown by subsequent authors, who had access to official records, to contain some inaccuracies.

External links

  • The Secret History of GCHQ BBC documentary

April 07, 2023
british, intelligence, agencies, government, united, kingdom, maintains, several, intelligence, agencies, that, deal, with, secret, intelligence, these, agencies, responsible, collecting, analysing, exploiting, foreign, domestic, intelligence, providing, milit. The Government of the United Kingdom maintains several intelligence agencies that deal with secret intelligence These agencies are responsible for collecting analysing and exploiting foreign and domestic intelligence providing military intelligence and performing espionage and counter espionage Their intelligence assessments contribute to the conduct of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom maintaining the national security of the United Kingdom military planning public safety and law enforcement in the United Kingdom The four main agencies are the Secret Intelligence Service SIS or MI6 the Security Service MI5 the Government Communications Headquarters GCHQ and Defence Intelligence DI The agencies are organised under three government departments the Foreign Office the Home Office and the Ministry of Defence The history of the organisations dates back to the 19th century The decryption of the Zimmermann Telegram in 1917 was described as the most significant intelligence triumph for Britain during World War I 1 and one of the earliest occasions on which a piece of signals intelligence influenced world events 2 During the Second World War and afterwards many observers regarded Ultra signals intelligence as immensely valuable to the Allies of World War II In 1962 during the Cuban Missile Crisis GCHQ interceptions of Soviet ship positions were sent directly to the White House 3 Intelligence cooperation in the post war period between the United Kingdom and the United States became the cornerstone of Western intelligence gathering and the Special Relationship between the United Kingdom and the United States 4 Contents 1 National security community 1 1 Leadership 1 1 1 Coordination analysis and advice 1 2 Oversight 1 3 Agencies 1 4 National centres of excellence 2 History 2 1 Origins 2 2 First World War 2 3 Interwar 2 4 Second World War 2 5 Cold War 2 6 21st century 3 Budget 3 1 Single Intelligence Account 3 2 Defence Intelligence 3 3 Other agencies 4 See also 5 References 5 1 Citations 5 2 Bibliography 6 External linksNational security community EditLeadership Edit National Security Council Joint Intelligence CommitteeCoordination analysis and advice Edit The National Security Adviser NSA is a senior official in the Cabinet Office based in Whitehall who serves as the principal adviser to the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Cabinet of the United Kingdom on all national security issues 5 The National Security Secretariat and the Joint Intelligence Organisation are part of Cabinet Office They support the National Security Council and the Joint Intelligence Committee by providing coordination on strategic issues all source intelligence analysis and policy advice to the Prime Minister and other senior ministers 6 7 Oversight Edit Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament Investigatory Powers Tribunal Investigatory Powers Commissioner Independent Reviewer of Terrorism LegislationAgencies Edit Parent department Agency Description PersonnelIntelligence and security agencies Foreign Office Secret Intelligence Service SIS MI6 8 Covert overseas collection and analysis of human intelligence 3 644 9 Government Communications Headquarters GCHQ 10 Providing signals intelligence and information assurance 7 181 9 Home Office Security Service MI5 11 Counter terrorism and counter espionage intelligence gathering and analysis 5 259 9 Military intelligence Ministry of Defence Defence Intelligence DI 12 Military intelligence gathering and analysis 4 115 9 Domestic intelligence and security Home Office National Crime Agency NCA 13 Organised crime intelligence gathering and analysis 5 663 14 Office for Security and Counter Terrorism OSCT Counter terrorism and protecting critical national infrastructure 1 061 9 Gangmasters and Labour Abuse Authority GLAA Modern Slavery trafficking and organised crime 120 15 National Fraud Intelligence Bureau NFIB 16 Joint police unit addressing economic crime intelligence gathering and analysis 90 17 National Ballistics Intelligence Service NABIS 18 Joint police unit providing illegal firearms intelligence analysis 40 19 National Domestic Extremism and Disorder Intelligence Unit NDEDIU 20 Joint police unit covering counter extremism and public disorder intelligence gathering and analysisNational centres of excellence Edit National Cyber Security Centre NCSC a child agency of GCHQ National Protective Security Authority NPSA a child agency of MI5History EditOrigins Edit Organised intelligence collection and planning for the Government of the United Kingdom and the British Empire was established during the 19th century The War Office responsible for administration of the British Army formed the Intelligence Branch in 1873 which became the Directorate of Military Intelligence The Admiralty responsible for command of the Royal Navy formed the Foreign Intelligence Committee in 1882 21 which evolved into the Naval Intelligence Department NID in 1887 22 The Committee of Imperial Defence established in 1902 was responsible for research and some co ordination on issues of military strategy First World War Edit The Zimmermann Telegram as it was sent from Washington DC to Ambassador Heinrich von Eckardt the German ambassador to Mexico The Secret Service Bureau was founded in 1909 as a joint initiative of the Admiralty and the War Office to control secret intelligence operations in the UK and overseas particularly concentrating on the activities of the Imperial German government The Bureau was split into naval and army sections which over time specialised in foreign espionage and internal counter espionage activities respectively This specialisation formalised prior to 1914 was a result of the Admiralty intelligence requirements related to the maritime strength of the Imperial German Navy In 1916 during the First World War the two sections underwent administrative changes so that the internal counter espionage section became the Directorate of Military Intelligence Section 5 MI5 and the foreign section became the Directorate of Military Intelligence Section 6 MI6 names by which the Security Service and Secret Intelligence Service are commonly known today The Naval Intelligence Division led the Royal Navy s highly successful cryptographic efforts Room 40 later known as NID25 The decryption of the Zimmermann Telegram was described as the most significant intelligence triumph for Britain during World War I 1 and one of the earliest occasions on which a piece of signals intelligence influenced world events 2 The Imperial War Cabinet was the British Empire s wartime coordinating body Interwar Edit In 1919 the Cabinet s Secret Service Committee recommended that a peacetime codebreaking agency should be created 23 Staff were merged from NID25 and MI1b into the new organisation 24 which was given the cover name the Government Code and Cypher School GC amp CS 25 The Joint Intelligence Committee JIC was founded in 1936 as a sub committee of the Committee of Imperial Defence 26 Second World War Edit Following the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939 the JIC became the senior intelligence assessment body for the United Kingdom government During the War the RAF Intelligence Branch was established although personnel had been employed in intelligence duties in the RAF since its formation in 1918 The Special Operations Executive SOE was operational from 1940 until early 1946 SOE conducted espionage sabotage and reconnaissance in occupied Europe and later in occupied Southeast Asia against the Axis powers and aided local resistance movements A typical Bletchley Park intercept sheet of an Enigma machine message after decryption The 1943 British US Communication Intelligence Agreement BRUSA connected the signal intercept networks of the GC amp CS and the US National Security Agency NSA 27 The GC amp CS was based largely at Bletchley Park Its staff including Alan Turing worked on cryptanalysis of the Enigma codenamed Ultra and Lorenz cipher 28 and also a large number of other enemy systems Winston Churchill was reported to have told King George VI when presenting to him Stewart Menzies head of the Secret Intelligence Service and the person who controlled distribution of Ultra decrypts to the government It is thanks to the secret weapon of General Menzies put into use on all the fronts that we won the war 29 F W Winterbotham quoted the western Supreme Allied Commander Dwight D Eisenhower at war s end describing Ultra as having been decisive to Allied victory 30 Sir Harry Hinsley Bletchley Park veteran and official historian of British Intelligence in World War II made a similar assessment about Ultra saying that it shortened the war by not less than two years and probably by four years and that in the absence of Ultra it is uncertain how the war would have ended 31 Cold War Edit Declassified GCHQ report of Soviet ship positions which played a key role in resolving the Cuban Missile Crisis The Government Code and Cypher School was renamed the Government Communications Headquarters GCHQ in 1946 32 The Joint Intelligence Bureau JIB was established the same year 33 It was structured into a series of divisions procurement JIB 1 geographic JIB 2 and JIB 3 defences ports and beaches JIB 4 airfields JIB 5 key points JIB 6 oil JIB 7 and telecommunications JIB 8 34 Wartime signals intelligence cooperation between the United Kingdom and the United States continued in the post war period 35 The two countries signed the bilateral UKUSA Agreement in 1948 36 Later broadened to include Canada Australia and New Zealand known as the Five Eyes as well as cooperation with several third party nations this became the cornerstone of Western intelligence gathering and the Special Relationship between the UK and the USA 4 Since World War II the chief of the London station of the U S Central Intelligence Agency has attended the Joint Intelligence Committee s weekly meetings One former US intelligence officer has described this as the highlight of the job for the London CIA chief 37 Resident intelligence chiefs from Australia Canada and New Zealand may attend when certain issues are discussed citation needed The Joint Intelligence Committee moved to the Cabinet Office in 1957 with its assessments staff who prepared intelligence assessments for the committee to consider During the Cuban Missile Crisis GCHQ Scarborough intercepted radio communications from Soviet ships reporting their positions and used that to establish where they were heading A copy of the report was sent directly to the White House Situation Room providing initial indications of Soviet intentions with regards the US naval blockade of Cuba 3 When the Ministry of Defence was formed in 1964 the Joint Intelligence Bureau Naval Intelligence Military Intelligence and Air Intelligence were combined to form the Defence Intelligence Staff DIS 38 The DIS focussed initially on Cold War issues 39 As well as a mission to gather intelligence GCHQ has for a long time had a corresponding mission to assist in the protection of the British government s own communications Building on the work of James H Ellis in the late 1960s Clifford Cocks invented a public key cryptography algorithm in 1973 equivalent to what would become in 1978 the RSA algorithm which was shared with the NSA in the United States 40 The Security Service Act 1989 established the legal basis of the Security Service MI5 for the first time under the government led by Margaret Thatcher GCHQ and the Secret Intelligence Service MI6 were placed on a statutory footing by the Intelligence Services Act 1994 under the government led by John Major The National Infrastructure Security Co ordination Centre NISCC and the National Security Advice Centre NSAC were formed in 1999 NISCC existed to provide advice to companies operating critical national infrastructure 41 and NSAC was a unit within MI5 that provided security advice to other parts of the UK government 21st century Edit The Defence Intelligence Staff changed its name to Defence Intelligence DI in 2009 39 The National Security Council NSC was established in 2010 reestablishing the central coordination of national security issues seen in the Committee of Imperial Defence 42 The Joint Intelligence Organisation was formalised to provide intelligence assessment and advice on development of the UK intelligence community s analytical capability for the Joint Intelligence Committee and NSC 43 The National Crime Agency established in 2013 gathers and analyses intelligence on serious and organised crime 13 It was preceded by the National Drugs Intelligence Unit 1970s 1992 National Criminal Intelligence Service 1992 2006 and the Serious Organised Crime Agency 2006 2013 Five other organisations which collect and analyse domestic intelligence within specific fields were formed under the authority of the Home Office the National Domestic Extremism and Disorder Intelligence Unit which dates back to 2004 and has been hosted by the Metropolitan Police Service since 2011 the Gangmasters and Labour Abuse Authority which was formed in 2005 the Office for Security and Counter Terrorism created in 2007 which is responsible for leading work on counter terrorism working closely with the police and security services the National Ballistics Intelligence Service which was created in 2008 and the National Fraud Intelligence Bureau which was established in 2010 by the City of London Police 16 The Centre for the Protection of National Infrastructure CPNI was formed as a child agency of MI5 in 2007 merging the NISCC and NSAC 44 CPNI provided integrated combining information personnel and physical security advice to the businesses and organisations which made up the critical national infrastructure 45 In 2016 the cybersecurity related aspects of the CPNI s role were taken over by the newly formed National Cyber Security Centre NCSC itself a child agency of GCHQ 46 The CPNI evolved into the National Protective Security Authority NPSA in 2023 taking on a remit beyond critical national infrastructure 47 Budget EditSingle Intelligence Account Edit The Single Intelligence Account SIA is the funding vehicle for the three main security and intelligence agencies the Secret Intelligence Service SIS MI6 48 Government Communications Headquarters GCHQ 49 and the Security Service MI5 50 Spending on the SIA was 3 2 billion in financial year 2017 18 51 Defence Intelligence Edit Defence Intelligence has a unique position within the UK intelligence community as an all source intelligence function It is integral part of the Ministry of Defence MoD and is funded within the UK s defence budget Other agencies Edit The domestic intelligence and security organisations including joint police units described in the sections above are funded by the Home Office See also EditClub de Berne Information Research Department Intelligence Corps United Kingdom List of intelligence agencies global list sorted by country Mass surveillance in the United Kingdom UK cyber security communityReferences EditCitations Edit a b Why was the Zimmerman Telegram so important BBC 17 January 2017 Retrieved 17 January 2017 a b The telegram that brought America into the First World War BBC History Magazine 17 January 2017 Retrieved 17 January 2017 a b Corera Gordon 2019 10 21 Scarborough s Cuban missile crisis role revealed Retrieved 2019 10 21 a b Adam White 29 June 2010 How a Secret Spy Pact Helped Win the Cold War Time Sir Tim Barrow appointed as National Security Adviser GOV UK Retrieved 2023 04 02 National security and intelligence About us GOV UK Archived from the original on 2014 07 04 Retrieved 2021 12 24 National security and intelligence GOV UK Retrieved 2021 12 24 SIS MI6 SIS Retrieved 2014 03 07 a b c d e Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament Annual Report 2021 2022 GCHQ Home page GCHQ gov uk Archived from the original on 2014 08 01 Retrieved 2014 03 07 The Security Service MI5 Retrieved 2014 03 07 Defence Intelligence Detailed guidance GOV UK gov uk Retrieved 2014 03 07 a b Intelligence National Crime Agency Archived from the original on 2017 01 22 Retrieved 2017 01 21 National Crime Agency Annual Report and Accounts 2021 22 GANGMASTERS LABOUR ABUSE AUTHORITY MEMBERS Retrieved 2021 12 23 a b General guide to the NFIB PDF City of London Police July 2010 Retrieved 21 January 2017 Meadows Sam 2018 07 13 What really happens when you report a scam We go behind closed doors at Action Fraud The Telegraph ISSN 0307 1235 Retrieved 2018 10 08 NABIS National Ballistics Intelligence Service nabis police uk Retrieved 2014 03 07 Tracking firearms The Economist 3 October 2013 Retrieved 22 June 2018 National Domestic Extremism and Disorder Intelligence Unit National Police Chief s Council Archived from the original on 2 February 2018 Retrieved 21 January 2017 Allen The Foreign Intelligence Committee p 68 Obituary Obituaries The Times No 34523 London 13 March 1895 col F p 10 Johnson 1997 p 44 Johnson 1997 p 45 and Kahn 1991 p 82 Macksey Kenneth 2003 The Searchers How Radio Interception Changed the Course of Both World Wars Cassell Military p 58 ISBN 978 0 304 36545 6 Aldrich Richard James Cormac Rory Goodman Michael S 2014 Spying on the World p 10 ISBN 9780748678570 How the British and Americans started listening in BBC News 2016 02 08 Retrieved 2023 04 02 Gannon Paul 2006 Colossus Bletchley Park s Greatest Secret Atlantic Books ISBN 978 1 84354 331 2 The original source for this quote is Gustave Bertrand Enigma p 256 at the end of a short passage asserting the importance of Enigma derived intelligence for Allied victory Winterbotham 1974 pp 154 191 Hinsley 1996 Smith Michael 1998 Station X Channel 4 books p 176 ISBN 978 0 330 41929 1 Dylan p xiii Dylan p 31 How the British and Americans started listening in BBC 8 February 2016 Retrieved 24 February 2016 Diary reveals birth of secret UK US spy pact that grew into Five Eyes BBC News 2021 03 05 Retrieved 2023 04 02 Why no questions about the CIA New Statesman September 2003 Archived from the original on 2013 07 06 Dylan p 184 a b Defence Intelligence Roles Ministry of Defence 12 December 2012 Retrieved 4 November 2014 British Document Outlines Early Encryption Discovery archive nytimes com Retrieved 2021 05 12 The set of algorithms equations and arcane mathematics that make up public key cryptography are a crucial technology for preserving computer privacy in and making commerce possible on the Internet Some hail its discovery as one of the most important accomplishments of 20th century mathematics because it allows two people to set up a secure phone call without meeting beforehand Without it there would be no privacy in cyberspace Past Events Aligning and Sustaining IT Infrastructure for Business Benefit British Computer Society 9 June 2005 Archived from the original on 21 May 2011 Retrieved 25 May 2012 The National Security Council Institute for Government Retrieved 2023 04 02 Joint Intelligence Organisation GOV UK gov uk Retrieved 2014 03 07 Launch of The Centre for the Protection of National Infrastructure CPNI Security Service 1 February 2007 Archived from the original on 7 May 2012 Retrieved 25 May 2012 Margaret Rouse February 2008 Centre for the Protection of National Infrastructure CPNI SearchSecurity co uk Retrieved 25 May 2012 HM Government 1 November 2016 National Cyber Security Strategy 2016 2021 PDF gov uk p 29 Retrieved 2 November 2016 About NPSA www npsa gov uk Retrieved 2023 03 28 SIS Funding and financial controls Archived 2014 11 10 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2 March 2014 GCHQ funding amp financial controls Retrieved on 2 March 2014 Funding MI5 The Security Service 2014 Archived from the original on 8 April 2014 Retrieved 2 March 2014 Financial Statement 2017 18 PDF Security and Intelligence Agencies p 13 Retrieved 2 April 2020 Bibliography Edit Dylan Huw 2014 Defence Intelligence and the Cold War Britain s Joint Intelligence Bureau 1945 1964 Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0199657025 Hinsley Sir Harry 1996 1993 The Influence of ULTRA in the Second World War PDF retrieved 23 July 2012 Transcript of a lecture given on Tuesday 19 October 1993 at Cambridge University Johnson John 1997 The Evolution of British Sigint 1653 1939 HMSO ASIN B002ALSXTC Winterbotham F W 1974 The Ultra Secret New York Harper amp Row ISBN 978 0 06 014678 8 The first published account of the previously secret wartime operation concentrating mainly on distribution of intelligence It was written from memory and has been shown by subsequent authors who had access to official records to contain some inaccuracies External links EditThe Secret History of GCHQ BBC documentary Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title British intelligence agencies amp oldid 1148016604, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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