Ailanthus triphysa
Ailanthus triphysa (also Ailanthus malabarica) is a medium to tall evergreen rainforest tree in Asia and Australia. The wood may be used for matchwood and plywood. The tree is known as halmaddi in India, where its resin, also called halmaddi, may be used in incense. Inappropriate extraction methods were resulting in trees dying, so by the 1990s the Indian forestry department had banned extraction.
| Ailanthus triphysa | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Sapindales |
| Family: | Simaroubaceae |
| Genus: | Ailanthus |
| Species: | A. triphysa |
| Binomial name | |
| Ailanthus triphysa | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
| |
Distribution edit
It occurs in India, including the Andaman Islands; Sri Lanka; Myanmar; South-Central and Southeast China; Thailand; Laos; Malaysia, including Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak and Sabah; Cambodia; Vietnam; Philippines; Jawa, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Maluku in Indonesia; and Australia.[1] In Australia, Ailanthus triphysa occurs as two isolated populations in Western Australia (at Prince Regent River and on the offshore Coronation Island, in the Kimberley), and from Cape York in Queensland and as far south as the Susan Island Nature Reserve at Clarence River (New South Wales).[2][3]
Description edit
A medium to tall evergreen tree to 30 m and diameter of 1.2 m.[4] The trunk is not buttressed, but rather straight and cylindrical. The bark is grey, somewhat rough and resembling sandpaper to the touch. Leaves are pinnate, curved and sickle shaped drawn out to a point. Particularly oblique at the base. Venation is prominent, the net veins more obvious under the leaf. Flowers are creamy green, flowering in November to January in Australia. The fruit is a samara, often forming in threes.
Stem: Bark greyish, lenticellate; blaze yellow with red speckles.
Leaves: Leaf bearing twigs 1 cm or more in diameter. Stipules very small. Leaflet blades falcate, about 5-12 x 0.9–2 cm, very unequal-sided particularly at the base. Lateral veins forming loops well inside the blade margin. Midrib raised in a depression on the upper surface of the leaflet blade. Numerous, closely spaced oil dots visible with a lens.
Flowers: These are polygamous; greenish yellow in color. Inflorescence axillary, branched panicle, about 10–20 cm long. Sepals are about 0.5-0.8 mm long. Petals are about 3.5-4.5 x 2 mm in dimensions, stamens are about 3–4 mm long in male flowers, and carpels are 2-4 mm usually 3mm long. Ovules 1 per carpel Flowering season in India are from the month of December to May. Fruit: Fruits green to greenish brown, papery in texture. Samaras about 5-6 x 1–2 cm. Main vascular bundle to the seed connected to an intramarginal vein on the samara.
Habitat edit
On the island of Yamdena, eastern Indonesia, the tree occurs in dense dry deciduous forest, growing in the understorey, taller than 4m with a dbh less than 30cm. The canopy of these forests is dominated by Ebenaceae (particularly Diospyros) and Fabaceae.[6] On Coronation Island, off the coast of the Kimberley, Western Australia, the tree grows in vine thickets (monsoon rainforest pockets). Because of the limited and isolated nature of the Western Australian populations, they have conservation significance.[2]
Uses edit
The wood is yellowish and brittle; as well as making excellent charcoal,[7] the timber may be used for matchwood and plywood.[8] When the bark is cut, a sticky resin is exuded, which becomes brittle on drying; this resin may be used for medicinal purposes, and particularly, because of its aromatic nature, it may be burned as incense, either directly, or as an ingredient in incense sticks.[9] In India. the incense resin is named halmaddi, after the local name for the tree itself.[8] Due to crude extraction methods which resulted in trees dying, by the 1990s the Forest Department in India had banned resin extraction; this forced up the price of halmaddi, and its use in incense-making declined.[10][11] In Cambodia, the resin is also used as incense, whereas the bark is used in local folk medicine against dysentery and intestinal œdema.[7]
The wood contains various alkaloids and quassinoids, including beta-carboline,[12] and has been used for the treatment of dyspepsia, bronchitis, ophthalmia and snake bite.[13]
Names edit
As well as its botanical names, this tree has common, or vernacular, names. These include: halmaddi, but,[14] in India; hoëm thôm (Khmer, ="severe œdema");[7] thanh thât (Vietnam);[14] white bean, ferntop ash (Australia).
References edit
- ^ a b "Ailanthus triphysa (Dennst.) Alston". Plants of the World Online (POWO). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew/Science. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
- ^ a b Lyons, M.N.; Keighery, G.J.; Gibson, L.A.; Handasyde, T. (2014). "Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia" (PDF). Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement. 81: 205–44. doi:10.18195/issn.0313-122x.81.2014.205-244. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
- ^ "Ailanthus triphysa (Dennst.) Alston". FloraBase. Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions. P1 conservation status
- ^ . Archived from the original on 2012-03-09.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 2012-04-26. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
- ^ Laumonier, Yves; Nasi, Robert (2018). "The last natural seasonal forests of Indonesia: Implications for forest management and conservation" (PDF). Applied Vegetation Science. 21 (3): 461–76. doi:10.1111/avsc.12377. S2CID 89973097. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
- ^ a b c Pauline Dy Phon (2000). Plants Utilised In Cambodia/Plantes utilisées au Cambodge. Phnom Penh: Imprimerie Olympic. p. 17.
- ^ a b International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (1969). Proceedings and Papers of the Technical Meeting. Natural monuments. p. 120. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
- ^ F.A. Zich; B.P.M Hyland; T. Whiffen; R.A. Kerrigan (2020). "Ailanthus triphysa". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants, Edition 8. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). Retrieved 2 March 2021.
- ^ Devaki Jain (1991). Women's role in dynamic forest-based small scale enterprises. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. p. 27. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
- ^ Myforest. Forest Department, Karnataka. 1992. p. 144. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
- ^ Aono Hiroyuki; Kazuo Koike; Jun Kaneko; Taichi Ohmoto (1994). "Alkaloids and quassinoids from Ailanthus malabarica". Phytochemistry. 37 (2): 579–584. Bibcode:1994PChem..37..579A. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(94)85104-2.
- ^ M. F. Roberts (1991). "Ailanthus altissima (The Tree of Heaven): In Vitro Culture and the Formation of Alkaloids and Quassinoids". Medicinal and Aromatic Plants III. Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry. Vol. 15. pp. 39–57. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-84071-5_3. ISBN 978-3-642-84073-9.
- ^ a b Usher, George (1974). A Dictionary Of Plants Used By Man. London: Constable. p. 29.
Further reading edit
- Floyd, A. G. (1989). Rainforest Trees of Mainland South-eastern Australia (1st ed.). Port Melbourne: Elsevier Australia - Inkata Imprint, copyright Forestry Commission of New South Wales (published 1989-12-01). pp. 148, 381–383. ISBN 0-909605-57-2. Retrieved 2009-05-14. (other publication details, included in citation)