Mature kauri trees have characteristically large trunks, with little or no branching below the crown. In contrast, young trees are normally conical in shape, forming a more rounded or irregularly shaped crown as they achieve maturity.[3]
The bark is smooth and light grey to grey-brown, usually peeling into irregular flakes that become thicker on more mature trees. The branch structure is often horizontal or, when larger, ascending. The lowest branches often leave annular branch scars when they detach from the lower trunk.
The juvenile leaves in all species are larger than the adult, more or less acute, varying among the species from ovate to lanceolate. Adult leaves are opposite, elliptical to linear, very leathery and quite thick. Young leaves are often a coppery-red, contrasting markedly with the usually green or glaucous-green foliage of the previous season.
The malepollencones appear usually only on larger trees after seed cones have appeared. The female seed cones usually develop on short lateral branchlets, maturing after two years. They are normally oval or globe shaped.
Seeds of some species are attacked by the caterpillars of Agathiphaga, some of the most primitive of all living moths.
Various species of kauri give diverse resins such as kauri gum. The timber is generally straight-grained and of fine quality with an exceptional strength-to-weight ratio and rot resistance, making it ideal for yacht hull construction. The wood is commonly used in the manufacture of guitars and ukuleles due to its low density and relatively low price of production. It is also used for some Go boards (goban). The uses of the New Zealand species (A. australis) included shipbuilding, house construction, wood panelling, furniture making, mine braces, and railway sleepers. Due to the hard resin of the wood, it was the traditionally preferred material used by Māori for wooden weapons, patu aruhe (fernroot beaters) and barkcloth beaters.[4]
Evolutionary historyedit
Within Araucariaceae, Agathis is more closely related to Wollemia than to Araucaria. The oldest fossils currently confidently assignable to Agathis are those of Agathis immortalis from the Salamanca Formation of Patagonia, which dates to the Paleocene, approximately 64.67–63.49 million years ago. Agathis-like leaves are also known from the slightly older Lefipán Formation of the same region, which date to the very end of the Cretaceous.[5] Other fossils of the genus are known from the Eocene of Patagonia, the Late Paleocene-Miocene of southern Australia, and the Oligocene-Miocene of New Zealand.[6] Agathis-like remains are also found in the older Bahariya Formation of Egypt.
^Escapa, Ignacio H.; Iglesias, Ari; Wilf, Peter; Catalano, Santiago A.; Caraballo-Ortiz, Marcos A.; Rubén Cúneo, N. (August 2018). "Agathis trees of Patagonia's Cretaceous-Paleogene death landscapes and their evolutionary significance". American Journal of Botany. 105 (8): 1345–1368. doi:10.1002/ajb2.1127. hdl:11336/87592. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 30074620. S2CID 51908977.
^Wilf, Peter; Escapa, Ignacio H.; Cúneo, N. Rubén; Kooyman, Robert M.; Johnson, Kirk R.; Iglesias, Ari (January 2014). "First South American Agathis (Araucariaceae), Eocene of Patagonia". American Journal of Botany. 101 (1): 156–179. doi:10.3732/ajb.1300327. hdl:11336/27660. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 24418576.
^Stull, Gregory W.; Qu, Xiao-Jian; Parins-Fukuchi, Caroline; Yang, Ying-Ying; Yang, Jun-Bo; Yang, Zhi-Yun; Hu, Yi; Ma, Hong; Soltis, Pamela S.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Li, De-Zhu; Smith, Stephen A.; Yi, Ting-Shuang; et al. (2021). "Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms". Nature Plants. 7 (8): 1015–1025. bioRxiv10.1101/2021.03.13.435279. doi:10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4. PMID 34282286. S2CID 232282918.
^Hill, Robert S. & Brodribb, Tim J. (1999). "Southern Conifers in Time and Space". Australian Journal of Botany. 47 (5): 639–696. doi:10.1071/BT98093. Cited in Dettmann, Mary E. & Clifford, H. Trevor (2005). (PDF). In Dargavel, John (ed.). Araucarian Forests. Kingston, Australia: Australian Forest History Society. pp. 1–9. ISBN978-0-9757906-1-8. Archived from the original on 2018-12-03. Retrieved 2021-05-17.{{citation}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
agathis, genus, wasps, wasp, kauri, redirects, here, other, uses, kauri, disambiguation, confused, with, eucalyptus, species, karri, commonly, known, kauri, dammara, genus, evergreen, coniferous, trees, native, australasia, southeast, asia, three, extant, gene. For the genus of wasps see Agathis wasp Kauri redirects here For other uses see Kauri disambiguation Not to be confused with the eucalyptus species karri Agathis commonly known as kauri or dammara is a genus of evergreen coniferous trees native to Australasia and Southeast Asia It is one of three extant genera in the family Araucariaceae alongside Wollemia and Araucaria being more closely related to the former 1 2 Its leaves are much broader than most conifers Kauri gum is commercially harvested from New Zealand kauri AgathisTemporal range Paleocene to recent 64 67 0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Agathis australis New Zealand Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Gymnospermae Division Pinophyta Class Pinopsida Order Araucariales Family Araucariaceae Genus AgathisSalisb 1807 Type species Agathis loranthifoliaSalisb 1807 Distribution of Agathis species Synonyms 1 Dammara Rumph 1741 Lam 1786 ex Link 1822 Salisburyodendron A V Bobrov amp Melikyan Contents 1 Description 2 Uses 3 Evolutionary history 4 Species list 5 Gallery 6 References 7 External linksDescription editThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed June 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message nbsp Bark of Agathis robusta at Melbourne Royal Botanic Gardens leaves belong to another plant Mature kauri trees have characteristically large trunks with little or no branching below the crown In contrast young trees are normally conical in shape forming a more rounded or irregularly shaped crown as they achieve maturity 3 The bark is smooth and light grey to grey brown usually peeling into irregular flakes that become thicker on more mature trees The branch structure is often horizontal or when larger ascending The lowest branches often leave annular branch scars when they detach from the lower trunk The juvenile leaves in all species are larger than the adult more or less acute varying among the species from ovate to lanceolate Adult leaves are opposite elliptical to linear very leathery and quite thick Young leaves are often a coppery red contrasting markedly with the usually green or glaucous green foliage of the previous season The male pollen cones appear usually only on larger trees after seed cones have appeared The female seed cones usually develop on short lateral branchlets maturing after two years They are normally oval or globe shaped Seeds of some species are attacked by the caterpillars of Agathiphaga some of the most primitive of all living moths Uses edit nbsp Kauri logs and loggers near Piha Various species of kauri give diverse resins such as kauri gum The timber is generally straight grained and of fine quality with an exceptional strength to weight ratio and rot resistance making it ideal for yacht hull construction The wood is commonly used in the manufacture of guitars and ukuleles due to its low density and relatively low price of production It is also used for some Go boards goban The uses of the New Zealand species A australis included shipbuilding house construction wood panelling furniture making mine braces and railway sleepers Due to the hard resin of the wood it was the traditionally preferred material used by Maori for wooden weapons patu aruhe fernroot beaters and barkcloth beaters 4 Evolutionary history editWithin Araucariaceae Agathis is more closely related to Wollemia than to Araucaria The oldest fossils currently confidently assignable to Agathis are those of Agathis immortalis from the Salamanca Formation of Patagonia which dates to the Paleocene approximately 64 67 63 49 million years ago Agathis like leaves are also known from the slightly older Lefipan Formation of the same region which date to the very end of the Cretaceous 5 Other fossils of the genus are known from the Eocene of Patagonia the Late Paleocene Miocene of southern Australia and the Oligocene Miocene of New Zealand 6 Agathis like remains are also found in the older Bahariya Formation of Egypt Species list editPhylogeny of Agathis 7 8 section A australis Don Lindley Rostrata section A atropurpurea Hyland A microstachya Bailey amp White A dammara Lamb Richard amp Richard A robusta Moore ex von Mueller Bailey A labillardieri Warburg A borneensis Warburg A philippinensis Warburg A vitiensis Seemann Bentham amp Hooker ex Drake A macrophylla Lindley 1851 Masters A silbae de Laubenfels A corbassonii de Laubenfels A lanceolata Lindl ex Warburg A ovata Moore ex Vieillard Warburg A moorei Lindley Masters A montana de Laubenfels Agathis Accepted species 1 Image Scientific name Common Name Distribution nbsp Agathis atropurpurea black kauri blue kauri Queensland Australia nbsp Agathis australis New Zealand kauri North Island New Zealand nbsp Agathis borneensis Borneo kauri western Malesia Borneo nbsp Agathis dammara Sulawesi kauri Philippines Sulawesi Maluku Islands Agathis flavescens Tahan Agathis Peninsular Malaysia nbsp Agathis kinabaluensis Kinabalu kauri Borneo Agathis labillardieri New Guinea kauri New Guinea nbsp Agathis lanceolata Koghi kauri New Caledonia Agathis lenticula Sabah kauri Borneo nbsp Agathis macrophylla syn A vitiensis Pacific kauri dakua Fiji Vanuatu Solomon Islands nbsp Agathis microstachya bull kauri Queensland Australia Agathis montana New Caledonia nbsp Agathis moorei white kauri New Caledonia Agathis orbicula Sarawak kauri Borneo nbsp Agathis ovata Scrub kauri New Caledonia nbsp Agathis robusta Queensland kauri Queensland Australia Papua New Guinea Agathis robusta subsp robusta Queensland and Papua New Guinea Agathis robusta subsp nesophila New Guinea kauri Papua New Guinea Agathis silbae Vanuatu Agathis zamunerae Patagonia South America Argentina Formerly included 1 Moved to Nageia Agathis motleyi Nageia motleyi Agathis veitchii Nageia nagi The placement of the fossil species Agathis jurassica from the Late Jurassic of Australia in this genus is doubtful 9 Gallery edit nbsp Tane Mahuta an Agathis australis in Waipoua Forest the largest tree in New Zealand by volume nbsp Te Matua Ngahere an A australis in Waipoua Forest the oldest and 2nd largest tree in New Zealand nbsp Trunk of the Yakas kauri 7th largest nbsp Agathis lanceolata nbsp Agathis ovata nbsp Agathis macrophylla nbsp Agathis robusta nbsp Agathis borneensis nbsp Agathis australis male pollen cone nbsp Scale from Agathis australis female cone nbsp Agathis australis cone nbsp Agathis australis leaves and conesReferences edit a b c d Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families de Laubenfels David J 1988 Coniferales P 337 453 in Flora Malesiana Series I Vol 10 Dordrecht Kluwer Academic Whitmore T C 1977 A first look at Agathis Tropical Forestry Papers No 11 University of Oxford Commonwealth Forestry Institute Neich Roger 1996 New Zealand Maori Barkcloth and Barkcloth Beaters Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum 33 111 158 ISSN 0067 0464 JSTOR 42906461 Wikidata Q58677501 Escapa Ignacio H Iglesias Ari Wilf Peter Catalano Santiago A Caraballo Ortiz Marcos A Ruben Cuneo N August 2018 Agathis trees of Patagonia s Cretaceous Paleogene death landscapes and their evolutionary significance American Journal of Botany 105 8 1345 1368 doi 10 1002 ajb2 1127 hdl 11336 87592 ISSN 0002 9122 PMID 30074620 S2CID 51908977 Wilf Peter Escapa Ignacio H Cuneo N Ruben Kooyman Robert M Johnson Kirk R Iglesias Ari January 2014 First South American Agathis Araucariaceae Eocene of Patagonia American Journal of Botany 101 1 156 179 doi 10 3732 ajb 1300327 hdl 11336 27660 ISSN 0002 9122 PMID 24418576 Stull Gregory W Qu Xiao Jian Parins Fukuchi Caroline Yang Ying Ying Yang Jun Bo Yang Zhi Yun Hu Yi Ma Hong Soltis Pamela S Soltis Douglas E Li De Zhu Smith Stephen A Yi Ting Shuang et al 2021 Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms Nature Plants 7 8 1015 1025 bioRxiv 10 1101 2021 03 13 435279 doi 10 1038 s41477 021 00964 4 PMID 34282286 S2CID 232282918 Stull Gregory W et al 2021 main dated supermatrix tree T9 tre Figshare doi 10 6084 m9 figshare 14547354 v1 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Hill Robert S amp Brodribb Tim J 1999 Southern Conifers in Time and Space Australian Journal of Botany 47 5 639 696 doi 10 1071 BT98093 Cited in Dettmann Mary E amp Clifford H Trevor 2005 Biogeography of Araucariaceae PDF In Dargavel John ed Araucarian Forests Kingston Australia Australian Forest History Society pp 1 9 ISBN 978 0 9757906 1 8 Archived from the original on 2018 12 03 Retrieved 2021 05 17 a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Agathis nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Agathis Systematics of Agathis archived copy Gymnosperm Database Agathis Kauri forest in Te Ara The Encyclopedia of New Zealand Threatened Conifers of the World https www researchgate net publication 309508851 A reconstruction of the palaeoecology and environmental dynamics of the Bahariya Formation of Egypt Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Agathis amp oldid 1219795444, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
