The 400 metres hurdles is a track and field hurdling event. The event has been on the Olympic athletics programme since 1900 for men and since 1984 for women.
On a standard outdoor track, 400 metres is the length of the inside lane, once around the stadium. Runners stay in their lanes the entire way after starting out of the blocks and must clear ten hurdles that are evenly spaced around the track. The hurdles are positioned and weighted so that they fall forward if bumped into with sufficient force, to prevent injury to the runners. Although there is no longer any penalty for knocking hurdles over, runners prefer to clear them cleanly, as touching them during the race slows runners down.
The current men's and women's world record holders are Karsten Warholm with 45.94 seconds and Sydney McLaughlin with 50.68 seconds. Compared to the 400 metres run, the hurdles race takes the men about three seconds longer and the women four seconds longer. Men clear hurdles that are 36 inches (91.4 cm) high, while women negotiate 30 inches (76.2 cm) barriers.
The 400 m hurdles was held for both sexes at the inaugural IAAF World Championships in Athletics . The first championship for women came at the 1980 World Championships in Athletics – being held as a one-off due to the lack of a race at the 1980 Summer Olympics .
History edit The first awards in a 400 m hurdles race were given in 1860 when a race was held in Oxford , England, over a course of 440 yards (402.336 m). While running the course, participants had to clear twelve wooden hurdles, over 100 centimetres tall, that had been spaced in even intervals.
To reduce the risk of injury, somewhat more lightweight constructions were introduced in 1895 that runners could push over. However, until 1935 runners were disqualified if they pushed over more than three hurdles in a race and records were only officially accepted if the runner in question had cleared all hurdles clean and left them all standing.
The 400 m hurdles became an Olympic event at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris , France. At the same time, the race was standardized; thus, virtually identical races could be held and the finish times compared to one other. As a result, the official distance was fixed to 400 metres, or one lap of the stadium, and the number of hurdles was reduced to ten. The official height of the hurdles was set to 36 inches (91.4 cm). The hurdles are now placed on the course with a run-up to the first hurdle of 45 metres, distance between the hurdles of 35 metres each, and home stretch from the last hurdle to finish line of 40 metres.
The first documented 400 m hurdles race for women took place in 1971. In 1974, the International Amateur Athletics Federation (IAAF), now known as World Athletics , introduced the event officially as a discipline, with hurdles at the lower height of 30 inches (76.2 cm). The women's race was not run at the Olympics until the 1984 Summer Games in Los Angeles where it was first staged with the first Men's World Champion having been crowned the year before at the inaugural World Athletics Championships . A special edition of the Women's 400m Hurdles took place in the 1980 IAAF World Championships in Athletics in response to the Women's 400m Hurdles not being included at the boycotted 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow , and Liberty Bell Classic .
Many athletic commentators and officials have often brought up the idea of lifting the height of the women's 400 m hurdles to incorporate a greater requirement of hurdling skill. This is a view held by German athletic coach Norbert Stein, "All this means that the women's hurdles for specialists, who are the target group to be dealt with in this discussion, is considerably depreciated in skill demands when compared to the men's hurdles. It should not be possible in the women's hurdles that the winner is an athlete whose performance in the flat sprint is demonstrably excellent but whose technique of hurdling is only moderate and whose anthropometric characteristics are not optimal. This was the case at the World Championships in Seville and the same problem can often be seen at international and national meetings."[citation needed ]
Hurdling technique edit In terms of technique and endurance, the 400-metre hurdles is arguably the most demanding event in the sprints and hurdles group.[1] : 4169 [2] : 9 Athletes must be able to run a fast 400-metre flat time, maintain a good hurdling technique, and have a unique awareness of stride pattern between hurdles.[2] : 9 Furthermore, athletes must possess anaerobic endurance over the final 150 to 100 metres of the race as, at this point, lactate (the conjugate base of lactic acid) will accumulate in the body from anaerobic glycolysis .[3] : 43
Block start edit When preparing to hurdle, the blocks should be set so that the athlete arrives at the first hurdle leading on the desired leg without inserting a stutter step. A stutter step is when the runner has to chop his or her stride down to arrive on the "correct" leg for take off. Throughout the race, any adjustments to stride length stride speed should be made several strides out from the hurdle because a stutter or being too far from the hurdle at takeoff will result in loss of momentum and speed.
Hurdling edit Géo André jumps over a barrier during the 400 metres hurdles in 1922 At the beginning of the take-off, the knee must be driven toward the hurdle and the foot then extended. The leg position when extended must be stretched out, in a position of a split. The knee should be slightly bent when crossing the hurdle. Unless an athlete's body has great flexibility, the knee must be slightly bent to allow a forward body lean. Unlike the 110m hurdles , a significant forward body lean is not that necessary due to the hurdles being lower. However, the trail leg must be kept bent and short to provide a quick lever action allowing a fast hurdle clearance. The knee should pull through under the armpit and should not be flat across the top of the hurdle.
It is also important that the hurdler does not reach out on the last stride before the hurdle as this will result in a longer bound being made to clear the hurdle. This will also result in a loss of momentum if the foot lands well in front of the center of gravity.
Stride length edit Using a left lead leg on the bends allows the hurdler to run closer to the inside of the lane and cover a shorter distance. Additionally, if the left leg is used for the lead, then the athlete's upper body can be leaned to the left, making it easier to bring the trail leg through. Additionally, an athlete hurdling with a right leg lead around the bends must take care that they do not inadvertently trail their foot or toe around the hurdle rather than passing over the top, which would lead to a disqualification from the race. Depending on the height and strength of the athlete, men work toward a stride pattern of 13 to 15 steps between each hurdle, and women work toward a stride pattern of 15 to 17. This does not include the landing step from the previous hurdle. Edwin Moses was the first man to keep 13 strides throughout an entire race. Weaker athletes will typically hold a longer step pattern throughout the race so that they do not bound or reach with each step, which also results in a loss of speed. These patterns are ideal because it allows the hurdler to take off from their predominant leg throughout the race without switching legs. However, fatigue from the race will knock athletes off their stride pattern and force runners to switch legs. At an early age, many coaches train their athletes to hurdle with both legs. This is a useful skill to learn since as a runner tires, their stride length may decrease, resulting in the need either to add a stutter stride, or to take a hurdle on the other leg.
Continental Records edit All-time top 25 edit Men edit Women edit Correct as of September 2023.[24] Annulled marks edit The following athletes have had their personal best annulled due to doping offences:
Milestones edit Men First official IAAF world record: 55.0 seconds, Charles Bacon (USA), 1908 First under 54 seconds: 53.8 seconds, Sten Pettersson (SWE), 1925 First under 53 seconds: 52.6 seconds, John Gibson (USA), 1927 First under 52 seconds: 51.7 seconds, Bob Tisdall (IRL), 1932 First under 51 seconds: 50.6 seconds, Glenn Hardin (USA), 1934 First under 50 seconds: 49.5 seconds, Glenn Davis (USA), 1956 First under 49 seconds: 48.8 seconds, Geoff Vanderstock (USA), 1968 First under 48 seconds: 47.82 seconds, John Akii-Bua (UGA), 1972 First under 47 seconds: 46.78 seconds, Kevin Young (USA), 1992 First under 46 seconds: 45.94 seconds, Karsten Warholm (NOR), 2021[44] Women First official world record: 56.51 seconds, Krystyna Kacperczyk (POL), 1974 First under 56 seconds: 55.74 seconds, Tatyana Storozheva (URS), 1977 First under 55 seconds: 54.89 seconds, Tatyana Zelentsova (URS), 1978 First under 54 seconds: 53.58 seconds, Margarita Ponomaryova (URS), 1984 First under 53 seconds: 52.94 seconds, Marina Stepanova (URS), 1986 First under 52 seconds: 51.90 seconds, Sydney McLaughlin (USA), 2021 First under 51 seconds: 50.68 seconds, Sydney McLaughlin (USA), 2022 Most successful athletes edit American athlete Glenn Davis had a prodigious start to his hurdling career, running his first race in April 1956 in 54.4 s. Two months later, he ran a new world record with 49.5 s and later that year he won the 400 m hurdles at the Olympics, and was also the first to repeat that feat in 1960.
In terms of success and longevity in competition, Edwin Moses ' record is significant: he won 122 races in a row between 1977 and 1987 plus two gold medals, at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montréal and the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. He was undefeated for exactly nine years nine months and nine days, from 26 August 1977 until 4 June 1987. He finished third in the 1988 Olympic final, the last race of his career. He also held the world record for sixteen years from when he first broke it at the Olympics on 25 July 1976 until it was finally broken by Kevin Young at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona.
Edwin Moses Olympic Games & World Championships victories Edwin Moses (USA), Olympic 1976, 1984, World 1983, 1987 Felix Sanchez (DOM), Olympic 2004, 2012, World 2001, 2003 Karsten Warholm (NOR), Olympic 2020, World 2017, 2019, 2023 Kerron Clement (USA), Olympic 2016, World 2007, 2009 Sally Gunnell (GBR), Olympic 1992, World 1993 Kevin Young (USA), Olympic 1992, World 1993 Derrick Adkins (USA), Olympic 1996, World 1995 Melaine Walker (JAM), Olympic 2008, World 2009 Lashinda Demus (USA), Olympic 2012, World 2011 Dalilah Muhammad (USA), Olympic 2016, World 2019 Sydney McLaughlin (USA) Olympic 2020, World 2022 Two Olympic victories : Three World Championships : Two World Championships : * Note: Edwin Moses , Kevin Young and Karsten Warholm are the only male 400 m hurdlers to have been Olympic Champion, World Champion, and broken the World Record . * Note: Sally Gunnell , Dalilah Muhammad and Sydney McLaughlin are the only female 400 m hurdlers to have been Olympic Champion, World Champion, and broken the World Record .
Olympic medalists edit World Championships medalists edit Men edit
Medal table edit
Women edit The official World Athletics Championships began in 1983 as the IAAF World Championships in Athletics, but in 1980, the women's 3000 metres and 400 metres hurdles events had a World Championship competition in Sittard , Netherlands. This was due to these events not yet being on the Olympic program (the same had happened in 1976 for the men's 50 km walk).[45]
Medals by country edit Season's bests edit Women's Year Time Athlete Place 1971 1972 1973 56.7h Danuta Piecyk (POL ) Warsaw 1974 56.51 Krystyna Kacperczyk (POL ) Augsburg 1975 1976 1977 55.63 Karin Roßley (GDR ) Helsinki 1978 54.89 Tatyana Zelentsova (URS ) Prague 1979 54.78 Marina Stepanova (URS ) Moscow 1980 54.28 Karin Roßley (GDR ) Jena 1981 54.79 Ellen Fiedler (GDR ) Jena 1982 54.57 Ann-Louise Skoglund (SWE ) Athens 1983 54.02 Anna Ambrazienė (URS ) Moscow 1984 53.58 Margarita Ponomaryova (URS ) Kyiv 1985 53.55 Sabine Busch (GDR ) Berlin 1986 52.94 Marina Stepanova (URS ) Tashkent 1987 53.24 Sabine Busch (GDR ) Potsdam 1988 53.17 Debbie Flintoff-King (AUS ) Seoul 1989 53.37 Sandra Farmer-Patrick (USA ) New York City 1990 53.62 Tatyana Ledovskaya (URS ) Split 1991 53.11 Tatyana Ledovskaya (URS ) Tokyo 1992 53.23 Sally Gunnell (GBR ) Barcelona 1993 52.74 Sally Gunnell (GBR ) Stuttgart 1994 53.33 Sally Gunnell (GBR ) Helsinki 1995 52.61 Kim Batten (USA ) Gothenburg 1996 52.82 Deon Hemmings (JAM ) Atlanta 1997 52.97 Kim Batten (USA ) Indianapolis Nezha Bidouane (MAR ) Athens 1998 52.74 Kim Batten (USA ) Monaco 1999 52.89 Daimí Pernía (CUB ) Seville 2000 53.02 Irina Privalova (RUS ) Sydney 2001 53.34 Nezha Bidouane (MAR ) Edmonton 2002 53.10 Yuliya Pechonkina (RUS ) Tula 2003 52.34
metres, hurdles, track, field, hurdling, event, event, been, olympic, athletics, programme, since, 1900, since, 1984, women, athleticswomen, 400m, hurdlesworld, recordsmenkarsten, warholm, 2021, womensydney, mclaughlin, 2022, olympic, recordsmenkarsten, warhol. The 400 metres hurdles is a track and field hurdling event The event has been on the Olympic athletics programme since 1900 for men and since 1984 for women Athletics400 metres hurdlesWomen s 400m hurdlesWorld recordsMenKarsten Warholm 45 94 2021 WomenSydney McLaughlin 50 68 2022 Olympic recordsMenKarsten Warholm 45 94 2021 WomenSydney McLaughlin 51 46 2021 World Championship recordsMenAlison dos Santos 46 29 2022 WomenSydney McLaughlin 50 68 2022 On a standard outdoor track 400 metres is the length of the inside lane once around the stadium Runners stay in their lanes the entire way after starting out of the blocks and must clear ten hurdles that are evenly spaced around the track The hurdles are positioned and weighted so that they fall forward if bumped into with sufficient force to prevent injury to the runners Although there is no longer any penalty for knocking hurdles over runners prefer to clear them cleanly as touching them during the race slows runners down The current men s and women s world record holders are Karsten Warholm with 45 94 seconds and Sydney McLaughlin with 50 68 seconds Compared to the 400 metres run the hurdles race takes the men about three seconds longer and the women four seconds longer Men clear hurdles that are 36 inches 91 4 cm high while women negotiate 30 inches 76 2 cm barriers The 400 m hurdles was held for both sexes at the inaugural IAAF World Championships in Athletics The first championship for women came at the 1980 World Championships in Athletics being held as a one off due to the lack of a race at the 1980 Summer Olympics Contents 1 History 2 Hurdling technique 2 1 Block start 2 2 Hurdling 2 3 Stride length 3 Continental Records 4 All time top 25 4 1 Men 4 2 Women 4 2 1 Annulled marks 5 Milestones 6 Most successful athletes 7 Olympic medalists 7 1 Men 7 2 Women 8 World Championships medalists 8 1 Men 8 1 1 Medal table 8 2 Women 8 2 1 Medals by country 9 Season s bests 10 National records 10 1 Men 10 2 Women 11 Notes and references 12 External linksHistory editThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed October 2023 Learn how and when to remove this message See also Men s 400 metres hurdles world record progression and Women s 400 metres hurdles world record progression The first awards in a 400 m hurdles race were given in 1860 when a race was held in Oxford England over a course of 440 yards 402 336 m While running the course participants had to clear twelve wooden hurdles over 100 centimetres tall that had been spaced in even intervals To reduce the risk of injury somewhat more lightweight constructions were introduced in 1895 that runners could push over However until 1935 runners were disqualified if they pushed over more than three hurdles in a race and records were only officially accepted if the runner in question had cleared all hurdles clean and left them all standing The 400 m hurdles became an Olympic event at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris France At the same time the race was standardized thus virtually identical races could be held and the finish times compared to one other As a result the official distance was fixed to 400 metres or one lap of the stadium and the number of hurdles was reduced to ten The official height of the hurdles was set to 36 inches 91 4 cm The hurdles are now placed on the course with a run up to the first hurdle of 45 metres distance between the hurdles of 35 metres each and home stretch from the last hurdle to finish line of 40 metres The first documented 400 m hurdles race for women took place in 1971 In 1974 the International Amateur Athletics Federation IAAF now known as World Athletics introduced the event officially as a discipline with hurdles at the lower height of 30 inches 76 2 cm The women s race was not run at the Olympics until the 1984 Summer Games in Los Angeles where it was first staged with the first Men s World Champion having been crowned the year before at the inaugural World Athletics Championships A special edition of the Women s 400m Hurdles took place in the 1980 IAAF World Championships in Athletics in response to the Women s 400m Hurdles not being included at the boycotted 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow and Liberty Bell Classic Many athletic commentators and officials have often brought up the idea of lifting the height of the women s 400 m hurdles to incorporate a greater requirement of hurdling skill This is a view held by German athletic coach Norbert Stein All this means that the women s hurdles for specialists who are the target group to be dealt with in this discussion is considerably depreciated in skill demands when compared to the men s hurdles It should not be possible in the women s hurdles that the winner is an athlete whose performance in the flat sprint is demonstrably excellent but whose technique of hurdling is only moderate and whose anthropometric characteristics are not optimal This was the case at the World Championships in Seville and the same problem can often be seen at international and national meetings citation needed Hurdling technique editThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed October 2020 Learn how and when to remove this message In terms of technique and endurance the 400 metre hurdles is arguably the most demanding event in the sprints and hurdles group 1 4169 2 9 Athletes must be able to run a fast 400 metre flat time maintain a good hurdling technique and have a unique awareness of stride pattern between hurdles 2 9 Furthermore athletes must possess anaerobic endurance over the final 150 to 100 metres of the race as at this point lactate the conjugate base of lactic acid will accumulate in the body from anaerobic glycolysis 3 43 Block start edit When preparing to hurdle the blocks should be set so that the athlete arrives at the first hurdle leading on the desired leg without inserting a stutter step A stutter step is when the runner has to chop his or her stride down to arrive on the correct leg for take off Throughout the race any adjustments to stride length stride speed should be made several strides out from the hurdle because a stutter or being too far from the hurdle at takeoff will result in loss of momentum and speed Hurdling edit nbsp Geo Andre jumps over a barrier during the 400 metres hurdles in 1922 At the beginning of the take off the knee must be driven toward the hurdle and the foot then extended The leg position when extended must be stretched out in a position of a split The knee should be slightly bent when crossing the hurdle Unless an athlete s body has great flexibility the knee must be slightly bent to allow a forward body lean Unlike the 110m hurdles a significant forward body lean is not that necessary due to the hurdles being lower However the trail leg must be kept bent and short to provide a quick lever action allowing a fast hurdle clearance The knee should pull through under the armpit and should not be flat across the top of the hurdle It is also important that the hurdler does not reach out on the last stride before the hurdle as this will result in a longer bound being made to clear the hurdle This will also result in a loss of momentum if the foot lands well in front of the center of gravity Stride length edit Using a left lead leg on the bends allows the hurdler to run closer to the inside of the lane and cover a shorter distance Additionally if the left leg is used for the lead then the athlete s upper body can be leaned to the left making it easier to bring the trail leg through Additionally an athlete hurdling with a right leg lead around the bends must take care that they do not inadvertently trail their foot or toe around the hurdle rather than passing over the top which would lead to a disqualification from the race Depending on the height and strength of the athlete men work toward a stride pattern of 13 to 15 steps between each hurdle and women work toward a stride pattern of 15 to 17 This does not include the landing step from the previous hurdle Edwin Moses was the first man to keep 13 strides throughout an entire race Weaker athletes will typically hold a longer step pattern throughout the race so that they do not bound or reach with each step which also results in a loss of speed These patterns are ideal because it allows the hurdler to take off from their predominant leg throughout the race without switching legs However fatigue from the race will knock athletes off their stride pattern and force runners to switch legs At an early age many coaches train their athletes to hurdle with both legs This is a useful skill to learn since as a runner tires their stride length may decrease resulting in the need either to add a stutter stride or to take a hurdle on the other leg Continental Records editUpdated 22 July 2022 4 5 Area Men Women Time s Athlete Nation Time s Athlete Nation Africa records 47 10 Samuel Matete nbsp Zambia 52 90 Nezha Bidouane nbsp Morocco Asia records 46 98 Abderrahman Samba nbsp Qatar 53 96 Han Qing nbsp China Song Yinglan nbsp China Europe records 45 94 WR Karsten Warholm nbsp Norway 51 45 Femke Bol nbsp Netherlands North Central America and Caribbean records 46 17 Rai Benjamin nbsp United States 50 68 WR Sydney McLaughlin nbsp United States Oceania records 48 28 Rohan Robinson nbsp Australia 53 17 Debbie Flintoff King nbsp Australia South America records 46 29 Alison dos Santos nbsp Brazil 53 69 Gianna Woodruff nbsp PanamaAll time top 25 editMen edit Correct as of May 2024 6 7 Ath Perf Time s Athlete Nation Date Place Ref 1 1 45 94 Karsten Warholm nbsp Norway 3 August 2021 Tokyo 8 2 2 46 17 Rai Benjamin nbsp United States 3 August 2021 Tokyo 8 3 3 46 29 Alison dos Santos nbsp Brazil 19 July 2022 Eugene 9 4 46 39 Benjamin 2 16 September 2023 Eugene 10 5 46 51 Warholm 2 21 July 2023 Monaco 11 6 46 52 Warholm 3 15 June 2023 Oslo 12 7 46 53 Warholm 4 16 September 2023 Eugene 10 8 46 62 Benjamin 3 9 July 2023 Eugene 13 9 46 70 Warholm 5 1 July 2021 Oslo 10 46 72 dos Santos 2 3 August 2021 Tokyo 8 11 46 76 Warholm 6 6 July 2023 Jessheim 14 4 12 46 78 Kevin Young nbsp United States 6 August 1992 Barcelona 13 46 80 dos Santos 3 30 June 2022 Stockholm 15 14 46 83 Benjamin 4 27 June 2021 Eugene 15 46 86 dos Santos 4 10 May 2024 Doha 16 16 46 87 Warholm 7 23 August 2020 Stockholm 17 46 89 Benjamin 5 19 July 2022 Eugene 17 46 89 Warholm 8 23 August 2023 Budapest 18 19 46 92 Warholm 9 29 August 2019 Zurich 5 20 46 98 Abderrahman Samba nbsp Qatar 30 June 2018 Paris 19 20 46 98 Benjamin 6 29 August 2019 Zurich dos Santos 5 8 September 2022 Zurich 20 6 23 47 02 Edwin Moses nbsp United States 31 August 1983 Koblenz 24 47 02 Benjamin 7 8 June 2018 Eugene 7 25 47 03 Bryan Bronson nbsp United States 21 June 1998 New Orleans 8 47 08 Kyron McMaster nbsp British Virgin Islands 3 August 2021 Tokyo 8 9 47 10 Samuel Matete nbsp Zambia 7 August 1991 Zurich 10 47 19 Andre Phillips nbsp United States 25 September 1988 Seoul 11 47 23 Amadou Dia Ba nbsp Senegal 25 September 1988 Seoul 12 47 24 Kerron Clement nbsp United States 26 June 2005 Carson 13 47 25 Felix Sanchez nbsp Dominican Republic 29 August 2003 Saint Denis Angelo Taylor nbsp United States 18 August 2008 Beijing 15 47 30 Bershawn Jackson nbsp United States 9 August 2005 Helsinki 16 47 34 Roshawn Clarke nbsp Jamaica 21 August 2023 Budapest 21 17 47 37 Stephane Diagana nbsp France 5 July 1995 Lausanne 18 47 38 Danny Harris nbsp United States 10 July 1991 Lausanne Trevor Bassitt nbsp United States 21 August 2023 Budapest 22 20 47 41 Wilfried Happio nbsp France 19 July 2022 Eugene 23 21 47 43 James Carter nbsp United States 9 August 2005 Helsinki 22 47 48 Harald Schmid nbsp West Germany 8 September 1982 Athens 23 47 53 Hadi Soua an Al Somaily nbsp Saudi Arabia 27 September 2000 Sydney 24 47 54 Derrick Adkins nbsp United States 5 July 1995 Lausanne Fabrizio Mori nbsp Italy 10 August 2001 Edmonton Women edit Correct as of September 2023 24 Ath Perf Time s Athlete Nation Date Place Ref 1 1 50 68 Sydney McLaughlin nbsp United States 22 July 2022 Eugene 25 2 51 41 McLaughlin 2 25 June 2022 Eugene 26 2 3 51 45 Femke Bol nbsp Netherlands 23 July 2023 London 27 4 51 46 McLaughlin 3 4 August 2021 Tokyo 28 3 5 51 58 Dalilah Muhammad nbsp United States 4 August 2021 Tokyo 28 6 51 61 McLaughlin 4 5 June 2022 Nashville 29 7 51 68 McLaughlin 5 8 August 2022 Szekesfehervar 30 8 51 70 Bol 2 24 August 2023 Budapest 31 9 51 90 McLaughlin 6 27 June 2021 Eugene 32 10 51 98 Bol 3 17 September 2023 Eugene 33 11 52 03 Bol 4 4 August 2021 Tokyo 28 12 52 11 Bol 5 8 September 2023 Brussels 34 13 52 16 Muhammad 2 4 October 2019 Doha 35 14 52 17 McLaughlin 7 20 July 2022 Eugene 36 15 52 20 Muhammad 3 28 July 2019 Des Moines 16 52 23 McLaughlin 8 4 October 2019 Doha 35 17 52 27 Bol 6 30 June 2022 Stockholm 15 Bol 7 22 July 2022 Eugene 37 19 52 30 Bol 8 15 June 2023 Oslo 12 4 20 52 34 Yuliya Pechonkina nbsp Russia 8 August 2003 Tula 21 52 37 Bol 9 4 July 2021 Stockholm 38 5 22 52 39 Shamier Little nbsp United States 4 July 2021 Stockholm 38 6 23 52 42 Melaine Walker nbsp Jamaica 20 August 2009 Berlin 23 52 42 Muhammad 4 27 June 2021 Eugene 39 25 52 43 Bol 10 2 June 2023 Florence 40 7 52 47 Lashinda Demus nbsp United States 1 September 2011 Daegu 8 52 61 Kim Batten nbsp United States 11 August 1995 Gothenburg 9 52 62 Tonja Buford Bailey nbsp United States 11 August 1995 Gothenburg 10 52 74 Sally Gunnell nbsp Great Britain 19 August 1993 Stuttgart 11 52 77 Fani Halkia nbsp Greece 22 August 2004 Athens 12 52 79 Sandra Farmer Patrick nbsp United States 19 August 1993 Stuttgart Kaliese Spencer nbsp Jamaica 5 August 2011 London 14 52 81 Rushell Clayton nbsp Jamaica 24 August 2023 Budapest 41 15 52 82 Deon Hemmings nbsp Jamaica 31 July 1996 Atlanta 16 52 83 Zuzana Hejnova nbsp Czech Republic 15 August 2013 Moscow 17 52 89 Daimi Pernia nbsp Cuba 25 August 1999 Seville 18 52 90 Nezha Bidouane nbsp Morocco 25 August 1999 Seville 19 52 92 Natalya Antyukh nbsp Russia 30 July 2010 Barcelona 20 52 94 Marina Stepanova nbsp Soviet Union 17 September 1986 Tashkent 21 52 95 Sheena Johnson nbsp United States 11 July 2004 Sacramento Kori Carter nbsp United States 25 June 2017 Sacramento 23 52 96 Anna Ryzhykova nbsp Ukraine 4 July 2021 Stockholm 38 24 53 02 Irina Privalova nbsp Russia 27 September 2000 Sydney 25 53 08 Janieve Russell nbsp Jamaica 4 August 2021 Tokyo 28 Britton Wilson nbsp United States 25 June 2022 Eugene 42 Annulled marks edit The following athletes have had their personal best annulled due to doping offences Time Athlete Nation Date Place Ref 52 70 Natalya Antyukh nbsp Russia 08 August 2012 London 43 Milestones editThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed July 2021 Learn how and when to remove this message Men First official IAAF world record 55 0 seconds Charles Bacon USA 1908 First under 54 seconds 53 8 seconds Sten Pettersson SWE 1925 First under 53 seconds 52 6 seconds John Gibson USA 1927 First under 52 seconds 51 7 seconds Bob Tisdall IRL 1932 First under 51 seconds 50 6 seconds Glenn Hardin USA 1934 First under 50 seconds 49 5 seconds Glenn Davis USA 1956 First under 49 seconds 48 8 seconds Geoff Vanderstock USA 1968 First under 48 seconds 47 82 seconds John Akii Bua UGA 1972 First under 47 seconds 46 78 seconds Kevin Young USA 1992 First under 46 seconds 45 94 seconds Karsten Warholm NOR 2021 44 Women First official world record 56 51 seconds Krystyna Kacperczyk POL 1974 First under 56 seconds 55 74 seconds Tatyana Storozheva URS 1977 First under 55 seconds 54 89 seconds Tatyana Zelentsova URS 1978 First under 54 seconds 53 58 seconds Margarita Ponomaryova URS 1984 First under 53 seconds 52 94 seconds Marina Stepanova URS 1986 First under 52 seconds 51 90 seconds Sydney McLaughlin USA 2021 First under 51 seconds 50 68 seconds Sydney McLaughlin USA 2022Most successful athletes editAmerican athlete Glenn Davis had a prodigious start to his hurdling career running his first race in April 1956 in 54 4 s Two months later he ran a new world record with 49 5 s and later that year he won the 400 m hurdles at the Olympics and was also the first to repeat that feat in 1960 In terms of success and longevity in competition Edwin Moses record is significant he won 122 races in a row between 1977 and 1987 plus two gold medals at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal and the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles He was undefeated for exactly nine years nine months and nine days from 26 August 1977 until 4 June 1987 He finished third in the 1988 Olympic final the last race of his career He also held the world record for sixteen years from when he first broke it at the Olympics on 25 July 1976 until it was finally broken by Kevin Young at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona nbsp Edwin Moses Olympic Games amp World Championships victories Edwin Moses USA Olympic 1976 1984 World 1983 1987 Felix Sanchez DOM Olympic 2004 2012 World 2001 2003 Karsten Warholm NOR Olympic 2020 World 2017 2019 2023 Kerron Clement USA Olympic 2016 World 2007 2009 Sally Gunnell GBR Olympic 1992 World 1993 Kevin Young USA Olympic 1992 World 1993 Derrick Adkins USA Olympic 1996 World 1995 Melaine Walker JAM Olympic 2008 World 2009 Lashinda Demus USA Olympic 2012 World 2011 Dalilah Muhammad USA Olympic 2016 World 2019 Sydney McLaughlin USA Olympic 2020 World 2022 Two Olympic victories Glenn Davis USA 1956 and 1960 Edwin Moses USA 1976 and 1984 also bronze in 1988 Angelo Taylor USA 2000 and 2008 Felix Sanchez DOM 2004 and 2012 Three World Championships Karsten Warholm NOR 2017 2019 and 2023 Two World Championships Edwin Moses USA 1983 and 1987 Felix Sanchez DOM 2001 and 2003 won silver in 2007 Kerron Clement USA 2007 and 2009 Nezha Bidouane MAR 1997 and 2001 won silver in 1999 Jana Pittman AUS 2003 and 2007 Zuzana Hejnova CZE 2013 and 2015 Note Edwin Moses Kevin Young and Karsten Warholm are the only male 400 m hurdlers to have been Olympic Champion World Champion and broken the World Record Note Sally Gunnell Dalilah Muhammad and Sydney McLaughlin are the only female 400 m hurdlers to have been Olympic Champion World Champion and broken the World Record Olympic medalists editMen edit Games Gold Silver Bronzeedit 1900 Parisdetails Walter Tewksbury nbsp United States Henri Tauzin nbsp France George Orton nbsp Canada 1904 St Louisdetails Harry Hillman nbsp United States Frank Waller nbsp United States George Poage nbsp United States 1908 Londondetails Charles Bacon nbsp United States Harry Hillman nbsp United States Jimmy Tremeer nbsp Great Britain 1912 Stockholm not included in the Olympic program 1920 Antwerpdetails Frank Loomis nbsp United States John Norton nbsp United States August Desch nbsp United States 1924 Parisdetails Morgan Taylor nbsp United States Erik Wilen nbsp Finland Ivan Riley nbsp United States 1928 Amsterdamdetails David Burghley nbsp Great Britain Frank Cuhel nbsp United States Morgan Taylor nbsp United States 1932 Los Angelesdetails Bob Tisdall nbsp Ireland Glenn Hardin nbsp United States Morgan Taylor nbsp United States 1936 Berlindetails Glenn Hardin nbsp United States John Loaring nbsp Canada Miguel White nbsp Philippines 1948 Londondetails Roy Cochran nbsp United States Duncan White nbsp Ceylon Rune Larsson nbsp Sweden 1952 Helsinkidetails Charles Moore nbsp United States Yuriy Lituyev nbsp Soviet Union John Holland nbsp New Zealand 1956 Melbournedetails Glenn Davis nbsp United States Eddie Southern nbsp United States Josh Culbreath nbsp United States 1960 Romedetails Glenn Davis nbsp United States Clifton Cushman nbsp United States Dick Howard nbsp United States 1964 Tokyodetails Rex Cawley nbsp United States John Cooper nbsp Great Britain Salvatore Morale nbsp Italy 1968 Mexico Citydetails David Hemery nbsp Great Britain Gerhard Hennige nbsp West Germany John Sherwood nbsp Great Britain 1972 Munichdetails John Akii Bua nbsp Uganda Ralph Mann nbsp United States David Hemery nbsp Great Britain 1976 Montrealdetails Edwin Moses nbsp United States Michael Shine nbsp United States Yevgeniy Gavrilenko nbsp Soviet Union 1980 Moscowdetails Volker Beck nbsp East Germany Vasyl Arkhypenko nbsp Soviet Union Gary Oakes nbsp Great Britain 1984 Los Angelesdetails Edwin Moses nbsp United States Danny Harris nbsp United States Harald Schmid nbsp West Germany 1988 Seouldetails Andre Phillips nbsp United States Amadou Dia Ba nbsp Senegal Edwin Moses nbsp United States 1992 Barcelonadetails Kevin Young nbsp United States Winthrop Graham nbsp Jamaica Kriss Akabusi nbsp Great Britain 1996 Atlantadetails Derrick Adkins nbsp United States Samuel Matete nbsp Zambia Calvin Davis nbsp United States 2000 Sydneydetails Angelo Taylor nbsp United States Hadi Al Somaily nbsp Saudi Arabia Llewellyn Herbert nbsp South Africa 2004 Athensdetails Felix Sanchez nbsp Dominican Republic Danny McFarlane nbsp Jamaica Naman Keita nbsp France 2008 Beijingdetails Angelo Taylor nbsp United States Kerron Clement nbsp United States Bershawn Jackson nbsp United States 2012 Londondetails Felix Sanchez nbsp Dominican Republic Michael Tinsley nbsp United States Javier Culson nbsp Puerto Rico 2016 Rio de Janeirodetails Kerron Clement nbsp United States Boniface Mucheru Tumuti nbsp Kenya Yasmani Copello nbsp Turkey 2020 Tokyodetails Karsten Warholm nbsp Norway Rai Benjamin nbsp United States Alison dos Santos nbsp Brazil 2024 Paris details Women edit Games Gold Silver Bronzeedit 1984 Los Angelesdetails Nawal El Moutawakel nbsp Morocco Judi Brown nbsp United States Cristieana Cojocaru nbsp Romania 1988 Seouldetails Debbie Flintoff King nbsp Australia Tatyana Ledovskaya nbsp Soviet Union Ellen Fiedler nbsp East Germany 1992 Barcelonadetails Sally Gunnell nbsp Great Britain Sandra Farmer Patrick nbsp United States Janeene Vickers nbsp United States 1996 Atlantadetails Deon Hemmings nbsp Jamaica Kim Batten nbsp United States Tonja Buford Bailey nbsp United States 2000 Sydneydetails Irina Privalova nbsp Russia Deon Hemmings nbsp Jamaica Nezha Bidouane nbsp Morocco 2004 Athensdetails Fani Halkia nbsp Greece Ionela Tarlea Manolache nbsp Romania Tetyana Tereshchuk Antipova nbsp Ukraine 2008 Beijingdetails Melaine Walker nbsp Jamaica Sheena Tosta nbsp United States Tasha Danvers nbsp Great Britain 2012 Londondetails Lashinda Demus nbsp United States Zuzana Hejnova nbsp Czech Republic Kaliese Spencer nbsp Jamaica 2016 Rio de Janeirodetails Dalilah Muhammad nbsp United States Sara Petersen nbsp Denmark Ashley Spencer nbsp United States 2020 Tokyodetails Sydney McLaughlin nbsp United States Dalilah Muhammad nbsp United States Femke Bol nbsp Netherlands 2024 ParisdetailsWorld Championships medalists editMen edit Championships Gold Silver Bronze 1983 Helsinkidetails nbsp Edwin Moses USA nbsp Harald Schmid FRG nbsp Aleksandr Kharlov URS 1987 Romedetails nbsp Edwin Moses USA nbsp Danny Harris USA nbsp Harald Schmid FRG 1991 Tokyodetails nbsp Samuel Matete ZAM nbsp Winthrop Graham JAM nbsp Kriss Akabusi GBR 1993 Stuttgartdetails nbsp Kevin Young USA nbsp Samuel Matete ZAM nbsp Winthrop Graham JAM 1995 Gothenburgdetails nbsp Derrick Adkins USA nbsp Samuel Matete ZAM nbsp Stephane Diagana FRA 1997 Athensdetails nbsp Stephane Diagana FRA nbsp Llewellyn Herbert RSA nbsp Bryan Bronson USA 1999 Sevilledetails nbsp Fabrizio Mori ITA nbsp Stephane Diagana FRA nbsp Marcel Schelbert SUI 2001 Edmontondetails nbsp Felix Sanchez DOM nbsp Fabrizio Mori ITA nbsp Dai Tamesue JPN 2003 Saint Denisdetails nbsp Felix Sanchez DOM nbsp Joey Woody USA nbsp Periklis Iakovakis GRE 2005 Helsinkidetails nbsp Bershawn Jackson USA nbsp James Carter USA nbsp Dai Tamesue JPN 2007 Osakadetails nbsp Kerron Clement USA nbsp Felix Sanchez DOM nbsp Marek Plawgo POL 2009 Berlindetails nbsp Kerron Clement USA nbsp Javier Culson PUR nbsp Bershawn Jackson USA 2011 Daegudetails nbsp Dai Greene GBR nbsp Javier Culson PUR nbsp L J van Zyl RSA 2013 Moscowdetails nbsp Jehue Gordon TRI nbsp Michael Tinsley USA nbsp Emir Bekric SRB 2015 Beijingdetails nbsp Nicholas Bett KEN nbsp Denis Kudryavtsev RUS nbsp Jeffery Gibson BAH 2017 Londondetails nbsp Karsten Warholm NOR nbsp Yasmani Copello TUR nbsp Kerron Clement USA 2019 Dohadetails nbsp Karsten Warholm NOR nbsp Rai Benjamin USA nbsp Abderrahman Samba QAT 2022 Eugenedetails nbsp Alison dos Santos BRA nbsp Rai Benjamin USA nbsp Trevor Bassitt USA 2023 Budapestdetails nbsp Karsten Warholm NOR nbsp Kyron McMaster BVI nbsp Rai Benjamin USA Medal table edit RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 nbsp United States USA 765182 nbsp Norway NOR 30033 nbsp Dominican Republic DOM 21034 nbsp Zambia ZAM 12035 nbsp France FRA 11136 nbsp Italy ITA 11027 nbsp Great Britain GBR 10128 nbsp Brazil BRA 1001 nbsp Kenya KEN 1001 nbsp Trinidad and Tobago TTO 100111 nbsp Puerto Rico PUR 020212 nbsp Germany GER 0112 nbsp Jamaica JAM 0112 nbsp South Africa RSA 011215 nbsp British Virgin Islands BVI 0101 nbsp Russia RUS 0101 nbsp Turkey TUR 010118 nbsp Japan JPN 002219 nbsp Bahamas BAH 0011 nbsp Greece GRE 0011 nbsp Poland POL 0011 nbsp Qatar QAT 0011 nbsp Serbia SRB 0011 nbsp Soviet Union URS 0011 nbsp Switzerland SUI 0011Totals 25 entries 19191957 Women edit The official World Athletics Championships began in 1983 as the IAAF World Championships in Athletics but in 1980 the women s 3000 metres and 400 metres hurdles events had a World Championship competition in Sittard Netherlands This was due to these events not yet being on the Olympic program the same had happened in 1976 for the men s 50 km walk 45 Championships Gold Silver Bronze 1980 Sittarddetails nbsp Barbel Broschat GDR nbsp Ellen Neumann GDR nbsp Petra Pfaff GDR 1983 Helsinkidetails nbsp Yekaterina Fesenko URS nbsp Ana Ambraziene URS nbsp Ellen Neumann Fiedler GDR 1987 Romedetails nbsp Sabine Busch GDR nbsp Debbie Flintoff AUS nbsp Cornelia Feuerbach GDR 1991 Tokyodetails nbsp Tatyana Ledovskaya URS nbsp Sally Gunnell GBR nbsp Janeene Vickers USA 1993 Stuttgartdetails nbsp Sally Gunnell GBR nbsp Sandra Farmer Patrick USA nbsp Margarita Ponomaryova RUS 1995 Gothenburgdetails nbsp Kim Batten USA nbsp Tonja Buford USA nbsp Deon Hemmings JAM 1997 Athensdetails nbsp Nezha Bidouane MAR nbsp Deon Hemmings JAM nbsp Kim Batten USA 1999 Sevilledetails nbsp Daimi Pernia CUB nbsp Nezha Bidouane MAR nbsp Deon Hemmings JAM 2001 Edmontondetails nbsp Nezha Bidouane MAR nbsp Yuliya Pechonkina RUS nbsp Daimi Pernia CUB 2003 Saint Denisdetails nbsp Jana Pittman AUS nbsp Sandra Glover USA nbsp Yuliya Pechonkina RUS 2005 Helsinkidetails nbsp Yuliya Pechonkina RUS nbsp Lashinda Demus USA nbsp Sandra Glover USA 2007 Osakadetails nbsp Jana Rawlinson AUS nbsp Yuliya Pechenkina RUS nbsp Anna Jesien POL 2009 Berlindetails nbsp Melaine Walker JAM nbsp Lashinda Demus USA nbsp Josanne Lucas TRI 2011 Daegudetails nbsp Lashinda Demus USA nbsp Melaine Walker JAM nbsp Natalya Antyukh RUS 2013 Moscowdetails nbsp Zuzana Hejnova CZE nbsp Dalilah Muhammad USA nbsp Lashinda Demus USA 2015 Beijingdetails nbsp Zuzana Hejnova CZE nbsp Shamier Little USA nbsp Cassandra Tate USA 2017 Londondetails nbsp Kori Carter USA nbsp Dalilah Muhammad USA nbsp Ristananna Tracey JAM 2019 Dohadetails nbsp Dalilah Muhammad USA nbsp Sydney McLaughlin USA nbsp Rushell Clayton JAM 2022 Eugenedetails nbsp Sydney McLaughlin USA nbsp Femke Bol NED nbsp Dalilah Muhammad USA 2023 Budapestdetails nbsp Femke Bol NED nbsp Shamier Little USA nbsp Rushell Clayton JAM Medals by country edit Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total 1 nbsp United States USA 5 10 6 21 2 nbsp Germany GER 2 1 4 7 3 nbsp East Germany GDR 2 1 3 6 4 nbsp Australia AUS 2 1 0 3 nbsp Morocco MAR 2 1 0 3 nbsp Soviet Union URS 2 1 0 3 7 nbsp Czech Republic CZE 2 0 0 2 8 nbsp Jamaica JAM 1 2 4 7 9 nbsp Russia RUS 1 2 3 6 10 nbsp Great Britain GBR 1 1 0 2 nbsp Netherlands NED 1 1 0 2 12 nbsp Cuba CUB 1 0 1 2 13 nbsp Denmark DEN 1 0 0 1 14 nbsp Spain ESP 0 1 0 1 nbsp Turkey TUR 0 1 0 1 16 nbsp Poland POL 0 0 1 1 nbsp Trinidad and Tobago TTO 0 0 1 1Season s bests editMen s Year Time Athlete Place 1971 48 9h nbsp Ralph Mann USA Helsinki 1972 47 82 nbsp John Akii Bua UGA Munich 1973 48 54 nbsp John Akii Bua UGA Lagos 1974 48 1h nbsp Jim Bolding USA Milan 1975 48 4h nbsp Jim Bolding USA Milan 1976 47 63 nbsp Edwin Moses USA Montreal 1977 47 45 nbsp Edwin Moses USA Westwood 1978 47 94 nbsp Edwin Moses USA Zurich 1979 47 53 nbsp Edwin Moses USA Montreal 1980 47 13 nbsp Edwin Moses USA Milan 1981 47 14 nbsp Edwin Moses USA Lausanne 1982 47 48 nbsp Harald Schmid FRG Athens 1983 47 02 nbsp Edwin Moses USA Koblenz 1984 47 32 nbsp Edwin Moses USA Koblenz 1985 47 63 nbsp Danny Harris USA Zurich 1986 47 38 nbsp Edwin Moses USA Lausanne 1987 47 46 nbsp Edwin Moses USA Rome 1988 47 19 nbsp Andre Phillips USA Seoul 1989 47 86 nbsp Kevin Young USA Berlin 1990 47 49 nbsp Danny Harris USA Lausanne 1991 47 10 nbsp Samuel Matete ZAM Zurich 1992 46 78 nbsp Kevin Young USA Barcelona 1993 47 18 nbsp Kevin Young USA Stuttgart 1994 47 70 nbsp Derrick Adkins USA Linz 1995 47 37 nbsp Stephane Diagana FRA Lausanne 1996 47 54 nbsp Derrick Adkins USA Atlanta 1997 47 64 nbsp Bryan Bronson USA Monaco 1998 47 03 nbsp Bryan Bronson USA New Orleans 1999 47 72 nbsp Fabrizio Mori ITA Seville 2000 47 50 nbsp Angelo Taylor USA Sydney 2001 47 38 nbsp Felix Sanchez DOM Zurich 2002 47 35 nbsp Felix Sanchez DOM Zurich 2003 47 25 nbsp Felix Sanchez DOM Saint Denis 2004 47 63 nbsp Felix Sanchez DOM Athens 2005 47 24 nbsp Kerron Clement USA Carson 2006 47 39 nbsp Kerron Clement USA Indianapolis 2007 47 61 nbsp Kerron Clement USA Osaka 2008 47 25 nbsp Angelo Taylor USA Beijing 2009 47 91 nbsp Kerron Clement USA Berlin 2010 47 32 nbsp Bershawn Jackson USA Des Moines 2011 47 66 nbsp L J van Zyl RSA Pretoria Ostrava 2012 47 63 nbsp Felix Sanchez DOM London 2013 47 69 nbsp Jehue Gordon TRI Moscow 2014 48 03 nbsp Javier Culson PUR New York City 2015 47 79 nbsp Nicholas Bett KEN Beijing 2016 47 73 nbsp Kerron Clement USA Rio de Janeiro 2017 47 80 nbsp Kyron McMaster IVB Kingston 2018 46 98 nbsp Abderrahman Samba QAT Paris 2019 46 92 nbsp Karsten Warholm NOR Zurich 2020 46 87 nbsp Karsten Warholm NOR Stockholm 2021 45 94 nbsp Karsten Warholm NOR Tokyo 2022 46 29 nbsp Alison dos Santos BRA Eugene 2023 46 39 nbsp Rai Benjamin USA Eugene Women s Year Time Athlete Place 1971 1972 1973 56 7h nbsp Danuta Piecyk POL Warsaw 1974 56 51 nbsp Krystyna Kacperczyk POL Augsburg 1975 1976 1977 55 63 nbsp Karin Rossley GDR Helsinki 1978 54 89 nbsp Tatyana Zelentsova URS Prague 1979 54 78 nbsp Marina Stepanova URS Moscow 1980 54 28 nbsp Karin Rossley GDR Jena 1981 54 79 nbsp Ellen Fiedler GDR Jena 1982 54 57 nbsp Ann Louise Skoglund SWE Athens 1983 54 02 nbsp Anna Ambraziene URS Moscow 1984 53 58 nbsp Margarita Ponomaryova URS Kyiv 1985 53 55 nbsp Sabine Busch GDR Berlin 1986 52 94 nbsp Marina Stepanova URS Tashkent 1987 53 24 nbsp Sabine Busch GDR Potsdam 1988 53 17 nbsp Debbie Flintoff King AUS Seoul 1989 53 37 nbsp Sandra Farmer Patrick USA New York City 1990 53 62 nbsp Tatyana Ledovskaya URS Split 1991 53 11 nbsp Tatyana Ledovskaya URS Tokyo 1992 53 23 nbsp Sally Gunnell GBR Barcelona 1993 52 74 nbsp Sally Gunnell GBR Stuttgart 1994 53 33 nbsp Sally Gunnell GBR Helsinki 1995 52 61 nbsp Kim Batten USA Gothenburg 1996 52 82 nbsp Deon Hemmings JAM Atlanta 1997 52 97 nbsp Kim Batten USA Indianapolis nbsp Nezha Bidouane MAR Athens 1998 52 74 nbsp Kim Batten USA Monaco 1999 52 89 nbsp Daimi Pernia CUB Seville 2000 53 02 nbsp Irina Privalova RUS Sydney 2001 53 34 nbsp Nezha Bidouane MAR Edmonton 2002 53 10 nbsp Yuliya Pechonkina RUS Tula 2003 52 34 img, wikipedia, wiki , book, books, library,
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