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Hirak (Algeria)

April 12, 2024

For other uses, see Hirak.

2019–2021 Algerian protests
Protesters on 22 February 2019 in Oran
Date
  • 16 February 2019[1] – 20 March 2020[2]
  • (1 year, 1 month and 4 days)
  • 5 October 2020 – 9 October 2020
  • (4 days)
  • 18 February 2021 – 30 April 2021 [3]
(2 months, 1 week and 5 days)
Location
 Algeria
Diaspora communities:
Caused by
Goals
Methods
Resulted in
Parties

Anti-government protesters:

Organizations:

Political parties:

Supported by:

Government of Algeria

Political parties:

Others:

Supported by:

Lead figures

Non-centralized leadership

Government leaders:
Abdelaziz Bouteflika
(Former President)
Abdelkader Bensalah
(Former acting President)
Abdelmadjid Tebboune
(President)
Ahmed Gaid Salah #
(Former Chief of Staff)
Saïd Chengriha
(Chief of Staff)
Ahmed Ouyahia
(Former Prime Minister)
Abdelmalek Sellal
(Former Prime Minister and Bouteflika's campaign manager)
Noureddine Bedoui
(Former Prime Minister)
Sabri Boukadoum
(Former acting Prime Minister)
Abdelaziz Djerrad
(Prime Minister)
Mouad Bouchareb
(Former Assembly Speaker)
Slimane Chenine
(Assembly Speaker)
Tayeb Belaiz
(Former Head of Constitutional Council)
Belkacem Zeghmati
(Minister of Justice, Keeper of the Seals)
Salah Eddine Dahmoune
(Former Minister of Interior and Local Government)
Kamel Beldjoud
(Minister of Interior and Local Government)

Casualties
Injuries183 (112 police officers)[22]
Arrested+1200 [23][24][22][25]

The 2019–2021 Algerian protests, also called Revolution of Smiles[26][27] or Hirak Movement (Arabic: الحِرَاك, romanized: al-Ḥirāk, lit. 'The movement'[28]) began on 16 February 2019,[1][29] six days after Abdelaziz Bouteflika announced his candidacy for a fifth presidential term in a signed statement. These protests, without precedent since the Algerian Civil War, were peaceful and led the military to insist on Bouteflika's immediate resignation, which took place on 2 April 2019.[30] By early May, a significant number of power-brokers close to the deposed administration, including the former president's younger brother Saïd, had been arrested.[31][32]

The rising tensions within the Algerian regime can be traced back to the beginning of Bouteflika's rule which has been characterized by the state's monopoly on natural resources revenues used to finance the government's clientelist system and ensure its stability.[33] The major demonstrations have taken place in the largest urban centers of Algeria from February to December 2019. Due to their significant scale, the protests attracted international media coverage and provoked reactions from several heads of states and scholarly figures.

Background edit

Abdelaziz Bouteflika edit

 
Abdelaziz Bouteflika, the former President of Algeria from 1999 to 2019.
See also: 2019 Algerian presidential election

Abdelaziz Bouteflika had been president of the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria since 1999. Two amnesties (via referendum) for former combatants in the Algerian Civil War had taken place during his presidency (1999 and 2005). A complex "dirty war" between Islamic guerrillas and the government had claimed a contested number of approximately 200,000 lives between 1991–2002.[34][35] Nearly half of the Algerian population was born after the end of the conflict, amidst the din of repeated corruption scandals.

With Bouteflika's accession to power in 1999, he began a diplomatic mission to rehabilitate Algeria's image abroad. He set about consolidating power, especially after his re-election in 2003.[30] During his tenure as president, the power center in Algerian politics shifted from the east to west, most particularly to Tlemcen, where some became highly placed figures in the media, administration, and police. Roughly $10 billion of public funding flowed to the city for construction projects, including a university, hotels, museums and airports. €155m was spent on a state residence, which remains incomplete. Many of the public works contracts were given to Chinese companies, by whom local contractors were allegedly not always paid.[36]

Oil-rich during the Arab Spring, the government was able to quiet dissent during the 2010–2012 protests with increased spending.[37]

 
University of Abou Bekr Belkaïd in Tlemcen.

The constitutional revision of 2016 limited the number of presidential terms that could be served to two, but nevertheless allowed Bouteflika to seek a fifth term, because the law was not retroactive.[38]

Since 2005, and especially after his stroke in 2013, Bouteflika's ability to govern the country was called into question: rumors of his death were frequent as he was often hospitalized, no longer spoke and made very few written statements.[39] In this context, some Algerians considered his announced candidacy for the presidential election, originally scheduled for 18 April 2019, 4 July 2019 or 2020, to be humiliating.[40]

Corruption edit

Members of Bouteflika's administration were accused of engaging in corrupt practices in several instances. In 2010, Sonatrach, the state-owned oil and gas company, suspended all of its senior management after two of the company's vice-presidents were imprisoned for corruption. Algeria's Energy Minister Chakib Khelil announced that the president of the company and several executives had been placed under judicial supervision.[41][42] In 2013, Khelil was also accused of receiving a bribe from a subsidiary of the Italian energy company Eni.[43] According to El Watan, overbilling for public works and misleading descriptions of imported goods were two common corrupt practices, facilitated by cronyism at the highest levels.[44]

On 26 June 2018, Bouteflika dismissed Abdelghani Hamel as head of the national police (DGSN), despite the latter being part of his inner circle. This news came after one of Hamel's drivers had become a suspect in Cocainegate, which led a general of the gendarmerie, four judges and two public prosecutors to be tried for bribery.[45][46]

Monumentalism edit

Djamaa el Djazaïr, a large mosque under construction in Algiers, is nicknamed the Great Mosque of Bouteflika. Though its construction was touted as an Algerian job-creator, immigrant workers did most of the work for China State Construction Engineering while living in prefab shantytowns around the construction site. The project still came in 2.5 times over-budget. The cost of the mosque's construction has been estimated to be between $1.4 and $2 billion.[47][48] A doctor quoted in Le Monde complained that "with $4 billion [sic], 200 hospitals could have been built." Converting the mosque into a hospital has been suggested. For the Algerian press, it became a symbol of the mismanagement of public funds and of the "capricious megalomania" of the former President.[49][50][51]

Broadly, cumulative grievances and aspirations were at the heart of the protest movement. Decade-long economic stagnation, unemployment, labour market segmentation, and chronic corruption fueled discontent. Plummeting oil and gas prices weakened the regime's capacity to continue buying off some sections of the lower classes and youth, and to contain discontent.[52]

Timeline edit

Early days edit

In December 2018, calls for demonstrations in the neighborhood of Bab El Oued against the fifth term went unheeded, except by the police, which mobilized a significant dissuasive force.[53][54]

 
Algiers Central Post Office.

The protests were at first, following the 10 February formal announcement of Bouteflika's candidacy,[1] limited geographically to northern Algeria.[55] The first major demonstration took place on 16 February 2019 in Kherrata, at the eastern end of the wilaya of Bejaia in the Kabylie region, after the distribution in Kherrata and its surrounding villages of posters calling for "a peaceful march against the fifth term and against the existing system" on that date.[1][29]

In Khenchela, on 19 February, a giant poster of the President of the Republic was torn down from city hall and trampled. Two days later, another suffered a similar fate in Annaba.[56] This form of protest was related to the recent practice of offering gifts to a framed portrait of Bouteflika in the latter's absence.[57][58][59]

Week 1: 22–28 February edit

Protests were organized via social media in major and mid-sized cities on 22 February. Those in Algiers—where street protests had been illegal since a demonstration on 14 June 2001—were the biggest in nearly 18 years.[60][40] Smaller protests, with slogans like "There is no president, there's a poster," had been taking place in Algiers since 11 February.[61][62] On 22 February, the portrait of the President was torn down from the landmark central post office.[63] There are no official government numbers published, but one expert put the number of demonstrators at 800,000 on 22 February 2019.[40][64]

Regularly hospitalized for "periodic medical examinations", Abdelaziz Bouteflika was admitted to the University Hospital of Geneva (Switzerland) on 24 February 2019.[65]

Another large-scale demonstration took place on 24 February at the call of the Mouwatana movement ("citizenship"),[66] On 28 February, a dozen journalists were arrested during protests against press censorship.[67]

Week 2: 1–7 March edit

Three million people were estimated to have demonstrated on 1 March 2019, though no official figures were given.[68] The private channel Dzaïr News reported that one million people demonstrated across Algeria on 1 March, which was also the first time state television broadcast images of the protests.[69]

183 people were injured and Hassan Benkhedda, son of former interim government president, Benyoucef Benkhedda, died of a heart attack.[70][71] Speaking as Interior Minister, Noureddine Bedoui confirmed that it was related to police action against "thugs unrelated to the protesters."[72]

On 2 March 2019, Abdelaziz Bouteflika replaced his campaign director, the former prime minister Abdelmalek Sellal, who had actively campaigned for the President since 2004, by the virtually unknown Abdelghani Zaalane [fr; ar], a career provincial administrator. Considered to be a response to the ongoing protests,[73] this dismissal followed the disclosure of a recording between Sellal and Ali Haddad in which the former is heard making threats.[74]

The deadline for submitting candidatures for the presidential election was 3 March 2019.[73] The idea of postponing the election was put forward.[75] On 3 March, the candidacy of Bouteflika was filed by his campaign director, though the law stipulates that the candidate must be physically present for this process.[76] Another signed message announced that if re-elected, a national conference would be convened to adopt reforms as well as a new Constitution – to be approved by referendum – and that he would not take part in the next presidential election which he promised would be held early.[77][78] After the confirmation of Bouteflika's candidacy on Sunday, 3 March, and the withdrawal of several opposition candidates, including Ali Benflis and Louisa Hanoune,[79] an anonymous call to strike was made the next day, as well as a call to protest on 8 March.[80]

Even before the candidacy was formalized, tens of thousands of protesters were out on the streets.[81] From Sunday night to Monday morning, hundreds of protesters marched peacefully,[82] calling his candidacy a "provocation", an "insult" and a "masquerade".[83] The next day, many students boycotted their classes.[84]

The opposition, meeting at the headquarters of the Justice and Development Front, called for candidates to withdraw from the election.[85] On the same day, following the example of the resignation the day before of Khaled Tazaghart, an elected representative (député) from the El Moustakbal party, & former minister Sid Ahmed Ferroukhi (FLN), resigned from the party.[86] Zahir Kherraz, FLN mayor of Oued Amizour, also said he did not support a fifth term.[87] Amar Benadouda (1931), doyen of the mayors of the country, resigned from the town hall of Guenzet.[88]

On Tuesday, protests and student strikes continued, thousands were in the streets of Algiers,[89] Constantine,[90] Oran, Annaba, Bejaia, Tizi Ouzou, Bouira, Blida, Setif, or Tlemcen.[91] On Thursday, a thousand lawyers demonstrated in Algiers.[92]

The "Pacifist and Civilized Walkers' 18 Commandments", written by Lazhari Labter [fr], were widely circulated on social media prior to the 8 March demonstration.[93][94]

Week 3: 8–14 March edit

In reaction to the Friday demonstrations, the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research moved the spring university holidays forward to the next day (10 March) and extended them by two weeks in an effort to calm matters down.[95] On 10 March, the Army Chief of Staff Ahmed Gaid Salah, close to Bouteflika, gave a speech to officer cadets saying the "army and the people had a common vision of the future". This speech was front-page news in El Khabar.[96] A 5-day general strike was begun the same day.[97]

The day after the announcement that Bouteflika would not seek a new term, that Interior Minister Noureddine Bedoui had replaced Ahmed Ouyahia as prime minister, and that the presidential election was to be postposed sine die, university students protested for the third consecutive Tuesday across the country chanting "No Tricks, Bouteflika."[98] On Wednesday, teachers protested. On Thursday, lawyers and judges were on the streets in several cities.[99] On 14 March, Djamila Bouhired encouraged the younger generation demonstrating, saying: "Your elders liberated Algeria from colonial domination, and you are giving back to Algerians their liberties and their pride despoiled since independence"[100]

The protests on 15 March were estimated to have been larger than those the previous Friday.[101] The Guardian reported that hundreds of thousands were in the streets,[102] La Croix put the number at over a million.[103] Protesters carried a banner criticizing France's comments that the cancellation of elections should lead to a "transition of reasonable length" saying, "It's the people who decide, not France!". Other signs included "Macron, deal with your yellow vests" and "Elysée, stop! It's 2019, not 1830."[101]

  •  
    Protesters in Blida (10 March).
  •  
    Protesters in Montreal, Canada (10 March).

Week 4: 15–21 March edit

 
17 March 2019: Demonstration at Ohio Statehouse (Columbus)

On 16 March, twenty women created the group Femmes algériennes pour un changement vers l'égalité (FACE), calling for full equality between men and women, proposing the creation of a regular feminist square in front of Algiers 1 University and calling for equal representation of men and women in citizens' initiatives resulting from the Hirak protests.[14] On 17 March, the newly appointed Prime Minister announced the intention of forming a government of politically unaffiliated experts, which would "reflect the demographics of the Algerian society".[104] Students were again in the streets on Tuesday, 18 March demanding that Bouteflika step down by the end of his term (28 April). The army chief of staff said that the army needed to deal with the crisis.[105]

Week 5: 22–28 March edit

On 26 March, in a speech given in Ouargla and covered live on Algerian television, Ahmed Gaid Salah urged the Constitutional Council to declare Bouteflika unfit. The Council began deliberations the same day. When the sitting president is removed, the president of the Council of the Nation—at the time Abdelkader Bensalah—becomes acting president for a maximum of 90 days while elections are organized.[106] On 27 March, Ahmed Ouyahia called on Bouteflika to resign.[107] The same day the Workers' Party announced the resignation of their elected members of the People's National Assembly.[108]

  •  
    Demonstration in Algiers on 22 March 2019.
  •  
    Demonstration in Algiers on 26 March 2019.

Week 6: 29 March–4 April edit

On Friday 29 March, the Algerian authorities denied Reuters' reports that there were a million protesters in the capital, but did not put forward numbers of their own.[109]

Bouteflika named a new government on 31 March 2019, two days before his resignation.[110]

Investigations were opened into a dozen oligarchs who were prevented from leaving the country. Ali Haddad's resignation from the FCE—an employers federation, which had seen a wave of recent resignations over his remarks about the protests[111]—and his subsequent arrest at the Tunisian border were widely reported.[112]

Bouteflika made a statement promising to step down by the end of his term, but equivocating as to the actual date. The following day, the Army Chief of Staff (who had been appointed by Bouteflika to replace General Mohammed Lamari after his 2004 election)[30] insisted both privately and publicly that he resign immediately, which he did.[113][114] As provided for under Article 102 of the Algerian Constitution, Abdelkader Bensalah became acting interim President.[115][116] His term can last for a maximum of 90 days while a presidential election is held. By law, he cannot participate in this election.[116]

James McDougall wrote that the military had "recognized that radical measures were needed to save the system." Though it had regained some power at the expense of the "clan" centered around Saïd Bouteflika—including the Armed Forces chief of staff—McDougall added that "[s]ome observers and activists believe that the army as an institution now wants to stay out of politics and might even support the "clean-up" of corruption that protesters demand."[117]

Week 7: 5–11 April edit

The streets were again exuberant and crowded with hundreds of thousands on Friday 5 April, with marchers carrying signs demanding further resignations, specifically mentioning the 3B: Noureddine Bedoui (prime minister), Abdelkader Bensalah (who was officially appointed acting interim president on 9 April),[118] and Tayeb Belaiz (head of the constitutional council); as well as the Army Chief of Staff.[119]

Tear gas and a water cannon were used repeatedly to prevent more than a thousand students chanting "Silmiya, Silmiya" (peaceful, peaceful) from going through the Tunnel des Facultés in Algiers on the 8th successive Tuesday of student demonstrations.[120]

Week 8: 12–18 April edit

The Friday protests, of the same size as previous weeks, were more conflictual, with police blocking access to the city and parts of the city.[citation needed] On 16 April, the president of the constitutional council, Tayed Belaiz—one of the three Bs whose ouster protesters sought—informed the council that he had submitted his resignation.[121][122]

Week 9: 19–25 April edit

 
Demonstration on April 19 at the Grande-Poste in Algiers.

The size of the protests on 19 April was similar to previous weeks.[citation needed] Ennahar TV reported that five billionaires were arrested on 22 April 2019: four brothers from the Kouninef family, close to Saïd Bouteflika, and Issad Rebrab, the CEO of Cevital.[123] The head of Cevital's communications department denied the reports.[124] A judge also called in the former prime minister and the current finance minister for questioning.[123]

Week 10: 26 April-2 May edit

On Friday 26, thousands of protesters gathered in Algiers for the tenth week despite attempts by the authorities to close all entrances to the capital. Banners such as "The system must go" and "We are fed up with you," were raised in city centre. Earlier, Algeria's richest businessman and three other billionaires were arrested in an on-going investigation on the grounds of corruption.[125]

Week 11: 3–9 May edit

For the eleventh consecutive week, tens of thousands of people, according to al-Jazeera, demonstrated on Friday 3 May and raised banners that read: "You must go" and "Thieves you have destroyed the country". Protesters also continued to insist on the peaceful character of their demonstrations, chanting "Peaceful, peaceful," while marching in central Algiers. It was also reported that the power broker military chief Ahmed Gaid Salah called for "dialogue", but the president of Rally for Youth Action, a civil society organisation, expressed his refusal to negotiate with "symbols of the old system."[126]

 
7 June 2019: Demonstrators from the Aures
 
9 June 2019 in the town of Béjaïa

On Saturday 4 May, the former president's younger brother, Saïd Bouteflika, was arrested along with former secret service head General Mohamed Mediene ("Toufik") and intelligence chief Athmane Tartag [fr; ar] ("Bachir").[127][128][32][31]

 
Berber flag banned from demonstrations

June 2019 edit

On 19 June 2019, Lieutenant general[129] Salah reiterated that no flags other than the "national emblem" would be tolerated during demonstrations. In so doing, he was targeting the Amazigh flag, a frequently-seen flyer during the Hirak (movement).[130]

July 2019 edit

On 17 July, Abderrahmane Arrar, President of the Civil Forum for Change (FCPC), proposed a committee of former politicians, lawyers and human rights activists with reputations for neutrality, without political ambitions, who would mediate decision-making for organising a presidential election and a political transition. The aim was to first obtain wide consensus on the list of mediators.[131]

September 2019 edit

 
Demonstration in Algiers on September 20, 2019.

On 15 September, the government announced a presidential election to take place on 12 December.[132][133] Demonstrations continued, calling for Ahmed Gaïd Salah and other members of the former Bouteflika governmental clique to resign. The authorities blocked road entries to the capital Algiers and arrested prominent protesters in preparation for the following Friday. protesters called for a general strike each Tuesday starting 24 September.[133]

Protests continued for the 31st Friday on 20 September, with two thousand protesting in Béjaïa[133] and two thousand in Bouïra,[132] calling for Salah to resign, for the peaceful revolution to continue, and stating that it would be better to go to prison than to vote in the 12 December 2019 presidential election.[132]

Detentions of prominent opposition members around 20 September included that of barrister Abdelhak Mellah from Boumerdès, who supports boycotting the 12 December presidential election; Karim Tabbou; Samir Belarbi; Fodil Boumala, accused of "attacking the integrity of national territory" and "attacking national unity"; Lakhdar Bouregaa; and 77-year old Garidi Hamidi, an "icon" of the protest movement.[134]

November 2019 edit

On 1 November, the metro was shut down in Algiers and trains into the city were canceled as a result of a social media campaign calling for demonstrations. Police roadblocks also caused traffic jams.[135] For the 37th weekly Friday protest, which coincided with the celebration of the 65th anniversary of the start of the Algerian War for independence from France,[136] tens of thousands of demonstrators called for all members of the system of power in place to be dismissed and for a radical change in the political system.[137] They rejected the 12 December election, with slogans describing it as "an election with the gangs" and as an "election organised by a corrupt power [which] is a trap for idiots" (French: les élections d'un pouvoir corrompu est un piège à cons).[138]

On 15 November, the 39th successive Friday of protests included objections to the 12 December presidential election and calls for arrested protesters to be freed.[139]

On 17 November, the day that the presidential election candidates opened their campaigns, protesters objecting to the election, perceiving it as a continuation of the same group of people retaining political power, posted sacks of garbage on panels allocated for presidential candidates' campaign posters. protester Smain described the symbolism by stating that the election "is completely rejected ... as garbage".[140]

December 2019 edit

On 6 December, crowds in Algiers, Constantine, Oran, and in Kabylie were massive, calling for a boycott of the elections scheduled for the following week and for a general strike starting on 8 December.[141]

The presidential election was held on 12 December 2019, despite wide popular opposition,[142][13][143] with a turnout of 8% according to the Rally for Culture and Democracy[8] or 39.88% officially,[9] with Abdelmadjid Tebboune officially elected in the first round with 58.13% of the valid votes.[9] During the three days around the election, 11–13 December 1200 protesters were detained by the authorities according to the CNLD.[144] Later in December, the CNLD estimated that according to its records, 180 prisoners of conscience remained in prison, either under remand or serving sentences.[145] Gaid Salah suffered a heart attack on the morning of 23 December 2019 and was rushed to a military hospital in Algiers, where he died a few hours later. He was 79 years old. His last public appearance was four days earlier when he received the National Order of Merit from President Abdelmadjid Tebboune.[citation needed]

January 2020 edit

 
Demonstrators in Berlin, Germany, 19 January 2020

In the first week of January 2020, the new president elected in the mostly boycotted election, Abdelmadjid Tebboune, appointed Abdelaziz Djerad as prime minister and the rest of his cabinet mostly consisting of ministers of the previous government[146] under Bensalah as acting president and Ahmed Gaid Salah as de facto leader of Algeria.[147] On 2 January, 76 prisoners of conscience detained because of their protest actions were released, some of them conditionally.[148] Protests continued.[149][146]

On 15 January, 13 detainees held in El-Harrach prison [fr] since 1 March 2019 started a hunger strike, with the aim of getting a fair trial. Their cases had rested frozen for 10 months and their court appearances were scheduled for 16 March 2020.[150][151]

In the 17 January Hirak protest marches, twenty of the first protesters to arrive in the morning were arrested in Algiers.[148] As of 18 January 2020, Youth Action Rally [fr] (RAJ) estimated that a total of at least 100 Hirak prisoners of conscience were being held in Algerian prisons, while the CNLD estimated that 120 or more Hirak prisoners remained under detention.[151]

February 2020 edit

In early February, close to the anniversary of the first protests on 16 and 22 February 2019, President Tebboune signed a decree pardoning several thousand prisoners, who were released from jail, but the Hirak protest prisoners of conscience were not included in the pardon.[152]

March 2020 edit

On 20 March 2020, Algerian protesters heeded a presidential order over the coronavirus, and the pleas of some of their own leaders, by not staging their weekly demonstration against the ruling elite on Friday for the first time in over a year. Leading supporters of the protest movement, including imprisoned activist Karim Tabbou, human rights lawyer Mustafa Bouchachi and former minister Abdelaziz Rahabi, had urged the protesters to suspend their marches.[153]

April 2020 edit

Abdallah Benadouda, an Algerian exile in the US with experience in Algerian public radio and private television (Dzaïr TV), started Radio Corona International 21 April 2020 to keep the Hirak flame alive during the lockdown. Benadouda encourages comparison to pirate radio in Europe in the 1970s and has discussed government crackdown on journalists (Khaled Draini) and opposition figures (Karim Tabbou).[154]

October 2020 edit

On 5 October, Algerian protesters marked the 32nd anniversary of a pro-democracy movement, with hundreds of protesters gathering in the streets of the capital, Algiers.[155]

On 9 October, following the rape and killing of a teenage girl, protests erupted in several cities across Algeria, decrying gender-based violence.[156] The body of Chaïma, 19, was said to have been discovered in an abandoned petrol station in Thenia, 50 miles east of Algiers, earlier in the month. Chaïma's family revealed that she went missing after going out for a walk to pay her phone bill, and was subsequently stabbed, raped and allegedly burnt alive.[157][158]

A constitutional referendum had previously been announced in July that was to be held in November as a result of the protests earlier in the year, but critics said it fails to address popular concerns of overreach by the government.

2021 edit

5,000 people gathered in the town of Kherrata on 16 February to mark the two year anniversary of the Hirak protest movement. Demonstrations had been suspended because of the COVID-19 pandemic in Algeria.[159]

On 18 February, President Abdelmadjid Tebboune released 70 people who had been imprisoned for their participation in demonstrations, but that did not stop thousands from demonstrating on 22 February.[160]

Context edit

Protesters edit

These are the largest protests in Algeria since 2001. The demonstrators are primarily young people who did not experience the "Black Decade".[40] One observer lauded the millennials' reappropriation of corporate branding to their own uses, as well as their respect for their living space through peaceful demonstrations, saying:

Algerian millennials thrive on positive messages. They flooded the web with images of young demonstrators kissing, handing flowers to police officers and women on international women's day, distributing water bottles, volunteering for first aid or encouraging people to clean the streets after the demonstrations.[161]

Women's active role in the protests was credited with minimizing violence,[162] and marked a sharp contrast with the 1988 protests predominantly led by salafists.[163] An old mother of five unemployed children told the BBC: "There's nothing for the young generation," she said. "No jobs and no houses. They can't get married. We want this whole system to go."[164]

Demonstrations also took place abroad, particularly in France,[165][166][167] where 10,000 demonstrated in Paris on 8 March.[93]

  •  
    Demonstrators in Montréal (10 March).
  •  
    Demonstrators, Place de la République, Paris (17 March).

Goals edit

Originally the protesters wanted Abdelaziz Bouteflika to withdraw his candidacy for a fifth term and wanted Prime Minister Ahmed Ouyahia to step down. More generally, they called for massive housecleaning from the government of the ruling clans, known collectively as le pouvoir ("the power").[168]

In conjunction with the president's withdrawal, the protesters called more and more for democracy, liberties and the rule of law, goals which many protests argue are unrealized and which continue to attract Algerians into the street.

Slogans, songs and symbols edit

Yetnahaw Gaa !, often written Yetnahaw ga3 !, or, in Algerian Arabic, (يتنحاو ڨاع), means "they should all go" and became a rallying cry after Bouteflika renounced his run for a fifth term.[169][170]

Some slogans referred to the incumbent president as "the Moroccan" because of his birthplace[60] and his reputed membership in a shadowy second Oudja Clan.[171] Others, such as "bring back the commandos of the army and the BIS, there will be no fifth term" alluded to the baltaguias.[172] By April, common slogans, placards, chants and hashtags included: "Leave means Leave" and "Throw them all out". Protesters in the capital chanted: "Bouteflika get out, and take Gaid Salah with you."[117]

Songs such as "Libérer l'Algérie", written by artists supporting the movement, "Allô le système!" by Raja Meziane and "La liberté" by Soolking, became hits with the protesters upon their release.[173][174][175]

Cachir, an emblematic Algerian sausage, was brandished and tossed around during demonstrations as a reminder of the 2014 elections when the press reported that Bouteflika's re-election committee was increasing attendance at their meetings by handing out free sandwiches filled with the sausage. In the protester's eyes, cachir had become a "symbol of corruption and of the 'buying of votes and souls.'"[176] The Algerians have also employed humour and comedy to express dissent and discontent.[177]

Algerian activist Hamza Hamouchene captured the following on his iPhone:

"Algeria, country of heroes that is ruled by zeros", "System change ... 99 percent loading", "We need Detol to kill 99.99 percent of the gang" [referring to members of the regime] And this one from a medical student: "We are vaccinated and we have developed anti-system IgGs (antibodies) ... and we keep getting boosters every Friday" "The problem is the persistence of idolatry and not the replacement of the idol"

Some slogans were directly targeting French complicity and interferences: "France is scared that if Algeria takes its independence it would ask for compensation for the metal it used to build the Eiffel tower" "Allo Allo Macron, the grandchildren of November '54 are back"

In reaction to calls by Gaid Salah to apply article 102 of the constitution, so the leader of the upper house would take over with elections to be held 90 days after the presidency is declared vacant by the constitutional council, people replied: "We want the application of article 2019 ... You are all going" "We asked for the departure of the whole gang, not the promotion of some of its members" "Batteries are dead so no need to squeeze them" "Dear system, you are a piece of s*** and I can prove it mathematically" "Here Algeria: the voice of the people. The number 102 is no longer in service. Please call people's service at 07" (in reference to article 07 stipulating that the people are the source of all sovereignty).[178]

In Bordj Bou Arréridj, a city 200 km east of the capital Algiers, every Friday protesters have been hanging a new tifo since the fifth Friday. Displayed on an unfinished building renamed "The People's Palace", the banners bear cartoons and slogans, and as more Algerians from other cities have been pouring in every Friday the town has been named "The Capital of the Hirak" (The capital of the popular movement). The idea of the tifos is borrowed from the ultras groups which, according to sociologist Mark Doidge, were political protests in the 1960s and 1970s Italy.[179]

Rioting edit

Although the rallies were generally peaceful, some vehicles were burned and shops were vandalized in the evening of demonstrations.[62][180] On 1 March, clashes took place between the police and groups of young people throwing stones at them.[62]

41 arrests were recorded on 23 February[181] and 45 on 1 March including five men caught trying to haul away a safe. The police reported that "the majority of the people arrested were under the influence of psychotropic or hallucinogenic substances".[182]

Media coverage edit

Until 1 March 2019, public television, radio, and press totally ignored the demonstrations, while private television channels linked to the establishment dealt with them in a limited way.[183] A boycott campaign was launched against the media.[184] The editor-in-chief of Channel III [ar; fr], Meriem Abdou, resigned on 23 February as a protest against the treatment of the movement on the government-run radio station. Several journalists were arrested.[183] A hundred journalists and the NGO Reporters Without Borders publicly denounced the censorship practiced by the Algerian executive.[185] When state TV channels did begin mentioning the protests, they were critical of the protesters and did not refer to their motives.[62][185] In contrast, private print media and news sites reported widely on events from the beginning.[183]

Despite the opening of the audiovisual media to competition in 2011, off-shore channels can be shut down at any time because of their precarious legal status.[186] One foreign media outlet, Al Jazeera, has been banned from Algeria since 2004.[187]

On 4 March, Nadia Madassi, Canal Algérie's nightly news anchor for the past 15 years, resigned because she had been required to read a letter attributed to the president on the air.[188]

On 5 March, Echorouk and El Bilad were sanctioned by the Ministries of Communication for having covered the demonstrations, and were cut off from advertising by the ANEP (national publishing and advertising agency).[189]

Results edit

Alliances of citizens' groups and dialogue edit

Women created the feminist collective Femmes algériennes pour un changement vers l'égalité on 16 March 2019, which pioneered the feminist square in the Friday Algiers protests to strengthen the political role of women in the protests.[14] Citizens' associations and individuals created the Dynamiques de la société civile alliance on 15 June, which was later joined by trade unions, with the aim of coordinating proposals to reorganise the political structure of the Algerian state.[190][15] On 26 June, political parties and the Algerian League for the Defense of Human Rights [fr] created the Forces of the Democratic Alternative alliance with similar aims, including the organising of a constituent assembly for a new political system with an independent judiciary.[17]

On 6 July, the Forum civil pour le changement, created on 9 March 2019 by 70 citizens' groups and led by Abderrahmane Arara,[13] and the Forces du changement held a conference at which they proposed the creation of a panel to dialogue with the government and in favour of the holding of a presidential election.[191][143] The 13-person dialogue panel, the Instance nationale de dialogue et de médiation, was created and led by Karim Younes [fr]. The dialogue panel and the holding of the election were widely criticised by the protesters and by the Forces of the Democratic Alternative, who stated that the arrests of protesters for political reasons and the lack of basic conditions of democracy were conditions unsuitable for an election.[142][13][143]

Citizens' groups to monitor the detentions of protest participants and call for their release were formed. The Network for fighting against repression was created on 1 June 2019 to call for the release of prisoners including Louisa Hanoune, the first woman to run for President of Algeria, and Hadj Ghermoul, a member of the Algerian League for the Defense of Human Rights [fr].[192] The National Committee for the Liberation of Detainees (CNLD) was created on 26 August 2019.[193] In late December, several weeks after the presidential election won by Abdelmadjid Tebboune, the CNLD had documentation of 180 "Hirak" prisoners under remand or sentenced, and saw "no sign" of the government ceasing its frequent arrests of the protesters.[194][145]

On 25 January 2020, 400 people from various political parties and citizens' associations participated in Algiers in a meeting organised by Forces of the Democratic Alternative. The conclusion of the meeting was to hold another meeting to organise the detailed methods and rules for implementing a democratic transition during which existing "illegitimate" institutions would be dismantled and for organising a constituent assembly.[195]

Governmental institutions edit

On 11 March, it was announced that President Bouteflika would not seek re-election; that Prime Minister Ahmed Ouyahia had resigned and been replaced by Interior Minister Noureddine Bedoui; and that the April 2019 presidential election was postponed indefinitely.[196] Inquiries were announced into "corruption and illicit overseas capital transfers" on 1 April 2019. Ali Haddad was arrested trying to cross the border into Tunisia after liquidating stock worth €38m.[112][197] On the same day, Bouteflika promised to step down by the end of his term on 28 April.

On 2 April 2019, Bouteflika resigned as president, after being pressured by the military to step down immediately.[113][114] Under Article 102 of the Algerian Constitution, he was succeeded as interim President by the President of the Council of the Nation, Abdelkader Bensalah, who was ineligible to run in the election for a successor, which according to law had to be held in the next 90 days.[116][198]

The presidential election was finally held on 12 December 2019, despite wide popular opposition.[142][13][143] The Rally for Culture and Democracy estimated the turnout in the election at 8% of the eligible electorate, interpreting the low turnout as a result of wide rejection of the election.[8] The official turnout was 39.88%, with Abdelmadjid Tebboune officially elected in the first round with 58.13% of the valid votes, leaving it unnecessary to hold a second round of the election.[9]

Constitutional amendment edit

On 7 May 2020, the preliminary draft of the constitutional amendment was published. It provides for the replacement of the post of First Minister by Head of Government, responsible to the Assembly, which can overthrow it by a motion of censure, the possibility for the President of the Republic to appoint a vice-president, the replacement of the Constitutional Council by a Constitutional Court, the retention of the limit on the number of presidential mandates to two, consecutive or not, or the limitation of the mandate of deputy to one re-election.[199] In addition, the Hirak is inscribed in the preamble of the Constitution and the army is authorized to participate in theaters of operation abroad. Finally, the National Independent Election Authority (ANIE) is constitutionalised, the presidential third of the Council of Nation is abolished and the possibility of legislating by ordinance during parliamentary recess is abrogated.[200]

On 8 September 2020, the final draft of the constitutional amendment was published. It revokes both of the vice-president post and the abolition of the presidential third of the Council of Nation.[201]

Influence edit

The weekend after Bouteflika stepped down, protesters in Sudan called upon the army to take their side against sitting president Omar al-Bashir. Despite the state of emergency and the emergency courts the President created to treat the protests, demonstrators staged a sit-in in the public space outside the Khartoum headquarters of the Armed Forces.[202]

Commentary edit

 
Demonstrator wrapped in the Algerian flag.

On 28 February 2019, the economist Omar Benderra asserted that a deep separation exists between civil society and the Algerian government, which outlawed street protests twenty years ago, and which he wrote is controlled by "warlords". Public opinion, Benderra continues, is suspicious of official government communication and has also begun to show signs of frustration with spiritual leaders urging the people to stay off the streets.[203]

In Le Figaro on 1 March 2019, the Algerian writer Boualem Sansal said: "Such demonstrations in all the cities of the country and even in the capital, not far from El Mouradia (the district of the presidential palace), the Tagarins (the district of the Ministry of Defense), of Alger Centre (the district of the palace of the government), is an unbearable humiliation for the president, his brothers, his army, his police, his deputies, his senators, his oligarchs, his officials, his extra militias, in short, the "revolutionary family" (that's the name they give themselves), whom no one has ever disrespected without paying for it with his life."[65][204]

Writing on openDemocracy, Hamza Hamouchene, a founder of the London-based Algeria Solidarity Campaign, summed up his view of the context of the revolt:

This decisive awakening on the part of the people and their growing political awareness are harbingers of good things to come and of the stormy days ahead for the profiteering caste and their foreign backers who have been scandalously enriching themselves. In the midst of increasing pauperization, unemployment, paralyzing austerity, the pillaging of resources, uneven development and corruption, the rationality of the current revolt and rebellion becomes absolutely clear.[205]

Fahad Nabeel from the Centre of Strategic and Contemporary Research was less optimistic about the movement's success, suggesting that either the pouvoir or the military would consolidate control.[206]

"The protests did emerge in part in response to elements of Algerian social life," wrote Amir Mohamed Aziz, "but they need to be situated in a broader context of African, Mediterranean and transnational political-economic dynamics."[52]

Algerian journalist Ghada Hamrouche doubted whether it was even possible to hold elections as promised by the interim president. Hamrouche considered elections within the current constitutional set up a diversion. Army chief Ahmed Gaid Salah and "the ruling class," she wrote, "are counting on the lure of elections to divide and weaken protesters' calls for a transition outside the framework of a constitution that keeps the regime in the driver's seat."[207]

Ahmad Al-Sholi thinks that the Algerian regime is very entrenched and enjoys a good leverage generated by the revenues of the oil industry, a 'surplus' with which it could "co-opt large swaths of the population and oppositional forces. Despite the plummeting oil prices in the world market, the regime argues Al-Sholi, could attract foreign investment and still refill its coffers. On the other hand, although the Algerians showed an impressive energy and perseverance in mobilisation, it would be a mistake to expect hundreds of thousands of people to show up to protest indefinitely."

Some popular organization has to emerge now and present a roadmap that the masses could rally around, giving them a chance to catch their breath. The ruling regime is desperate to draw a red line against the protests and is intent on engaging in mass arrests. Fortunately, Algerians have significant industrial leverage to wield against their ruling class. What happens next depends on how this power is channeled to transform Algeria.[208]

Reactions edit

National edit

On 5 March, the National Organization of Mujahideen [ar; fr] (the powerful organization of veterans of the Algerian War of Independence) announced by press release that they supported the demonstrations, lamenting "the collusion between both influential parties in the seat of power and unscrupulous businessmen who have profited illicitly from public money".[209]

International edit

International reactions were cautious; most countries and international organizations remained silent until 5 March.

  •   Egypt: President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi criticised the protesters' motives on 10 March and warned that due to the protests, "the people, young children and future generations will pay the price – that of a lack of stability".[210]
  •   European Union: The European Commission called for respect for the rule of law, including freedom of expression and assembly.[211][212]
  •   France: Speaking in Djibouti on 12 March, president Emmanuel Macron welcomed Bouteflika's decision not to seek reelection and applauded the Algerian government's plan for a constitutional conference validated by a popular referendum after a "transition of reasonable length."[213]
  •   Italy: Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte advised listening to "requests for change from civil society" and believed that "Algeria will be able to guarantee a democratic and inclusive process with respect for its people and for its own benefit".[214]
  •   Morocco: Given the tense relations between Algeria and Morocco, the Moroccan government has not issued any official statement regarding the protests.[210]
  •   Russia: Newly-appointed deputy prime minister Ramtane Lamamra began a diplomatic tour in Moscow, where he met with Sergei Lavrov,[105] who said in a joint press conference on 19 March that "Moscow does not meddle in the internal affairs of Algeria", adding that it was "up to the Algerian people to determine their destiny on the basis of their constitution and international laws."[215]
  •   Tunisia: Although Tunisia's president Beji Caid Essebsi has stated that the Algerian people were "free to express themselves on their own governance as they wish",[210] no further comment regarding the Tunisian government's stance on the events was made. Demonstrations were organized on 9 March during which Tunisian civilians showed their solidarity with their Algerian counterparts.[210]
  •   United States: The US State Department issued a statement saying that the country "supports the Algerian people and their right to demonstrate peacefully."[211][216]

See also edit

Further reading edit

  • Benderra, Omar; Gèze, François; Lebdjaoui, Rafik; Mellah, Salima (eds.) (2020), Hirak en Algérie - L'invention d'un soulèvement, La Fabrique, Paris. (in French).
  • Grewal, Sharan (2023). "Military Repression and Restraint in Algeria". American Political Science Review. (study of facebook surveys)
  • Stora, Benjamin (2020). Retours d'histoire. L'Algérie après Bouteflika. Bayard, Paris. (in French).

References edit

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April 12, 2024
hirak, algeria, other, uses, hirak, 2019, 2021, algerian, protestsprotesters, february, 2019, orandate16, february, 2019, march, 2020, year, month, days, october, 2020, october, 2020, days, february, 2021, april, 2021, months, week, days, location, algeriadias. For other uses see Hirak 2019 2021 Algerian protestsProtesters on 22 February 2019 in OranDate16 February 2019 1 20 March 2020 2 1 year 1 month and 4 days 5 October 2020 9 October 2020 4 days 18 February 2021 30 April 2021 3 2 months 1 week and 5 days Location AlgeriaDiaspora communities France Belgium Switzerland Germany United Kingdom Canada United StatesCaused byBouteflika s 5th term Political corruption Electoral fraud Restriction on the freedom of the press UnemploymentGoalsResignation of Presidents Abdelaziz Bouteflika then Abdelkader Bensalah then Abdelmadjid Tebboune and their cabinets End Army influence on politics Constituent assembly 4 Democratic transition 4 MethodsDemonstrations Protest marches Sit ins Online activism Civil disobedience General strikes 5 6 7 Resulted inResignation of Prime Minister Ahmed Ouyahia Resignation of President Abdelaziz Bouteflika Resignation of Prime Minister Noureddine Bedoui Presidential election postponed to 12 December 2019 Army chief Ahmed Gaid Salah calls on the constitutional council to remove Bouteflika from office 12 December 2019 presidential election boycotted by 92 RCD 8 or 60 gov t figures 9 of electors Failure to remove le pouvoir 10 President Abdelmadjid Tebboune proposes new constitutional amendments to strengthen the judiciary and Parliament s roles 11 PartiesAnti government protesters Liberals 12 Protectionists 12 Berberists 12 Feminists 12 Arabists until 2 Apr 2019 SocialistsOrganizations Civil Forum for Change created 9 Mar 2019 13 Femmes algeriennes pour un changement vers l egalite created 16 Mar 2019 14 Dynamiques de la societe civile created 15 Jun 2019 15 National Committee for the Liberation of Detainees 16 RachadPolitical parties Forces of the Democratic Alternative created 26 Jun 2019 17 Socialist Forces Front Rally for Culture and Democracy Workers Party Socialist Workers Party Union for Change and Progress Democratic and Social Movement Party for Secularism and Democracy Movement of Society for Peace Union for Renaissance and Justice and Construction Islamic Renaissance Movement Justice and Development FrontSupported by European Parliament 18 19 Government of Algeria The Presidency Prime ministership Ministry of Interior and Local Government Police Ministry of National Defence General Staff Command Directorate of Security ServicesPolitical parties National Liberation Front Democratic National Rally Algerian Popular Movement Rally for Hope for Algeria Union for Renaissance and Justice and Construction National Construction MovementOthers Arabists since 2 Apr 2019 Supported by Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean 20 Pan African Parliament 20 China 21 Lead figuresNon centralized leadership Government leaders Abdelaziz Bouteflika Former President Abdelkader Bensalah Former acting President Abdelmadjid Tebboune President Ahmed Gaid Salah Former Chief of Staff Said Chengriha Chief of Staff Ahmed Ouyahia Former Prime Minister Abdelmalek Sellal Former Prime Minister and Bouteflika s campaign manager Noureddine Bedoui Former Prime Minister Sabri Boukadoum Former acting Prime Minister Abdelaziz Djerrad Prime Minister Mouad Bouchareb Former Assembly Speaker Slimane Chenine Assembly Speaker Tayeb Belaiz Former Head of Constitutional Council Belkacem Zeghmati Minister of Justice Keeper of the Seals Salah Eddine Dahmoune Former Minister of Interior and Local Government Kamel Beldjoud Minister of Interior and Local Government CasualtiesInjuries183 112 police officers 22 Arrested 1200 23 24 22 25 The 2019 2021 Algerian protests also called Revolution of Smiles 26 27 or Hirak Movement Arabic الح ر اك romanized al Ḥirak lit The movement 28 began on 16 February 2019 1 29 six days after Abdelaziz Bouteflika announced his candidacy for a fifth presidential term in a signed statement These protests without precedent since the Algerian Civil War were peaceful and led the military to insist on Bouteflika s immediate resignation which took place on 2 April 2019 30 By early May a significant number of power brokers close to the deposed administration including the former president s younger brother Said had been arrested 31 32 The rising tensions within the Algerian regime can be traced back to the beginning of Bouteflika s rule which has been characterized by the state s monopoly on natural resources revenues used to finance the government s clientelist system and ensure its stability 33 The major demonstrations have taken place in the largest urban centers of Algeria from February to December 2019 Due to their significant scale the protests attracted international media coverage and provoked reactions from several heads of states and scholarly figures Contents 1 Background 1 1 Abdelaziz Bouteflika 1 2 Corruption 1 3 Monumentalism 2 Timeline 2 1 Early days 2 2 Week 1 22 28 February 2 3 Week 2 1 7 March 2 4 Week 3 8 14 March 2 5 Week 4 15 21 March 2 6 Week 5 22 28 March 2 7 Week 6 29 March 4 April 2 8 Week 7 5 11 April 2 9 Week 8 12 18 April 2 10 Week 9 19 25 April 2 11 Week 10 26 April 2 May 2 12 Week 11 3 9 May 2 13 June 2019 2 14 July 2019 2 15 September 2019 2 16 November 2019 2 17 December 2019 2 18 January 2020 2 19 February 2020 2 20 March 2020 2 21 April 2020 2 22 October 2020 2 23 2021 3 Context 3 1 Protesters 3 2 Goals 3 3 Slogans songs and symbols 3 4 Rioting 4 Media coverage 5 Results 5 1 Alliances of citizens groups and dialogue 5 2 Governmental institutions 5 3 Constitutional amendment 6 Influence 7 Commentary 8 Reactions 8 1 National 8 2 International 9 See also 10 Further reading 11 ReferencesBackground editAbdelaziz Bouteflika edit nbsp Abdelaziz Bouteflika the former President of Algeria from 1999 to 2019 See also 2019 Algerian presidential election Abdelaziz Bouteflika had been president of the People s Democratic Republic of Algeria since 1999 Two amnesties via referendum for former combatants in the Algerian Civil War had taken place during his presidency 1999 and 2005 A complex dirty war between Islamic guerrillas and the government had claimed a contested number of approximately 200 000 lives between 1991 2002 34 35 Nearly half of the Algerian population was born after the end of the conflict amidst the din of repeated corruption scandals With Bouteflika s accession to power in 1999 he began a diplomatic mission to rehabilitate Algeria s image abroad He set about consolidating power especially after his re election in 2003 30 During his tenure as president the power center in Algerian politics shifted from the east to west most particularly to Tlemcen where some became highly placed figures in the media administration and police Roughly 10 billion of public funding flowed to the city for construction projects including a university hotels museums and airports 155m was spent on a state residence which remains incomplete Many of the public works contracts were given to Chinese companies by whom local contractors were allegedly not always paid 36 Oil rich during the Arab Spring the government was able to quiet dissent during the 2010 2012 protests with increased spending 37 nbsp University of Abou Bekr Belkaid in Tlemcen The constitutional revision of 2016 limited the number of presidential terms that could be served to two but nevertheless allowed Bouteflika to seek a fifth term because the law was not retroactive 38 Since 2005 and especially after his stroke in 2013 Bouteflika s ability to govern the country was called into question rumors of his death were frequent as he was often hospitalized no longer spoke and made very few written statements 39 In this context some Algerians considered his announced candidacy for the presidential election originally scheduled for 18 April 2019 4 July 2019 or 2020 to be humiliating 40 Corruption edit Members of Bouteflika s administration were accused of engaging in corrupt practices in several instances In 2010 Sonatrach the state owned oil and gas company suspended all of its senior management after two of the company s vice presidents were imprisoned for corruption Algeria s Energy Minister Chakib Khelil announced that the president of the company and several executives had been placed under judicial supervision 41 42 In 2013 Khelil was also accused of receiving a bribe from a subsidiary of the Italian energy company Eni 43 According to El Watan overbilling for public works and misleading descriptions of imported goods were two common corrupt practices facilitated by cronyism at the highest levels 44 On 26 June 2018 Bouteflika dismissed Abdelghani Hamel as head of the national police DGSN despite the latter being part of his inner circle This news came after one of Hamel s drivers had become a suspect in Cocainegate which led a general of the gendarmerie four judges and two public prosecutors to be tried for bribery 45 46 Monumentalism edit Djamaa el Djazair a large mosque under construction in Algiers is nicknamed the Great Mosque of Bouteflika Though its construction was touted as an Algerian job creator immigrant workers did most of the work for China State Construction Engineering while living in prefab shantytowns around the construction site The project still came in 2 5 times over budget The cost of the mosque s construction has been estimated to be between 1 4 and 2 billion 47 48 A doctor quoted in Le Monde complained that with 4 billion sic 200 hospitals could have been built Converting the mosque into a hospital has been suggested For the Algerian press it became a symbol of the mismanagement of public funds and of the capricious megalomania of the former President 49 50 51 Broadly cumulative grievances and aspirations were at the heart of the protest movement Decade long economic stagnation unemployment labour market segmentation and chronic corruption fueled discontent Plummeting oil and gas prices weakened the regime s capacity to continue buying off some sections of the lower classes and youth and to contain discontent 52 Timeline editEarly days edit In December 2018 calls for demonstrations in the neighborhood of Bab El Oued against the fifth term went unheeded except by the police which mobilized a significant dissuasive force 53 54 nbsp Algiers Central Post Office The protests were at first following the 10 February formal announcement of Bouteflika s candidacy 1 limited geographically to northern Algeria 55 The first major demonstration took place on 16 February 2019 in Kherrata at the eastern end of the wilaya of Bejaia in the Kabylie region after the distribution in Kherrata and its surrounding villages of posters calling for a peaceful march against the fifth term and against the existing system on that date 1 29 In Khenchela on 19 February a giant poster of the President of the Republic was torn down from city hall and trampled Two days later another suffered a similar fate in Annaba 56 This form of protest was related to the recent practice of offering gifts to a framed portrait of Bouteflika in the latter s absence 57 58 59 Week 1 22 28 February edit Protests were organized via social media in major and mid sized cities on 22 February Those in Algiers where street protests had been illegal since a demonstration on 14 June 2001 were the biggest in nearly 18 years 60 40 Smaller protests with slogans like There is no president there s a poster had been taking place in Algiers since 11 February 61 62 On 22 February the portrait of the President was torn down from the landmark central post office 63 There are no official government numbers published but one expert put the number of demonstrators at 800 000 on 22 February 2019 40 64 Regularly hospitalized for periodic medical examinations Abdelaziz Bouteflika was admitted to the University Hospital of Geneva Switzerland on 24 February 2019 65 Another large scale demonstration took place on 24 February at the call of the Mouwatana movement citizenship 66 On 28 February a dozen journalists were arrested during protests against press censorship 67 Week 2 1 7 March edit nbsp Protests in Setif nbsp Protesters in Mohammadia nbsp Protesters in Batna Three million people were estimated to have demonstrated on 1 March 2019 though no official figures were given 68 The private channel Dzair News reported that one million people demonstrated across Algeria on 1 March which was also the first time state television broadcast images of the protests 69 183 people were injured and Hassan Benkhedda son of former interim government president Benyoucef Benkhedda died of a heart attack 70 71 Speaking as Interior Minister Noureddine Bedoui confirmed that it was related to police action against thugs unrelated to the protesters 72 On 2 March 2019 Abdelaziz Bouteflika replaced his campaign director the former prime minister Abdelmalek Sellal who had actively campaigned for the President since 2004 by the virtually unknown Abdelghani Zaalane fr ar a career provincial administrator Considered to be a response to the ongoing protests 73 this dismissal followed the disclosure of a recording between Sellal and Ali Haddad in which the former is heard making threats 74 The deadline for submitting candidatures for the presidential election was 3 March 2019 73 The idea of postponing the election was put forward 75 On 3 March the candidacy of Bouteflika was filed by his campaign director though the law stipulates that the candidate must be physically present for this process 76 Another signed message announced that if re elected a national conference would be convened to adopt reforms as well as a new Constitution to be approved by referendum and that he would not take part in the next presidential election which he promised would be held early 77 78 After the confirmation of Bouteflika s candidacy on Sunday 3 March and the withdrawal of several opposition candidates including Ali Benflis and Louisa Hanoune 79 an anonymous call to strike was made the next day as well as a call to protest on 8 March 80 Even before the candidacy was formalized tens of thousands of protesters were out on the streets 81 From Sunday night to Monday morning hundreds of protesters marched peacefully 82 calling his candidacy a provocation an insult and a masquerade 83 The next day many students boycotted their classes 84 The opposition meeting at the headquarters of the Justice and Development Front called for candidates to withdraw from the election 85 On the same day following the example of the resignation the day before of Khaled Tazaghart an elected representative depute from the El Moustakbal party amp former minister Sid Ahmed Ferroukhi FLN resigned from the party 86 Zahir Kherraz FLN mayor of Oued Amizour also said he did not support a fifth term 87 Amar Benadouda 1931 doyen of the mayors of the country resigned from the town hall of Guenzet 88 On Tuesday protests and student strikes continued thousands were in the streets of Algiers 89 Constantine 90 Oran Annaba Bejaia Tizi Ouzou Bouira Blida Setif or Tlemcen 91 On Thursday a thousand lawyers demonstrated in Algiers 92 The Pacifist and Civilized Walkers 18 Commandments written by Lazhari Labter fr were widely circulated on social media prior to the 8 March demonstration 93 94 Week 3 8 14 March edit In reaction to the Friday demonstrations the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research moved the spring university holidays forward to the next day 10 March and extended them by two weeks in an effort to calm matters down 95 On 10 March the Army Chief of Staff Ahmed Gaid Salah close to Bouteflika gave a speech to officer cadets saying the army and the people had a common vision of the future This speech was front page news in El Khabar 96 A 5 day general strike was begun the same day 97 The day after the announcement that Bouteflika would not seek a new term that Interior Minister Noureddine Bedoui had replaced Ahmed Ouyahia as prime minister and that the presidential election was to be postposed sine die university students protested for the third consecutive Tuesday across the country chanting No Tricks Bouteflika 98 On Wednesday teachers protested On Thursday lawyers and judges were on the streets in several cities 99 On 14 March Djamila Bouhired encouraged the younger generation demonstrating saying Your elders liberated Algeria from colonial domination and you are giving back to Algerians their liberties and their pride despoiled since independence 100 The protests on 15 March were estimated to have been larger than those the previous Friday 101 The Guardian reported that hundreds of thousands were in the streets 102 La Croix put the number at over a million 103 Protesters carried a banner criticizing France s comments that the cancellation of elections should lead to a transition of reasonable length saying It s the people who decide not France Other signs included Macron deal with your yellow vests and Elysee stop It s 2019 not 1830 101 nbsp Protesters in Blida 10 March nbsp Protesters in Montreal Canada 10 March Week 4 15 21 March edit nbsp 17 March 2019 Demonstration at Ohio Statehouse Columbus On 16 March twenty women created the group Femmes algeriennes pour un changement vers l egalite FACE calling for full equality between men and women proposing the creation of a regular feminist square in front of Algiers 1 University and calling for equal representation of men and women in citizens initiatives resulting from the Hirak protests 14 On 17 March the newly appointed Prime Minister announced the intention of forming a government of politically unaffiliated experts which would reflect the demographics of the Algerian society 104 Students were again in the streets on Tuesday 18 March demanding that Bouteflika step down by the end of his term 28 April The army chief of staff said that the army needed to deal with the crisis 105 Week 5 22 28 March edit On 26 March in a speech given in Ouargla and covered live on Algerian television Ahmed Gaid Salah urged the Constitutional Council to declare Bouteflika unfit The Council began deliberations the same day When the sitting president is removed the president of the Council of the Nation at the time Abdelkader Bensalah becomes acting president for a maximum of 90 days while elections are organized 106 On 27 March Ahmed Ouyahia called on Bouteflika to resign 107 The same day the Workers Party announced the resignation of their elected members of the People s National Assembly 108 nbsp Demonstration in Algiers on 22 March 2019 nbsp Demonstration in Algiers on 26 March 2019 Week 6 29 March 4 April edit On Friday 29 March the Algerian authorities denied Reuters reports that there were a million protesters in the capital but did not put forward numbers of their own 109 Bouteflika named a new government on 31 March 2019 two days before his resignation 110 Investigations were opened into a dozen oligarchs who were prevented from leaving the country Ali Haddad s resignation from the FCE an employers federation which had seen a wave of recent resignations over his remarks about the protests 111 and his subsequent arrest at the Tunisian border were widely reported 112 Bouteflika made a statement promising to step down by the end of his term but equivocating as to the actual date The following day the Army Chief of Staff who had been appointed by Bouteflika to replace General Mohammed Lamari after his 2004 election 30 insisted both privately and publicly that he resign immediately which he did 113 114 As provided for under Article 102 of the Algerian Constitution Abdelkader Bensalah became acting interim President 115 116 His term can last for a maximum of 90 days while a presidential election is held By law he cannot participate in this election 116 James McDougall wrote that the military had recognized that radical measures were needed to save the system Though it had regained some power at the expense of the clan centered around Said Bouteflika including the Armed Forces chief of staff McDougall added that s ome observers and activists believe that the army as an institution now wants to stay out of politics and might even support the clean up of corruption that protesters demand 117 Week 7 5 11 April edit The streets were again exuberant and crowded with hundreds of thousands on Friday 5 April with marchers carrying signs demanding further resignations specifically mentioning the 3B Noureddine Bedoui prime minister Abdelkader Bensalah who was officially appointed acting interim president on 9 April 118 and Tayeb Belaiz head of the constitutional council as well as the Army Chief of Staff 119 Tear gas and a water cannon were used repeatedly to prevent more than a thousand students chanting Silmiya Silmiya peaceful peaceful from going through the Tunnel des Facultes in Algiers on the 8th successive Tuesday of student demonstrations 120 Week 8 12 18 April edit The Friday protests of the same size as previous weeks were more conflictual with police blocking access to the city and parts of the city citation needed On 16 April the president of the constitutional council Tayed Belaiz one of the three Bs whose ouster protesters sought informed the council that he had submitted his resignation 121 122 Week 9 19 25 April edit nbsp Demonstration on April 19 at the Grande Poste in Algiers The size of the protests on 19 April was similar to previous weeks citation needed Ennahar TV reported that five billionaires were arrested on 22 April 2019 four brothers from the Kouninef family close to Said Bouteflika and Issad Rebrab the CEO of Cevital 123 The head of Cevital s communications department denied the reports 124 A judge also called in the former prime minister and the current finance minister for questioning 123 Week 10 26 April 2 May edit On Friday 26 thousands of protesters gathered in Algiers for the tenth week despite attempts by the authorities to close all entrances to the capital Banners such as The system must go and We are fed up with you were raised in city centre Earlier Algeria s richest businessman and three other billionaires were arrested in an on going investigation on the grounds of corruption 125 Week 11 3 9 May edit For the eleventh consecutive week tens of thousands of people according to al Jazeera demonstrated on Friday 3 May and raised banners that read You must go and Thieves you have destroyed the country Protesters also continued to insist on the peaceful character of their demonstrations chanting Peaceful peaceful while marching in central Algiers It was also reported that the power broker military chief Ahmed Gaid Salah called for dialogue but the president of Rally for Youth Action a civil society organisation expressed his refusal to negotiate with symbols of the old system 126 nbsp 7 June 2019 Demonstrators from the Aures nbsp 9 June 2019 in the town of BejaiaOn Saturday 4 May the former president s younger brother Said Bouteflika was arrested along with former secret service head General Mohamed Mediene Toufik and intelligence chief Athmane Tartag fr ar Bachir 127 128 32 31 nbsp Berber flag banned from demonstrationsJune 2019 edit On 19 June 2019 Lieutenant general 129 Salah reiterated that no flags other than the national emblem would be tolerated during demonstrations In so doing he was targeting the Amazigh flag a frequently seen flyer during the Hirak movement 130 July 2019 edit On 17 July Abderrahmane Arrar President of the Civil Forum for Change FCPC proposed a committee of former politicians lawyers and human rights activists with reputations for neutrality without political ambitions who would mediate decision making for organising a presidential election and a political transition The aim was to first obtain wide consensus on the list of mediators 131 September 2019 edit nbsp Demonstration in Algiers on September 20 2019 On 15 September the government announced a presidential election to take place on 12 December 132 133 Demonstrations continued calling for Ahmed Gaid Salah and other members of the former Bouteflika governmental clique to resign The authorities blocked road entries to the capital Algiers and arrested prominent protesters in preparation for the following Friday protesters called for a general strike each Tuesday starting 24 September 133 Protests continued for the 31st Friday on 20 September with two thousand protesting in Bejaia 133 and two thousand in Bouira 132 calling for Salah to resign for the peaceful revolution to continue and stating that it would be better to go to prison than to vote in the 12 December 2019 presidential election 132 Detentions of prominent opposition members around 20 September included that of barrister Abdelhak Mellah from Boumerdes who supports boycotting the 12 December presidential election Karim Tabbou Samir Belarbi Fodil Boumala accused of attacking the integrity of national territory and attacking national unity Lakhdar Bouregaa and 77 year old Garidi Hamidi an icon of the protest movement 134 November 2019 edit On 1 November the metro was shut down in Algiers and trains into the city were canceled as a result of a social media campaign calling for demonstrations Police roadblocks also caused traffic jams 135 For the 37th weekly Friday protest which coincided with the celebration of the 65th anniversary of the start of the Algerian War for independence from France 136 tens of thousands of demonstrators called for all members of the system of power in place to be dismissed and for a radical change in the political system 137 They rejected the 12 December election with slogans describing it as an election with the gangs and as an election organised by a corrupt power which is a trap for idiots French les elections d un pouvoir corrompu est un piege a cons 138 On 15 November the 39th successive Friday of protests included objections to the 12 December presidential election and calls for arrested protesters to be freed 139 On 17 November the day that the presidential election candidates opened their campaigns protesters objecting to the election perceiving it as a continuation of the same group of people retaining political power posted sacks of garbage on panels allocated for presidential candidates campaign posters protester Smain described the symbolism by stating that the election is completely rejected as garbage 140 December 2019 edit On 6 December crowds in Algiers Constantine Oran and in Kabylie were massive calling for a boycott of the elections scheduled for the following week and for a general strike starting on 8 December 141 The presidential election was held on 12 December 2019 despite wide popular opposition 142 13 143 with a turnout of 8 according to the Rally for Culture and Democracy 8 or 39 88 officially 9 with Abdelmadjid Tebboune officially elected in the first round with 58 13 of the valid votes 9 During the three days around the election 11 13 December 1200 protesters were detained by the authorities according to the CNLD 144 Later in December the CNLD estimated that according to its records 180 prisoners of conscience remained in prison either under remand or serving sentences 145 Gaid Salah suffered a heart attack on the morning of 23 December 2019 and was rushed to a military hospital in Algiers where he died a few hours later He was 79 years old His last public appearance was four days earlier when he received the National Order of Merit from President Abdelmadjid Tebboune citation needed January 2020 edit nbsp Demonstrators in Berlin Germany 19 January 2020In the first week of January 2020 the new president elected in the mostly boycotted election Abdelmadjid Tebboune appointed Abdelaziz Djerad as prime minister and the rest of his cabinet mostly consisting of ministers of the previous government 146 under Bensalah as acting president and Ahmed Gaid Salah as de facto leader of Algeria 147 On 2 January 76 prisoners of conscience detained because of their protest actions were released some of them conditionally 148 Protests continued 149 146 On 15 January 13 detainees held in El Harrach prison fr since 1 March 2019 started a hunger strike with the aim of getting a fair trial Their cases had rested frozen for 10 months and their court appearances were scheduled for 16 March 2020 150 151 In the 17 January Hirak protest marches twenty of the first protesters to arrive in the morning were arrested in Algiers 148 As of 18 January 2020 update Youth Action Rally fr RAJ estimated that a total of at least 100 Hirak prisoners of conscience were being held in Algerian prisons while the CNLD estimated that 120 or more Hirak prisoners remained under detention 151 February 2020 edit In early February close to the anniversary of the first protests on 16 and 22 February 2019 President Tebboune signed a decree pardoning several thousand prisoners who were released from jail but the Hirak protest prisoners of conscience were not included in the pardon 152 March 2020 edit On 20 March 2020 Algerian protesters heeded a presidential order over the coronavirus and the pleas of some of their own leaders by not staging their weekly demonstration against the ruling elite on Friday for the first time in over a year Leading supporters of the protest movement including imprisoned activist Karim Tabbou human rights lawyer Mustafa Bouchachi and former minister Abdelaziz Rahabi had urged the protesters to suspend their marches 153 April 2020 edit Abdallah Benadouda an Algerian exile in the US with experience in Algerian public radio and private television Dzair TV started Radio Corona International 21 April 2020 to keep the Hirak flame alive during the lockdown Benadouda encourages comparison to pirate radio in Europe in the 1970s and has discussed government crackdown on journalists Khaled Draini and opposition figures Karim Tabbou 154 October 2020 edit On 5 October Algerian protesters marked the 32nd anniversary of a pro democracy movement with hundreds of protesters gathering in the streets of the capital Algiers 155 On 9 October following the rape and killing of a teenage girl protests erupted in several cities across Algeria decrying gender based violence 156 The body of Chaima 19 was said to have been discovered in an abandoned petrol station in Thenia 50 miles east of Algiers earlier in the month Chaima s family revealed that she went missing after going out for a walk to pay her phone bill and was subsequently stabbed raped and allegedly burnt alive 157 158 A constitutional referendum had previously been announced in July that was to be held in November as a result of the protests earlier in the year but critics said it fails to address popular concerns of overreach by the government 2021 edit 5 000 people gathered in the town of Kherrata on 16 February to mark the two year anniversary of the Hirak protest movement Demonstrations had been suspended because of the COVID 19 pandemic in Algeria 159 On 18 February President Abdelmadjid Tebboune released 70 people who had been imprisoned for their participation in demonstrations but that did not stop thousands from demonstrating on 22 February 160 Context editProtesters editThese are the largest protests in Algeria since 2001 The demonstrators are primarily young people who did not experience the Black Decade 40 One observer lauded the millennials reappropriation of corporate branding to their own uses as well as their respect for their living space through peaceful demonstrations saying Algerian millennials thrive on positive messages They flooded the web with images of young demonstrators kissing handing flowers to police officers and women on international women s day distributing water bottles volunteering for first aid or encouraging people to clean the streets after the demonstrations 161 Women s active role in the protests was credited with minimizing violence 162 and marked a sharp contrast with the 1988 protests predominantly led by salafists 163 An old mother of five unemployed children told the BBC There s nothing for the young generation she said No jobs and no houses They can t get married We want this whole system to go 164 Demonstrations also took place abroad particularly in France 165 166 167 where 10 000 demonstrated in Paris on 8 March 93 nbsp Demonstrators in Montreal 10 March nbsp Demonstrators Place de la Republique Paris 17 March Goals edit Originally the protesters wanted Abdelaziz Bouteflika to withdraw his candidacy for a fifth term and wanted Prime Minister Ahmed Ouyahia to step down More generally they called for massive housecleaning from the government of the ruling clans known collectively as le pouvoir the power 168 In conjunction with the president s withdrawal the protesters called more and more for democracy liberties and the rule of law goals which many protests argue are unrealized and which continue to attract Algerians into the street Slogans songs and symbols edit Yetnahaw Gaa often written Yetnahaw ga3 or in Algerian Arabic يتنحاو ڨاع means they should all go and became a rallying cry after Bouteflika renounced his run for a fifth term 169 170 Some slogans referred to the incumbent president as the Moroccan because of his birthplace 60 and his reputed membership in a shadowy second Oudja Clan 171 Others such as bring back the commandos of the army and the BIS there will be no fifth term alluded to the baltaguias 172 By April common slogans placards chants and hashtags included Leave means Leave and Throw them all out Protesters in the capital chanted Bouteflika get out and take Gaid Salah with you 117 Songs such as Liberer l Algerie written by artists supporting the movement Allo le systeme by Raja Meziane and La liberte by Soolking became hits with the protesters upon their release 173 174 175 Cachir an emblematic Algerian sausage was brandished and tossed around during demonstrations as a reminder of the 2014 elections when the press reported that Bouteflika s re election committee was increasing attendance at their meetings by handing out free sandwiches filled with the sausage In the protester s eyes cachir had become a symbol of corruption and of the buying of votes and souls 176 The Algerians have also employed humour and comedy to express dissent and discontent 177 Algerian activist Hamza Hamouchene captured the following on his iPhone Algeria country of heroes that is ruled by zeros System change 99 percent loading We need Detol to kill 99 99 percent of the gang referring to members of the regime And this one from a medical student We are vaccinated and we have developed anti system IgGs antibodies and we keep getting boosters every Friday The problem is the persistence of idolatry and not the replacement of the idol Some slogans were directly targeting French complicity and interferences France is scared that if Algeria takes its independence it would ask for compensation for the metal it used to build the Eiffel tower Allo Allo Macron the grandchildren of November 54 are back In reaction to calls by Gaid Salah to apply article 102 of the constitution so the leader of the upper house would take over with elections to be held 90 days after the presidency is declared vacant by the constitutional council people replied We want the application of article 2019 You are all going We asked for the departure of the whole gang not the promotion of some of its members Batteries are dead so no need to squeeze them Dear system you are a piece of s and I can prove it mathematically Here Algeria the voice of the people The number 102 is no longer in service Please call people s service at 07 in reference to article 07 stipulating that the people are the source of all sovereignty 178 In Bordj Bou Arreridj a city 200 km east of the capital Algiers every Friday protesters have been hanging a new tifo since the fifth Friday Displayed on an unfinished building renamed The People s Palace the banners bear cartoons and slogans and as more Algerians from other cities have been pouring in every Friday the town has been named The Capital of the Hirak The capital of the popular movement The idea of the tifos is borrowed from the ultras groups which according to sociologist Mark Doidge were political protests in the 1960s and 1970s Italy 179 Rioting edit Although the rallies were generally peaceful some vehicles were burned and shops were vandalized in the evening of demonstrations 62 180 On 1 March clashes took place between the police and groups of young people throwing stones at them 62 41 arrests were recorded on 23 February 181 and 45 on 1 March including five men caught trying to haul away a safe The police reported that the majority of the people arrested were under the influence of psychotropic or hallucinogenic substances 182 Media coverage editUntil 1 March 2019 public television radio and press totally ignored the demonstrations while private television channels linked to the establishment dealt with them in a limited way 183 A boycott campaign was launched against the media 184 The editor in chief of Channel III ar fr Meriem Abdou resigned on 23 February as a protest against the treatment of the movement on the government run radio station Several journalists were arrested 183 A hundred journalists and the NGO Reporters Without Borders publicly denounced the censorship practiced by the Algerian executive 185 When state TV channels did begin mentioning the protests they were critical of the protesters and did not refer to their motives 62 185 In contrast private print media and news sites reported widely on events from the beginning 183 Despite the opening of the audiovisual media to competition in 2011 off shore channels can be shut down at any time because of their precarious legal status 186 One foreign media outlet Al Jazeera has been banned from Algeria since 2004 187 On 4 March Nadia Madassi Canal Algerie s nightly news anchor for the past 15 years resigned because she had been required to read a letter attributed to the president on the air 188 On 5 March Echorouk and El Bilad were sanctioned by the Ministries of Communication for having covered the demonstrations and were cut off from advertising by the ANEP national publishing and advertising agency 189 Results editAlliances of citizens groups and dialogue edit Women created the feminist collective Femmes algeriennes pour un changement vers l egalite on 16 March 2019 which pioneered the feminist square in the Friday Algiers protests to strengthen the political role of women in the protests 14 Citizens associations and individuals created the Dynamiques de la societe civile alliance on 15 June which was later joined by trade unions with the aim of coordinating proposals to reorganise the political structure of the Algerian state 190 15 On 26 June political parties and the Algerian League for the Defense of Human Rights fr created the Forces of the Democratic Alternative alliance with similar aims including the organising of a constituent assembly for a new political system with an independent judiciary 17 On 6 July the Forum civil pour le changement created on 9 March 2019 by 70 citizens groups and led by Abderrahmane Arara 13 and the Forces du changement held a conference at which they proposed the creation of a panel to dialogue with the government and in favour of the holding of a presidential election 191 143 The 13 person dialogue panel the Instance nationale de dialogue et de mediation was created and led by Karim Younes fr The dialogue panel and the holding of the election were widely criticised by the protesters and by the Forces of the Democratic Alternative who stated that the arrests of protesters for political reasons and the lack of basic conditions of democracy were conditions unsuitable for an election 142 13 143 Citizens groups to monitor the detentions of protest participants and call for their release were formed The Network for fighting against repression was created on 1 June 2019 to call for the release of prisoners including Louisa Hanoune the first woman to run for President of Algeria and Hadj Ghermoul a member of the Algerian League for the Defense of Human Rights fr 192 The National Committee for the Liberation of Detainees CNLD was created on 26 August 2019 193 In late December several weeks after the presidential election won by Abdelmadjid Tebboune the CNLD had documentation of 180 Hirak prisoners under remand or sentenced and saw no sign of the government ceasing its frequent arrests of the protesters 194 145 On 25 January 2020 400 people from various political parties and citizens associations participated in Algiers in a meeting organised by Forces of the Democratic Alternative The conclusion of the meeting was to hold another meeting to organise the detailed methods and rules for implementing a democratic transition during which existing illegitimate institutions would be dismantled and for organising a constituent assembly 195 Governmental institutions edit On 11 March it was announced that President Bouteflika would not seek re election that Prime Minister Ahmed Ouyahia had resigned and been replaced by Interior Minister Noureddine Bedoui and that the April 2019 presidential election was postponed indefinitely 196 Inquiries were announced into corruption and illicit overseas capital transfers on 1 April 2019 Ali Haddad was arrested trying to cross the border into Tunisia after liquidating stock worth 38m 112 197 On the same day Bouteflika promised to step down by the end of his term on 28 April On 2 April 2019 Bouteflika resigned as president after being pressured by the military to step down immediately 113 114 Under Article 102 of the Algerian Constitution he was succeeded as interim President by the President of the Council of the Nation Abdelkader Bensalah who was ineligible to run in the election for a successor which according to law had to be held in the next 90 days 116 198 The presidential election was finally held on 12 December 2019 despite wide popular opposition 142 13 143 The Rally for Culture and Democracy estimated the turnout in the election at 8 of the eligible electorate interpreting the low turnout as a result of wide rejection of the election 8 The official turnout was 39 88 with Abdelmadjid Tebboune officially elected in the first round with 58 13 of the valid votes leaving it unnecessary to hold a second round of the election 9 Constitutional amendment edit On 7 May 2020 the preliminary draft of the constitutional amendment was published It provides for the replacement of the post of First Minister by Head of Government responsible to the Assembly which can overthrow it by a motion of censure the possibility for the President of the Republic to appoint a vice president the replacement of the Constitutional Council by a Constitutional Court the retention of the limit on the number of presidential mandates to two consecutive or not or the limitation of the mandate of deputy to one re election 199 In addition the Hirak is inscribed in the preamble of the Constitution and the army is authorized to participate in theaters of operation abroad Finally the National Independent Election Authority ANIE is constitutionalised the presidential third of the Council of Nation is abolished and the possibility of legislating by ordinance during parliamentary recess is abrogated 200 On 8 September 2020 the final draft of the constitutional amendment was published It revokes both of the vice president post and the abolition of the presidential third of the Council of Nation 201 Influence editThe weekend after Bouteflika stepped down protesters in Sudan called upon the army to take their side against sitting president Omar al Bashir Despite the state of emergency and the emergency courts the President created to treat the protests demonstrators staged a sit in in the public space outside the Khartoum headquarters of the Armed Forces 202 Commentary edit nbsp Demonstrator wrapped in the Algerian flag On 28 February 2019 the economist Omar Benderra asserted that a deep separation exists between civil society and the Algerian government which outlawed street protests twenty years ago and which he wrote is controlled by warlords Public opinion Benderra continues is suspicious of official government communication and has also begun to show signs of frustration with spiritual leaders urging the people to stay off the streets 203 In Le Figaro on 1 March 2019 the Algerian writer Boualem Sansal said Such demonstrations in all the cities of the country and even in the capital not far from El Mouradia the district of the presidential palace the Tagarins the district of the Ministry of Defense of Alger Centre the district of the palace of the government is an unbearable humiliation for the president his brothers his army his police his deputies his senators his oligarchs his officials his extra militias in short the revolutionary family that s the name they give themselves whom no one has ever disrespected without paying for it with his life 65 204 Writing on openDemocracy Hamza Hamouchene a founder of the London based Algeria Solidarity Campaign summed up his view of the context of the revolt This decisive awakening on the part of the people and their growing political awareness are harbingers of good things to come and of the stormy days ahead for the profiteering caste and their foreign backers who have been scandalously enriching themselves In the midst of increasing pauperization unemployment paralyzing austerity the pillaging of resources uneven development and corruption the rationality of the current revolt and rebellion becomes absolutely clear 205 Fahad Nabeel from the Centre of Strategic and Contemporary Research was less optimistic about the movement s success suggesting that either the pouvoir or the military would consolidate control 206 The protests did emerge in part in response to elements of Algerian social life wrote Amir Mohamed Aziz but they need to be situated in a broader context of African Mediterranean and transnational political economic dynamics 52 Algerian journalist Ghada Hamrouche doubted whether it was even possible to hold elections as promised by the interim president Hamrouche considered elections within the current constitutional set up a diversion Army chief Ahmed Gaid Salah and the ruling class she wrote are counting on the lure of elections to divide and weaken protesters calls for a transition outside the framework of a constitution that keeps the regime in the driver s seat 207 Ahmad Al Sholi thinks that the Algerian regime is very entrenched and enjoys a good leverage generated by the revenues of the oil industry a surplus with which it could co opt large swaths of the population and oppositional forces Despite the plummeting oil prices in the world market the regime argues Al Sholi could attract foreign investment and still refill its coffers On the other hand although the Algerians showed an impressive energy and perseverance in mobilisation it would be a mistake to expect hundreds of thousands of people to show up to protest indefinitely Some popular organization has to emerge now and present a roadmap that the masses could rally around giving them a chance to catch their breath The ruling regime is desperate to draw a red line against the protests and is intent on engaging in mass arrests Fortunately Algerians have significant industrial leverage to wield against their ruling class What happens next depends on how this power is channeled to transform Algeria 208 Reactions editNational edit On 5 March the National Organization of Mujahideen ar fr the powerful organization of veterans of the Algerian War of Independence announced by press release that they supported the demonstrations lamenting the collusion between both influential parties in the seat of power and unscrupulous businessmen who have profited illicitly from public money 209 International edit International reactions were cautious most countries and international organizations remained silent until 5 March nbsp Egypt President Abdel Fattah el Sisi criticised the protesters motives on 10 March and warned that due to the protests the people young children and future generations will pay the price that of a lack of stability 210 nbsp European Union The European Commission called for respect for the rule of law including freedom of expression and assembly 211 212 nbsp France Speaking in Djibouti on 12 March president Emmanuel Macron welcomed Bouteflika s decision not to seek reelection and applauded the Algerian government s plan for a constitutional conference validated by a popular referendum after a transition of reasonable length 213 nbsp Italy Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte advised listening to requests for change from civil society and believed that Algeria will be able to guarantee a democratic and inclusive process with respect for its people and for its own benefit 214 nbsp Morocco Given the tense relations between Algeria and Morocco the Moroccan government has not issued any official statement regarding the protests 210 nbsp Russia Newly appointed deputy prime minister Ramtane Lamamra began a diplomatic tour in Moscow where he met with Sergei Lavrov 105 who said in a joint press conference on 19 March that Moscow does not meddle in the internal affairs of Algeria adding that it was up to the Algerian people to determine their destiny on the basis of their constitution and international laws 215 nbsp Tunisia Although Tunisia s president Beji Caid Essebsi has stated that the Algerian people were free to express themselves on their own governance as they wish 210 no further comment regarding the Tunisian government s stance on the events was made Demonstrations were organized on 9 March during which Tunisian civilians showed their solidarity with their Algerian counterparts 210 nbsp United States The US State Department issued a statement saying that the country supports the Algerian people and their right to demonstrate peacefully 211 216 See also editYetnahaw Gaa Berber Spring 1988 October Riots Black Spring Algeria 2010 2012 Algerian protests Abdelaziz Bouteflika List of protests in the 21st century Sudanese Revolution 2018 2019 2019 Egyptian protests December 1960 demonstrations in Algeria 2021 Algerian protests 2019 Venezuelan protestsFurther reading editBenderra Omar Geze Francois Lebdjaoui Rafik Mellah Salima eds 2020 Hirak en Algerie L invention d un soulevement La Fabrique Paris in French Grewal Sharan 2023 Military Repression and Restraint in Algeria American Political Science Review study of facebook surveys Stora Benjamin 2020 Retours d histoire L Algerie apres Bouteflika Bayard Paris in French References edit a b c d Zerrouky Madjid 2019 06 08 A Kherrata aux sources du soulevement algerien In Kherrata at the root of the Algerian uprising Le Monde Archived from the original on 2019 12 13 Retrieved 2019 12 13 In reaction to the 10 February announcement of Bouteflika s candidacy posters had been posted in town and in surrounding villages We call on everyone to participate in a peaceful march against the fifth term and against the existing system The rendez vous was given as 16 February French En reaction a l annonce du 10 fevrier de la candidature de Bouteflika des affiches avaient ete placardees en ville et dans les villages environnants Nous appelons toute la population a assister a une marche pacifique contre le cinquieme mandat et contre le systeme en place Rendez vous etait donne pour le 16 fevrier Algerians forego weekly protest amid coronavirus Reuters 2020 03 20 Retrieved 2020 03 20 Hirak supporters demonstrate in Algeria reject elections The Arab Weekly 2021 05 01 a b Lamriben Hocine 2019 09 10 Reunies hier au siege du RCD Les Forces de l Alternative democratique rejettent l agenda de la presidentielle El Watan Archived from the original on 2019 11 03 Retrieved 2019 11 03 Algerians begin general strike against Bouteflika s rule The Guardian 2019 03 10 Retrieved 2019 03 10 General strike in Algeria against Bensalah s ascension to presidency Middle East Monitor 2019 04 11 Retrieved 2019 04 11 Population out in force for general strike in Algeria IndustriALL Global Union 2019 11 07 Retrieved 2019 11 07 a b c Le RCD s offusque du comportement du pouvoir Le taux de participation reel a la presidentielle n a pas depasse les 8 RCD vexed by the authorities behaviour The real participation rate in the presidential election was no more than 8 El Watan in French 2019 12 15 Archived from the original on 2019 12 16 Retrieved 2019 12 16 a b c d Le Conseil Constitutionnel annonce les resultats definitifs de la presidentielle The Constitutional Council announces the final results of the presidential election in French Algeria Press Service 2019 12 16 Archived from the original on 2019 12 26 Retrieved 2019 12 26 Algerian protests blunted without a shot fired in anger Al Jazeera 2020 01 30 Retrieved 2020 05 02 Guidara Amin 2020 01 30 Algerie une revision cosmetique de la Constitution Algeria a cosmetic revision of the Constitution La Croix Retrieved 2020 01 09 a b c d Amel Boubekeur 2020 02 27 Demonstration effects How the Hirak protest movement is reshaping Algerian politics European Council on Foreign Relations a b c d e Le FCC en congres pour porter appui a l election presidentielle Son coordonnateur et desormais president Abderrahmane Arar se porte candidat au scrutin The FCC meets in support of the presidential election its coordinator and now its president Abderrahmane Arar runs for election Reporters in French 2019 10 06 Archived from the original on 2019 12 26 Retrieved 2019 12 26 a b c Femmes algeriennes pour un changement vers l egalite Algerian women for shifting to equality El Watan in French 2019 03 21 Archived from the original on 2019 12 22 Retrieved 2019 12 22 a b Iddir Nadir 2019 11 17 Dynamiques de la societe civile Cap sur la conference nationale Dynamiques de la societe civile towards a national meeting El Watan in 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Aziz 2019 03 26 Protesting Politics in Algeria Middle East Research and Information Project MERIP Archived from the original on 2019 04 04 Retrieved 2019 04 15 Yazid Alilat A la suite d un appel anonyme a une marche Alger bouclee par la police Following an anonymous call to a march Algiers cordoned off by the police www lequotidien oran com in French Archived from the original on 2019 03 08 Retrieved 2019 03 09 Mysterieux appels a manifester a Alger une journee ordinaire sous haute surveillance policiere Mysterious calls to demonstrate in Algiers an ordinary day under heavy police surveillance TSA in French 2018 12 01 Archived from the original on 2019 03 06 Retrieved 2019 03 09 Algerie manifestations a Bejaia contre la candidature de Bouteflika pour un cinquieme mandat video Algeria protests in Bejaia against Bouteflika s candidacy for a fifth term video France Maghreb in French 2019 02 21 Archived from the original on 2019 03 06 Retrieved 2019 03 09 Algerie retour sur une journee de mobilisation inedite contre la candidature de Bouteflika Algeria return on a day of unprecedented mobilization against the candidacy of Bouteflika Le Point Afrique in French 2019 02 22 Archived from the original on 2019 03 06 Retrieved 2019 03 09 Algerie la rue ne peut plus encadrer la candidature de Bouteflika a un 5e mandat Algeria the street can no longer frame the candidacy of Bouteflika for a 5th term Franceinfo in French 2019 02 21 Archived from the original on 2019 03 06 Retrieved 2019 03 09 Un cheval offert au portrait de Bouteflika naissance d un culte rituel A horse offered to the portrait of Bouteflika birth of a ritual worship Al HuffPost Maghreb in French 2018 04 26 Archived from the original on 2019 03 23 Retrieved 2019 03 09 Le FLN offre un cadre au cadre du president Bouteflika Video FLN offers a framework to President Bouteflika s framework Video Al HuffPost Maghreb in French Archived from the original on 2019 02 14 Retrieved 2019 03 09 a b Amir Akef Charlotte Bozonnet Madjid Zerrouky 2019 02 23 Algerie revolte inedite contre le pouvoir Le Monde in French Archived from the original on 2019 02 24 Retrieved 2019 02 25 Une vague anti 5e mandat prend forme Toute l actualite sur An anti 5th term wave takes shape All the news on liberte algerie com in French Archived from the original on 2019 02 16 Retrieved 2018 03 09 a b c d Manifestations massive en Algerie contre un cinquieme mandat de Bouteflika Massive protests in Algeria against Bouteflika s fifth term La Tribune in French 2019 03 02 Archived from the original on 2019 03 06 Retrieved 2019 03 09 Algerie manifestations emaillees de heurts contre un 5e mandat de Bouteflika Algeria Enamelled demonstrations of clashes against a 5th term of Bouteflika FranceSoir in French Archived from the original on 2019 03 06 Retrieved 2019 03 09 Algerie un million de personnes dans la rue et aucune image a la television Algeria a million people on the street and no picture on television Franceinfo in French 2019 02 25 Archived from the original on 2019 02 27 Retrieved 2019 03 09 Selon Akram Kharief fondateur du site Menadefense specialise dans la defense et le renseignement qui cite de sources policieres ils etaient entre 800 000 et un million dans la rue a b Olivier Bot 2019 03 01 Les medias du monde parlent de Bouteflika et de Geneve World media speak of Bouteflika and Geneva 24 heures in French Archived from the original on 2019 03 06 Retrieved 2019 03 09 Algerie une nouvelle manifestation contre un 5e mandat du president Bouteflika plusieurs arrestations Algeria a new demonstration against a 5th term of President Bouteflika several arrests BFMTV in French Archived from the original on 2019 02 25 Retrieved 2019 03 09 Dozen journalists arrested at Algiers censorship protest TheEastAfrican 2019 02 28 Archived from the original on 2019 04 07 Retrieved 2019 04 07 via AFP Hacen Ouali 2019 03 07 Algerie et le camp Boutef flippa Algeria and camp Boutef flippa Liberation in French Archived from the original on 2019 04 01 Retrieved 2019 04 07 Algerie La television d Etat diffuse des images des manifestations contre un 5e mandat Algeria State television broadcasts footage of protests against a fifth term Ouest France in French 2019 03 02 Archived from the original on 2019 03 02 Retrieved 2019 03 11 Le defunt Hassan Benkhedda inhume au cimetiere de Sidi Yahia a Alger The late Hassan Benkhedda buried at the cemetery of Sidi Yahia in Algiers in French Archived from the original on 2019 03 06 Retrieved 2019 03 09 Hassan Benkhedda est mort lors de la marche de la dignite la famille de l ancien president du GPRA confirme Hassan Benkhedda died during the walk of dignity the family of the former president of the GPRA confirms in French 2019 03 02 Archived from the original on 2019 09 18 Retrieved 2019 03 14 Shehab Kahn 2019 03 03 Algeria protests Son of former prime minister dies in anti government demonstration The Independent Archived from the original on 2019 03 09 Retrieved 2019 03 17 a b Algerie Bouteflika limoge son directeur de campagne Algeria Bouteflika sacks his campaign director Le Figaro in French 2019 03 02 Archived from the original on 2019 03 08 Retrieved 2019 03 09 Le verdict a ete donne par le peuple The verdict was given by the people El Watan in French Retrieved 2019 03 09 Algerie l option d un report de la presidentielle a bien ete evoquee RFI Algeria the option of a postponement of the presidential election has been raised RFI RFI Afrique in French 2019 01 17 Archived from the original on 2019 03 06 Retrieved 2019 03 09 Bouteflika formellement candidat a la presidentielle du 18 avril Bouteflika formally presidential candidate of 18 April L Orient Le Jour in French 2019 03 03 Archived from the original on 2019 03 06 Retrieved 2019 03 09 Algerie Abdelaziz Bouteflika dit comprendre l inquietude mais maintient sa candidature Algeria Abdelaziz Bouteflika says he understands worry but maintains his candidacy Le Monde in French 2019 03 03 Archived from the original on 2019 03 09 Retrieved 2019 03 09 Adam Nossiter 2019 03 03 Algeria Protests President s Offer Fails to Temper Outrage The New York Times Archived from the original on 2019 03 09 Retrieved 2019 03 09 Presidentielle en Algerie Benflis principal adversaire de Bouteflika renonce Presidential election in Algeria Benflis Bouteflika s main opponent gives up L Obs in French 2019 03 03 Archived from the original on 2019 03 06 Retrieved 2019 03 09 Bouteflika s engage a ceder le pouvoir s il est elu president en avril Bouteflika commits to hand over power if elected president in April Le Figaro in French 2019 03 03 Archived from the original on 2019 03 08 Retrieved 2019 03 09 Algerie Bouteflika brigue un cinquieme mandat Algeria Bouteflika seeks fifth term La Tribune in French 2019 03 03 Archived from the original on 2019 03 06 Retrieved 2019 03 09 Manifestations nocturnes en Algerie contre la candidature de Bouteflika Nocturnal demonstrations in Algeria against Bouteflika s candidacy Europe 1 in French 2019 03 03 Archived from the original on 2019 03 06 Retrieved 2019 03 09 A Alger la colere de la jeunesse repond a la candidature de Bouteflika In Algiers the anger of youth responds to Bouteflika s candidacy Le Monde in French 2019 03 04 Archived from the original on 2019 03 09 Retrieved 2019 03 09 Algerie les etudiants boycottent les cours pour denoncer la candidature de Bouteflika Algeria Students boycott courses to denounce Bouteflika s candidacy Le Figaro in French 2019 03 04 Archived from the original on 2019 03 10 Retrieved 2019 03 09 Faycal Metaoui 2019 03 04 Les mobilisations anti Bouteflika s intensifient en Algerie Anti Bouteflika mobilizations intensify in Algeria www leparisien fr in French Archived from the original on 2019 03 06 Retrieved 2019 03 09 Amayas Zmirli 2019 03 04 Annonces de Bouteflika les Algeriens plus que sceptiques Bouteflika s announcements Algerians more than skeptical Le Point Afrique in French Archived from the original on 2019 03 07 Retrieved 2019 03 09 Bejaia Le maire FLN de Oued Amizour s oppose a un 5e mandat de Bouteflika Bejaia Mayor FLN of Oued Amizour opposes a 5th term of Bouteflika Al HuffPost Maghreb in French Archived from the original on 2019 03 06 Retrieved 2019 03 09 Le doyen des maires algeriens dit non au 5e mandat et demissionne Algerian mayor says no to 5th term and resigns Al HuffPost Maghreb in French Archived from the original on 2019 08 04 Retrieved 2019 03 09 Algerie plusieurs milliers d etudiants manifestent a Alger contre la candidature a un 5e mandat de Bouteflika Algeria Several thousand students protest in Algiers against Bouteflika s fifth term LCI in French 2019 04 26 Archived from the original on 2019 03 05 Retrieved 2019 05 17 Contestation en Algerie les etudiants maintiennent la pression Challenging Algeria Students keep up the pressure Le Point Afrique in French 2019 03 05 Archived from the original on 2019 03 08 Retrieved 2019 03 09 Le Point magazine 2019 03 05 Algerie nouvelles manifestations et mise en garde de l armee Algeria new demonstrations and warnings of the army Le Point in French Archived from the original on 2019 03 06 Retrieved 2019 03 09 Algerie un millier d avocats contre Bouteflika Algeria a thousand lawyers against Bouteflika Le Figaro in French 2019 03 07 Archived from the original on 2019 03 09 Retrieved 2019 03 09 a b Yves Bourdillon 2019 03 11 Algerie Bouteflika rentre dans une capitale en pleine ebullition Algeria Bouteflika returns to a capital city boiling Les Echos in French Archived from the original on 2019 03 08 Retrieved 2019 03 16 Les 18 commandements du manifestant en Algerie The 18 Commandments of the protester in Algeria Nouvel Obs in French 2019 03 08 Archived from the original on 2019 04 14 Retrieved 2019 03 16 Les vacances universitaires avancees pour tenter d affaiblir la contestation Advanced university holidays to try to weaken the challenge tsa algerie com in French 2019 03 09 Archived from the original on 2019 03 27 Retrieved 2019 03 09 Algerie l armee declare partager la meme vision que le peuple Algeria the army declares to share the same vision as the people RFI in French 2019 03 11 Archived from the original on 2019 03 12 Retrieved 2019 03 12 Ruth Michaelson 2019 03 11 Algerian president says he will not run again after weeks of protests The Guardian Archived from the original on 2019 03 15 Retrieved 2019 03 15 Algerie les etudiants mobilises dans la rue contre la ruse de Bouteflika Algeria students mobilized in the street against the ruse of Bouteflika La Croix in French 2019 01 12 Archived from the original on 2019 04 03 Retrieved 2019 03 13 via AFP le veritable revelateur sera vendredi premier jour de week end et traditionnelle journee de manifestation depuis bientot trois semaines Madjid Zerrouky 2019 03 15 En Algerie l opposition rejette le processus de transition du regime In Algeria the opposition rejects the regime s transition process Le Monde in French Archived from the original on 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original on 2019 04 02 Retrieved 2019 04 03 Algeria s next in line Bouteflika loyalist Abdelkader Bensalah France 24 2019 04 02 Archived from the original on 2019 04 02 Retrieved 2019 04 02 a b c Algerian Constitutional Council declares presidency vacant TASS 2019 04 03 Archived from the original on 2019 04 04 Retrieved 2019 04 04 a b James McDougall 2019 04 06 How Algeria s army sacrificed a president to keep power BBC Archived from the original on 2019 04 11 Retrieved 2019 04 14 Aomar Ouali Nadine Achoui Lesage 2019 04 09 Algeria s interim leader pledges to hold honest election The Washington Post Archived from the original on 2019 04 09 Retrieved 2019 04 10 Zahra Chanoui 2019 04 06 En Algerie sans Bouteflika les manifestants reclament le depart de ceux qui ont mange le pays In Algeria without Bouteflika protesters demand the departure of those who ate the country Le Monde Archived from the original on 2019 04 06 Retrieved 2019 04 06 Marche des etudiants a Alger La police charge les manifestants a coups de gaz lacrymogenes et de jets d eau Student march in Algiers Police charge protesters with tear gas and water jets El Watan in French 2019 04 10 Archived from the original on 2019 05 01 Retrieved 2019 04 10 Algeria transition Constitutional council head Belaiz resigns Al Jazeera 2019 04 16 Archived from the original on 2019 04 16 Retrieved 2019 04 17 Conseil constitutionnel Tayeb Belaiz demissionne Constitutional Council Tayeb Belaiz resigns El Watan in French 2019 04 16 Archived from the original on 2019 04 17 Retrieved 2019 04 17 a b Algeria arrests five business tycoons France24 2019 04 22 Archived from the original on 2019 04 22 Retrieved 2019 04 22 Sherazade 2019 04 22 Algerie Arrestation de Issad Rebrab Ce que l on sait Algeria Arrest of Issad Rebrab What we know ObservAlgerie com in French Archived from the original on 2019 04 22 Retrieved 2019 04 22 thousands protest against Algeria s ruling elite al Jazeera com 2019 04 26 Archived from the original on 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us a spot in prison El Watan in French Archived from the original on 2019 09 21 Retrieved 2019 09 21 a b c Douici Nouredine 2019 09 21 Acte 31 du mouvement populaire a Bejaia Empecher l election pour sauver le pays Act 31 of the popular movement at Bejaia Stop the election to save the country El Watan in French Archived from the original on 2019 09 21 Retrieved 2019 09 21 Nadir Iddir 2019 09 21 Des manifestants se sont vu retirer leur embleme national Poursuite des arrestations et solidarite avec les detenus Protestors had their national emblem confiscated further arrests and solidarity with the detained El Watan in French Archived from the original on 2019 09 21 Retrieved 2019 09 21 Algerians take to streets call for new revolution on independence anniversary France 24 2019 11 01 Archived from the original on 2019 11 01 Retrieved 2019 11 01 Ouali Aomar 2019 11 01 Algerians protest election plan celebrate independence The Washington Post Archived from the original on 2019 11 03 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sans proces Quelles sont les arriere pensees des autorites Several tens of detainees imprisoned without a trial What are the authorities motives El Watan in French Archived from the original on 2020 01 18 Retrieved 2020 01 18 Algeria president pardons thousands but not protesters 2020 02 06 Archived from the original on 2020 02 07 Retrieved 2020 02 11 Algerians forego weekly protest amid coronavirus Reuters 2020 03 20 Retrieved 2020 03 20 Madjid Zerrouky 2020 04 24 Radio Corona internationale la station qui maintient la flamme du Hirak algerien Le Monde in French Nous ne pretendons pas etre une radio du Hirak tenait il a insister Nous sommes la pour maintenir la flamme jusqu a ce que le mouvement reparte Hundreds take to Algiers streets despite ban on protests Chaima Algeria women protest over teen s rape and murder BBC News 2020 10 08 Rape and murder of woman in Algeria sparks outrage 2020 10 09 Protests after teenage girl stabbed raped and burned alive in Algeria 2020 10 09 Algeria 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Serres Thomas 2019 06 13 A Hirak Glossary Terms from Algeria and Morocco Jadaliyya Hacene Boukaraoun 2019 08 03 Hirak et securite exterieure de l Algerie l ANP est un socle El Watan Retrieved 2019 12 26 Kimberly White 2013 12 17 Le Mystere des origines de Bouteflika The mystery of the origins of Bouteflika Slate Afrique in French Archived from the original on 2018 03 10 Retrieved 2018 03 11 via Reuters Algerie Non c est non Des etudiants se rassemblent a nouveau dans le centre d Alger Algeria No it s no Students gather again in the center of Algiers L Obs in French 2019 03 05 Archived from the original on 2019 03 06 Retrieved 2019 03 09 Amale Ajebli 2019 03 04 Liberer l Algerie la chanson contre un cinquieme mandat de Bouteflika fait un tabac Free Algeria the song against a fifth term of Bouteflika is a hit Le Figaro in French Archived from the original on 2019 03 08 Retrieved 2019 03 09 Plus de 4 millions de vues More than 4 million views El Watan in French 2019 03 12 Retrieved 2019 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personnes arretees lors des manifestations Algeria a call for the release of people detained during the demonstrations Jeune Afrique in French 2019 08 29 Archived from the original on 2019 12 05 Retrieved 2019 12 26 Lamriben Hocine 2019 12 24 Kaci Tansaout Coordinateur du CNLD Il n y a aucun signe d apaisement Kaci Tansaout Coordinator of the CNLD There s no sign of deescalation El Watan in French Archived from the original on 2019 12 24 Retrieved 2019 12 26 Ouali Hacen 2020 01 26 Le mouvement a tenu ses assises hier a Alger Le PAD tient a la transition democratique The movement held its meeting yesterday in Algiers PAD insists on a democratic transition El Watan in French Archived from the original on 2020 01 27 Retrieved 2020 01 27 Algerian president Adelaziz Bouteflika drops bid for fifth term BBC 2019 03 11 Archived from the original on 2019 03 12 Retrieved 2019 03 12 Algerian businessman with ties to President Bouteflika arrested Al Jazeera 2019 03 31 Archived from the original on 2019 04 01 Retrieved 2019 04 01 Abdelkader Bensalah un fidele de Bouteflika qui va assurer l interim en Algerie Abdelkader Bensalah a faithful Bouteflika who will ensure the interim in Algeria Le Monde in French 2019 04 04 Archived from the original on 2019 04 03 Retrieved 2019 04 04 Mandats presidentiels Armee Tamazight les principaux points du projet preliminaire de la revision constitutionnelle Presidential mandates Army Tamazight the main points of the preliminary draft of the constitutional revision TSA Algeria 2020 05 07 Retrieved 2020 05 07 Revision de la Constitution les six grands axes et 73 propositions du comite Laraba Revision of the Constitution the six main axes and 73 proposals of the Laraba committee TSA Algeria 2020 05 07 Retrieved 2020 05 07 Redaction AE 2020 09 08 Projet de revision de la Constitution Les principales dispositions Draft revision of the Constitution The main provisions Algerie Eco Retrieved 2020 09 08 Clashes between rival Sudan armed forces risk civil war protesters warn The Independent 2019 04 10 Archived from the original on 2019 04 10 Retrieved 2019 04 10 Protests have been reignited by the successful 3 April ouster of Algeria s Abdelaziz Bouteflika Omar Benderra 2019 02 28 Omar Benderra quelques cles pour comprendre les manifestations du 22 fevrier 2019 en Algerie Omar Benderra some keys to understand the demonstrations of 22 February 2019 in Algeria Investig action in French Archived from the original on 2019 03 06 Retrieved 2019 03 10 Algerian opinion has long been beyond exasperation and it is only through the traditions of patience and rejection of violence that society has held itself together What the people contest and reject is not limited to extending the mandate of a president zombie Alexandre Devecchio Boulem Sansal 2019 02 28 Boualem Sansal Les jeunes execrent le regime mais l Algerie a peur d une autre guerre civile Boualem Sansal Young people execrate the regime but Algeria is afraid of another civil war Le Figaro in French Archived from the original on 2019 03 09 Retrieved 2019 03 09 Algeria in revolt We woke up and you will pay openDemocracy 2019 04 12 Archived from the original on 2019 04 14 Retrieved 2019 04 14 Nabeel Fahad 2019 04 10 Geopolitics of post Bouteflika Algeria Centre of Strategic and Contemporary Research Archived from the original on 2019 04 14 Retrieved 2019 04 14 The emerging front runners in Algeria s uncertain election Al Monitor 2019 04 06 Archived from the original on 2019 04 16 Retrieved 2019 04 17 Al Sholi Ahmad 2019 04 21 The End of Absurdity in Algeria Jacobin Archived from the original on 2019 04 21 Retrieved 2019 04 21 Algerie le camp Bouteflika perd certains de ses soutiens RFI Algeria Bouteflika camp loses some of its support RFI RFI Afrique in French 2019 03 06 Archived from the original on 2019 03 08 Retrieved 2019 03 09 collusion entre et des parties influentes au sein du pouvoir et des hommes d affaires vereux qui ont beneficie de maniere illicite de l argent public a b c d Daou Marc 2019 03 15 Tunisia and Morocco quietly uneasy with Algeria s popular movement France 24 Archived from the original on 2019 05 06 Retrieved 2019 05 06 a b Washington amp EU Support Algerian People s Right to Protest The North Africa Post 2019 03 06 Archived from the original on 2019 08 04 Retrieved 2019 03 09 Algerie l UE appelle au respect de la liberte d expression Algeria EU calls for respect for freedom of expression Le Figaro in French 2019 03 05 Archived from the original on 2019 03 08 Retrieved 2019 03 09 Emmanuel Macron appelle a une transition d une duree raisonnable en Algerie Emmanuel Macron calls for a transition of a reasonable duration in Algeria France 24 in French 2019 03 12 Archived from the original on 2019 04 16 Retrieved 2019 03 16 Fatiha 2019 03 19 Situation politique en Algerie l Italie conseille a l Algerie d ecouter son peuple Political situation in Algeria Italy advises Algeria to listen to its people algeriepatriotique com in French Archived from the original on 2019 05 17 Retrieved 2019 05 17 Salim Mesbah 2019 03 19 Conference de presse conjointe Lamamra et Lavrov C est au peuple algerien de decider de son destin Joint press conference Lamamra and Lavrov It s up to the Algerian people to decide their destiny HuffPost Maghreb in French Archived from the original on 2019 04 04 Retrieved 2019 04 04 Moscou refuse toute ingerence dans les affaires internes de l Algerie C est au peuple algerien de decider de son destin en s appuyant sur sa constitution et les lois internationales Les Etats Unis soutiennent le peuple algerien et son droit a manifester pacifiquement The United States supports the Algerian people and their right to demonstrate peacefully HuffPost in French 2019 03 06 Archived from the original on 2019 03 06 Retrieved 2019 03 09 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hirak Algeria amp oldid 1218155683, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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