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2012–2014 Romanian protests against shale gas

December 01, 2023

The 2012–2014 Romanian protests against shale gas were a series of protests in major Romanian cities against exploitation of shale gas through controversial method of hydraulic fracturing. The main causes of these protests were the pollution of groundwater and environment, but also the threat of generating earthquakes. The protesters claimed the resignation of Prime Minister Victor Ponta, because he suddenly changed his position on the project.[5] Before the electoral campaign of 2012, he opposed shale drilling, but after he supported it with any risks, on the grounds that Romania's energy independence is a national project.

2012–2014 Romanian protests against shale gas
Part of 2012–2015 unrest in Romania
class=notpageimage|
Location of protests
Date21 March 2012 – 26 November 2014[1]
(2 years, 8 months and 5 days)
Location
Dozens of cities in Romania and Romanian diaspora
Caused by
Goals
Methods
StatusEnded
Concessions
  • Dismissal of Ungureanu Government through a motion of censure[2]
  • Suspension of shale gas exploration in Pungești area
  • Interruption of shale gas exploitation in Moșna-Alma Vii area
  • Chevron's withdrawal from Romania[3]
Parties
Number
Up to 50,000
30,000 in Bârlad
4,000 in Bucharest
1,500 in Curtici
1,000 in Pungești
1,000 in Sânmartin
Up to 2,000
Casualties and losses
  • Arrests: 53
  • Injuries: 17

The protests began with peaceful movements against shale drilling organized on social networking websites. The protests degenerated in fierce clashes between law enforcers and demonstrators, with dozens of people injured on both sides. According to different sources, these are the most violent events in Romania since the 2012 anti-presidential protests.

Background edit

Potential reserves of shale gas edit

The U.S. Energy Information Administration estimates that Romania has technically recoverable shale gas reserves (undiscovered, that could be accessed with existing technology) of 51,000 cubic feet, namely 1,444 billion cubic meters.[6] According to the EIA report, Romania ranks third in EU shale gas reserves, after Poland (4,190 billion cubic meters) and France (3,879 billion cubic meters).[7] This quantity could cover the national consumption of gas for 100 years.

A study by the Romanian National Committee of World Energy Council shows that Romania has a high potential for shale gas discoveries in the Eastern Carpathians, the Moldavian Platform, the Bârlad Plateau and the Romanian Plain, with its expansion of Southern Dobruja.[8]

Changing positions of Prime Minister edit

Ponta had numerous positions on shale gas exploitation. Before the 2012 legislative elections, he was a fervid opponent of shale gas. On 5 June 2012, he even received the "Young ecologist hope" prize during the 2012 Green Awards Gala that took place at Green Hours, Bucharest.[9] After being confirmed as prime minister, he suddenly changed his position on shale drilling in Romania,[10] stating in a TV show that "Now I'm fighting for shale gas, and I think I'm doing a good thing. I'm not anti-Russian [...], but I would like to stop importing from Gazprom".[11] This change of heart of the Prime Minister sparked the indignation of environmentalists and activists. After that, many of his former supporters started to request his resignation.

Effects of shale drilling edit

Main article: Environmental impact of hydraulic fracturing
See also: Environmental record of Chevron Corporation, Hydraulic fracturing by country, and Shale gas by country
 
The Chevron Corporation has been fined several times for environmental pollution.
 
Schematic depiction of hydraulic fracturing, showing main possible environmental effects

Mass demonstrations in Bârlad, Vaslui County, were mainly triggered by the harmful effects of hydraulic fractionation used in shale drilling. The hydraulic fractionation is a method of shale gas extraction, that involves pumping water, sand and additives deep in the lithosphere, to break the layer of rock and release the gas. The additives used include about 750 compounds, some of which are carcinogenic.[12] Environmentalists claim that the exploitation through hydraulic fractionation pollute groundwater. Moreover, it is possible that earthquake activity increases, after destabilization of rock layers.[citation needed]

In this way, American director Josh Fox created in 2010 the documentary "Gasland".[13] The film, nominated for Oscars and screened at Sundance Film Festival, shows the size of shale drilling danger to the community and the environment. The film sparked thousands of negative reactions from the public.[citation needed]

In several European countries, including Bulgaria,[14] France,[15] Netherlands, Luxembourg and Czech Republic, this method of gas extraction was prohibited.[16]

In 2011, a court in Ecuador fined Chevron $8.6 billion for pollution of the Amazon rainforest.[17][18] Chevron has also violated foreign governments environmental laws in Brazil, Angola and Bangladesh.[19]

2012 protests edit

Bârlad demonstrations edit

The protests in Bârlad started with a 5,000-large manifestation in Central Square, on 22 March 2012.[20][21] The protest was preceded by a march that started on two fronts. The event was attended by students, teachers, employees of factories in the city, local authorities and priests, some of them taking the word at the rostrum placed in front of the City Hall.[22] Four days after the protest, Chevron Corporation representatives expressed their official position regarding the techniques they will use in exploration and exploitation of shale gas in northeastern Romania. "We understand the concerns about shale gas production in Romania and we believe that after Chevron will present accurate information resulting from research, Romanians will understand that natural shale gas is a clean energy source, which can be produced responsibly and safely", said in a press release Tom Holst, Chevron Romania country manager.[23]

The protests continued in the following months. Thus, on 26 April, thousands of people gathered in Bârlad Civic Center to protest against Chevron presence in the country. During protest, priests sang the Paschal greeting, and people sang the anthem of Romania. The protesters were mobilised on social networking websites.[24] On 8 September, 2,000 people marched peacefully with lit candles and lamps, led by priests in the area.[25]

Proclamation of Bârlad edit

On 22 March 2012, residents of Bârlad municipality drew up a proclamation that includes an elaborate list of harmful effects of shale gas exploitation through hydraulic fracturing, but also a series of strict claims. They ask the Government of Romania to impose the National Agency for Mineral Resources the immediate cancellation or suspension of concession petroleum agreements for exploration/exploitation of liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons through hydraulic fracturing method of rocks.[26] Another claims include prohibiting the use of this method in Romania and completing environmental legislation with necessary measures to avoid the risk of pollution resulted from exploitation.[27]

2013 protests edit

External media
Images
  Protests in Pungești on Flickr
  Pungești, a special day on AFP
Video
  Meeting in Bârlad. 8,700 people in the street against shale drilling on YouTube
  Protest in Bârlad against shale drilling by U.S. company Chevron on YouTube
  Great march of Bârlad on YouTube
  April 4, 2013. Protest against shale gas extraction on YouTube

On 27 February 2013, at the call of the Civil Society Initiative Group of Bârlad, about 8,700 people[28][29] took to the streets to shout "No to exploitation of shale gas". The event was attended by people of all ages from all Vaslui County, but also from Constanța, Galați, Buzău and Bucharest.[30] Those attending the event shouted slogans against the current government and cataloged local politicians as traitors. To avoid any incidents, 80 gendarmes, which were joined by local police crews, assured the public policy measures.[31]

On 4 April, with the occasion of "Global Anti-Fracking Day", in 28 localities in the country were held protests and demonstrations against exploitation of shale gas through hydraulic fracturing.[32][33] Likewise, the Romanians in Strasbourg and Copenhagen have joined the protests, as well as activists from the Czech Republic, from four cities in Bulgaria and Australia. A similar protest took place in 2014. This was larger and was attended by thousands of people in 100 localities in Romania and 10 abroad.[34]

On 27 May, at least 10,000 locals protested in Bârlad, dissatisfied that the Environment Ministry has issued permits for gas exploration in Bârlad, Costinești and Vama Veche.[35] They also expressed anger against Prime Minister Victor Ponta, accusing him of flip-flopping on his position regarding the shale gas. On Facebook were created dozens of pages against exploitation of shale gas, joined by tens of thousands of people.[36]

On 1 September, Bârlad Initiative Group of Civil Society organized a meeting against starting the exploration of shale in EV2 area, attended by more than 4,000 people. The gendarmes intervened to release traffic in St. Elias Square, blocked by protesters. All those present chanted messages against the current government, but also against mayor Constantin Constaninescu, who was accused that refused to approve certain routes for the protest march and agreed to conduct this meeting in an isolated area.[37]

Revolt of Pungești edit

 
Location of Pungești within the Vaslui County

The Revolt of Pungești (Romanian: Revolta de la Pungești) erupted a few days after Chevron obtained a building permit for the location of first derrick for shale drilling in Vaslui County. More than that, the company has received all necessary approvals from state authorities for soil exploration in a perimeter within the Siliştea village in Pungești.[38]

14–16 October 2013 edit

The manifestations started with 150 protesters, on 14 October 2013, blocking the access of Chevron machineries to install the derrick. Protests have escalated in the next three days. Thus, on 16 October, more than 500 villagers of Pungești and surrounding localities, joined by activists from Bârlad, Iași and Bucharest, formed a human shield in front of the bulldozers.[39][40] On the spot were mobilised over 200 gendarmes, because the Vaslui–Gârceni county road was blocked by angry protesters.[41] Likewise, the gendarmes formed a cordon meant to release the traffic. The protesters tried to break the cordon, but the gendarmes intervened in force. In fierce clashes between protesters and gendarmes 10 people were injured, including an 81 years old man that suffered a panic attack.[42][43] According to journalists from Realitatea TV, the old man died a few hours later at Vaslui County Emergency Hospital.[44]

The protesters installed tents and gathered food and warm clothes, as they continued their protest overnight. They also created an Internet TV channel, TV Pungești, that covers 24 hours of 24 the events on the protest camping site.[45] Even if it doesn't appear on the TV program grid, TV Pungești amassed up to 75,000 views in a month and a half.[46]

2–31 December 2013 edit

After Chevron representatives announced the suspension of works in the area, civil conflicts have subsided. This period of lull lasted only a month. On 2 December, when Chevron decided to resume exploration operations, an impressive convoy of gendarmes, police and firefighters went to the area before the break of dawn to secure the movement of Chevron machineries. Gendarmes occupied the village, blocking all access points, preventing entry or exit from the perimeter for 24 hours.[47]

Early in the morning, about 100 villagers blocked the road, trying to obstruct the access of Chevron equipment on the concessioned land.[48] Hundreds of gendarmes were mobilised on the spot and ordered the protesters to clear the way. While activists claim that around 1,000 law enforcers were taking part in the operation, police put the number at 300. Journalists were reportedly not permitted to get to the scene.[49] Witnesses said the gendarmes used excessive force to restain some protesters. In the ensuing clashes, two people were injured and 30 were loaded into vans and transported to the police station.[50][51] Victor Ponta congratulated the gendarmes for the way they acted, saying that energy independence is a major national project. "We won't accept for 20, 30, 50, 70 people to break the law!", transmitted the Premier.[52] But others are demanding investigation. Maria-Nicoleta Andreescu, executive director of the Helsinki Committee Association for the defence of human rights in Romania, said: "There are important signs that indicate that the gendarmes' actions were at least abusive if not illegal. It is very clear is [sic] that by restricting the access of the press in the area the authorities did not allow the public to be informed".[53][54]

 
Graffiti on a wall in Bucharest depicting a man tearing down a gas well, symbol of resistance against shale gas

The protests continued in the following days. On 7 December, despite very low temperatures, nearly 600 people from several cities of the country protested against Chevron and its intention to exploit the potential reserves of shale gas. At the spot were sent intervention troops of the Gendarmerie, fact that angered the protesters. People posed in front of them and shouted "Revolution".[55][56]

Protests escalated, and elders, women and children rushed to fight against the gendarmes, throwing firecrackers. Security forces used tear gas and formed a human shield around the plot of land where Chevron would install the first derrick in Romania.[57] Protesters broke the cordon of gendarmes and penetrated into the land concessioned to Chevron. Angry people threw stones at gendarmes and knocked down the entire perimeter fence installed by the U.S. company workers.[58][59] Gendarmes regrouped and responded in force. A young man of about 25 years was hit in the head during clashes between law enforcers and demonstrators. He was transported to the Vaslui Emergency Hospital by a SMURD ambulance.[60] The vans with the 22 people arrested during altercations were stopped by 50 protesters that laid on the roadway.[61][62]

On 8 December, Chevron announced that it has resumed work in the commune of Pungești, after, the day before, they suspended operations because of violent demonstrations. As a result, activists tried to recoil and protest in neighboring localities, but their demarches have been hampered by the gendarmes.[63] They studded the area, patrolled and organized filters from 100 to 100 meters, legitimating everyone trying to get out of Pungești. Moreover, gendarmes raided the impromptu camp of protesters, because of some pyrotechnic materials they found there. A team of public television journalists was assaulted by gendarmes and was banned from filming in the area.[64] Villagers say they were aggressed by law enforcers.

The leadership of Vaslui Police issued a disposition according to which the commune of Pungești becomes "special area of public safety" (comparable to a state of emergency), fact that requires strict control of people and vehicles crossing the locality.[65][66] Former Minister of the Environment, Sulfina Barbu, pointed out that the actions of authorities against protests in Pungești are anti-democratic. "Since the Government makes such extreme and anti-democratic measures (setting up a special safety area in Siliștea-Pungești – n.r.), I think that we're discussing about restrictions of civil rights", she said.[67] On 26 March 2014, the Ombudsman sent a recommendation to the Minister of Internal Affairs on the respecting of citizen rights and freedoms, in the context of establishing a "special area of public safety". IA showed that tensions in Pungești and attempts of unauthorized demonstrations continue, prerequisites for the establishment of special area of public safety remaining valid.[68]

On 24 December, 40 villagers of Pungești and activists went on hunger strike.[69] Locals have raised more tents and announced that they go on an indefinitely-long hunger strike. Their action is a gesture of solidarity with Alexandru Popescu, a 45-year-old antiquarian from Bărcănești, Prahova County,[70] who is on a hunger strike in Bucharest's University Square since 21 December.[71] Two strikers needed medical attention and called an ambulance.[72] The perimeter was surrounded by gendarmes, protesters accusing aggression by law enforcers.[73] After 10 days of hunger strike, protesters were forced to renounce to this form of protest, because, they say, were banished by the gendarmes.[74]

1 January – 1 May 2014 edit

On 2 January, hundreds of villagers from Siliștea organized a rally and then a protest march to the Pungești Town Hall to demand the resignation of Mayor Mircia Vlasă and the stoppage of shale gas exploration in the area.[75] Citizens were joined by Vaslui MP Tudor Ciuhodaru, local councilors from several communes in the county and the Mayor of Șuletea, Ciprian Tamaș. Ten people received warning for participating in an unauthorized protest.[76][77]

On 5 January, around 100 protesters gathered at an anti-Chevron encampment near Pungești, to pray and perform religious rituals in an attempt to drive out Chevron.[78][79] Priest Gheorghe Tomozei described Chevron's operations as "a Satanic invasion". After a short religious service, protesters walked to a police checkpoint that separates the village from the Chevron site but were stopped by riot police as they attempted to enter the area. Protesters shouted "Thieves" and "Down with Chevron", and later demonstrated near the town hall calling for the mayor's resignation.[80]

On 8 April, up to 200 villagers from Pungești and neighboring communes gathered near the Chevron site to protest against company's intention to begin shale gas exploration. Protesters threw eggs and apples at Chevron coach and thrust with law enforcers.[81] The same month, on 25, another incident occurred in Pungești. Then, the mayor of the commune was hiding in his office in the city hall, while an angry crowd demanded his resignation.[82]

During the rustic celebration of 1 May, a child was beaten by gendarmes after a group of protesters approached the land owned by Chevron. He was taken by ambulance to Vaslui County Hospital with a fracture of the right arm.[83]

Reactions edit

Protests of solidarity took place in Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca, Timișoara, and Sibiu.[84] In Bucharest, more than 4,000 people gathered in University Square, from where they marched to the Government headquarters in Victory Square.[85][86] During the manifestation, the traffic was blocked and directed on detour routes. Column of demonstrators was accompanied at all times by gendarmes. In an attempt to release the Victory Square, things were precipitated. The protesters clashed with gendarmes, and a woman fainted.[87] They demanded the resignation of Prime Minister Victor Ponta, accusing him of treason and falsehood. They threatened to radicalize the rallies using the Greek model and chanted slogans like "Last resort, another revolution" and "Ponta and Băsescu near Ceaușescu".[88]

In a document signed and initialed by Director of School no. 1 of Pungești, it appears that the leadership of Vaslui County School Inspectorate prohibits teachers and students from leaving classes to attend the protest against shale gas.[89] During a meeting of local councilors it was agreed to hold a local referendum about the use or banning of shale gas exploration and exploitation in the commune. Furthermore, one of the councilors demanded the resignation of the mayor be added to that referendum.[90] The prime minister called for a report from the Minister of Internal Affairs Radu Stroe about how the gendarmes acted in Pungești.

Representatives of the Chevron company announced, on 17 October, the suspension of work on shale gas exploration in Siliștea, Pungești commune.[91] The company also said it plans to pursue other exploration operations, and did not rule out the possibility of returning to Pungești.[91]

The Royal House of Romania issued a press release in which it deplores the situation of Pungești locals and condemns the violence against "citizens of the Romanian state". The communiqué also notes, "Sovereignty belongs to the people, and the citizens must be consulted and listened to for any decision that may affect their right to health and future".[92]

On 14 December, the Romanian Ombudsman took a stand about the situation in Pungești. Institution representatives went to the area to talk to local officials, Gendarmerie representatives and participants in the protests.[93]

A group of eleven Green MEPs from six countries (France, Germany, United Kingdom, Spain, Belgium and Luxembourg) sent an open letter to the President of the European Parliament, Martin Schulz, notifying on and condemning the manner in which the Government from Bucharest acts abusively against citizens of a community in Romania (Pungești), because of the interests of a private company. They claim violation of the rule of law and violation of rights and freedoms of European citizens including: right to physical integrity, right to private property, freedom of movement, freedom of expression and right to be informed.[94][95]

Resistance of Moșna edit

Several villagers from Moșna, Sibiu County, revolted against the intention of Prospecțiuni S.A. employees to drill for potential shale gas reserves without the approval of the landowners.[96] The company belongs to Ovidiu Tender, an influential Romanian businessman.

Willy Schuster, a German resident from Moșna, accused company employees that violated his household, trespassed and destroyed his goods. In May–June 2012, the dairy producer from Moșna, one of the leaders of the ecological farming movement in Romania, gathered tens of meters of cable on land he owns, all assembled by employees of the company that makes prospections in the region.[97]

On 16 November, more than 100 activists from the counties of Iași, Harghita, Sibiu, Brașov and Hunedoara joined the revolted villagers and protested against abuse of private property of residents.[98] People also said that substances used in exploitation affect bio cultures.

An SUV of Prospecțiuni was surrounded by protesters, after the vehicle tried to enter the property of Willy Schuster.[99] Police intervened and settled the conflict. The villagers removed cables from their lands.[100][101] The director of seismic works, Gheorghe Dăianu, threatened with violence and insulted protesters.[102][failed verification] Dăianu attempted to recover the cables from the Cultural House of Alma Vii, but barely escaped the fury of the crowd.

Local television station Nova TV from Mediaș reported that 17 cars of Prospecțiuni company were found with cut tires, in front of the hotel where the employees were staying.[103] The activists denied involvement in the incident, showing that their protest was peaceful and aimed solely against abuse of private property of residents from Moșna and Alma Vii. There were even some who have suggested that company employees could have cut their own tires, in an attempt to "victimize".[104]

Mihail Mitroi, vice-president of Prospecțiuni S.A., said that the company decided to stop work in the Moșna area after the protests of residents. Mitroi asserted that the company had suffered damages of 50,000 euros after actions of activists and mentioned that Prospecțiuni S.A. will act judicially for the recovery of damages.[105]

Prospecțiuni S.A. is now prosecuted by Sibiu County Police Inspectorate for trespassing, because of stretched cables with sensors for exploration on Willy Schuster's lands, without his consent. Tender's company is accused of violating several normative acts, including the Constitution, which guarantees the right to property.[106]

Protests for saving Băile Felix edit

Băile Felix is a thermal spa resort of national interest. It risks to be closed after the Ponta Government approved the exploitation of shale gas in the area. According to the decision taken on 26 November 2013, the Government approved oil concession agreement for exploration, development and exploitation in the 3 Băile Felix perimeter by the East West Petroleum Corporation, a Canadian company with operations in United States, India, New Zealand and Morocco.[107]

On 21 December, nearly 1,000 people protested in the Central Park of the commune of Sînmartin for fear that, after the installation of derricks, the Băile Felix resort will be destroyed. The meeting was held under the supervision of police and gendarmes.[108][109]

In the commune of Sînmartin, authorities started a campaign to collect signatures against shale drilling, with over 4,000 signatures having been collected so far.[110]

2014 protests edit

Arad County demonstrations edit

On 1 February 2014, over 1,500 residents of Curtici and other 11 nearby localities attended a public meeting of protest against shale gas exploration in the area.[111] The meeting was attended, among others, by Dimitrie Muscă, Director of the Curtici Agroindustrial Complex, Nicolae A. Aniței, Mayor of Curtici, mayors of other localities in the area, Orthodox priests and pastors of neo-Protestant churches in the area. To avoid the eventual occurrence of unwanted events, in the area were deployed forces of gendarmes and policemen ready to intervene.[112]

A similar protest took place in Macea, on 16 February, and was attended by more than 1,000 people.[113]

The protests are a reaction to the decision of Hungarian company Panfora Oil to start the search of petroleum and natural gas in the area. Contrary to those declared by the Hungarian company, locals say that the searches are actually targeting the shale gas.

Consequences edit

In April 2012, less than three months after it took office, Romania's Ungureanu government has fallen. The centre-right administration, led by Mihai Răzvan Ungureanu, a former foreign-intelligence chief, lost a no-confidence vote filed by the left-wing opposition.[114]

"Today there was justice", said Victor Ponta, after securing 235 votes in favour of his motion, four more than he needed. "We don't want any more dubious firms, no more selling under the market price and huge bribes", he said in a five-hour-long debate that preceded the vote. He was referring, in part, to the government's granting of shale gas concessions to Chevron. In the motion of censure that overthrew the Ungureanu Government, Ponta and USL MPs accused the power of signing contracts only with the U.S. company, although "there were other companies that would have wanted to enter into such agreements with the Romanian authorities".[115]

Reaction of authorities edit

Former Environment Minister Sulfina Barbu accused the government of "lying" about shale gas.[116] She said that protests in Bârlad on shale gas are "people's reaction to babbling and lies of USL Government". According to protesters, Liviu Dragnea and Victor Ponta provide misinformation about the risks of shale drilling, and the Environment Minister Rovana Plumb argues that environmental permits are not even required in order to start exploration.[117] In a television broadcast, the Economy Minister Varujan Vosganian said that "the shale gas can not be exploited without huge risks". In another train of thoughts, Prime Minister Victor Ponta supports shale gas exploration, but in compliance with European and international standards for environmental protection.[118] PNL senator for Brașov, Sebastian Grapa, called for the establishment of a parliamentary commission of inquiry about the effects of shale drilling, given that Prime Minister Victor Ponta said he would "beat" for the use of these resources.[119]

In the United States of America, the most important center for strategic studies in Washington, CSIS, released a report entitled "Hidden war against the exploitation of shale gas".[120] Americans' conclusion was that the Russians staged uprisings against shale gas and they would directly or indirectly finance the so-called environmental organizations that protest. The American report bears the signature of the most important U.S. energy analyst, Keith Smith.[121] The report indicates that Romania is in the midst of a campaign of manipulation and diversion, with huge political and economic stakes.[122]

In several dozen communes in the Vaslui County, mayors and local councils have banned shale gas exploitation, arguing that it would harm the environment, or drinking water.[123] The decisions approved by local councils and supported by resident population are considered out-of-scope (and thus not legally binding) by the Government. In this way, the communes were urged to revoke bans on shale gas exploitation. More than that, Vaslui County Prefecture brought to court 11 decisions made by local councils, that disagree with the exploitations. The Prefecture invokes an article of the Constitution, according to which deposits are owned by the state and local council approval is not required. In reply, mayors of the communes where derricks will be installed say they will not abandon the idea of banning the Canadian company's presence in the areas they lead.[124]

President Traian Băsescu also had a reaction on this issue. In a press conference in June 2013, he said that he supports the projects related to shale gas. Likewise, he said that shale gas exploitation is a matter of confidence from the Government.[125]

See also edit

References edit

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Further reading edit

  • Implicarea Rusiei în protestele de la Pungești. UPDATE – protestul a fost pregătit aproape doi ani
  • Implicarea Rusiei în protestele de la Pungești (2). Proiectul "Moldova Mare"
  • Implicarea Rusiei în protestele de la Pungești (3). Faza pe ONG-uri

December 01, 2023
2012, 2014, romanian, protests, against, shale, neutrality, this, article, disputed, relevant, discussion, found, talk, page, please, remove, this, message, until, conditions, september, 2014, learn, when, remove, this, template, message, were, series, protest. The neutrality of this article is disputed Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met September 2014 Learn how and when to remove this template message The 2012 2014 Romanian protests against shale gas were a series of protests in major Romanian cities against exploitation of shale gas through controversial method of hydraulic fracturing The main causes of these protests were the pollution of groundwater and environment but also the threat of generating earthquakes The protesters claimed the resignation of Prime Minister Victor Ponta because he suddenly changed his position on the project 5 Before the electoral campaign of 2012 he opposed shale drilling but after he supported it with any risks on the grounds that Romania s energy independence is a national project 2012 2014 Romanian protests against shale gasPart of 2012 2015 unrest in RomaniaBarladVasluiPungeștiBucharestVama VecheSanmartinCluj NapocaTimișoaraSibiuCurticiIașiPiatra NeamțAlba IuliaAradOradeaBrașovCodleaBuzăuCălărașiMangaliaCostineștiConstanțaGalațiTargu NeamțSlatinaSuceavaBuziașCraiovaBistrițaReghinMoșnaclass notpageimage Location of protestsDate21 March 2012 26 November 2014 1 2 years 8 months and 5 days LocationDozens of cities in Romania and Romanian diasporaCaused byExploitation of shale gas through hydraulic fracturing Installation of gas derricks in areas of exploitation Uncertain position of politicians on the project Police brutalityGoalsBanning shale drilling in Romania Resignation of Ponta GovernmentMethodsProtest march Human chain Occupation Revolt Civil resistance Roadblock Hunger strike Internet activismStatusEndedConcessionsDismissal of Ungureanu Government through a motion of censure 2 Suspension of shale gas exploration in Pungești area Interruption of shale gas exploitation in Moșna Alma Vii area Chevron s withdrawal from Romania 3 PartiesStudentsTeachersPriestsEnvironmentalistsActivists GendarmesPolice officersNumberUp to 50 00030 000 in Barlad4 000 in Bucharest1 500 in Curtici1 000 in Pungești1 000 in Sanmartin Up to 2 000Casualties and lossesArrests 53Injuries 17 Injuries 1 4 The protests began with peaceful movements against shale drilling organized on social networking websites The protests degenerated in fierce clashes between law enforcers and demonstrators with dozens of people injured on both sides According to different sources these are the most violent events in Romania since the 2012 anti presidential protests Contents 1 Background 1 1 Potential reserves of shale gas 1 2 Changing positions of Prime Minister 1 3 Effects of shale drilling 2 2012 protests 2 1 Barlad demonstrations 2 1 1 Proclamation of Barlad 3 2013 protests 3 1 Revolt of Pungești 3 1 1 14 16 October 2013 3 1 2 2 31 December 2013 3 1 3 1 January 1 May 2014 3 1 4 Reactions 3 2 Resistance of Moșna 3 3 Protests for saving Băile Felix 4 2014 protests 4 1 Arad County demonstrations 5 Consequences 6 Reaction of authorities 7 See also 8 References 9 Further readingBackground editPotential reserves of shale gas edit The U S Energy Information Administration estimates that Romania has technically recoverable shale gas reserves undiscovered that could be accessed with existing technology of 51 000 cubic feet namely 1 444 billion cubic meters 6 According to the EIA report Romania ranks third in EU shale gas reserves after Poland 4 190 billion cubic meters and France 3 879 billion cubic meters 7 This quantity could cover the national consumption of gas for 100 years A study by the Romanian National Committee of World Energy Council shows that Romania has a high potential for shale gas discoveries in the Eastern Carpathians the Moldavian Platform the Barlad Plateau and the Romanian Plain with its expansion of Southern Dobruja 8 Changing positions of Prime Minister edit Ponta had numerous positions on shale gas exploitation Before the 2012 legislative elections he was a fervid opponent of shale gas On 5 June 2012 he even received the Young ecologist hope prize during the 2012 Green Awards Gala that took place at Green Hours Bucharest 9 After being confirmed as prime minister he suddenly changed his position on shale drilling in Romania 10 stating in a TV show that Now I m fighting for shale gas and I think I m doing a good thing I m not anti Russian but I would like to stop importing from Gazprom 11 This change of heart of the Prime Minister sparked the indignation of environmentalists and activists After that many of his former supporters started to request his resignation Effects of shale drilling edit Main article Environmental impact of hydraulic fracturing See also Environmental record of Chevron Corporation Hydraulic fracturing by country and Shale gas by country nbsp The Chevron Corporation has been fined several times for environmental pollution nbsp Schematic depiction of hydraulic fracturing showing main possible environmental effectsMass demonstrations in Barlad Vaslui County were mainly triggered by the harmful effects of hydraulic fractionation used in shale drilling The hydraulic fractionation is a method of shale gas extraction that involves pumping water sand and additives deep in the lithosphere to break the layer of rock and release the gas The additives used include about 750 compounds some of which are carcinogenic 12 Environmentalists claim that the exploitation through hydraulic fractionation pollute groundwater Moreover it is possible that earthquake activity increases after destabilization of rock layers citation needed In this way American director Josh Fox created in 2010 the documentary Gasland 13 The film nominated for Oscars and screened at Sundance Film Festival shows the size of shale drilling danger to the community and the environment The film sparked thousands of negative reactions from the public citation needed In several European countries including Bulgaria 14 France 15 Netherlands Luxembourg and Czech Republic this method of gas extraction was prohibited 16 In 2011 a court in Ecuador fined Chevron 8 6 billion for pollution of the Amazon rainforest 17 18 Chevron has also violated foreign governments environmental laws in Brazil Angola and Bangladesh 19 2012 protests editBarlad demonstrations edit The protests in Barlad started with a 5 000 large manifestation in Central Square on 22 March 2012 20 21 The protest was preceded by a march that started on two fronts The event was attended by students teachers employees of factories in the city local authorities and priests some of them taking the word at the rostrum placed in front of the City Hall 22 Four days after the protest Chevron Corporation representatives expressed their official position regarding the techniques they will use in exploration and exploitation of shale gas in northeastern Romania We understand the concerns about shale gas production in Romania and we believe that after Chevron will present accurate information resulting from research Romanians will understand that natural shale gas is a clean energy source which can be produced responsibly and safely said in a press release Tom Holst Chevron Romania country manager 23 The protests continued in the following months Thus on 26 April thousands of people gathered in Barlad Civic Center to protest against Chevron presence in the country During protest priests sang the Paschal greeting and people sang the anthem of Romania The protesters were mobilised on social networking websites 24 On 8 September 2 000 people marched peacefully with lit candles and lamps led by priests in the area 25 Proclamation of Barlad edit On 22 March 2012 residents of Barlad municipality drew up a proclamation that includes an elaborate list of harmful effects of shale gas exploitation through hydraulic fracturing but also a series of strict claims They ask the Government of Romania to impose the National Agency for Mineral Resources the immediate cancellation or suspension of concession petroleum agreements for exploration exploitation of liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons through hydraulic fracturing method of rocks 26 Another claims include prohibiting the use of this method in Romania and completing environmental legislation with necessary measures to avoid the risk of pollution resulted from exploitation 27 2013 protests editExternal mediaImages nbsp Protests in Pungești on Flickr nbsp Pungești a special day on AFPVideo nbsp Meeting in Barlad 8 700 people in the street against shale drilling on YouTube nbsp Protest in Barlad against shale drilling by U S company Chevron on YouTube nbsp Great march of Barlad on YouTube nbsp April 4 2013 Protest against shale gas extraction on YouTubeOn 27 February 2013 at the call of the Civil Society Initiative Group of Barlad about 8 700 people 28 29 took to the streets to shout No to exploitation of shale gas The event was attended by people of all ages from all Vaslui County but also from Constanța Galați Buzău and Bucharest 30 Those attending the event shouted slogans against the current government and cataloged local politicians as traitors To avoid any incidents 80 gendarmes which were joined by local police crews assured the public policy measures 31 On 4 April with the occasion of Global Anti Fracking Day in 28 localities in the country were held protests and demonstrations against exploitation of shale gas through hydraulic fracturing 32 33 Likewise the Romanians in Strasbourg and Copenhagen have joined the protests as well as activists from the Czech Republic from four cities in Bulgaria and Australia A similar protest took place in 2014 This was larger and was attended by thousands of people in 100 localities in Romania and 10 abroad 34 On 27 May at least 10 000 locals protested in Barlad dissatisfied that the Environment Ministry has issued permits for gas exploration in Barlad Costinești and Vama Veche 35 They also expressed anger against Prime Minister Victor Ponta accusing him of flip flopping on his position regarding the shale gas On Facebook were created dozens of pages against exploitation of shale gas joined by tens of thousands of people 36 On 1 September Barlad Initiative Group of Civil Society organized a meeting against starting the exploration of shale in EV2 area attended by more than 4 000 people The gendarmes intervened to release traffic in St Elias Square blocked by protesters All those present chanted messages against the current government but also against mayor Constantin Constaninescu who was accused that refused to approve certain routes for the protest march and agreed to conduct this meeting in an isolated area 37 Revolt of Pungești edit nbsp Location of Pungești within the Vaslui CountyThe Revolt of Pungești Romanian Revolta de la Pungești erupted a few days after Chevron obtained a building permit for the location of first derrick for shale drilling in Vaslui County More than that the company has received all necessary approvals from state authorities for soil exploration in a perimeter within the Silistea village in Pungești 38 14 16 October 2013 edit The manifestations started with 150 protesters on 14 October 2013 blocking the access of Chevron machineries to install the derrick Protests have escalated in the next three days Thus on 16 October more than 500 villagers of Pungești and surrounding localities joined by activists from Barlad Iași and Bucharest formed a human shield in front of the bulldozers 39 40 On the spot were mobilised over 200 gendarmes because the Vaslui Garceni county road was blocked by angry protesters 41 Likewise the gendarmes formed a cordon meant to release the traffic The protesters tried to break the cordon but the gendarmes intervened in force In fierce clashes between protesters and gendarmes 10 people were injured including an 81 years old man that suffered a panic attack 42 43 According to journalists from Realitatea TV the old man died a few hours later at Vaslui County Emergency Hospital 44 The protesters installed tents and gathered food and warm clothes as they continued their protest overnight They also created an Internet TV channel TV Pungești that covers 24 hours of 24 the events on the protest camping site 45 Even if it doesn t appear on the TV program grid TV Pungești amassed up to 75 000 views in a month and a half 46 2 31 December 2013 edit After Chevron representatives announced the suspension of works in the area civil conflicts have subsided This period of lull lasted only a month On 2 December when Chevron decided to resume exploration operations an impressive convoy of gendarmes police and firefighters went to the area before the break of dawn to secure the movement of Chevron machineries Gendarmes occupied the village blocking all access points preventing entry or exit from the perimeter for 24 hours 47 Early in the morning about 100 villagers blocked the road trying to obstruct the access of Chevron equipment on the concessioned land 48 Hundreds of gendarmes were mobilised on the spot and ordered the protesters to clear the way While activists claim that around 1 000 law enforcers were taking part in the operation police put the number at 300 Journalists were reportedly not permitted to get to the scene 49 Witnesses said the gendarmes used excessive force to restain some protesters In the ensuing clashes two people were injured and 30 were loaded into vans and transported to the police station 50 51 Victor Ponta congratulated the gendarmes for the way they acted saying that energy independence is a major national project We won t accept for 20 30 50 70 people to break the law transmitted the Premier 52 But others are demanding investigation Maria Nicoleta Andreescu executive director of the Helsinki Committee Association for the defence of human rights in Romania said There are important signs that indicate that the gendarmes actions were at least abusive if not illegal It is very clear is sic that by restricting the access of the press in the area the authorities did not allow the public to be informed 53 54 nbsp Graffiti on a wall in Bucharest depicting a man tearing down a gas well symbol of resistance against shale gasThe protests continued in the following days On 7 December despite very low temperatures nearly 600 people from several cities of the country protested against Chevron and its intention to exploit the potential reserves of shale gas At the spot were sent intervention troops of the Gendarmerie fact that angered the protesters People posed in front of them and shouted Revolution 55 56 Protests escalated and elders women and children rushed to fight against the gendarmes throwing firecrackers Security forces used tear gas and formed a human shield around the plot of land where Chevron would install the first derrick in Romania 57 Protesters broke the cordon of gendarmes and penetrated into the land concessioned to Chevron Angry people threw stones at gendarmes and knocked down the entire perimeter fence installed by the U S company workers 58 59 Gendarmes regrouped and responded in force A young man of about 25 years was hit in the head during clashes between law enforcers and demonstrators He was transported to the Vaslui Emergency Hospital by a SMURD ambulance 60 The vans with the 22 people arrested during altercations were stopped by 50 protesters that laid on the roadway 61 62 On 8 December Chevron announced that it has resumed work in the commune of Pungești after the day before they suspended operations because of violent demonstrations As a result activists tried to recoil and protest in neighboring localities but their demarches have been hampered by the gendarmes 63 They studded the area patrolled and organized filters from 100 to 100 meters legitimating everyone trying to get out of Pungești Moreover gendarmes raided the impromptu camp of protesters because of some pyrotechnic materials they found there A team of public television journalists was assaulted by gendarmes and was banned from filming in the area 64 Villagers say they were aggressed by law enforcers The leadership of Vaslui Police issued a disposition according to which the commune of Pungești becomes special area of public safety comparable to a state of emergency fact that requires strict control of people and vehicles crossing the locality 65 66 Former Minister of the Environment Sulfina Barbu pointed out that the actions of authorities against protests in Pungești are anti democratic Since the Government makes such extreme and anti democratic measures setting up a special safety area in Siliștea Pungești n r I think that we re discussing about restrictions of civil rights she said 67 On 26 March 2014 the Ombudsman sent a recommendation to the Minister of Internal Affairs on the respecting of citizen rights and freedoms in the context of establishing a special area of public safety IA showed that tensions in Pungești and attempts of unauthorized demonstrations continue prerequisites for the establishment of special area of public safety remaining valid 68 On 24 December 40 villagers of Pungești and activists went on hunger strike 69 Locals have raised more tents and announced that they go on an indefinitely long hunger strike Their action is a gesture of solidarity with Alexandru Popescu a 45 year old antiquarian from Bărcănești Prahova County 70 who is on a hunger strike in Bucharest s University Square since 21 December 71 Two strikers needed medical attention and called an ambulance 72 The perimeter was surrounded by gendarmes protesters accusing aggression by law enforcers 73 After 10 days of hunger strike protesters were forced to renounce to this form of protest because they say were banished by the gendarmes 74 1 January 1 May 2014 edit On 2 January hundreds of villagers from Siliștea organized a rally and then a protest march to the Pungești Town Hall to demand the resignation of Mayor Mircia Vlasă and the stoppage of shale gas exploration in the area 75 Citizens were joined by Vaslui MP Tudor Ciuhodaru local councilors from several communes in the county and the Mayor of Șuletea Ciprian Tamaș Ten people received warning for participating in an unauthorized protest 76 77 On 5 January around 100 protesters gathered at an anti Chevron encampment near Pungești to pray and perform religious rituals in an attempt to drive out Chevron 78 79 Priest Gheorghe Tomozei described Chevron s operations as a Satanic invasion After a short religious service protesters walked to a police checkpoint that separates the village from the Chevron site but were stopped by riot police as they attempted to enter the area Protesters shouted Thieves and Down with Chevron and later demonstrated near the town hall calling for the mayor s resignation 80 On 8 April up to 200 villagers from Pungești and neighboring communes gathered near the Chevron site to protest against company s intention to begin shale gas exploration Protesters threw eggs and apples at Chevron coach and thrust with law enforcers 81 The same month on 25 another incident occurred in Pungești Then the mayor of the commune was hiding in his office in the city hall while an angry crowd demanded his resignation 82 During the rustic celebration of 1 May a child was beaten by gendarmes after a group of protesters approached the land owned by Chevron He was taken by ambulance to Vaslui County Hospital with a fracture of the right arm 83 Reactions edit Protests of solidarity took place in Bucharest Cluj Napoca Timișoara and Sibiu 84 In Bucharest more than 4 000 people gathered in University Square from where they marched to the Government headquarters in Victory Square 85 86 During the manifestation the traffic was blocked and directed on detour routes Column of demonstrators was accompanied at all times by gendarmes In an attempt to release the Victory Square things were precipitated The protesters clashed with gendarmes and a woman fainted 87 They demanded the resignation of Prime Minister Victor Ponta accusing him of treason and falsehood They threatened to radicalize the rallies using the Greek model and chanted slogans like Last resort another revolution and Ponta and Băsescu near Ceaușescu 88 In a document signed and initialed by Director of School no 1 of Pungești it appears that the leadership of Vaslui County School Inspectorate prohibits teachers and students from leaving classes to attend the protest against shale gas 89 During a meeting of local councilors it was agreed to hold a local referendum about the use or banning of shale gas exploration and exploitation in the commune Furthermore one of the councilors demanded the resignation of the mayor be added to that referendum 90 The prime minister called for a report from the Minister of Internal Affairs Radu Stroe about how the gendarmes acted in Pungești Representatives of the Chevron company announced on 17 October the suspension of work on shale gas exploration in Siliștea Pungești commune 91 The company also said it plans to pursue other exploration operations and did not rule out the possibility of returning to Pungești 91 The Royal House of Romania issued a press release in which it deplores the situation of Pungești locals and condemns the violence against citizens of the Romanian state The communique also notes Sovereignty belongs to the people and the citizens must be consulted and listened to for any decision that may affect their right to health and future 92 On 14 December the Romanian Ombudsman took a stand about the situation in Pungești Institution representatives went to the area to talk to local officials Gendarmerie representatives and participants in the protests 93 A group of eleven Green MEPs from six countries France Germany United Kingdom Spain Belgium and Luxembourg sent an open letter to the President of the European Parliament Martin Schulz notifying on and condemning the manner in which the Government from Bucharest acts abusively against citizens of a community in Romania Pungești because of the interests of a private company They claim violation of the rule of law and violation of rights and freedoms of European citizens including right to physical integrity right to private property freedom of movement freedom of expression and right to be informed 94 95 Resistance of Moșna edit Several villagers from Moșna Sibiu County revolted against the intention of Prospecțiuni S A employees to drill for potential shale gas reserves without the approval of the landowners 96 The company belongs to Ovidiu Tender an influential Romanian businessman Willy Schuster a German resident from Moșna accused company employees that violated his household trespassed and destroyed his goods In May June 2012 the dairy producer from Moșna one of the leaders of the ecological farming movement in Romania gathered tens of meters of cable on land he owns all assembled by employees of the company that makes prospections in the region 97 On 16 November more than 100 activists from the counties of Iași Harghita Sibiu Brașov and Hunedoara joined the revolted villagers and protested against abuse of private property of residents 98 People also said that substances used in exploitation affect bio cultures An SUV of Prospecțiuni was surrounded by protesters after the vehicle tried to enter the property of Willy Schuster 99 Police intervened and settled the conflict The villagers removed cables from their lands 100 101 The director of seismic works Gheorghe Dăianu threatened with violence and insulted protesters 102 failed verification Dăianu attempted to recover the cables from the Cultural House of Alma Vii but barely escaped the fury of the crowd Local television station Nova TV from Mediaș reported that 17 cars of Prospecțiuni company were found with cut tires in front of the hotel where the employees were staying 103 The activists denied involvement in the incident showing that their protest was peaceful and aimed solely against abuse of private property of residents from Moșna and Alma Vii There were even some who have suggested that company employees could have cut their own tires in an attempt to victimize 104 Mihail Mitroi vice president of Prospecțiuni S A said that the company decided to stop work in the Moșna area after the protests of residents Mitroi asserted that the company had suffered damages of 50 000 euros after actions of activists and mentioned that Prospecțiuni S A will act judicially for the recovery of damages 105 Prospecțiuni S A is now prosecuted by Sibiu County Police Inspectorate for trespassing because of stretched cables with sensors for exploration on Willy Schuster s lands without his consent Tender s company is accused of violating several normative acts including the Constitution which guarantees the right to property 106 Protests for saving Băile Felix edit Băile Felix is a thermal spa resort of national interest It risks to be closed after the Ponta Government approved the exploitation of shale gas in the area According to the decision taken on 26 November 2013 the Government approved oil concession agreement for exploration development and exploitation in the 3 Băile Felix perimeter by the East West Petroleum Corporation a Canadian company with operations in United States India New Zealand and Morocco 107 On 21 December nearly 1 000 people protested in the Central Park of the commune of Sinmartin for fear that after the installation of derricks the Băile Felix resort will be destroyed The meeting was held under the supervision of police and gendarmes 108 109 In the commune of Sinmartin authorities started a campaign to collect signatures against shale drilling with over 4 000 signatures having been collected so far 110 2014 protests editArad County demonstrations edit On 1 February 2014 over 1 500 residents of Curtici and other 11 nearby localities attended a public meeting of protest against shale gas exploration in the area 111 The meeting was attended among others by Dimitrie Muscă Director of the Curtici Agroindustrial Complex Nicolae A Aniței Mayor of Curtici mayors of other localities in the area Orthodox priests and pastors of neo Protestant churches in the area To avoid the eventual occurrence of unwanted events in the area were deployed forces of gendarmes and policemen ready to intervene 112 A similar protest took place in Macea on 16 February and was attended by more than 1 000 people 113 The protests are a reaction to the decision of Hungarian company Panfora Oil to start the search of petroleum and natural gas in the area Contrary to those declared by the Hungarian company locals say that the searches are actually targeting the shale gas Consequences editIn April 2012 less than three months after it took office Romania s Ungureanu government has fallen The centre right administration led by Mihai Răzvan Ungureanu a former foreign intelligence chief lost a no confidence vote filed by the left wing opposition 114 Today there was justice said Victor Ponta after securing 235 votes in favour of his motion four more than he needed We don t want any more dubious firms no more selling under the market price and huge bribes he said in a five hour long debate that preceded the vote He was referring in part to the government s granting of shale gas concessions to Chevron In the motion of censure that overthrew the Ungureanu Government Ponta and USL MPs accused the power of signing contracts only with the U S company although there were other companies that would have wanted to enter into such agreements with the Romanian authorities 115 Reaction of authorities editFormer Environment Minister Sulfina Barbu accused the government of lying about shale gas 116 She said that protests in Barlad on shale gas are people s reaction to babbling and lies of USL Government According to protesters Liviu Dragnea and Victor Ponta provide misinformation about the risks of shale drilling and the Environment Minister Rovana Plumb argues that environmental permits are not even required in order to start exploration 117 In a television broadcast the Economy Minister Varujan Vosganian said that the shale gas can not be exploited without huge risks In another train of thoughts Prime Minister Victor Ponta supports shale gas exploration but in compliance with European and international standards for environmental protection 118 PNL senator for Brașov Sebastian Grapa called for the establishment of a parliamentary commission of inquiry about the effects of shale drilling given that Prime Minister Victor Ponta said he would beat for the use of these resources 119 In the United States of America the most important center for strategic studies in Washington CSIS released a report entitled Hidden war against the exploitation of shale gas 120 Americans conclusion was that the Russians staged uprisings against shale gas and they would directly or indirectly finance the so called environmental organizations that protest The American report bears the signature of the most important U S energy analyst Keith Smith 121 The report indicates that Romania is in the midst of a campaign of manipulation and diversion with huge political and economic stakes 122 In several dozen communes in the Vaslui County mayors and local councils have banned shale gas exploitation arguing that it would harm the environment or drinking water 123 The decisions approved by local councils and supported by resident population are considered out of scope and thus not legally binding by the Government In this way the communes were urged to revoke bans on shale gas exploitation More than that Vaslui County Prefecture brought to court 11 decisions made by local councils that disagree with the exploitations The Prefecture invokes an article of the Constitution according to which deposits are owned by the state and local council approval is not required In reply mayors of the communes where derricks will be installed say they will not abandon the idea of banning the Canadian company s presence in the areas they lead 124 President Traian Băsescu also had a reaction on this issue In a press conference in June 2013 he said that he supports the projects related to shale gas Likewise he said that shale gas exploitation is a matter of confidence from the Government 125 See also edit nbsp Romania portal2013 Romanian protests against the Roșia Montană Project Anti fracking movement List of protests in the 21st centuryReferences edit I R 26 November 2014 Vaslui Poliția ridică restricțiile impuse la Pungești privind instituirea zonei de siguranță HotNews ro in Romanian The Romanian government falls Another one bites the dust The Economist 27 April 2012 Ghica Sorin 21 February 2015 Gigantul american Chevron a confirmat că renunță la gazele de șist și se va retrage din Romania Adevărul in Romanian Vaslui Jandarm detașat la protestele din Pungești dus cu ambulanța la Spitalul Județean de Urgență Agerpres 2 December 2013 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explorarea gazelor de șist HotNews ro 25 January 2013 Noi TENSIUNI in USL PNL face comisie de anchetă privind gazele de șist Archived 12 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine Realitatea net 15 June 2013 ANALIZĂ Războiul gazelor de șist Spiritul civic de la Barlad și rolul Moscovei Archived 12 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine Evenimentul Zilei 1 March 2013 Unconventional gas and European security Politics and foreign policy of fracking in Europe Center for Strategic and International Studies ANALIZĂ 4 mutări geostrategice rusești in jurul Romaniei Evenimentul Zilei 27 February 2013 Comunele vasluiene somate de guvern să revoce interdicțiile de exploatare a gazelor de șist Evenimentul Zilei 7 June 2013 VASLUI Război intre prefect și primari pe tema exploatării gazelor de șist Digi24 2 August 2013 Traian Băsescu Gazele de șist se asumă Reacția PNL Archived 26 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine Realitatea net 16 June 2013Further reading editImplicarea Rusiei in protestele de la Pungești UPDATE protestul a fost pregătit aproape doi ani Implicarea Rusiei in protestele de la Pungești 2 Proiectul Moldova Mare Implicarea Rusiei in protestele de la Pungești 3 Faza pe ONG uri Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 2012 2014 Romanian protests against shale gas amp oldid 1169697823, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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