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Gaza–Israel conflict

January 01, 1970

For the ongoing 2023–2024 war, see Israel–Hamas war. For other uses, see Gaza War (disambiguation).

The Gaza–Israel conflict is a localized part of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict beginning in 1948, when 200,000 Palestinians fled or were expelled from their homes, settling in the Gaza Strip as refugees.[1] Since then, Israel has fought 15[2] wars against the Gaza Strip. The number of Gazans reportedly killed in the most recent 2023 war — 34,000 — is higher than the death toll of all other wars of the Arab-Israeli conflict.[3][4]

Israel fought three wars in the Egyptian-administered Gaza Strip:[5] 1948 Palestine War, the first occupation of Gaza during the Suez Crisis, and the capture of Gaza in 1967. During the first occupation, 1% of Gaza Strip's population was either killed, tortured or imprisoned by Israel.[6] Following two periods of low-level insurgencies, a major conflict between Israelis and Palestinians erupted in the First Intifada. The 1993 Oslo Accords brought a period of calm. But, in 2000 the Second Intifada erupted. Towards the end of the Second Intifada, Israel disengaged from Gaza in 2005, Hamas won the 2006 election and seized control of Gaza in 2007.[7]

In 2007, Israel imposed a land, air and sea blockade of the Gaza Strip,[8] turning it into an "open-air prison".[9][8] The blockade was widely condemned as a form of collective punishment,[10] while Israel defended it as necessary to stop Palestinian rocket attacks.[11] Hamas considered it a declaration of war.[12] A 2008–2009 Israeli invasion of Gaza resulted in more than 1,000 deaths and widespread destruction of homes, schools and hospitals. A 2012 Israeli operation also killed more than 100 people.

In 2014, Israel invaded Gaza in a major war that resulted in the deaths of 73 Israelis (mostly soldiers) and 2,251 Palestinians (mostly civilians). The invasion resulted in "unprecedented"[13] destruction, damaging 25% of homes in Gaza city and 70% of homes in Beit Hanoun.[13] After 2014, notable events in the conflict included the "Great March of Return" (2018-2019) and clashes in November 2018, May 2019 and November 2019. The 2021 crisis saw 256 Palestinians and 15 Israelis killed.

On October 7, 2023, Palestinian militants attacked Israel, killing 1,143 people (mostly civilians) and beginning the Israel–Hamas war. Israel responded by bombing the Gaza Strip and launching an invasion that has killed more than 34,000 Gazans as of April 2024.[14]

Overview

List of Israeli-Gaza military conflicts
Number[a] Conflict Period Arabs killed Israelis killed Infrastructure damaged or destroyed Population displaced Other impact
1 1948 Palestine war and 1948 Arab–Israeli War[5] 1948–1949 200,000 Arabs fled or were expelled by Israel into Gaza Creation of Gaza Strip as an entity
2 Israel's border wars[5] 1949–1956 216[15]
(Up to 1955)		 8[15]
(Up to 1955)		 Conflict over Palestinian "infiltrators" - often refugees trying to return back home[5]
3 Israeli occupation of Gaza during the Suez Crisis 1956–1957 1,231[6]-1,446[b] 1% of the total population of Gaza Strip was either killed, wounded, tortured or imprisoned by Israel.[6]
4 Conquest of Gaza during the Six day war 1967 90% of UNRWA schools[16] ~45,000 civilians (10% of Gaza's population) fled or were expelled by Israel[17]
5 Low-level insurgency[5] 1967–1971 39 civilians, 71 combatants [18] 9 civilians, 8 soldiers[18] Israel detained approximately 10,000 Gazans without trial between 1967-1970.[18]
6 Three-way conflict between Israel, Palestinian nationalists and Islamist militants 1979–1983
7 First Intifada 1987–1993 523,[19] 78,338 hospitalized[19] 42% of Gaza's children reported being assaulted by the IDF[19]
8 Second Intifada 2001–2005 ~3,000[20]
9 Post-disengagement incursions into Gaza 2005–2007 359 civilians,[21] 309 combatants[c] 4 soldiers,[21] 4 civilians
10 Gaza War (2008–2009) 2008–2009 1,181 civilians,[d] 236 combatants[22] 10 soldiers, 3 civilians 46,000 homes,[23] 34 hospitals and clinics,[23] 214 schools,[23] 52 mosques and churches[23] 100,000 people made homeless[23] 80% of agricultural produce and equipment destroyed[23]
11 2012 Israeli operation in the Gaza Strip 2012 103 civilians, 55 combatants[24] 4 civilians, 2 soldiers 97 schools,[25] 49 mosques and churches,[25] 15 hospitals and clinics[25] 350-700 families[26]
12 2014 Gaza War 2014 2,251 killed (65% civilians)[27] 67 soldiers, 6 civilians 203 mosques and 2 churches,[28]
25% of homes in Gaza city[13]		 520,000 (30% of Gaza's population) internally displaced[29]
13 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis 2021 128 civilians,[30] 128 combatants 14 civilians, 1 soldiers 15,000 homes,[30] 58 schools,[30] 9 hospitals,[30] 19 clinics[30] 113,000 internally displaced[30]
14 Israel–Hamas war 2023 Ongoing
 
Israeli and Palestinian deaths preceding the 2023 Israel–Hamas war. Of the Palestinian deaths 5,360 were in Gaza, 1,007 in the West Bank, 37 in Israel. Most were civilians on both sides.[31][32]

1947–1987

Main article: Israeli–Palestinian conflict

Israel fought 6 wars with Gaza from 1947 to 1987.[5]

Israel occupied the Gaza Strip during the Suez Crisis in 1956. During this occupation, 930-1,200 Palestinians were killed, most notably in the Khan Younis massacre and Rafah massacre. In total, about 1% of the population of the Gaza Strip was either killed, wounded, tortured or imprisoned by Israel.[6] In 1957, Israel withdrew from the Gaza Strip after American pressure.[33]

In the 1967 war, Israel occupied Gaza Strip, along with Sinai, Golan Heights and the West Bank. During the war, and shortly after, between 40,000 and 45,000 civilians fled or were expelled from the Gaza Strip.[17] Many Palestinian civilians were killed as they fled. On June 11, a grenade killed 8 Gaza civilians and a shooting killed another 10.[17]

1988–2007: Intifadas

During the First intifada, in the Gaza Strip alone, 142 Palestinians were killed, while no Israelis died: 77 were shot dead, and 37 died from tear-gas inhalation. 17 died from beatings at the hand of Israeli police or soldiers.[34]

Israel–Gaza barrier

Main article: Israel–Gaza barrier

Israel completed the initial Israel–Gaza barrier in 1996. It has helped reduce infiltration from Gaza Strip into Israel.[citation needed] Special permits to enter Israel for medical purposes were also greatly reduced,[citation needed] which has made travel for Palestinians difficult.[35]

Daniel Schueftan, in his 1999 book, Disengagement: Israel and the Palestinian Entity[36][37] ("The Need for Separation: Israel and the Palestinian Authority"), reviews new and existing arguments underlying different separation stances, in order to make the case for separation from the Palestinians, beginning with those in the West Bank and Gaza. Schueftan favors the "hard separation" stances of politicians like Yitzhak Rabin and Ehud Barak.[37]

Yitzhak Rabin was the first to propose the creation of a physical barrier between the Israeli and Palestinian populations in 1992, and by 1994, construction on the first barrier – the Israel–Gaza barrier – had begun; it is actually a wire fence equipped with sensors. Following an attack on Bet Lid, near the city of Netanya, Rabin specified the objectives behind the undertaking, stating that:

This path must lead to a separation, though not according to the borders prior to 1967. We want to reach a separation between us and them. We do not want the majority of the Jewish residents of the state of Israel, 98% of whom live within the borders of sovereign Israel, including a united Jerusalem, to be subject to terrorism."[38][39]

Second Intifada

Main article: Second Intifada
 
The Israeli Air Force (IAF) AH-64 Apache were used as platform for shooting guided missiles at Palestinian targets and employed at the targeted killings policy against both militants and political leaders.

The Second Intifada, also known as the al-Aqsa Intifada, began in September 2000. Many Palestinians considered the Intifada to be a struggle of national liberation against Israeli occupation imposed on them following the 1967 War, whereas many Israelis considered it to be a terrorist campaign.[40]

Palestinian tactics ranged from carrying out mass protests and general strikes, as in the First Intifada, to mounting suicide bombing attacks and firing Qassam rockets into southeastern Israeli residential areas. Israeli tactics ranged from conducting mass arrests and locking up Palestinians in administrative detention to setting up checkpoints and building the Israeli Gaza Strip barrier and West Bank barrier to carrying out assassinations targeting militants and leaders of Palestinian organizations.

After the 2006 Palestinian legislative election, Israel negotiated with Mahmoud Abbas and the PLO, but simultaneously targeted and bombed Hamas activists and militants and arrested Hamas's elected legislative council politicians.

The death toll, both military and civilian, over the entire period in question (2000–2007) is estimated to be over 4,300 Palestinians and over 1,000 Israelis; 64 foreign citizens were also killed (54 by Palestinians, and 10 by Israeli security forces).[41]

Israel's unilateral disengagement

Main article: Israeli disengagement from Gaza

Israel implemented its Disengagement Plan in August–September 2005, withdrawing its civilian and military presence from the Gaza Strip, and retaining control over the Gaza airspace, maritime access and borders even with Egypt according to the 2005 agreement with the Palestinian authority. Qassam rockets were fired regularly prior to the Israeli disengagement and the frequency of Qassam attacks increased after the Disengagement from Gaza. Palestinian militants have targeted a number of military bases and civilian towns in Southern Israel.[42]

Since 2001, Palestinian militants have launched thousands of rocket and mortar attacks on Israel from the Gaza Strip,[43] killing, injuring and traumatizing Israeli civilians.[44][45]

In July 2006, Israel briefly re-occupied parts of northern Gaza Strip and used the occupied areas as bases for raids into Jabalya and Beit Lahya.[46] Hamas responded by launching rockets.

Ascendancy of Hamas

Main article: Fatah–Hamas conflict

When the Islamic party Hamas won the January 2006 Palestinian legislative election, gaining a majority of seats in the Palestinian Legislative Council,[47] the conflict between Israel and Gaza intensified. Israel sealed its border with the Gaza Strip, largely preventing the free flow of people and many imports and exports. Palestinians shot Qassam rockets at Israeli settlements located near the Gaza borders, and staged cross-border raids aimed at killing or capturing Israeli soldiers. In one such raid, on 25 June 2006, Palestinians captured Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit, leading to massive retaliation by the Israeli army which included air strikes against Hamas targets.

In June 2007, internal fighting broke out between Hamas and Fatah, and Hamas fully consolidated its power by staging an armed coup d'état and taking control of the Gaza Strip. Following the internecine fighting that occurred between 7 and 15 June 2007, also known as the Battle of Gaza in which 118 Palestinians were killed and over 550 were wounded,[48] the entire Gaza Strip came under full control of a Hamas government.

As a response to the Hamas takeover, Israel sharply restricted the flow of people and goods into and out of Gaza. About 70% of Gaza's workforce became unemployed or without pay, and about 80% of its residents lived in poverty.[49]

Since Hamas' takeover, Palestinian armed groups in Gaza and Israel continued to clash. Palestinian armed groups fired rockets into Israel, killing Israeli civilians, including children, and wounding others, as well as causing damage to infrastructure; and Israel launched attacks and shelled Gaza with artillery, killing Palestinian combatants as well as civilians, including children,[50][51][52] and causing devastating damage to infrastructure.[53] According to Human Rights Watch, the Palestinian deliberate attacks against civilians violated international humanitarian law. Because Hamas exercised power inside Gaza, it was responsible for stopping unlawful attacks even when carried out by other groups.[54]

2006–2007

Main articles: 2006 Hamas cross-border raid, Operation Summer Rains, and Operation Autumn Clouds (2006)

Large-scale conventional warfare beyond the peripheries of the Gaza Strip began when Palestinian militants abducted Corporal Gilad Shalit, and Israel responded by launching Operation "Summer Rains" on 28 June 2006. The operation became the first major mobilization within the Gaza Strip since Israel unilaterally disengaged from the region between August and September 2005.

The Gaza beach blast was an event on 9 June 2006 in which eight Palestinians were killed – including nearly the entire family of seven-year-old Huda Ghaliya – and at least thirty others were injured in an explosion on a beach near the municipality of Beit Lahia in the Gaza Strip.[55] The incident received considerable attention from news media worldwide, with blame for the explosion hotly disputed in the following weeks.

Israel maintains that it mobilized thousands of troops in order to suppress Qassam rocket fire against its civilian population and to secure the release of Gilad Shalit. It is estimated that between 7,000 and 9,000 Israeli artillery shells were fired into Gaza between September 2005 and June 2006, killing 80 Palestinians in 6 months.[56] On the Palestinian side, over 1,300 Qassam rockets have been fired into Israel from September 2000 to 21 December 2006.[57] Israeli forces also continued to search for tunnels, used by militants to smuggle weapons, as well as monitor operations at checkpoints (with some assistance from the European Union at Rafah) for security reasons, specifically possible weapons transfers and uninhibited return of exiled extremist leaders and terrorists.[58][59][60][61][62] As of 18 October 2006, Israel has discovered 20 tunnels used for illegal arms smuggling under the border of the Gaza Strip and Egypt.[63]

Israel had said it would withdraw from the Strip and end the operation as soon as Shalit was released.[64] The Palestinians had said that they were willing to return Shalit in exchange for the release of some of the Palestinians held in Israeli jails. The Palestinians and others have also said the assault was aimed at toppling the democratically elected Hamas-led government and at destabilizing the Palestinian National Authority, citing the targeting of civilian infrastructure such as a power station and the captures of government and parliament members. Some 300 Palestinians had been targeted by the IDF in the Gaza Strip since the kidnapping of Corporal Gilad Shalit.[65]

In July 2006, first reports emerged about mystery injuries after Israeli attacks. Previously unseen injuries included severely damaged internal organs, severe internal burning and deep internal wounds often resulting in amputations or death. Bodies arrived severely fragmented, melted and disfigured. There were speculations about a new experimental weapon, particularly Dense inert metal explosives (DIMEs).[66]

Attempting to curb Qassam rocket attacks fired at Southern Israel by Palestinian militants from the northern Gaza Strip, Israel launched Operation "Autumn Clouds" on 1 November 2006.

On 8 November 2006, a day after Israel's withdrawal following Operation "Autumn Clouds," Israel Defense Forces shells missed their target—possibly due to a "technical malfunction"—and hit a row of houses in the Gaza Strip town of Beit Hanoun,[67] killing 19 Palestinians and wounding more than 40.[68][69] Israeli Defense Forces launched an investigation into the Beit Hanoun November 2006 incident (and later apologized for the incident), and the then Israeli President Ehud Olmert offered humanitarian assistance to those affected.[70]

The 2006 Franco–Italian–Spanish Middle East Peace Plan was proposed after Israel invaded the Gaza Strip in Operation "Autumn Clouds" by Spanish Premier José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero during talks with French president Jacques Chirac. Italy's prime minister Romano Prodi gave his full support to the plan.

On 26 November, a ceasefire was signed by Palestinian organisations and Israel, and Israel withdrew its troops while the Palestinian Authority forces deployed to stop Qassam rocket launchings. Following the truce over 60 Qassam rockets were fired from the Gaza Strip at Israel, and 1 Palestinian (armed with guns and grenades) was killed by the IDF. On 19 December, the Palestinian Islamic Jihad began taking open responsibility for the Qassam rocket firing, because they said Israel killed two of their members in Jenin.[71][72][73]

A series of battles between Palestinian militants in Hamas-governed Gaza and the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) that began in mid-May 2007, with the inter-Palestinian violence flaring in the meantime. Palestinians fired more than 220 Qassam rocket attacks on Israel (Sderot and the western Negev) in more than a week. The Israeli Air Force fired missiles and bombs at the launching sites. The fighting came amid serious Palestinian factional violence and reports of growing level of humanitarian crisis in the region.[74] Hamas said they will continue to retaliate against Israeli strikes.

2007–2022

Main article: Blockade of the Gaza Strip

In September 2007, Israel declared Gaza "hostile territory."[75] Historian Jean-Pierre Filiu finds this assertion "absurd", given that up to this point Israel had already fought 9 wars against Gaza.[5] The declaration allowed Israel to prevent the transfer of electricity, fuel, and other supplies into Gaza. Hamas considered this a declaration of war,[75] while Israel stated its purpose was to pressure Hamas into ending Qassam rocket attacks (which Israel said were intensifying).[76][77][78] Israel's decision to cut fuel supplies to Gaza were widely condemned (including by the European Union) as "collective punishment."[79][80][81]

Israel has also arrested Hamas officials in the West Bank, including two cabinet members. Such arrests have been strongly condemned by international organizations and politicians.[82][83][84][85]

By January 2008, according to a United Nations study, the economic effects of Israel's blockade on Gaza reached a critical threshold. Finally, on 17 January 2008, Israel sealed the border completely following a rise in rocket attacks. The breach of the Gaza-Egypt border began on 23 January 2008, after gunmen in the Gaza Strip set off an explosion near the Rafah Border Crossing, destroying part of the former Israeli Gaza Strip barrier. The United Nations estimates that as many as half the 1.5 million population of the Gaza Strip crossed the border into Egypt seeking food and supplies.[citation needed]

Operation "Hot Winter"

Main article: Operation Hot Winter

On 27 February 2008, Palestinian militants fired more than 40 Qassam rockets into southern Israel and the Israeli army fired three missiles at the Palestinian Interior Ministry in Gaza destroying the building.[86] On 28 February 2008 Israeli aircraft bombed a police station near the Gaza City home of Hamas leader Ismail Haniya, killing several children.[87] The Israeli military says its air and ground operations against militants firing rockets from northern Gaza have hit at least 23 armed Palestinians, while Palestinian sources have reported higher death tolls and say many civilians have also been killed.[88]

Israel began its air and ground operations on 29 February.[89] The IDF's offensive in Gaza has killed more than 100 Palestinians in less than a week.[90] Palestinians fired 150 rockets at Israel which killed three Israelis.[89] The United States called for an end to clashes between Israel and the Palestinians.[91] The Palestinian president, Mahmoud Abbas, has accused Israel of "international terrorism", saying its assault on Gaza constitutes "more than a holocaust."[92] On 3 March Abbas suspended all contact with Israel over its assault on Gaza as the Israeli government sent warplanes to hit more targets early on Monday and vowed to continue its offensive.[93] The European Union condemned what it called "disproportionate use of force" by the Israeli military in Gaza after 54 Palestinians were killed in the highest casualty toll for a single day since fighting erupted in 2000.[94] United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon also issued a condemnation of what he termed Israel's "excessive and disproportionate" response, and called on Israel "to cease such attacks", while denouncing the ongoing rocket attacks on Sderot and Ashkelon.[95]

In the Muslim world, demonstrators took to the streets to protest the IDF attacks. Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei called on Muslims to rise up and their leaders to hit Israel "in the face with their nations' anger." In Lebanon, hundreds of Hezbollah supporters gathered at the Fatima Gate at the border between Lebanon and Israel, shouting "Death to Israel" and waving Lebanese and Palestinian flags. In Egypt, thousands of students held protests at universities across the country calling on Arab leaders to stop Israeli aggression and support the Palestinians. Some protesters burned Israeli and American flags.[91] About 10,000 protesters, mainly from Jordan's mainstream Muslim Brotherhood and smaller opposition groups, took to the streets in one of the country's most vocal and largest anti-Israeli demonstrations in recent years. Saudi Arabia meanwhile compared the IDF offensive to "Nazi war crimes" and called on the international community to stop what it called the "mass killings" of Palestinians. Turkey's Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan said that the IDF attacks can have "no humanitarian justification" and added that Israel was rejecting a "diplomatic solution" to the dispute.[91] Most Israeli tanks and troops pulled out of northern Gaza 3 March 2008, and an Israel Defense Forces spokesman confirmed that the Israeli military was ending offensive operations there after five days.[96]

On 29 February 2008, the Israeli military launched Operation "Hot Winter" (also called Operation "Warm Winter") in response to Qassam rockets fired from the Strip by Hamas. The Israeli army killed 112 Palestinians, and Palestinian militants killed three Israelis. More than 150 Palestinians and seven Israelis have been injured.[97]

There was widespread international alarm at the scale of the operation, with the US state department encouraging Israel to exercise caution to avoid the loss of innocent life, and the European Union and the United Nations criticising Israel's "disproportionate use of force". The European Union also demanded an immediate end to Palestinian militant rocket attacks on Israel and urged Israel to halt activities that endanger civilians, saying they were "in violation of international law."[98]

2008 Israel–Hamas ceasefire

Main article: 2008 Israel–Hamas ceasefire
 
Monthly rocket hits in Israel in 2008, according to Israeli military-tied Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center.

The 2008 Israel–Hamas ceasefire was an Egyptian-brokered six-month Tahdia (an Arabic term for a lull) "for the Gaza area", which went into effect between Hamas and Israel on 19 June 2008.[99] Hamas' obligation was to stop the rocket attacks on Israel. During the initial 5-months of the ceasefire, and after a shaky start during the initial week,[100] these attacks from Gaza decreased significantly for a total of 19 rocket and 18 mortar shell launchings,[100][101] compared to 1199 rockets and 1072 mortar shells in 2008 up to 19 June, a reduction of 98%.[102] Mark Regev, spokesman for the Israeli Prime Minister acknowledged that "there were no Hamas rockets during the ceasefire before November the 4th".[102][103] Israel's obligation was to cease attacks on Gaza and once the ceasefire held, to gradually begin to ease its punishing blockade of Gaza.[99] The agreement called on Israel to increase the level of goods entering Gaza by 30 percent over the pre-lull period within 72 hours and to open all border crossings and "allow the transfer of all goods that were banned and restricted to go into Gaza" within 13 days after the beginning of the ceasefire.[104][better source needed] The increase in supplies of food, water, medicine and fuel did improve, but the increase was only to an average of about 20 percent of normal levels,[105] compared to the Hamas compliance in reducing rocket fire by 98%.[102] Two months later the volume of goods arriving was too low to significantly improve living conditions,[106] preventing UNRWA from replenishing its stores.[107] Israel told U.S. officials in 2008 it would keep Gaza's economy "on the brink of collapse".[108]

 
A Grad rocket hitting Beersheba, January 2009

On 4 November 2008 Israel broke the ceasefire with an attack on Gaza. The Israeli military claimed the target of the raid was a tunnel that they said Hamas was planning to use to capture Israeli soldiers positioned on the border fence 250m away.[109] Hamas officials differed, however, claiming that the tunnel was being dug for defensive purposes, not to capture IDF personnel, according to Dr Robert Pastor (of the Carter Institute), and an IDF official confirmed that fact to him. Hamas replied to the Israeli attack with a barrage of rocket fire. With this incursion into Gaza territory and its non-compliance with the easing of the embargo, Israel had failed to comply with two aspects of the June 2008 ceasefire.[102]

When the six-month truce officially expired on 19 December, Hamas launched 50 to more than 70 rockets and mortars into Israel over the next three days, though no Israelis were injured.[110][111] On 21 December, Hamas said it was ready to stop the attacks and renew the truce if Israel stopped its "aggression" in Gaza and opened up its border crossings.[111][112] On 27 and 28 December, Israel implemented Operation Cast Lead against Hamas. Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak said "We warned Hamas repeatedly that rejecting the truce would push Israel to aggression against Gaza."[113]

Gaza War (2008–09)

Main article: Gaza War (2008–2009)
 
Destroyed buildings in Gaza City, January 2009

The Gaza War[114] started when Israel launched a large military campaign in the Gaza Strip on 27 December 2008, codenamed Operation "Cast Lead" (Hebrew: מבצע עופרת יצוקה),[115] with the stated aim of stopping Hamas rocket attacks on southern Israel and arms smuggling into Gaza.[116][117] The conflict has also been called the Gaza massacre in the Arab world (Arabic: مجزرة غزة).[118] A fragile six-month truce between Hamas and Israel expired on 19 December 2008.[119] The Israeli operation began with an intense bombardment of the Gaza Strip,[120] targeting Hamas bases, police training camps,[121] police headquarters and offices.[122][123] Civilian infrastructure, including mosques, houses, medical facilities and schools, were also attacked, as Israel stated that many of them were used by combatants, and as storage spaces for weapons and rockets.[124] Hamas intensified its rocket and mortar attacks against targets in Israel throughout the conflict, hitting previously untargeted cities such as Beersheba and Ashdod.[125][126] On 3 January 2009, the Israeli ground invasion began.[127][128] During the war Hamas would execute many Palestinians and Fatah members during a period of political violence. Human rights groups and aid organisations have accused Hamas and Israel of war crimes.[129][130][131] An estimated 1,166-1,417 Palestinians and 13 Israelis died in the conflict.[132][133][134] The conflict came to an end on 18 January after first Israel and then Hamas announced unilateral ceasefires.[135][136] On 21 January, Israel completed its withdrawal from the Gaza Strip.[137] On 2 March, it was reported that international donors had pledged $4.5 billion in aid for the Palestinians, mainly for rebuilding Gaza after Israel's offensive.[138] This war was considered to be the largest, most devastating and deadliest military operation in Gaza since the Six-day war in 1967 and until the 2023 Israel–Hamas war.[139]

March 2010 events

Further information: March 2010 Israel–Gaza clashes

On 26 March 2010, two Israeli soldiers and two Hamas militants were killed during clashes on the Gaza Strip's southern border. Two other soldiers were wounded during the fighting which broke out east of the town of Khan Younis. They are the first Israeli soldiers to have been killed in hostile fire in or around Gaza since Israel's major offensive there in January 2009, according to the BBC.[140]

 
Charred remains of an Israeli bus hit in the 2011 attacks

2011 cross-border attack

Main article: 2011 southern Israel cross-border attacks

On 18 August 2011, a series of cross-border attacks was carried out in southern Israel near the Egyptian border, by a squad of militants. The militants first opened fire at civilian bus.[141][142] Several minutes later, a bomb was detonated next to an Israeli army patrol along Israel's border with Egypt. In a third attack, an anti-tank missile hit a private vehicle, killing four civilians.

Operation "Returning Echo"

Main article: March 2012 Gaza–Israel clashes
 
Destroyed house in Gaza City, December 2012

During the second week of March 2012, Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) initiated Operation "Returning Echo". It was the worst outbreak of violence covered by the media in the region since the 2008–09 Operation "Cast Lead" (the Gaza War).

Operation "Pillar of Defense"

Main article: Operation Pillar of Defense
 
Israeli soldiers shielding a 4-year-old boy during a rocket attack, July 2014
US Ambassador to Israel's tour of attack tunnel.
 
Rocket attacks fired at Israel from the Gaza Strip, 2001–2021.[143]

Attacks by Israel and Gazans grew intense late in October 2012. An Israeli air strike killed Ahmed Jabari, chief of the Hamas military wing in Gaza.[144] During the operation, four Israeli civilians and one soldier were killed by Palestinian rocket fire,[145] according to Palestinian Centre for Human Rights 158 Palestinians had been killed, of which: 102 were civilians, 55 militants and one was policeman. 30 children and 13 women were among the killed,[146] while the Israel Defense Forces presented statistics showing that out of 177 Palestinians killed, 120 were militants.[147] Most of the fighting was by bombs, aerial attacks, artillery, and rockets; the rockets being primarily used by the Palestinians and air strikes primarily by the Israelis. Attacked locations include Beersheva, Tel Aviv, Ashdod, Ofakim, Gaza, the rest of the Gaza Strip, the Shaar Hanegev, and Eshkol Regional Council. The United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Germany and other Western countries expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself, and/or[clarification needed] condemned the Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel.[148][149][150][151][152][153][154][155][156] Iran, Egypt, Turkey, North Korea and several other Arab and Muslim countries condemned the Israeli operation.[157][158][159]

2014 Gaza War

Main articles: 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, Battle of Shuja'iyya, and 2014 Israeli shelling of UNRWA Gaza shelters

In 2014, fighting intensified between Israel and Hamas, leading to another full-scale Gaza War, this one far deadlier than the previous in 2008–2009. The IDF launched Operation Protective Edge on 8 July 2014, in response to Hamas rocket attacks,[160] which were launched following an earlier Israeli air strike against Gaza[161] and on 17 July 2014, Israel troops entered the Gaza Strip.[162] UN OCHA says 2,205 Palestinians (including at least 1,483 civilians) and 71 Israelis (including 66 soldiers) and one foreign national in Israel were killed in the conflict.[163] The war came to an end after 50 days of conflict when a ceasefire was agreed upon on 26 August 2014.[164]

2018 Border Protest

Main article: 2018 Gaza border protests

During the 2018 Land Day protests, 168 Palestinians have been killed and thousands were injured during clashes with Israeli troops at the Gaza-Israel border.[165]

Clashes in November 2018

Main article: Gaza–Israel clashes (November 2018)

Violence flared up again on 11 November 2018 when seven Palestinian militants were killed during a botched raid by the Israel Defense Forces in the southeastern Gaza Strip. One IDF officer was killed and another was injured. Over a dozen rockets were subsequently fired from Gaza, three of which were shot down. After a series of intense fire exchanges, ceasefire was agreed upon on 13 November 2018.

March 2019

On 25 March, seven people were injured in Israel after a rocket attack destroyed a home in Mishmeret. The Israel Defense Forces confirmed that Hamas was responsible for the attack.[166] The Israeli Air Force sent jets to strike multiple targets in the Gaza Strip, including the office of senior Hamas official Ismail Haniyeh, and Hamas' military intelligence headquarters in Gaza City.[167][168]

May 2019

Main article: May 2019 Gaza-Israel clashes

On 3 May, two Israeli soldiers were injured by a Palestinian Islamic Jihad sniper from in the Gaza Strip during the weekly protests at the Gaza–Israel border. In response, the Israeli Air Force carried out an airstrike, killing four Palestinians. In addition, two other Palestinians were killed and 60 wounded, 36 of them by Israeli gunfire.[169]

Following this, Gazan militants launched hundreds of rockets at Israel. In response, the Israeli Air Force struck numerous targets within the Gaza Strip. In addition, Israel increased its troop presence near the Gaza–Israel border.[170]

November 2019

Main article: Gaza–Israel clashes (November 2019)

The 2019 Gaza–Israel clashes code-named by Israel as Operation Black Belt, took place in November 2019, between the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) and Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) following the targeted killing of senior PIJ commander Baha Abu al-Ata in Gaza, and the attempted killing of senior PIJ commander Akram al-Ajouri in Damascus, Syria by the IDF. PIJ responded with rocket fire into Israel, including long-range rockets fired towards Tel Aviv, leading to several civilians being wounded. In response to the rocket fire, Israel carried out airstrikes and artillery shelling in the Gaza Strip, killing and wounding several militants as well as civilians. A ceasefire went into effect after 48 hours of clashes,though it was breached by some Palestinian militants.[171][172][173][174]

April 2021

On 15 April, Israeli military conducted military strikes targets in Gaza after a rocket was fired at southern Israel. Targets included an armaments production facility, a tunnel for smuggling weaponry and a Hamas military post.[175]

May 2021

Main article: 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis

Hamas demanded Israel remove its forces from Al-Aqsa Mosque by May 10, 6pm. Minutes after the deadline passed, Hamas fired more than 150 rockets into Israel from Gaza.[176] In response, Israel launched air strikes in the Gaza strip on the same day.[177]

August 2022

Main article: 2022 Gaza–Israel clashes

On 5 August 2022, Israel launched airstrikes on Gaza after a senior Palestinian Islamic Jihad militant had been arrested in the West Bank 4 days earlier, due to fears of retaliation.[178]

2023–present

April 2023

Main article: 2023 Al-Aqsa clashes

In the aftermath of the 2023 Al-Aqsa clashes, Palestinian militant groups[179] fired rockets into Israel from the Gaza Strip and Lebanon.[179]

May 2023

Main article: May 2023 Gaza–Israel clashes

On 9 May 2023, Israel conducted a series of airstrikes on the Gaza Strip, called Operation Shield and Arrow Palestinians launched Rocket attacks against Israel until a Ceasefire was agreed upon on 13 May 2023.[180]

October 2023

Main article: Israel–Hamas war
 
Map of the 2023 Israel-Hamas war in Gaza and Southern Israel

On 7 October 2023, Palestinian militant groups, mainly Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad, with other groups such as the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, launched a major attack on Israel from the Gaza Strip. The attack included rocket barrages and vehicle-transported attacks across the border on Israeli communities and forces, causing many casualties; a thousand civilians were massacred. In response, the government of Israel declared a state of emergency and war; The Israeli military retaliated by conducting a counteroffensive and an extensive aerial bombardment campaign on Gaza followed by an invasion.[181][182][183][184][185][186][187] This war is considered to be the largest, most devastating and deadliest conflict in Gaza since the Gaza War in 2008 and 2009 and the deadliest war in Israel since the 1948 Arab–Israeli War of 1948 and 1949.[citation needed]

International response

  United Nations
Secretary General Ban Ki-moon stated he believed that the Qassam rocket attacks by factions in Gaza were "completely unacceptable." He also said he believed that the Palestinian Authority should "take the necessary steps to restore law and order, and for all factions to abide by the ceasefire." Ban also stated he was "deeply concerned by the mounting number of civilian casualties from Israeli military operations in Gaza." The Secretary General also called on Israel "to abide by international law and to ensure that its actions do not target civilians or put them under risk."[188] Ban had appointed Michael Williams to the Middle East for talks with both sides.[189] Williams soon said "I'm troubled when I see Israeli soldiers arresting Palestinian legislators. I'm troubled that the education minister was arrested," after Israel arrested several Hamas officials in the West Bank.[190] Williams met with Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas and Foreign Minister Ziad Abu Amr in Gaza City. After continuing Israeli attacks and arrests, and the continuing rocket fire from Gaza, Williams said that "I'm very troubled by the level of violence here [...] I think the UN, the international community in general, have been very concerned about the level of intra-Palestinian violence, but also by the Israeli attacks which I know have caused civilian deaths, considerable numbers."[191] Following the discovery of mass graves, UN human rights chief Volker Türk called for an independent investigation on the intentional killing of civilians by the IDF.[192] The international condemnation of Israeli incursion was further augmented with a scathing report prepared by eight British-based rights organizations, highlighting humanitarian situation in the Gaza Strip that reached its worst point since Israel captured the territory in 1967. The report indicates more than 1.1 million people, about 80 percent of Gaza's residents, were dependent on food aid, and hospitals faced power cuts of up to 12 hours a day, and the water and sewage systems were close to collapse.[193]
  United States
After the death of a woman from a rocket attack in Sderot, a representative for the U.S. Government reaffirmed the position that Israel has the right to self-defense. State Department spokesman Sean McCormack also stated that his country is aware of the difficulty of targeting terrorists without civilian casualties. He added that Israel must "take all possible actions in order to avoid any civilian casualties, to avoid any undue damage to the Palestinian infrastructure and always to consider the effects of their actions on the political process, the Israeli-Palestinian track and moving that forward."[188] The Republican plan, approved by the United States House of Representatives, allocates $14.5bn in military aid for Israel. Also, Israel has received the highest amount of military assistance from the US compared to any other nation since World War II, with aid exceeding $124bn.[194]
  Turkey
In response to the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, to the interdiction of the activity of the Moslem Brothers in Egypt and to what he interpreted as Egyptian support for Israel, Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan called Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi an "illegitimate tyrant".[195] He also stated that "If Israel continues with this attitude, it will definitely be tried at international courts."[196]
  Bolivia
In July 2014, Bolivia declared Israel a "terrorist state", tightening visa restrictions for Israelis seeking to travel to Bolivia.[197] In 2019 relations were restored, with an Israeli delegation visiting Bolivia in 2020. Following the events of October 2023, the Bolivian government announced on 1 November that it was severing diplomatic ties with Israel.[198] Foreign Minister Freddy Mamani called Israel's response "disproportionate" and President Luis Arce described the actions as "war crimes", with the Bolivians calling for an immediate ceasefire.[199]


  Indonesia
The Indonesian people and government were very concerned for Gaza during the conflict. They donated humanitarian aid and some volunteered to come to Gaza and work on the ground. Indonesia also built a hospital in Gaza named "Indonesia hospital," which opened in 2015.[200] Its construction was not impacted during the fighting and remained on schedule. This hospital was bombed by Israel three years later.[201]
  Egypt
The Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi is not allowing a refugee camp on the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt because he says it would allow the Palestinians to launch terrorist attacks from there against Israel, and Egypt would get blamed for it. Egypt has closed their border from Gaza to Egypt but are allowing humanitarian aid to flow into Gaza from Egypt during the 2023 Israel–Hamas war.[202]
  South Africa

Other responses

 
Pro-Israel-Demo in Berlin in 2009.
 
Pro-Palestinian demonstration in Paris, France in 2014
 
Pro-Palestine protest in Melbourne, Australia in October 2023

On 31 July 2014 on the 23rd day of the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, Ireland's Foreign Minister Charlie Flanagan said he shared "the horror and revulsion of senators and very many of our citizens at the horrendous scenes we have witnessed since the start of the Israeli military operation." The Irish government, he said, condemned "both the unacceptably high civilian casualty rate resulting from disproportionate military action on Israel's part as well as the firing of rockets by Hamas and other militants into Israel."[203] On 5 August 2014 a member of the British cabinet resigned over the UK government's approach to the 2014 conflict.

During the U.S. Presidential campaigns of 2016, Democratic candidate Bernie Sanders criticized Israel for its treatment of Gaza, and in particular criticized Netanyahu for "overreacting" and causing unnecessary civilian deaths.[204] In April 2016 the Anti-Defamation League called on Sanders to withdraw remarks he made to the New York Daily News, which the ADL said exaggerated the death toll of the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict. Sanders said "over 10,000 innocent people were killed", a number far in excess of Palestinian or Israel sources' estimates.[205] In response, Sanders said that he accepted a corrected number of the death toll as 2,300 in the course of the interview and that he would make every effort to set the record straight. The transcript of the interview failed to note that Sanders said "Okay" to the corrected number presented by the interviewer during the course of the interview.[206]

Public opinion poll conducted on 23–28 October 2023 by the polling company iPanel in collaboration with Tel Aviv University found that 57.5% of Israeli Jews believed that the Israeli military was using "too little" firepower during the retaliatory strikes in Gaza, while 36.6% believed the amount of firepower was "appropriate", 4.2% were not sure, and only 1.8% said the IDF was using "too much" firepower. In contrast, 50.5% of Israeli Arabs believed that the Israeli military was using "too much" firepower in Gaza.[207] The Direct Polls survey published in December 2023 found that 83% of Israelis supported encouraging the voluntary emigration of residents of the Gaza Strip.[208] Public opinion poll conducted in December 2023 by the Israel Democracy Institute found that 87% of Jewish Israelis supported the war in Gaza.[209] 75% of Jewish Israelis rejected the Biden administration's calls to change the IDF's strategy to one that "reduces the heavy bombing of densely populated areas."[210]

Analysis

Some analysts believe the conflict has drawn in Egypt, Iran, Turkey, and Qatar, supporting different sides of the conflict in light of the regional standoff between Iran and Saudi Arabia[211] on one hand and between Qatar and Saudi Arabia on the other, as well as crisis in Egyptian-Turkish relations.[212]

Impact

Gaza

According to NGOs and the UN, the recent wars and the blockade have led to worsening living conditions in Gaza, and it could become unlivable by 2020.[213][214]

2023

Main article: 2023 Israel–Hamas war
 
Residents inspect the ruins of an apartment destroyed by Israeli airstrikes

The humanitarian situation in Gaza has been termed a "crisis" and a "catastrophe."[215][216] As a result of Israel's siege, Gaza faces shortages of fuel, food, medication, water, and medical supplies.[215] UN Humanitarian Aid chief Martin Griffiths said, "the noose around the civilian population in Gaza is tightening."[217] On 13 October, UNRWA commissioner Philippe Lazzarini said, "The scale and speed of the unfolding humanitarian crisis is bone-chilling."[218]

On 16 October, doctors warned of an impending disease outbreak due to hospital overcrowding and unburied bodies.[216] The same day, the World Health Organization stated there were only "24 hours of water, electricity and fuel left" before "a real catastrophe."[219] On 18 October, the United States vetoed a UN resolution urging humanitarian aid to Gaza.[220] The World Health Organization stated the situation in Gaza was "spiraling out of control."[221]

On 20 October, Doctors Without Borders stated it was "deeply concerned for the fate of everyone in Gaza right now."[222] On 21 October, a joint statement by UNICEF, WHO, UNDP, UNFPA, and WFP stated, "the world must do more" for Gaza.[223] On 22 October, UNRWA announced it would run out of fuel within three days, resulting in "no water, no functioning hospitals and bakeries."[224]

Since October 7, 2023, IDF has been accused of the extrajudicial killing of Palestinian unarmed detainees,[225][226] doctors,[227] and workers, making threats of mutilation,[228] death,[229] arson,[229] and rape,[229] torturing of Palestinians detained without legal charges.[230][231] It has also been accused of using excessive force against dozens of schools[232] and hospitals,[233] theft,[231] the cruel and unnecessary desecration and mutilation of Palestinian deceased,[227] and making no, or an inadequate distinction between Hamas forces and civilians.[234] During the fighting, far-right Channel 14 kept logs going of buildings destroyed and terrorists killed, with all Palestinian casualties labeled as terrorists.[235] On Channel 14, the Hamas surprise attack was framed as caused by a “leftist cancer,” by a Likud party member, while Shimon Riklin, a Channel 14 journalist and anchor, publicly backed war crimes.[235][236]

Israel

Due to the conflict, Israel has stepped up its defense measures in the southern communities and cities of Israel. This includes building fortifications on existing structures and bomb shelters and developing an alarm system (Red Color).[237]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Follows the numbering scheme given in Jean-Pierre Filiu's The Twelve Wars on Gaza[5]
  2. ^ 1,231 dead plus 215 disappeared[6]
  3. ^ 309 figure comes from source[21] giving total casualties of 668
  4. ^ 1,181 figure comes from source[22] giving total casualties of 1,417

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Wikiquote has quotations related to Gaza–Israel conflict.

January 01, 1970
gaza, israel, conflict, ongoing, 2023, 2024, israel, hamas, other, uses, gaza, disambiguation, localized, part, israeli, palestinian, conflict, beginning, 1948, when, palestinians, fled, were, expelled, from, their, homes, settling, gaza, strip, refugees, sinc. For the ongoing 2023 2024 war see Israel Hamas war For other uses see Gaza War disambiguation The Gaza Israel conflict is a localized part of the Israeli Palestinian conflict beginning in 1948 when 200 000 Palestinians fled or were expelled from their homes settling in the Gaza Strip as refugees 1 Since then Israel has fought 15 2 wars against the Gaza Strip The number of Gazans reportedly killed in the most recent 2023 war 34 000 is higher than the death toll of all other wars of the Arab Israeli conflict 3 4 Israel fought three wars in the Egyptian administered Gaza Strip 5 1948 Palestine War the first occupation of Gaza during the Suez Crisis and the capture of Gaza in 1967 During the first occupation 1 of Gaza Strip s population was either killed tortured or imprisoned by Israel 6 Following two periods of low level insurgencies a major conflict between Israelis and Palestinians erupted in the First Intifada The 1993 Oslo Accords brought a period of calm But in 2000 the Second Intifada erupted Towards the end of the Second Intifada Israel disengaged from Gaza in 2005 Hamas won the 2006 election and seized control of Gaza in 2007 7 In 2007 Israel imposed a land air and sea blockade of the Gaza Strip 8 turning it into an open air prison 9 8 The blockade was widely condemned as a form of collective punishment 10 while Israel defended it as necessary to stop Palestinian rocket attacks 11 Hamas considered it a declaration of war 12 A 2008 2009 Israeli invasion of Gaza resulted in more than 1 000 deaths and widespread destruction of homes schools and hospitals A 2012 Israeli operation also killed more than 100 people In 2014 Israel invaded Gaza in a major war that resulted in the deaths of 73 Israelis mostly soldiers and 2 251 Palestinians mostly civilians The invasion resulted in unprecedented 13 destruction damaging 25 of homes in Gaza city and 70 of homes in Beit Hanoun 13 After 2014 notable events in the conflict included the Great March of Return 2018 2019 and clashes in November 2018 May 2019 and November 2019 The 2021 crisis saw 256 Palestinians and 15 Israelis killed On October 7 2023 Palestinian militants attacked Israel killing 1 143 people mostly civilians and beginning the Israel Hamas war Israel responded by bombing the Gaza Strip and launching an invasion that has killed more than 34 000 Gazans as of April 2024 14 Contents 1 Overview 2 1947 1987 3 1988 2007 Intifadas 3 1 Israel Gaza barrier 3 2 Second Intifada 3 3 Israel s unilateral disengagement 3 4 Ascendancy of Hamas 3 5 2006 2007 4 2007 2022 4 1 Operation Hot Winter 4 2 2008 Israel Hamas ceasefire 4 3 Gaza War 2008 09 4 4 March 2010 events 4 5 2011 cross border attack 4 6 Operation Returning Echo 4 7 Operation Pillar of Defense 4 8 2014 Gaza War 4 9 2018 Border Protest 4 10 Clashes in November 2018 4 11 March 2019 4 12 May 2019 4 13 November 2019 4 14 April 2021 4 15 May 2021 4 16 August 2022 5 2023 present 5 1 April 2023 5 2 May 2023 5 3 October 2023 6 International response 6 1 Other responses 6 2 Analysis 7 Impact 7 1 Gaza 7 1 1 2023 7 2 Israel 8 See also 9 Notes 10 ReferencesOverviewList of Israeli Gaza military conflicts Number a Conflict Period Arabs killed Israelis killed Infrastructure damaged or destroyed Population displaced Other impact 1 1948 Palestine war and 1948 Arab Israeli War 5 1948 1949 200 000 Arabs fled or were expelled by Israel into Gaza Creation of Gaza Strip as an entity 2 Israel s border wars 5 1949 1956 216 15 Up to 1955 8 15 Up to 1955 Conflict over Palestinian infiltrators often refugees trying to return back home 5 3 Israeli occupation of Gaza during the Suez Crisis 1956 1957 1 231 6 1 446 b 1 of the total population of Gaza Strip was either killed wounded tortured or imprisoned by Israel 6 4 Conquest of Gaza during the Six day war 1967 90 of UNRWA schools 16 45 000 civilians 10 of Gaza s population fled or were expelled by Israel 17 5 Low level insurgency 5 1967 1971 39 civilians 71 combatants 18 9 civilians 8 soldiers 18 Israel detained approximately 10 000 Gazans without trial between 1967 1970 18 6 Three way conflict between Israel Palestinian nationalists and Islamist militants 1979 1983 7 First Intifada 1987 1993 523 19 78 338 hospitalized 19 42 of Gaza s children reported being assaulted by the IDF 19 8 Second Intifada 2001 2005 3 000 20 9 Post disengagement incursions into Gaza 2005 2007 359 civilians 21 309 combatants c 4 soldiers 21 4 civilians 10 Gaza War 2008 2009 2008 2009 1 181 civilians d 236 combatants 22 10 soldiers 3 civilians 46 000 homes 23 34 hospitals and clinics 23 214 schools 23 52 mosques and churches 23 100 000 people made homeless 23 80 of agricultural produce and equipment destroyed 23 11 2012 Israeli operation in the Gaza Strip 2012 103 civilians 55 combatants 24 4 civilians 2 soldiers 97 schools 25 49 mosques and churches 25 15 hospitals and clinics 25 350 700 families 26 12 2014 Gaza War 2014 2 251 killed 65 civilians 27 67 soldiers 6 civilians 203 mosques and 2 churches 28 25 of homes in Gaza city 13 520 000 30 of Gaza s population internally displaced 29 13 2021 Israel Palestine crisis 2021 128 civilians 30 128 combatants 14 civilians 1 soldiers 15 000 homes 30 58 schools 30 9 hospitals 30 19 clinics 30 113 000 internally displaced 30 14 Israel Hamas war 2023 Ongoing nbsp Israeli and Palestinian deaths preceding the 2023 Israel Hamas war Of the Palestinian deaths 5 360 were in Gaza 1 007 in the West Bank 37 in Israel Most were civilians on both sides 31 32 1947 1987Main article Israeli Palestinian conflict Israel fought 6 wars with Gaza from 1947 to 1987 5 Israel occupied the Gaza Strip during the Suez Crisis in 1956 During this occupation 930 1 200 Palestinians were killed most notably in the Khan Younis massacre and Rafah massacre In total about 1 of the population of the Gaza Strip was either killed wounded tortured or imprisoned by Israel 6 In 1957 Israel withdrew from the Gaza Strip after American pressure 33 In the 1967 war Israel occupied Gaza Strip along with Sinai Golan Heights and the West Bank During the war and shortly after between 40 000 and 45 000 civilians fled or were expelled from the Gaza Strip 17 Many Palestinian civilians were killed as they fled On June 11 a grenade killed 8 Gaza civilians and a shooting killed another 10 17 1988 2007 IntifadasDuring the First intifada in the Gaza Strip alone 142 Palestinians were killed while no Israelis died 77 were shot dead and 37 died from tear gas inhalation 17 died from beatings at the hand of Israeli police or soldiers 34 Israel Gaza barrier Main article Israel Gaza barrier Israel completed the initial Israel Gaza barrier in 1996 It has helped reduce infiltration from Gaza Strip into Israel citation needed Special permits to enter Israel for medical purposes were also greatly reduced citation needed which has made travel for Palestinians difficult 35 Daniel Schueftan in his 1999 book Disengagement Israel and the Palestinian Entity 36 37 The Need for Separation Israel and the Palestinian Authority reviews new and existing arguments underlying different separation stances in order to make the case for separation from the Palestinians beginning with those in the West Bank and Gaza Schueftan favors the hard separation stances of politicians like Yitzhak Rabin and Ehud Barak 37 Yitzhak Rabin was the first to propose the creation of a physical barrier between the Israeli and Palestinian populations in 1992 and by 1994 construction on the first barrier the Israel Gaza barrier had begun it is actually a wire fence equipped with sensors Following an attack on Bet Lid near the city of Netanya Rabin specified the objectives behind the undertaking stating that This path must lead to a separation though not according to the borders prior to 1967 We want to reach a separation between us and them We do not want the majority of the Jewish residents of the state of Israel 98 of whom live within the borders of sovereign Israel including a united Jerusalem to be subject to terrorism 38 39 Second Intifada Main article Second Intifada nbsp The Israeli Air Force IAF AH 64 Apache were used as platform for shooting guided missiles at Palestinian targets and employed at the targeted killings policy against both militants and political leaders The Second Intifada also known as the al Aqsa Intifada began in September 2000 Many Palestinians considered the Intifada to be a struggle of national liberation against Israeli occupation imposed on them following the 1967 War whereas many Israelis considered it to be a terrorist campaign 40 Palestinian tactics ranged from carrying out mass protests and general strikes as in the First Intifada to mounting suicide bombing attacks and firing Qassam rockets into southeastern Israeli residential areas Israeli tactics ranged from conducting mass arrests and locking up Palestinians in administrative detention to setting up checkpoints and building the Israeli Gaza Strip barrier and West Bank barrier to carrying out assassinations targeting militants and leaders of Palestinian organizations After the 2006 Palestinian legislative election Israel negotiated with Mahmoud Abbas and the PLO but simultaneously targeted and bombed Hamas activists and militants and arrested Hamas s elected legislative council politicians The death toll both military and civilian over the entire period in question 2000 2007 is estimated to be over 4 300 Palestinians and over 1 000 Israelis 64 foreign citizens were also killed 54 by Palestinians and 10 by Israeli security forces 41 Israel s unilateral disengagement Main article Israeli disengagement from Gaza Israel implemented its Disengagement Plan in August September 2005 withdrawing its civilian and military presence from the Gaza Strip and retaining control over the Gaza airspace maritime access and borders even with Egypt according to the 2005 agreement with the Palestinian authority Qassam rockets were fired regularly prior to the Israeli disengagement and the frequency of Qassam attacks increased after the Disengagement from Gaza Palestinian militants have targeted a number of military bases and civilian towns in Southern Israel 42 Since 2001 Palestinian militants have launched thousands of rocket and mortar attacks on Israel from the Gaza Strip 43 killing injuring and traumatizing Israeli civilians 44 45 In July 2006 Israel briefly re occupied parts of northern Gaza Strip and used the occupied areas as bases for raids into Jabalya and Beit Lahya 46 Hamas responded by launching rockets Ascendancy of Hamas Main article Fatah Hamas conflict When the Islamic party Hamas won the January 2006 Palestinian legislative election gaining a majority of seats in the Palestinian Legislative Council 47 the conflict between Israel and Gaza intensified Israel sealed its border with the Gaza Strip largely preventing the free flow of people and many imports and exports Palestinians shot Qassam rockets at Israeli settlements located near the Gaza borders and staged cross border raids aimed at killing or capturing Israeli soldiers In one such raid on 25 June 2006 Palestinians captured Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit leading to massive retaliation by the Israeli army which included air strikes against Hamas targets In June 2007 internal fighting broke out between Hamas and Fatah and Hamas fully consolidated its power by staging an armed coup d etat and taking control of the Gaza Strip Following the internecine fighting that occurred between 7 and 15 June 2007 also known as the Battle of Gaza in which 118 Palestinians were killed and over 550 were wounded 48 the entire Gaza Strip came under full control of a Hamas government As a response to the Hamas takeover Israel sharply restricted the flow of people and goods into and out of Gaza About 70 of Gaza s workforce became unemployed or without pay and about 80 of its residents lived in poverty 49 Since Hamas takeover Palestinian armed groups in Gaza and Israel continued to clash Palestinian armed groups fired rockets into Israel killing Israeli civilians including children and wounding others as well as causing damage to infrastructure and Israel launched attacks and shelled Gaza with artillery killing Palestinian combatants as well as civilians including children 50 51 52 and causing devastating damage to infrastructure 53 According to Human Rights Watch the Palestinian deliberate attacks against civilians violated international humanitarian law Because Hamas exercised power inside Gaza it was responsible for stopping unlawful attacks even when carried out by other groups 54 2006 2007 Main articles 2006 Hamas cross border raid Operation Summer Rains and Operation Autumn Clouds 2006 Large scale conventional warfare beyond the peripheries of the Gaza Strip began when Palestinian militants abducted Corporal Gilad Shalit and Israel responded by launching Operation Summer Rains on 28 June 2006 The operation became the first major mobilization within the Gaza Strip since Israel unilaterally disengaged from the region between August and September 2005 The Gaza beach blast was an event on 9 June 2006 in which eight Palestinians were killed including nearly the entire family of seven year old Huda Ghaliya and at least thirty others were injured in an explosion on a beach near the municipality of Beit Lahia in the Gaza Strip 55 The incident received considerable attention from news media worldwide with blame for the explosion hotly disputed in the following weeks Israel maintains that it mobilized thousands of troops in order to suppress Qassam rocket fire against its civilian population and to secure the release of Gilad Shalit It is estimated that between 7 000 and 9 000 Israeli artillery shells were fired into Gaza between September 2005 and June 2006 killing 80 Palestinians in 6 months 56 On the Palestinian side over 1 300 Qassam rockets have been fired into Israel from September 2000 to 21 December 2006 57 Israeli forces also continued to search for tunnels used by militants to smuggle weapons as well as monitor operations at checkpoints with some assistance from the European Union at Rafah for security reasons specifically possible weapons transfers and uninhibited return of exiled extremist leaders and terrorists 58 59 60 61 62 As of 18 October 2006 Israel has discovered 20 tunnels used for illegal arms smuggling under the border of the Gaza Strip and Egypt 63 Israel had said it would withdraw from the Strip and end the operation as soon as Shalit was released 64 The Palestinians had said that they were willing to return Shalit in exchange for the release of some of the Palestinians held in Israeli jails The Palestinians and others have also said the assault was aimed at toppling the democratically elected Hamas led government and at destabilizing the Palestinian National Authority citing the targeting of civilian infrastructure such as a power station and the captures of government and parliament members Some 300 Palestinians had been targeted by the IDF in the Gaza Strip since the kidnapping of Corporal Gilad Shalit 65 In July 2006 first reports emerged about mystery injuries after Israeli attacks Previously unseen injuries included severely damaged internal organs severe internal burning and deep internal wounds often resulting in amputations or death Bodies arrived severely fragmented melted and disfigured There were speculations about a new experimental weapon particularly Dense inert metal explosives DIMEs 66 Attempting to curb Qassam rocket attacks fired at Southern Israel by Palestinian militants from the northern Gaza Strip Israel launched Operation Autumn Clouds on 1 November 2006 On 8 November 2006 a day after Israel s withdrawal following Operation Autumn Clouds Israel Defense Forces shells missed their target possibly due to a technical malfunction and hit a row of houses in the Gaza Strip town of Beit Hanoun 67 killing 19 Palestinians and wounding more than 40 68 69 Israeli Defense Forces launched an investigation into the Beit Hanoun November 2006 incident and later apologized for the incident and the then Israeli President Ehud Olmert offered humanitarian assistance to those affected 70 The 2006 Franco Italian Spanish Middle East Peace Plan was proposed after Israel invaded the Gaza Strip in Operation Autumn Clouds by Spanish Premier Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero during talks with French president Jacques Chirac Italy s prime minister Romano Prodi gave his full support to the plan On 26 November a ceasefire was signed by Palestinian organisations and Israel and Israel withdrew its troops while the Palestinian Authority forces deployed to stop Qassam rocket launchings Following the truce over 60 Qassam rockets were fired from the Gaza Strip at Israel and 1 Palestinian armed with guns and grenades was killed by the IDF On 19 December the Palestinian Islamic Jihad began taking open responsibility for the Qassam rocket firing because they said Israel killed two of their members in Jenin 71 72 73 A series of battles between Palestinian militants in Hamas governed Gaza and the Israel Defense Forces IDF that began in mid May 2007 with the inter Palestinian violence flaring in the meantime Palestinians fired more than 220 Qassam rocket attacks on Israel Sderot and the western Negev in more than a week The Israeli Air Force fired missiles and bombs at the launching sites The fighting came amid serious Palestinian factional violence and reports of growing level of humanitarian crisis in the region 74 Hamas said they will continue to retaliate against Israeli strikes 2007 2022Main article Blockade of the Gaza Strip In September 2007 Israel declared Gaza hostile territory 75 Historian Jean Pierre Filiu finds this assertion absurd given that up to this point Israel had already fought 9 wars against Gaza 5 The declaration allowed Israel to prevent the transfer of electricity fuel and other supplies into Gaza Hamas considered this a declaration of war 75 while Israel stated its purpose was to pressure Hamas into ending Qassam rocket attacks which Israel said were intensifying 76 77 78 Israel s decision to cut fuel supplies to Gaza were widely condemned including by the European Union as collective punishment 79 80 81 Israel has also arrested Hamas officials in the West Bank including two cabinet members Such arrests have been strongly condemned by international organizations and politicians 82 83 84 85 By January 2008 according to a United Nations study the economic effects of Israel s blockade on Gaza reached a critical threshold Finally on 17 January 2008 Israel sealed the border completely following a rise in rocket attacks The breach of the Gaza Egypt border began on 23 January 2008 after gunmen in the Gaza Strip set off an explosion near the Rafah Border Crossing destroying part of the former Israeli Gaza Strip barrier The United Nations estimates that as many as half the 1 5 million population of the Gaza Strip crossed the border into Egypt seeking food and supplies citation needed Operation Hot Winter Main article Operation Hot Winter On 27 February 2008 Palestinian militants fired more than 40 Qassam rockets into southern Israel and the Israeli army fired three missiles at the Palestinian Interior Ministry in Gaza destroying the building 86 On 28 February 2008 Israeli aircraft bombed a police station near the Gaza City home of Hamas leader Ismail Haniya killing several children 87 The Israeli military says its air and ground operations against militants firing rockets from northern Gaza have hit at least 23 armed Palestinians while Palestinian sources have reported higher death tolls and say many civilians have also been killed 88 Israel began its air and ground operations on 29 February 89 The IDF s offensive in Gaza has killed more than 100 Palestinians in less than a week 90 Palestinians fired 150 rockets at Israel which killed three Israelis 89 The United States called for an end to clashes between Israel and the Palestinians 91 The Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas has accused Israel of international terrorism saying its assault on Gaza constitutes more than a holocaust 92 On 3 March Abbas suspended all contact with Israel over its assault on Gaza as the Israeli government sent warplanes to hit more targets early on Monday and vowed to continue its offensive 93 The European Union condemned what it called disproportionate use of force by the Israeli military in Gaza after 54 Palestinians were killed in the highest casualty toll for a single day since fighting erupted in 2000 94 United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki moon also issued a condemnation of what he termed Israel s excessive and disproportionate response and called on Israel to cease such attacks while denouncing the ongoing rocket attacks on Sderot and Ashkelon 95 In the Muslim world demonstrators took to the streets to protest the IDF attacks Iran s Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei called on Muslims to rise up and their leaders to hit Israel in the face with their nations anger In Lebanon hundreds of Hezbollah supporters gathered at the Fatima Gate at the border between Lebanon and Israel shouting Death to Israel and waving Lebanese and Palestinian flags In Egypt thousands of students held protests at universities across the country calling on Arab leaders to stop Israeli aggression and support the Palestinians Some protesters burned Israeli and American flags 91 About 10 000 protesters mainly from Jordan s mainstream Muslim Brotherhood and smaller opposition groups took to the streets in one of the country s most vocal and largest anti Israeli demonstrations in recent years Saudi Arabia meanwhile compared the IDF offensive to Nazi war crimes and called on the international community to stop what it called the mass killings of Palestinians Turkey s Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan said that the IDF attacks can have no humanitarian justification and added that Israel was rejecting a diplomatic solution to the dispute 91 Most Israeli tanks and troops pulled out of northern Gaza 3 March 2008 and an Israel Defense Forces spokesman confirmed that the Israeli military was ending offensive operations there after five days 96 On 29 February 2008 the Israeli military launched Operation Hot Winter also called Operation Warm Winter in response to Qassam rockets fired from the Strip by Hamas The Israeli army killed 112 Palestinians and Palestinian militants killed three Israelis More than 150 Palestinians and seven Israelis have been injured 97 There was widespread international alarm at the scale of the operation with the US state department encouraging Israel to exercise caution to avoid the loss of innocent life and the European Union and the United Nations criticising Israel s disproportionate use of force The European Union also demanded an immediate end to Palestinian militant rocket attacks on Israel and urged Israel to halt activities that endanger civilians saying they were in violation of international law 98 2008 Israel Hamas ceasefire Main article 2008 Israel Hamas ceasefire nbsp Monthly rocket hits in Israel in 2008 according to Israeli military tied Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center The 2008 Israel Hamas ceasefire was an Egyptian brokered six month Tahdia an Arabic term for a lull for the Gaza area which went into effect between Hamas and Israel on 19 June 2008 99 Hamas obligation was to stop the rocket attacks on Israel During the initial 5 months of the ceasefire and after a shaky start during the initial week 100 these attacks from Gaza decreased significantly for a total of 19 rocket and 18 mortar shell launchings 100 101 compared to 1199 rockets and 1072 mortar shells in 2008 up to 19 June a reduction of 98 102 Mark Regev spokesman for the Israeli Prime Minister acknowledged that there were no Hamas rockets during the ceasefire before November the 4th 102 103 Israel s obligation was to cease attacks on Gaza and once the ceasefire held to gradually begin to ease its punishing blockade of Gaza 99 The agreement called on Israel to increase the level of goods entering Gaza by 30 percent over the pre lull period within 72 hours and to open all border crossings and allow the transfer of all goods that were banned and restricted to go into Gaza within 13 days after the beginning of the ceasefire 104 better source needed The increase in supplies of food water medicine and fuel did improve but the increase was only to an average of about 20 percent of normal levels 105 compared to the Hamas compliance in reducing rocket fire by 98 102 Two months later the volume of goods arriving was too low to significantly improve living conditions 106 preventing UNRWA from replenishing its stores 107 Israel told U S officials in 2008 it would keep Gaza s economy on the brink of collapse 108 This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed November 2014 Learn how and when to remove this message nbsp A Grad rocket hitting Beersheba January 2009 On 4 November 2008 Israel broke the ceasefire with an attack on Gaza The Israeli military claimed the target of the raid was a tunnel that they said Hamas was planning to use to capture Israeli soldiers positioned on the border fence 250m away 109 Hamas officials differed however claiming that the tunnel was being dug for defensive purposes not to capture IDF personnel according to Dr Robert Pastor of the Carter Institute and an IDF official confirmed that fact to him Hamas replied to the Israeli attack with a barrage of rocket fire With this incursion into Gaza territory and its non compliance with the easing of the embargo Israel had failed to comply with two aspects of the June 2008 ceasefire 102 When the six month truce officially expired on 19 December Hamas launched 50 to more than 70 rockets and mortars into Israel over the next three days though no Israelis were injured 110 111 On 21 December Hamas said it was ready to stop the attacks and renew the truce if Israel stopped its aggression in Gaza and opened up its border crossings 111 112 On 27 and 28 December Israel implemented Operation Cast Lead against Hamas Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak said We warned Hamas repeatedly that rejecting the truce would push Israel to aggression against Gaza 113 Gaza War 2008 09 Main article Gaza War 2008 2009 nbsp Destroyed buildings in Gaza City January 2009 The Gaza War 114 started when Israel launched a large military campaign in the Gaza Strip on 27 December 2008 codenamed Operation Cast Lead Hebrew מבצע עופרת יצוקה 115 with the stated aim of stopping Hamas rocket attacks on southern Israel and arms smuggling into Gaza 116 117 The conflict has also been called the Gaza massacre in the Arab world Arabic مجزرة غزة 118 A fragile six month truce between Hamas and Israel expired on 19 December 2008 119 The Israeli operation began with an intense bombardment of the Gaza Strip 120 targeting Hamas bases police training camps 121 police headquarters and offices 122 123 Civilian infrastructure including mosques houses medical facilities and schools were also attacked as Israel stated that many of them were used by combatants and as storage spaces for weapons and rockets 124 Hamas intensified its rocket and mortar attacks against targets in Israel throughout the conflict hitting previously untargeted cities such as Beersheba and Ashdod 125 126 On 3 January 2009 the Israeli ground invasion began 127 128 During the war Hamas would execute many Palestinians and Fatah members during a period of political violence Human rights groups and aid organisations have accused Hamas and Israel of war crimes 129 130 131 An estimated 1 166 1 417 Palestinians and 13 Israelis died in the conflict 132 133 134 The conflict came to an end on 18 January after first Israel and then Hamas announced unilateral ceasefires 135 136 On 21 January Israel completed its withdrawal from the Gaza Strip 137 On 2 March it was reported that international donors had pledged 4 5 billion in aid for the Palestinians mainly for rebuilding Gaza after Israel s offensive 138 This war was considered to be the largest most devastating and deadliest military operation in Gaza since the Six day war in 1967 and until the 2023 Israel Hamas war 139 March 2010 events Further information March 2010 Israel Gaza clashes On 26 March 2010 two Israeli soldiers and two Hamas militants were killed during clashes on the Gaza Strip s southern border Two other soldiers were wounded during the fighting which broke out east of the town of Khan Younis They are the first Israeli soldiers to have been killed in hostile fire in or around Gaza since Israel s major offensive there in January 2009 according to the BBC 140 nbsp Charred remains of an Israeli bus hit in the 2011 attacks 2011 cross border attack Main article 2011 southern Israel cross border attacks On 18 August 2011 a series of cross border attacks was carried out in southern Israel near the Egyptian border by a squad of militants The militants first opened fire at civilian bus 141 142 Several minutes later a bomb was detonated next to an Israeli army patrol along Israel s border with Egypt In a third attack an anti tank missile hit a private vehicle killing four civilians Operation Returning Echo Main article March 2012 Gaza Israel clashes nbsp Destroyed house in Gaza City December 2012 During the second week of March 2012 Israeli Defense Forces IDF initiated Operation Returning Echo It was the worst outbreak of violence covered by the media in the region since the 2008 09 Operation Cast Lead the Gaza War Operation Pillar of Defense Main article Operation Pillar of Defense nbsp Israeli soldiers shielding a 4 year old boy during a rocket attack July 2014 source source source source source source source US Ambassador to Israel s tour of attack tunnel nbsp Rocket attacks fired at Israel from the Gaza Strip 2001 2021 143 Attacks by Israel and Gazans grew intense late in October 2012 An Israeli air strike killed Ahmed Jabari chief of the Hamas military wing in Gaza 144 During the operation four Israeli civilians and one soldier were killed by Palestinian rocket fire 145 according to Palestinian Centre for Human Rights 158 Palestinians had been killed of which 102 were civilians 55 militants and one was policeman 30 children and 13 women were among the killed 146 while the Israel Defense Forces presented statistics showing that out of 177 Palestinians killed 120 were militants 147 Most of the fighting was by bombs aerial attacks artillery and rockets the rockets being primarily used by the Palestinians and air strikes primarily by the Israelis Attacked locations include Beersheva Tel Aviv Ashdod Ofakim Gaza the rest of the Gaza Strip the Shaar Hanegev and Eshkol Regional Council The United States United Kingdom Canada Germany and other Western countries expressed support for Israel s right to defend itself and or clarification needed condemned the Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 Iran Egypt Turkey North Korea and several other Arab and Muslim countries condemned the Israeli operation 157 158 159 2014 Gaza War Main articles 2014 Israel Gaza conflict Battle of Shuja iyya and 2014 Israeli shelling of UNRWA Gaza shelters In 2014 fighting intensified between Israel and Hamas leading to another full scale Gaza War this one far deadlier than the previous in 2008 2009 The IDF launched Operation Protective Edge on 8 July 2014 in response to Hamas rocket attacks 160 which were launched following an earlier Israeli air strike against Gaza 161 and on 17 July 2014 Israel troops entered the Gaza Strip 162 UN OCHA says 2 205 Palestinians including at least 1 483 civilians and 71 Israelis including 66 soldiers and one foreign national in Israel were killed in the conflict 163 The war came to an end after 50 days of conflict when a ceasefire was agreed upon on 26 August 2014 164 2018 Border Protest Main article 2018 Gaza border protests During the 2018 Land Day protests 168 Palestinians have been killed and thousands were injured during clashes with Israeli troops at the Gaza Israel border 165 Clashes in November 2018 Main article Gaza Israel clashes November 2018 Violence flared up again on 11 November 2018 when seven Palestinian militants were killed during a botched raid by the Israel Defense Forces in the southeastern Gaza Strip One IDF officer was killed and another was injured Over a dozen rockets were subsequently fired from Gaza three of which were shot down After a series of intense fire exchanges ceasefire was agreed upon on 13 November 2018 March 2019 On 25 March seven people were injured in Israel after a rocket attack destroyed a home in Mishmeret The Israel Defense Forces confirmed that Hamas was responsible for the attack 166 The Israeli Air Force sent jets to strike multiple targets in the Gaza Strip including the office of senior Hamas official Ismail Haniyeh and Hamas military intelligence headquarters in Gaza City 167 168 May 2019 Main article May 2019 Gaza Israel clashes On 3 May two Israeli soldiers were injured by a Palestinian Islamic Jihad sniper from in the Gaza Strip during the weekly protests at the Gaza Israel border In response the Israeli Air Force carried out an airstrike killing four Palestinians In addition two other Palestinians were killed and 60 wounded 36 of them by Israeli gunfire 169 Following this Gazan militants launched hundreds of rockets at Israel In response the Israeli Air Force struck numerous targets within the Gaza Strip In addition Israel increased its troop presence near the Gaza Israel border 170 November 2019 Main article Gaza Israel clashes November 2019 The 2019 Gaza Israel clashes code named by Israel as Operation Black Belt took place in November 2019 between the Israel Defense Forces IDF and Palestinian Islamic Jihad PIJ following the targeted killing of senior PIJ commander Baha Abu al Ata in Gaza and the attempted killing of senior PIJ commander Akram al Ajouri in Damascus Syria by the IDF PIJ responded with rocket fire into Israel including long range rockets fired towards Tel Aviv leading to several civilians being wounded In response to the rocket fire Israel carried out airstrikes and artillery shelling in the Gaza Strip killing and wounding several militants as well as civilians A ceasefire went into effect after 48 hours of clashes though it was breached by some Palestinian militants 171 172 173 174 April 2021 On 15 April Israeli military conducted military strikes targets in Gaza after a rocket was fired at southern Israel Targets included an armaments production facility a tunnel for smuggling weaponry and a Hamas military post 175 May 2021 Main article 2021 Israel Palestine crisis Hamas demanded Israel remove its forces from Al Aqsa Mosque by May 10 6pm Minutes after the deadline passed Hamas fired more than 150 rockets into Israel from Gaza 176 In response Israel launched air strikes in the Gaza strip on the same day 177 August 2022 Main article 2022 Gaza Israel clashes On 5 August 2022 Israel launched airstrikes on Gaza after a senior Palestinian Islamic Jihad militant had been arrested in the West Bank 4 days earlier due to fears of retaliation 178 2023 presentApril 2023 Main article 2023 Al Aqsa clashesIn the aftermath of the 2023 Al Aqsa clashes Palestinian militant groups 179 fired rockets into Israel from the Gaza Strip and Lebanon 179 May 2023 Main article May 2023 Gaza Israel clashesOn 9 May 2023 Israel conducted a series of airstrikes on the Gaza Strip called Operation Shield and Arrow Palestinians launched Rocket attacks against Israel until a Ceasefire was agreed upon on 13 May 2023 180 October 2023 Main article Israel Hamas war nbsp Map of the 2023 Israel Hamas war in Gaza and Southern Israel On 7 October 2023 Palestinian militant groups mainly Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad with other groups such as the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine launched a major attack on Israel from the Gaza Strip The attack included rocket barrages and vehicle transported attacks across the border on Israeli communities and forces causing many casualties a thousand civilians were massacred In response the government of Israel declared a state of emergency and war The Israeli military retaliated by conducting a counteroffensive and an extensive aerial bombardment campaign on Gaza followed by an invasion 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 This war is considered to be the largest most devastating and deadliest conflict in Gaza since the Gaza War in 2008 and 2009 and the deadliest war in Israel since the 1948 Arab Israeli War of 1948 and 1949 citation needed International response nbsp United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki moon stated he believed that the Qassam rocket attacks by factions in Gaza were completely unacceptable He also said he believed that the Palestinian Authority should take the necessary steps to restore law and order and for all factions to abide by the ceasefire Ban also stated he was deeply concerned by the mounting number of civilian casualties from Israeli military operations in Gaza The Secretary General also called on Israel to abide by international law and to ensure that its actions do not target civilians or put them under risk 188 Ban had appointed Michael Williams to the Middle East for talks with both sides 189 Williams soon said I m troubled when I see Israeli soldiers arresting Palestinian legislators I m troubled that the education minister was arrested after Israel arrested several Hamas officials in the West Bank 190 Williams met with Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas and Foreign Minister Ziad Abu Amr in Gaza City After continuing Israeli attacks and arrests and the continuing rocket fire from Gaza Williams said that I m very troubled by the level of violence here I think the UN the international community in general have been very concerned about the level of intra Palestinian violence but also by the Israeli attacks which I know have caused civilian deaths considerable numbers 191 Following the discovery of mass graves UN human rights chief Volker Turk called for an independent investigation on the intentional killing of civilians by the IDF 192 The international condemnation of Israeli incursion was further augmented with a scathing report prepared by eight British based rights organizations highlighting humanitarian situation in the Gaza Strip that reached its worst point since Israel captured the territory in 1967 The report indicates more than 1 1 million people about 80 percent of Gaza s residents were dependent on food aid and hospitals faced power cuts of up to 12 hours a day and the water and sewage systems were close to collapse 193 nbsp United States After the death of a woman from a rocket attack in Sderot a representative for the U S Government reaffirmed the position that Israel has the right to self defense State Department spokesman Sean McCormack also stated that his country is aware of the difficulty of targeting terrorists without civilian casualties He added that Israel must take all possible actions in order to avoid any civilian casualties to avoid any undue damage to the Palestinian infrastructure and always to consider the effects of their actions on the political process the Israeli Palestinian track and moving that forward 188 The Republican plan approved by the United States House of Representatives allocates 14 5bn in military aid for Israel Also Israel has received the highest amount of military assistance from the US compared to any other nation since World War II with aid exceeding 124bn 194 nbsp Turkey In response to the 2014 Israel Gaza conflict to the interdiction of the activity of the Moslem Brothers in Egypt and to what he interpreted as Egyptian support for Israel Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan called Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el Sisi an illegitimate tyrant 195 He also stated that If Israel continues with this attitude it will definitely be tried at international courts 196 nbsp Bolivia In July 2014 Bolivia declared Israel a terrorist state tightening visa restrictions for Israelis seeking to travel to Bolivia 197 In 2019 relations were restored with an Israeli delegation visiting Bolivia in 2020 Following the events of October 2023 the Bolivian government announced on 1 November that it was severing diplomatic ties with Israel 198 Foreign Minister Freddy Mamani called Israel s response disproportionate and President Luis Arce described the actions as war crimes with the Bolivians calling for an immediate ceasefire 199 nbsp Indonesia The Indonesian people and government were very concerned for Gaza during the conflict They donated humanitarian aid and some volunteered to come to Gaza and work on the ground Indonesia also built a hospital in Gaza named Indonesia hospital which opened in 2015 200 Its construction was not impacted during the fighting and remained on schedule This hospital was bombed by Israel three years later 201 nbsp Egypt The Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el Sisi is not allowing a refugee camp on the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt because he says it would allow the Palestinians to launch terrorist attacks from there against Israel and Egypt would get blamed for it Egypt has closed their border from Gaza to Egypt but are allowing humanitarian aid to flow into Gaza from Egypt during the 2023 Israel Hamas war 202 nbsp South Africa Other responses nbsp Pro Israel Demo in Berlin in 2009 nbsp Pro Palestinian demonstration in Paris France in 2014 nbsp Pro Palestine protest in Melbourne Australia in October 2023 On 31 July 2014 on the 23rd day of the 2014 Israel Gaza conflict Ireland s Foreign Minister Charlie Flanagan said he shared the horror and revulsion of senators and very many of our citizens at the horrendous scenes we have witnessed since the start of the Israeli military operation The Irish government he said condemned both the unacceptably high civilian casualty rate resulting from disproportionate military action on Israel s part as well as the firing of rockets by Hamas and other militants into Israel 203 On 5 August 2014 a member of the British cabinet resigned over the UK government s approach to the 2014 conflict During the U S Presidential campaigns of 2016 Democratic candidate Bernie Sanders criticized Israel for its treatment of Gaza and in particular criticized Netanyahu for overreacting and causing unnecessary civilian deaths 204 In April 2016 the Anti Defamation League called on Sanders to withdraw remarks he made to the New York Daily News which the ADL said exaggerated the death toll of the 2014 Israel Gaza conflict Sanders said over 10 000 innocent people were killed a number far in excess of Palestinian or Israel sources estimates 205 In response Sanders said that he accepted a corrected number of the death toll as 2 300 in the course of the interview and that he would make every effort to set the record straight The transcript of the interview failed to note that Sanders said Okay to the corrected number presented by the interviewer during the course of the interview 206 Public opinion poll conducted on 23 28 October 2023 by the polling company iPanel in collaboration with Tel Aviv University found that 57 5 of Israeli Jews believed that the Israeli military was using too little firepower during the retaliatory strikes in Gaza while 36 6 believed the amount of firepower was appropriate 4 2 were not sure and only 1 8 said the IDF was using too much firepower In contrast 50 5 of Israeli Arabs believed that the Israeli military was using too much firepower in Gaza 207 The Direct Polls survey published in December 2023 found that 83 of Israelis supported encouraging the voluntary emigration of residents of the Gaza Strip 208 Public opinion poll conducted in December 2023 by the Israel Democracy Institute found that 87 of Jewish Israelis supported the war in Gaza 209 75 of Jewish Israelis rejected the Biden administration s calls to change the IDF s strategy to one that reduces the heavy bombing of densely populated areas 210 Analysis Some analysts believe the conflict has drawn in Egypt Iran Turkey and Qatar supporting different sides of the conflict in light of the regional standoff between Iran and Saudi Arabia 211 on one hand and between Qatar and Saudi Arabia on the other as well as crisis in Egyptian Turkish relations 212 ImpactThis section needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information October 2023 Gaza According to NGOs and the UN the recent wars and the blockade have led to worsening living conditions in Gaza and it could become unlivable by 2020 213 214 2023 Main article 2023 Israel Hamas war nbsp Residents inspect the ruins of an apartment destroyed by Israeli airstrikes The humanitarian situation in Gaza has been termed a crisis and a catastrophe 215 216 As a result of Israel s siege Gaza faces shortages of fuel food medication water and medical supplies 215 UN Humanitarian Aid chief Martin Griffiths said the noose around the civilian population in Gaza is tightening 217 On 13 October UNRWA commissioner Philippe Lazzarini said The scale and speed of the unfolding humanitarian crisis is bone chilling 218 On 16 October doctors warned of an impending disease outbreak due to hospital overcrowding and unburied bodies 216 The same day the World Health Organization stated there were only 24 hours of water electricity and fuel left before a real catastrophe 219 On 18 October the United States vetoed a UN resolution urging humanitarian aid to Gaza 220 The World Health Organization stated the situation in Gaza was spiraling out of control 221 On 20 October Doctors Without Borders stated it was deeply concerned for the fate of everyone in Gaza right now 222 On 21 October a joint statement by UNICEF WHO UNDP UNFPA and WFP stated the world must do more for Gaza 223 On 22 October UNRWA announced it would run out of fuel within three days resulting in no water no functioning hospitals and bakeries 224 Since October 7 2023 IDF has been accused of the extrajudicial killing of Palestinian unarmed detainees 225 226 doctors 227 and workers making threats of mutilation 228 death 229 arson 229 and rape 229 torturing of Palestinians detained without legal charges 230 231 It has also been accused of using excessive force against dozens of schools 232 and hospitals 233 theft 231 the cruel and unnecessary desecration and mutilation of Palestinian deceased 227 and making no or an inadequate distinction between Hamas forces and civilians 234 During the fighting far right Channel 14 kept logs going of buildings destroyed and terrorists killed with all Palestinian casualties labeled as terrorists 235 On Channel 14 the Hamas surprise attack was framed as caused by a leftist cancer by a Likud party member while Shimon Riklin a Channel 14 journalist and anchor publicly backed war crimes 235 236 Israel Due to the conflict Israel has stepped up its defense measures in the southern communities and cities of Israel This includes building fortifications on existing structures and bomb shelters and developing an alarm system Red Color 237 See alsoIsraeli disengagement from Gaza Israeli Lebanese conflict List of modern conflicts in the Middle East Palestinian political violence Sinai insurgency Outline of the Israel Hamas warNotes Follows the numbering scheme given in Jean Pierre Filiu s The Twelve Wars on Gaza 5 1 231 dead plus 215 disappeared 6 309 figure comes from source 21 giving total casualties of 668 1 181 figure comes from source 22 giving total casualties of 1 417References Morris Benny 1999 Righteous Victims A History of the Zionist Arab Conflict 1881 1999 Knopf ISBN 978 0 679 74475 7 Jean Pierre Filiu 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genocide UN urges Israel to cease its collective punishment of entire population of Gaza www aa com tr Retrieved 2 February 2024 a b The far right infiltration of Israel s media is blinding the public to the truth about Gaza Etan Nechin The Guardian TheGuardian com 10 January 2024 Archived from the original on 10 January 2024 Retrieved 2 February 2024 Middle East Eye 18 December 2023 Israeli journalist Shimon Riklin has stirred controversy and condemnation after supporting war crimes stating his inability to sleep unless he sees homes in Gaza destroyed Barak confirms Iron Dome to be deployed within days Defense Jerusalem Post jpost com 25 March 2011 Archived from the original on 19 November 2018 Retrieved 18 November 2018 nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to Gaza Israel conflict Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gaza Israel conflict amp oldid 1226200290, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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