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108 Leonard

December 20, 2023

108 Leonard, formerly known as 346 Broadway, the New York Life Insurance Company Building, and the Clock Tower Building, is a residential structure in the Tribeca neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City, United States. Built from 1894 to 1898, the building was constructed for the New York Life Insurance Company. Stephen Decatur Hatch created the original plans while McKim, Mead & White oversaw the building's completion. The building occupies a city block bounded by Broadway to the west, Leonard Street to the north, Lafayette Street to the east, and Catherine Lane to the south. It is a New York City designated landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Former New York Life Insurance Company Building
Clock Tower Building
New York City Landmark No. 1512, 1513
The facade of the building as seen from the corner of Leonard Street and Broadway
Location346 Broadway, Manhattan, New York, United States
Coordinates40°42′59″N 74°00′12″W / 40.71639°N 74.00333°W / 40.71639; -74.00333
Built1894
ArchitectStephen D. Hatch; McKim, Mead & White
Architectural styleLate 19th and 20th Century Revivals
NRHP reference No.82003376[1]
NYCL No.1512, 1513
Significant dates
Added to NRHPJune 28, 1982
Designated NYCLFebruary 10, 1987

The exterior is largely made of marble, and each elevation of the facade is divided vertically into multiple bays. Although the main entrance is on Leonard Street, the western and eastern ends also contain entrances and are clad with rusticated stone blocks. On the upper stories, band courses run horizontally across the facade, and there are arched and rectangular windows. Along Broadway, above the 12th story, is an ornate clock tower, with a mechanically wound clock. A two-story penthouse is placed above the original roof. Inside the building are 152 condominium residences. The entrances lead to various lobbies, stairs, and hallways, some of which are elaborately decorated. In addition, there is a banquet hall within a former banking room near Lafayette Street; former executive offices on the lower floors; and residential amenities in the cellar and on the roof.

The present building at 346 Broadway was constructed in two phases, replacing a previous structure built in 1870. The eastern section was completed in 1896 as an annex of the previous building, while the western section was built in 1898 to replace the older building entirely. New York Life occupied the rebuilt edifice for three decades, moving to 51 Madison Avenue in 1928, although the firm continued to own the building until 1945. Clothing firms also rented space in the building during the early 20th century, and 346 Broadway hosted various U.S. federal and New York state government offices from the 1930s to the 1960s. After the government of New York City acquired the building in 1967, the structure housed the Summons Court and other judicial functions, as well as an art gallery. The Peebles Corporation and El-Ad Group bought the building for $160 million in 2013 and renovated it for residential use. Following various legal issues, the first condominiums in the building were sold in March 2018.

Site edit

108 Leonard is in the Tribeca neighborhood of Lower Manhattan in New York City, at 346 Broadway.[2] It occupies a city block bounded by Broadway to the west, Leonard Street to the north, Lafayette Street[a] to the east, and Catherine Lane to the south.[2][4] The land lot is trapezoidal and covers 28,566 sq ft (2,650 m2).[4][5] The site is long and narrow, measuring about 400 ft (120 m) wide on both Leonard Street to the north and Catherine Lane to the south. However, it only measures 60 ft (18 m) wide on Broadway and about 83 ft (25 m) wide on Lafayette Street.[6][7][b] There are vaults under the sidewalk on Broadway, Catherine Lane, and Leonard Street.[8] Nearby sites include 319 Broadway to the southwest; 33 Thomas Street to the west; 359 Broadway and 361 Broadway to the northwest; and the Jacob K. Javits Federal Building to the south.[4]

Prior to the development of the current building, the site had been occupied by the Appleton Building, designed by Frederic Diaper and built from 1838 to 1840. The building housed the New York Society Library until 1856, when publishing firm D. Appleton & Company moved into the space.[9] The D. Appleton structure burned down in 1867 and was replaced with the first New York Life building on the site, designed by Griffith Thomas and completed in 1870.[9][10] Until 1894, the site also contained a firehouse for Engine 31 of the New York City Fire Department, at 116 Leonard Street,[11] as well as the clubhouse of the Merchant's Club at 108 Leonard Street.[12]

Architecture edit

108 Leonard was constructed as the New York Life Building and was finished in two phases.[13][14] The eastern part of the building was built from 1894 to 1896 and was initially designed by Stephen Decatur Hatch, who died midway during construction. McKim, Mead & White oversaw the completion of the eastern section.[2][15] The western part of the building, including a three-story clock tower, was constructed from 1896 to 1898[2][13] and was designed solely by McKim, Mead & White.[16][17]

108 Leonard occupies its entire block and has a narrow massing. The site slopes downward from west to east, so the building is 12 stories tall at its western end and 13 stories tall at its eastern end.[18][19] Including the clock tower, the building has 15 physical above-ground stories; the top three stories are within the clock tower.[19][c] There are also two below-ground levels: a basement is at the same height as the ground on Lafayette Street, as well as a cellar completely below ground. Mezzanines above the cellar and the 12th story are excluded from the floor count.[5] A two-story penthouse structure was constructed above the 12th story (labeled as floor 14) in the 2010s.[20] The penthouse contains setbacks at both its lower and upper levels.[5] The top of the clock tower is physically equivalent to the 17th story,[19] while the primary roof is 210 ft (64 m) above ground.[8] The basement through 17th story are numbered as floors 1 through 19, respectively; floor number 13 is skipped.[21]

Facade edit

 
Main entrance pavilion as seen from Broadway

108 Leonard's facade is largely made of white Tuckahoe marble, except the southern elevation, which is made of brick and terracotta.[22] The facade is divided vertically into 26 bays to the north and south, three bays to the west, and five bays to the east. The northern and southern elevations are flanked by end pavilions measuring three bays wide, and there is also a four-bay-wide entrance pavilion at the center of the northern elevation.[23] There are three residential entrances, one each on Broadway, Leonard Street, and Lafayette Street. In addition, there is an entrance on Broadway leading to retail space; an entrance on Leonard Street, leading to a community facility and banking hall; a garage door on Leonard Street; and three service entrances on Catherine Lane.[24]

The exterior walls are made of marble, granite, terracotta, and brick, while the windows are generally made of glass and aluminum.[25] Surrounding the entire building at the 13th story (floor 15) are stone parapets, which are decorated with openwork motifs of interlocking circles. In addition, floors 16 and 17 are surrounded by glass-and-aluminum parapets.[26]

Broadway pavilion edit

 
View of the Broadway pavilion from Catherine Lane

The western end of 108 Leonard comprises a pavilion measuring three bays wide on Broadway, Catherine Lane, and Leonard Street.[18][27] All three elevations of this pavilion are clad with rusticated blocks of marble.[18] The main entrance on Broadway is designed to resemble a portico, with double-height pilasters and freestanding columns topped by an entablature with a balustrade.[23] The portico originally contained six freestanding columns that projected from the facade,[22][28] but these were removed in 1912 at the request of the government of New York City.[22] Each of the polished-granite pillars weighed over 16 short tons (14 long tons; 15 t) and measured 23 ft (7.0 m) long by 3 ft (0.91 m) across.[29] The capitals of each column are decorated with rosettes and swags in a modified Ionic order.[22] Recessed within this main entrance is a double-height curved vestibule, which includes two archways with acanthus and scallop decorations.[23][30] The archways themselves contain cast-bronze window frames above the doors, while the vestibule's ceiling contains a coffered ceiling with an eagle motif at the center.[30] On either side of the entrance are panels with acanthus motifs.[22]

The third story contains round-arched windows, separated by lions' heads and garlands; the corners are decorated with cartouches.[22] A cornice with modillions runs above the 3rd story, above which is a bronze railing.[18] Band courses run horizontally across the facade above the 4th, 6th, 7th, 9th, and 10th stories, thereby dividing the facade into alternating sections of one and two stories.[31] In addition, the windows on the 7th and 10th stories are flanked by panels with acanthus-leaf motifs.[32] At the 11th and 12th stories, the window openings are composed of double-height arches. Above this is a deep cornice with modillions.[31] The attic is surrounded by a balustrade with stone eagles at each of its corners, which represent New York Life. This balustrade supports a clock tower that rises another two stories above the main roof (see 108 Leonard § Clock tower).[31]

Lafayette Street pavilion edit

 
View of the Lafayette Street pavilion from Leonard Street

The eastern end of 108 Leonard comprises a pavilion measuring five bays wide on Lafayette Street and four bays wide on Catherine Lane and Leonard Street. On the eastern elevation, the center bay projects slightly from the facade. At ground level (actually the basement), there is a low archway with two columns on either side.[31] The center windows on the 1st and 2nd stories contain colonnettes, which divide the archways there into three segments. The other bays each contain one round-arched window on the 1st story and one square-headed window on the 2nd story.[32]

There are two windows per bay in the remaining stories; the windows on the 3rd, 4th, 10th, and 12th stories are round-arched, while the other windows are square-headed. Band courses and cornices run horizontally across this pavilion above each of the first four stories and above the 6th, 7th, 9th, and 10th stories. As in the Broadway pavilion, there are relief panels between the windows on the 7th and 10th stories.[32] The parapet above the 12th story contains a clock tower with one face,[31][33] which measures 12 ft (3.7 m) across.[31] The dome of this tower contains a copper roof.[31]

Leonard Street and Catherine Lane edit

For the most part, the Leonard Street and Catherine Lane elevations are divided into bays with two windows per story.[34] At the center of the Leonard Street elevation, there is a three-bay-wide entrance pavilion that projects slightly from the facade. At ground level (actually the basement), the main entrance is through a double-height round arch.[32] The doors in this arch are topped by spandrel panels with foliate patterns.[23] The main entrance is flanked by two pairs of two single-story pilasters, one stacked above the other. The bays on each side of the doorways contain round-arched openings. Above the basement, the central bay of the entrance pavilion contains three windows per story, while the other bays contain two windows. The windows on the upper stories are largely similar in design to those on the rest of the facade.[32]

 
Arched windows east of the main entrance at the base of the Leonard Street elevation

The remainder of the Leonard Street elevation is divided by band courses at the same levels as on the Lafayette Street pavilion.[23] There are nine bays to the west of the entrance pavilion, excluding the Broadway pavilion. In the western bays, the 1st and 2nd stories contain square-headed windows with composite columns between them. There are seven such bays to the east of the entrance pavilion, excluding the Lafayette Street pavilion.[32] These bays contain double-height archways on the 1st and 2nd stories, since these originally overlooked the general office.[31] The windows on the other stories are separated by flat pilasters; the windows on the 3rd, 4th, 10th, and 12th stories are round-arched, while the other windows are square-headed.[32] Above the 12th story is a balustrade with a parapet.[31]

The Catherine Lane elevation is mostly clad in gray brick and terracotta, with the exception of the three westernmost and four easternmost bays, which are respectively part of the Broadway and Lafayette Street pavilions.[34] There are two rectangular windows in each bay, except in the end pavilions.[35] As with the Leonard Street elevation, the central three bays project from the facade. There are nine bays to the west and seven bays to the east, excluding the pavilions on either end. The 11th and 12th stories contain round-arched windows above a cornice with modillions.[36]

Roof edit

The roofs contain insulating membranes, which are covered with pavers.[24] There are five skylights on the roof, above unit 14A; the original skylights above the building's emergency stair have been sealed.[37] The primary roof above floor 16 contains dormer structures for elevators, stairs, and mechanical equipment.[37]

Clock tower edit

 
View of the Broadway pavilion from the north, with the clock tower on top

Above the 12th story, on the Broadway side of the building, is a clock manufactured by the E. Howard Watch and Clock Company.[38][39][33] The base of the clock tower is two stories tall,[32][33] while the clock tower itself rises another three stories.[5] The clock has four faces, each measuring 12 ft (3.7 m) in diameter and marked with Roman numerals.[32][33] Each corner of the clock tower was ornamented by a 20-foot-tall column.[40] The clock tower was topped with by a 33 ft-tall (10 m), 8-short-ton (7.1-long-ton; 7.3 t) sculpture made by French-American sculptor Philip Martiny.[41] The piece consisted of four 11 ft-tall (3.4 m) crouching figures of Atlas, which supported a hollow globe measuring 15 feet wide.[40][41] A solid sphere measuring 8 ft (2.4 m) wide was placed within the globe to give the impression of solidity.[40] The globe was topped by a 7 ft-tall (2.1 m) eagle.[41] The gigantic statue was removed sometime after 1928[31][d] and has been lost ever since.[41]

Inside the clock tower, on the 13th story (labeled as floor 17[e]), is a double-height rectangular room with brick walls, four windows, and exposed ceiling beams. A doorway leads from the room to an outdoor terrace.[43] From the 1970s until 2013, this space was occupied by the 10,000 sq ft (930 m2) Clocktower Gallery.[44] A metal spiral staircase leads up to the clock's machine room,[43][45] which is physically on the 15th floor.[19] The machine room is surrounded by the clock's four faces.[43] The machinery in the machine room includes a 1,000 lb (450 kg) weight, which descends to strike a 5,000 lb (2,300 kg) bell.[43][46][f] The bell was made by the McShane Bell Foundry.[43][47] A hammer, powered by a pair of 800 lb (360 kg) weights, strikes the bell at every hour.[43] The clock was wound using a small hand crank,[46][48] and it had to be re-wound every seven days.[49][50] Until the 2010s, this was one of a few remaining mechanically wound clocks in New York City.[46][48] As of 2023, the clock was not operational.[51]

Interior edit

The original building's structural frame consists of steel beams, which are spanned by flat arches made of terracotta and are covered with a layer of concrete. The western section of the original building is supported by built-up groups of columns, while the eastern section contains circular and rectangular cast iron columns. The penthouse contains floor slabs and columns made of cast-in-place concrete.[25] The basement could accommodate a live load of up to 100 pounds per square foot (4.8 kilopascals), while the upper stories could accommodate live loads of 75 psf (3.6 kPa). In addition, the stairs, elevator lobbies, public areas, and mechanical areas of the penthouses can accommodate up to 100 psf (4.8 kPa), while the apartments in the penthouses can hold up to 40 psf (1.9 kPa).[25]

When the New York Life Building was constructed, each story was laid out around a passageway that ran from west to east, and the office (later residential) space was clustered north and south of this passageway.[52] There are equipment rooms on the cellar, on floor 14, and on the roof above the penthouse (labeled as floor 16).[53]

Lobby, elevators, and stairs edit

The Leonard Street entrance leads to a double-height lobby.[54][52] The space contains a terrazzo floor and marble walls. The north wall of the lobby, on either side of the doorway, contains motifs of triple garlands.[52] The lobby is surrounded by a band with a Greek key motif, placed about halfway up the wall. Above this band, on the eastern and western walls, are two Ionic pilasters, which in turn support a cornice that is decorated with rosettes. These pilasters divide the walls into three panels, each with a bronze frame and bronze centerpiece.[55] The lobby is flanked by a pair of staircases, which rise to the first story (labeled as floor 2[c]).[56][57] These staircases contain marble balustrades, as well as newel posts with bronze globes at the top and bottom of each stair. There is also a bronze chandelier hanging from the center from the ceiling.[56] In the 2010s, the floors were renovated with wooden planks laid in a chevron pattern.[57]

The basement and first story of the lobby lead to two semicircular elevator banks of similar design.[54][56] The lower level leads to a semicircular hall that connects with seven elevator cabs, as well as a doorway at the center, flanked by half-columns and pilasters. The coffered ceiling contains lanterns, which hang from rosettes and illuminate the space in front of each elevator door. The upper level is similar, except that the ceiling has a floral molding instead. Hatch's initial plan for a circular stairway, connecting each floor near the center of the elevator lobby, was scrapped when McKim, Mead & White took over the design.[56] The elevators were removed in the 2010s, and the elevator doors were replaced with grilles.[58] Three new elevator cores (each with two passenger elevators), as well as a service elevator stopping at all stories, were installed during the 2010s renovation.[59]

108 Leonard contains six emergency exit stairs, one of which is an official New York City landmark.[37] The landmark-protected stairway is made of stone and cast-iron.[56][60] It is to the west of the elevator hall, rising to the 14th story. The staircase contains marble steps, classical decorations, and a metal railing decorated with acanthus and Greek key designs. The walls of the stairway contain marble paneling on the lowest two stories, while those on the other stories are decorated with marble dadoes.[56]

Banking room and hallway edit

 
The banking room as depicted in a monograph of McKim, Mead & White's work

The former New York Life banking room, known as the general office, is on the east side of the building, occupying the first and second stories (floors 2 and 3[c]) next to the lobby.[54][56] The double-height space measures three bays from north-south and six bays from east to west. The general office contains double-height windows facing north and south, as well as freestanding Corinthian-style columns that are arranged into two groups.[56] Tellers' cages, with screens at their tops, were arranged around the room.[61] The ceiling is painted and contains gilded octagonal coffers, which in turn are separated by a grid of molded bands. The south wall contains a marble safe,[56] which was originally freestanding.[61] The west and east walls each contain three arches. The central arches on either side lead to the hallways on floor 3, and the two outer archways on the eastern wall contains bulls-eye windows. The balcony at floor 3 was part of Hatch's original plan but was removed from McKim, Mead & White's final design; it was added in a later renovation.[56] In the 2010s, the banking room was converted into a banquet hall.[27][57] An elevator connects both levels of the banking hall.[62]

East of the banking room, a narrow flight of stairs leads up from floor 2.[57][43] The staircase contains a decorative metal railing and leads to floor 3 and the general office's balcony. The hallway on floor 3 contains plaster walls; rectangular doorways with console brackets; a plaster ceiling with panels; and a classically inspired cornice. The ceiling of the hallway includes a plaster relief with New York Life's monogram, as well as caduceus motifs.[56] There are similar hallways on the upper floors, which contain floors and wainscoting made of marble, as well as metal decorations.[63]

Executive offices edit

 
The former directors' room as depicted in a monograph of McKim, Mead & White's work

The hallway on floor 3 leads to a group of rooms that originally served as executive offices; Hatch may have designed these rooms. These offices were originally decorated with wooden moldings, a pair of fireplace mantels with garlands, and neoclassical doorways, but these were subsequently modified with linoleum floors and fluorescent lights. The ceilings of these rooms contain caduceus motifs and monograms, similar to those in the hallway, while the windows are deeply recessed and rise from the floor. The south wall of the former committee room included an elliptical arch with a tripartite window.[43] The space occupied by these rooms was converted to residential units 3N and 3P in the 2010s.[5] Floor 3 originally had a room for New York Life's board of directors, which was decorated by Maitland Armstrong.[64] The room was relocated to 51 Madison Avenue in 1928.[64][65]

On the fourth story (floor 5[c]), above the eastern end of the building, was a president's suite designed by McKim, Mead & White. The president's suite had an anteroom with marble paneling, as well as Ionic pilasters that flanked beige-and-black panels on the walls. The anteroom had six doorways, each of which had a marble floor and wooden doors with etched-glass panels. The paneled ceiling was decorated with rosettes and was surrounded by a molding with a doubled Greek-key motif. This room has also been modified with linoleum floors and fluorescent lights. The president's office itself was a rectangular space, with rectangular windows to the east and round-arched windows to the north. The walls were decorated with a dado, Ionic pilasters, and a cornice all made of mahogany. The plaster ceiling had three oval panels and was surrounded by garlands, a Greek key motif, and rosettes.[43] As part of a 2010s renovation, these decorations were relocated to the first story,[58] and the presidents' room was used as a private anteroom for residents.[66] The space occupied by the president's office was converted to residential units 5N and 5P in the 2010s.[5]

On the eastern half of the 11th and 12th stories (floors 12 and 14[c]) were the quarters of the Merchants' Club,[67] also designed by Armstrong.[64] The lower story of the club contained a hallway measuring 100 by 15 ft (30.5 by 4.6 m) across and 30 ft (9.1 m) high. It was decorated with Greek mosaic tiles; a marble wainscoting topped by a light-brown fresco; and a multicolored ceiling. At the far end of the hall was an archway trimmed in brown marble and mahogany, which led to a main dining room. On the right (south) side of the hallway was a reception room; a smoking and reading room; and an office and a cashier's room. All were decorated in leather and contained mahogany furnishings. On the left (north) side of the hallway was a main dining room, decorated in a similar style to the other club rooms. A kitchen and some offices were located on the upper story.[67]

Residences edit

In the 2010s, the office space was converted to condominiums with between one and four bedrooms.[27][68] The building has 152 condominiums,[27][69] which span floors 2 through 16.[69] Originally, the clock tower was supposed to have contained a single penthouse apartment with five bedrooms.[42] Four of the units (PH West, 15A, PH North, and PH East) contain private elevators.[62]

Each unit's ceilings range from 9 to 14 ft (2.7 to 4.3 m) high; on the three highest stories, the apartments have ceilings measuring up to 15 ft (4.6 m) high.[21][66] The apartments also have "gallery walls", which can display art, as well as kitchens and bathrooms with marble.[68] The building's condominiums contain wooden floors with oak planks laid in a chevron pattern,[70] and some of the condos contain exterior terraces.[66][71] There are fireplaces in two of the apartments on floor 3 (within the former executive offices), as well as in 11 penthouse apartments.[71]

108 Leonard also contains several amenities for residents, such as a swimming pool, fitness center, roof deck, and wine cellar.[27][70] The swimming pool in the cellar measures 75 by 12 ft (22.9 by 3.7 m) across; next to it a hot tub, steam room, and men's and women's locker rooms.[72] The cellar also includes a fitness center, a children's playroom, and a residents' a lounge with sitting and pantry areas.[73] The building has two bicycle-storage rooms, with a combined capacity of 76 bikes, as well as two package rooms, one each at the residential lobbies on Leonard Street and Broadway. Underneath the Leonard Street sidewalk are vaults at cellar level, which contain 30 private storage bins for residents.[74] There is also a parking lot within a portion of the basement.[75][76] The parking lot includes 29 parking spaces (26 for residents and three for visitors), as well as an access driveway from Leonard Street.[76] A private deck for residents is located at floors 16 and 17, above the lower and upper levels of the penthouse, respectively.[73]

History edit

The New York Life Insurance Company had been chartered in 1841 and was originally located in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan.[77][78] The firm was originally known as the Nautilus Insurance Company, but it assumed the New York Life name in 1849.[78] Its previous structures in New York City had been clustered around Lower Manhattan.[79] By the late 19th century, life insurance companies generally had their own buildings for their offices and branch locations. According to architectural writer Kenneth Gibbs, these buildings allowed each individual company to instill "not only its name but also a favorable impression of its operations" in the general public.[80][81] This had been a trend since 1870,[80][82] when the Equitable Life Insurance Company completed the first Equitable Life Building in Manhattan's Financial District.[80][83] Furthermore, life insurance companies of the late 19th and early 20th centuries generally built massive buildings to fit their large clerical and records-keeping staff.[84]

New York Life headquarters edit

Original building edit

 
Original building before being extended and then replaced

After plans for the Equitable Life Building were announced, New York Life devised plans for its own headquarters in Lower Manhattan.[85] In 1868, the company selected a site at 346 Broadway, which had formerly contained publishing firm D. Appleton & Company's headquarters.[85][86] Following an architectural design competition in late 1867,[9] New York Life had hired architect Griffith Thomas to design its new edifice.[85][87][g] The structure is variously described as having been built in the Second Empire style[87] or the Italianate style.[10] New York Life and Equitable Life competed to develop their respective headquarters; the two firms' structures even opened on the same day, May 1, 1870.[10][88] The two designs inspired those of other insurance buildings nearby, including the headquarters of Mutual Life, Metropolitan Life, and Germania Life.[88][3]

The 85 ft-high (26 m) building,[89] with four stories and a raised basement, occupied the western half of the block.[89][90] The site was irregularly shaped, with a frontage of about 200 ft (61 m) on Leonard Street and Catherine Lane.[89][91] Its marble facade included Ionic columns in a manner resembling the Erechtheion in Athens, as well as heavy plate-glass windows.[89][92] The basement had brick-and-stone walls;[89] the site sloped downward to the east, where the basement contained storefronts.[9] The central portion of the building was three stories high (excluding the basement) and was flanked by four-story pavilions at either end.[9][89] The main entrance on Broadway was through a portico, topped by a pediment with an eagle. Running west-east across the first floor was a 12 ft-wide (3.7 m) hallway, which was flanked by two large rooms and connected to a stair with an elevator shaft.[9] The old New York Life Building was one of the first buildings in New York City with an elevator.[93] After the building opened, Henry Fernbach designed a mansard roof, which was completed in 1879.[88][3]

Annex and replacement edit

New York Life gradually purchased the lots on the eastern portion of the block, extending east to Lafayette Street (then known as Elm Street).[14] By the early 1890s, New York Life had acquired all buildings on the eastern portion of the block.[3] New York Life decided to host a closed design competition, hiring five architects and firms (Stephen Decatur Hatch, McKim, Mead & White, George B. Post, Babb, Cook & Willard, and Daniel Burnham) to design an annex to the existing building.[3][14] This annex would be a 12-story structure faced with marble, except on Catherine Lane, where the facade would be made of brick. Each of the competitors would receive $500 for participating.[3] New York Life had prioritized "the largest possible income...consistent with proper light and air" extending east to Lafayette Street (then known as Elm Street). Architects at the time were typically paid a 5 percent commission, but New York Life was reluctant to pay such a high commission.[94] Four of the five competitors agreed not to receive less than a 5 percent commission, but Hatch was content with a 3.5 percent commission.[94][27]

 
The Lafayette Street pavilion, part of the eastern annex, which was completed in 1896

The company decided in August 1893 to hire Hatch, who was less well-known than the other competitors, to design the annex.[95] Plans for the annex were filed in April 1894.[96][97] The project would also involve masonry contractor L. W. Armstrong, marble contractor Norcross Company, iron contractor Post and McCord, and carpenter E. Hilbrand.[97] Construction commenced in May 1894, but Hatch died three months later, before construction was completed.[27][95] After Hatch's death, McKim, Mead & White took over the project,[87][2] designing an annex that extended about 200 ft (61 m) west from Elm Street.[98] The annex ultimately cost $1.5 million to construct.[16] The Merchant's Club moved into the top two stories of the annex, which opened in February 1896.[67] The New-York Tribune wrote that the structure would be "one of the most striking improvements in Broadway" south of Canal Street.[98] The New York Times described the New York Life Building as being in a "rivalry" with the Central National Bank Building to the south, at Pearl Street and Broadway.[29]

During the construction of the annex, New York Life decided to replace the original building as well.[27][95] Although the white-marble facade, cornices, arched windows, and the proportions of the annex harmonized with that of the original building, New York Life officials felt the juxtaposition of the original building and annex "would not be an aesthetic success".[95]M cKim, Mead & White designed the replacement in the Italian Renaissance Revival style.[15] The replacement structure and its clock tower were designed by Henry Bacon of McKim, Mead & White, under the supervision of William Rutherford Mead.[27][99] In December 1895, McKim, Mead & White filed plans for the structure at a projected cost of $1 million.[16][17]

During the replacement building's construction, falling masonry injured two workers in 1896,[100] and an elevator collapsed and injured six workers in 1897.[101][102] As part of the project, New York Life wanted to take over Catherine Lane and build vaults underneath it; this was difficult because the alley was city-owned property.[103] In addition, New York Life wanted to build an entrance portico on Broadway, but New York City's commissioner of public works had initially forbidden the portico's construction.[28] New York Life was eventually allowed to build a projecting portico with six columns and an ornate balustrade.[22] The Merchants' Association moved into the ground floor of the structure in July 1897.[104] McKim, Mead & White completed the replacement building in April 1898.[99][h]

Early 20th century edit

New York Life occupied the rebuilt edifice for three decades after the expansions were completed,[90] and the structure became known as the "Temple of Humanity".[105] In the early 1900s, tenants included law firm Sullivan, Goldsmith & Engel;[106] numbering-machine manufacturer Bates Machine Company;[107] and bank Trust Company of the Republic.[108] New York Life bought an adjacent site in 1904, intending to construct a quarters for the company's growing clerical staff.[109][110] Afterward, the company rented out the newly vacated space at 346 Broadway.[109] Ten people were hurt in 1911 when an elevator in the building fell down eight stories.[111][112] The next year, the portico in front of the building's Broadway entrance was removed.[22] By the late 1910s, the surrounding area had become a hub for fashion and textile companies. At the time, four stories in the New York Life Building were devoted exclusively to hosiery and underwear firms.[113]

During the 1920s, New York Life underwent another period of rapid growth, and the company's operations could no longer fit in the 346 Broadway building.[79] As a result, New York Life decided to expand into the upper floors, which were occupied by knitted-goods firms;[114] all the knitted-goods tenants decided to relocate across Broadway simultaneously.[115][116] Even this was not enough for New York Life, which in 1924 announced plans to build a skyscraper uptown at 51 Madison Avenue, on the site of Madison Square Garden.[117][118] A one-foot-square piece of masonry fell from 346 Broadway in 1927, although no one was hurt.[119] On November 15, 1928, New York Life transferred 75 million documents representing $6.85 billion in policies to the new building.[120][121] An additional $675 million in securities was transported to the new structure, protected by 100 armored cars with machine guns.[122][123]

Private office building edit

 
View of the building from Collect Pond Park to the east

After New York Life vacated 346 Broadway, the building started to attract clothing firms.[124][125] Among these companies was A. A. Smith & Son, which had been one of the building's first tenants but had moved out during the 1910s.[125] The building's tenants included three outerwear producers at the end of 1930,[124] and Charles F. Noyes Company took over as the building's leasing agent the same year.[126][127] Several city government agencies then leased space in the building, including the Department of Water Supply (which leased the basement, 11th, and 12th floors);[128] the Department of Public Welfare;[129][130] and the Department of Finance's Emergency Revenue division.[131][132] Other tenants around this time included the Veterans Voters League.[133] When the New York state government's Mortgage Commission Servicing Corporation leased four floors in 1935, the structure was renamed the Mortgage Commission Servicing Corporation Building.[6][134] The corporation moved into the building that December[135] and leased two more stories shortly afterward, occupying half of the structure.[136]

The building was fully occupied in the early 1940s.[137] The New York branch of the federal government's Veterans Administration moved into 346 Broadway in 1942,[131][132] leasing four floors with an option for four more.[138] The VA expanded its space the next year,[139] and it occupied the entirety of 346 Broadway and the neighboring 350 Broadway by 1944.[140] New York Life sold the building in August 1945 to the City Investing Company, led by Robert Dowling.[141][142] The building was renovated around 1947, when steam pipes and electric elevators were installed.[143] Charles F. Noyes and the City Investing Company each owned a 50 percent stake in the building until 1948, when Noyes gave his ownership stake to the Jessie Smith Noyes Foundation to fund scholarships for college students.[105]

The East New York Savings Bank placed a $1 million mortgage loan on the building in 1951.[144] The VA office in the building was transferred to Philadelphia the same year.[145] The City Investing Company sold 346 Broadway to New York Equities,[146] a syndicate led by David Rapoport, at the beginning of 1952.[143][147] At the time, the building was valued at $1 million, while the land was worth an additional $1.6 million.[143][147] During this decade, tenants included the Office of Price Stabilization,[148] as well as recruitment offices for the United States Navy[149] and the United States Marine Corps.[150] In addition, the United States Agency for International Development opened a recruitment office in the main lobby in 1967.[151]

City government ownership edit

 
Entrance to the building from Leonard Street

In 1967, the New York City government acquired the building and moved several city agencies there.[22][27][49] The city's Summons Court, which itself was nicknamed "346", moved into the building.[152] 346 Broadway also hosted some Criminal Court cases during the early 1970s,[153] as well as the Criminal Court's Summons Part office, where residents could file complaints about incidents where the New York City Police Department declined to make an arrest.[154] The first alternative dispute resolution center in New York City opened within the building in 1975.[155] The Clocktower art gallery, operated by the Institute for Art and Urban Resources,[156] had opened by 1973;[45] it occupied an underused space on the 13th floor.[157] The Summons Court was handling one hundred thousand cases annually by the late 1970s. Meanwhile, the building had become dilapidated; The New York Times wrote that "the rooms at 346 have not been painted in at least a dozen years, dirt on the windows blocks out the sun and more than half the light fixtures have broken bulbs".[152] The Criminal Court Summons Part was relocated from the building in 1979, at which point between 2.5 million and 3 million summonses were stored in cabinets and drawers across the building.[158][159]

City employees Marvin Schneider and Eric Reiner restored 346 Broadway's clock in 1980.[38][160] The city government would not let Schneider and Reiner fix the clock without liability insurance, so New York Life donated an insurance policy for the two men.[161] Schneider had never fixed a clock before, but he thought 346 Broadway's broken clock signified "a city that wasn't working".[162] After fixing the clock, Schneider, Reiner, and George Whaley were asked to fix clocks in other city buildings,[161] and they continued to wind 346 Broadway's clock every week.[50] In addition, Schneider began petitioning the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) to designate the former New York Life Building as a city landmark.[50] The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.[1] In part due to Schneider's advocacy,[49] the LPC designated the building's exterior and parts of the interior as a landmark on February 12, 1987;[163] the interior-landmark designation covered ten separate parts of the building.[66]

City officials and former Rikers Island prisoners built five courtrooms in the building during the 1980s; the new courtrooms did not include prisoner holding cells, so they were used for Civil Court cases instead of criminal cases.[164] By 1993, the Department of Citywide Administrative Services had restored the ninth floor for the probation department. The old New York Life Building continued to physically deteriorate through the 1990s, as many of the interior spaces had been covered with linoleum, divided by partitions, and marked by graffiti.[63] The city's general services commissioner, William J. Diamond, said that 346 Broadway was one of the few city-owned buildings that could be feasibly converted into a private development.[165] The interior spaces continued to be publicly accessible in the 2000s, although the clock tower was only accessible on Wednesdays.[166] The probation department and summons court remained at the building until the early 2010s.[167]

Residential use edit

The Peebles Corporation, along with its partner El-Ad Group, bought the former New York Life Building from the city for $160 million in 2013; this was part of a $250 million deal that also involved the sale of 49 Chambers to the Chetrit Group.[168][169] The New York City government sold the buildings in an attempt to reduce the amount of office space that it owned.[170][171] Peebles finalized its acquisition in December 2013; it was the most expensive property to be sold by the New York City government.[172][173][174] 346 Broadway was Peebles's first property in New York City.[175] The Clocktower Gallery closed that year.[44] Immediately after buying the building, Peebles and El-Ad announced they would convert the building into luxury residences.[173][174] As part of the project, the building would contain either 130[176] or 140 residences.[177]

Planning and legal issues edit

 
Main residential entrance on Leonard Street

John H. Beyer of architectural firm Beyer Blinder Belle proposed relocating the building's staircases, adding two penthouses, and removing fire escapes to make way for private balconies.[20] The developers planned to convert the publicly accessible clock tower into a private residence, and they wished to replace the clock's mechanical workings with electric machinery; the developers shut off electricity to the clock in May 2014.[46][48] The building was originally supposed to contain a hotel, plans for which had been scrapped by July 2014.[167][178] The development also had to include a 16,000 sq ft (1,500 m2) community space; by October 2014, local residents were expressing concerns that the developers were trying to downsize the community space.[179][180] The LPC voted in December 2014 to grant a "certificate of appropriateness" to the clock tower's conversion, despite public opposition to that part of the project.[58][181] Schneider continued to visit the building every week to wind the clock until March 2015, when the developers stopped granting him access to the clock tower.[66]

Negotiations over aspects of the design continued for several months.[176] The city had temporarily leased back some space for the summons court and probation department, but the lease ran only until October 2015.[167] Initially, the city government had intended to relocate the summons court to another building in Tribeca,[182][183] prompting a lawsuit from local residents and organizations.[183][184] The probation department relocated from 346 Broadway to the Financial District in January 2014, despite local opposition to that move.[185] The city eventually dropped its original plan to relocate the summons court within Tribeca,[186] and the court remained at 346 Broadway for another year, delaying the residential conversion project.[167][187] The summons court ultimately moved to the Municipal Building in early 2015.[185][188]

The developers also faced several legal challenges. In late 2015, political operative Dan Hoeg sued Peebles, claiming that the firm had refused to give him 25 percent of the project's profit as part of an agreement with Peebles.[189] Peebles denied that Hoeg had any equity stake in the building, and he countersued the next year, claiming that Hoeg had lied on his resume.[190][191] former Peebles executive Daniel Newhouse had also sued Peebles for a stake in 346 Broadway's profits, but Newhouse had withdrawn his suit in 2015.[192] Preservationists sued in the New York Supreme Court, the trial-level court of New York state, to prevent the conversion of the clock tower into a private residence.[160] The Supreme Court revoked the LPC's certificate of appropriateness in March 2016,[160][193] despite the city government's own assertion that the building's owners did not have to maintain the clock.[194] A panel of state judges upheld the Supreme Court's ruling in November 2017.[195][196] Peebles and El-Ad developers also sued each other the same year, accusing each other of trying to derail the project. If the developers did not sell at least 35 apartments by August 2018, the city could take back ownership of the building.[197][198] By November 2017, Peebles and El-Ad had resolved their legal disputes.[199][200]

Renovation and completion edit

 
Secondary entrance on Lafayette Street

Bank of America gave the owners a $334 million construction loan in January 2016,[201][202] and Apollo Commercial Real Estate Finance placed a $77 million mezzanine loan on the project the next month.[203] Architectural firm Howard L. Zimmerman Architects restored the building's facade.[66][204] The work included cleaning the marble, replacing damaged portions of the roof parapet, and restoring the 7,000-pound sculptural eagles perched on the roof.[66] Afterward, Jeffrey Beers International renovated the building's interior.[205][204] A residential entrance was built on Leonard Street, and the building was rebranded as 108 Leonard.[167][206] The building's owners started selling apartments in March 2018, with the cheapest apartments being marketed at $1.5 million.[68]

The New York Court of Appeals, the highest court in New York state, reversed the New York Supreme Court's ruling on the clock-tower lawsuit in early 2019, finding that the owners could close the clock tower and convert it into an apartment.[207][208] The Court of Appeals' ruling effectively ended the legal dispute, prompting several preservationists to express disappointment at the ruling.[209] Later the same year, Peebles and El-Ad refinanced the building with $450 million from Mack Real Estate Credit Strategies.[210] Among the building's early residents were producer Zoe Jackson;[211][212] music executive Clive Davis;[213] singer Keith Urban and actress Nicole Kidman;[70][214] and actor Hugh Jackman.[215]

In early 2022, JPMorgan Chase and Lionheart Management provided a $229.4 million mortgage loan for the project.[212][216] Jack Shainman, operator of the Jack Shainman Gallery, announced in November 2022 that he would open a 20,000-square-foot (1,900 m2) gallery within 108 Leonard's banking hall in late 2023.[217][218] Shainman had paid $20 million for the banking hall and was planning to spend $3 million to $4 million on renovations.[217]

Reception edit

When the western part of the building was completed, the New-York Tribune wrote in 1893: "It is a pity that the clock tower which surmounts the building [...] should be so high above the range of vision of passers-by in the street."[40] Architectural critic Francis Swales said that, although the building's facade was composed similarly to nearby loft buildings because of the use of repeating motifs, "The objections are, however, unsatisfactory [...] Externally—and internally as far as least as the splendid banking-room and vestibules are concerned—it is the perfection of detail that captures one."[219] Christopher Gray of The New York Times wrote in 1993 that the general office was "rich and Roman, on a scale of interiors like those at the University and Metropolitan Clubs".[63] The 2010 edition of the AIA Guide to New York City characterized the structure's clock as a "wonderful Classical clock overlooking Broadway."[2]

There was also some criticism of the building. The writer Eliot Gregory did not like the decorations atop the clock tower, writing in 1899 that the decorations resembled "a monument in Greenwood (Cemetery), surmounted by a rat trap".[61] When Gray described the rundown building in a Times article in 1993, he said that the Leonard Street lobby contained "the tackiest fake-veneer candy stand left in the city, complete with Beirut-style rolldown steel gates".[63] Although general services commissioner Kenneth J. Knuckles complained about Gray's article, Knuckles also did not dispute any of the details mentioned in the article.[61]

See also edit

References edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ In the 19th century, Lafayette Street was known as Elm Street.[3]
  2. ^ The Lafayette Street frontage is 82 ft 11.75 in (25 m), the Leonard Street frontage is 399 ft 10 in (121.87 m), and the Catherine Lane frontage is 400 ft 6.5 in (122 m).[5]
  3. ^ a b c d e El-Ad classifies the true number of stories above ground as "construction floors", which are labeled with a different "marketing floor" number.[19] Numbering is as follows:
    • Cellar, cellar mezzanine – not numbered
    • Basement – floor 1
    • 1st through 11th stories – floors 2 through 12 (floor number 13 is skipped)
    • 12th story – floor 14
    • 12th-story mezzanine – floor 14M
    • 13th through 15th stories – floors 15 through 17[19]
  4. ^ Untapped Cities states that the statue was removed in the 1940s,[41] while the city's "clock master" Marvin Schneider says that the statue was removed in 1950.[42]
  5. ^ Three different floor numbering systems can be used. The rectangular room in the clock tower is physically 13 stories from the ground, being directly above the 12th story.[43] However, it is equivalent to the 15th story of the penthouse above the rest of the building, since there is a triple-height gap between the clock tower and the preceding story. The rectangular room is labeled as floor 17.[5]
  6. ^ According to the American Architect and Building News, the bell weighed 6,000 lb (2,700 kg), and the weights were a combined 3,000 lb (1,400 kg).[33]
  7. ^ Bryant & Gilman, James Renwick Jr., and Leopold Eidlitz also participated in the competition. [9]
  8. ^ Roth 1983, p. 403, writes that the plans for the building had been drawn in 1894, with construction beginning in 1896. According to Roth, the eastern section was completed in 1898, and the western section was completed the following year.[64] However, The New York Times reports that the eastern section was already open by 1896.[67]

Citations edit

  1. ^ a b "Federal Register: 48 Fed. Reg. 8425 (Mar. 1, 1983)" (PDF). Library of Congress. March 1, 1983. p. 8653 (PDF p. 237). (PDF) from the original on May 5, 2021. Retrieved March 8, 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d e f White, Norval; Willensky, Elliot; Leadon, Fran (2010). AIA Guide to New York City (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-19538-386-7.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Landmarks Preservation Commission 1987, p. 7.
  4. ^ a b c "50 Lafayette Street, 10013". New York City Department of City Planning. from the original on August 31, 2022. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Condominium Offering Plan 2017, p. 318.
  6. ^ a b "Mortgage Board I Makes Big Lease: I Takes Large Space in Old New York Life Building". The New York Times. October 27, 1935. p. RE1. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 101323671.
  7. ^ "New York Life Ready to Part With Old Home on Broadway: After This Week Company Will No Longer Require Old Quarters Which Cover Block South of Canal Street, Landmark of New York Generation Ago". New York Herald Tribune. November 14, 1928. p. 45. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1113400634.
  8. ^ a b Condominium Offering Plan 2017, p. 319.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1999, p. 391.
  10. ^ a b c Landmarks Preservation Commission 1987, pp. 6–7.
  11. ^ Gray, Christopher (September 23, 1990). "Streetscapes: Engine Company 31 Firehouse; Getting to the Bottom of a Restoration". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. from the original on December 16, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  12. ^ "The Merchants' Club: Will Soon Move to Elegant Quarters in the New-York Life Building". The New York Times. January 26, 1896. p. 29. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 1016061516.
  13. ^ a b Condominium Offering Plan 2017, p. 317.
  14. ^ a b c Roth 1983, p. 237.
  15. ^ a b New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission; Dolkart, Andrew S.; Postal, Matthew A. (2009). Postal, Matthew A. (ed.). Guide to New York City Landmarks (4th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-470-28963-1.
  16. ^ a b c "A New Broadway Building". New-York Tribune. December 27, 1895. p. 12. ProQuest 574113074.
  17. ^ a b "In the Real Estate Field; Plans for an Addition to the New York Life Building and for a Theatre – The Auction Offerings". The New York Times. December 27, 1895. ISSN 0362-4331. from the original on August 26, 2022. Retrieved August 26, 2022.
  18. ^ a b c d Landmarks Preservation Commission 1987, p. 11; National Park Service 1982, p. 2.
  19. ^ a b c d e f Condominium Offering Plan 2017, p. 45.
  20. ^ a b "346 Broadway Conversion Plans Include Penthouse Addition". Curbed NY. October 14, 2014. from the original on August 27, 2022. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
  21. ^ a b Condominium Offering Plan 2017, pp. 320–321.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i Landmarks Preservation Commission 1987, p. 11.
  23. ^ a b c d e National Park Service 1982, p. 2.
  24. ^ a b Condominium Offering Plan 2017, p. 324.
  25. ^ a b c Condominium Offering Plan 2017, p. 322.
  26. ^ Condominium Offering Plan 2017, pp. 321–322.
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  28. ^ a b "City Government Affairs". New-York Tribune. March 4, 1897. p. 12. ProQuest 574290245.
  29. ^ a b "Race of Two Buildings; Interesting Rivalry Between the Central National Bank and New York Life Structures on Lower Broadway". The New York Times. March 28, 1897. ISSN 0362-4331. from the original on August 26, 2022. Retrieved August 26, 2022.
  30. ^ a b Landmarks Preservation Commission 1987, pp. 11–12.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Landmarks Preservation Commission 1987, p. 12; National Park Service 1982, p. 2.
  32. ^ a b c d e f g h i Landmarks Preservation Commission 1987, p. 12.
  33. ^ a b c d e "Howard Clocks". The American Architect and Building News. Vol. 80, no. 1432. June 6, 1903. p. 1. ProQuest 124643580.
  34. ^ a b Landmarks Preservation Commission 1987, pp. 12–13; National Park Service 1982, p. 2.
  35. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1987, p. 13; National Park Service 1982, p. 2.
  36. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1987, p. 13.
  37. ^ a b c Condominium Offering Plan 2017, p. 325.
  38. ^ a b James, George (December 4, 1979). "Time Well Spent on a Clock". New York Daily News. p. 139. from the original on August 27, 2022. Retrieved August 27, 2022 – via newspapers.com.
  39. ^ Sweet's Catalog Service (1907). Sweet's Indexed Catalogue of Building Construction. Architectural Record Company. p. 881. from the original on August 27, 2022. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
  40. ^ a b c d "The New-York Life Clock". New-York Tribune. August 29, 1897. p. 41. from the original on August 26, 2022. Retrieved August 26, 2022 – via newspapers.com.
  41. ^ a b c d e Waldman, Benjamin (December 5, 2011). "Lost: 33 Foot High, 8 Ton, Statue – Have You Seen It?". Untapped New York. from the original on August 25, 2022. Retrieved August 26, 2022.
  42. ^ a b Barron, James (March 17, 2019). "Will a $20 Million Penthouse Damage New York's 'Big Ben'?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  43. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Landmarks Preservation Commission Interior 1987, p. 13.
  44. ^ a b Plagianos, Irene (November 22, 2013). . DNAinfo New York. Archived from the original on August 25, 2022. Retrieved August 25, 2022.
  45. ^ a b Schjeldahl, Peter (June 10, 1973). "The Diffident Avant‐Garde Has an Outpost in the Sky". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. from the original on August 31, 2022. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  46. ^ a b c d Dunlap, David W. (November 12, 2014). "A Tower Clock in Danger of Losing Its Purpose". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. from the original on August 25, 2022. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
  47. ^ "Save America's Clocks". Save America's Clocks. December 4, 1979. from the original on August 27, 2022. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
  48. ^ a b c "Is Time Running Out for Famed Clock of Tribeca's Clock Tower Building?". Tribeca Trib Online. October 26, 2014. from the original on August 25, 2022. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
  49. ^ a b c Wolfman, Ira (June 14, 1987). "Journey to the Center of Time". New York Daily News. pp. 200, 201, 202. from the original on August 31, 2022. Retrieved August 30, 2022 – via newspapers.com.
  50. ^ a b c Anderson, Susan Heller; Dunlap, David W. (December 6, 1984). "New York Day by Day; XII O'Clock, and All's Well". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. from the original on November 25, 2018. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  51. ^ "Advocates Say City Fails to Protect Tribeca's Landmark Clock". Tribeca Trib Online. February 13, 2023. Retrieved May 2, 2023.
  52. ^ a b c Landmarks Preservation Commission Interior 1987, p. 11.
  53. ^ Condominium Offering Plan 2017, p. 321.
  54. ^ a b c National Park Service 1982, p. 3.
  55. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission Interior 1987, pp. 11–12.
  56. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Landmarks Preservation Commission Interior 1987, p. 12.
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  60. ^ Condominium Offering Plan 2017, p. 326.
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Sources edit


External links edit

  •   Media related to Former New York Life Insurance Company Building at Wikimedia Commons
  • Official website

December 20, 2023
leonard, formerly, known, broadway, york, life, insurance, company, building, clock, tower, building, residential, structure, tribeca, neighborhood, manhattan, york, city, united, states, built, from, 1894, 1898, building, constructed, york, life, insurance, c. 108 Leonard formerly known as 346 Broadway the New York Life Insurance Company Building and the Clock Tower Building is a residential structure in the Tribeca neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City United States Built from 1894 to 1898 the building was constructed for the New York Life Insurance Company Stephen Decatur Hatch created the original plans while McKim Mead amp White oversaw the building s completion The building occupies a city block bounded by Broadway to the west Leonard Street to the north Lafayette Street to the east and Catherine Lane to the south It is a New York City designated landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places Former New York Life Insurance Company BuildingClock Tower BuildingU S National Register of Historic PlacesNew York City Landmark No 1512 1513The facade of the building as seen from the corner of Leonard Street and BroadwayLocation346 Broadway Manhattan New York United StatesCoordinates40 42 59 N 74 00 12 W 40 71639 N 74 00333 W 40 71639 74 00333Built1894ArchitectStephen D Hatch McKim Mead amp WhiteArchitectural styleLate 19th and 20th Century RevivalsNRHP reference No 82003376 1 NYCL No 1512 1513Significant datesAdded to NRHPJune 28 1982Designated NYCLFebruary 10 1987The exterior is largely made of marble and each elevation of the facade is divided vertically into multiple bays Although the main entrance is on Leonard Street the western and eastern ends also contain entrances and are clad with rusticated stone blocks On the upper stories band courses run horizontally across the facade and there are arched and rectangular windows Along Broadway above the 12th story is an ornate clock tower with a mechanically wound clock A two story penthouse is placed above the original roof Inside the building are 152 condominium residences The entrances lead to various lobbies stairs and hallways some of which are elaborately decorated In addition there is a banquet hall within a former banking room near Lafayette Street former executive offices on the lower floors and residential amenities in the cellar and on the roof The present building at 346 Broadway was constructed in two phases replacing a previous structure built in 1870 The eastern section was completed in 1896 as an annex of the previous building while the western section was built in 1898 to replace the older building entirely New York Life occupied the rebuilt edifice for three decades moving to 51 Madison Avenue in 1928 although the firm continued to own the building until 1945 Clothing firms also rented space in the building during the early 20th century and 346 Broadway hosted various U S federal and New York state government offices from the 1930s to the 1960s After the government of New York City acquired the building in 1967 the structure housed the Summons Court and other judicial functions as well as an art gallery The Peebles Corporation and El Ad Group bought the building for 160 million in 2013 and renovated it for residential use Following various legal issues the first condominiums in the building were sold in March 2018 Contents 1 Site 2 Architecture 2 1 Facade 2 1 1 Broadway pavilion 2 1 2 Lafayette Street pavilion 2 1 3 Leonard Street and Catherine Lane 2 2 Roof 2 2 1 Clock tower 2 3 Interior 2 3 1 Lobby elevators and stairs 2 3 2 Banking room and hallway 2 3 3 Executive offices 2 3 4 Residences 3 History 3 1 New York Life headquarters 3 1 1 Original building 3 1 2 Annex and replacement 3 1 3 Early 20th century 3 2 Private office building 3 3 City government ownership 3 4 Residential use 3 4 1 Planning and legal issues 3 4 2 Renovation and completion 4 Reception 5 See also 6 References 6 1 Notes 6 2 Citations 6 3 Sources 7 External linksSite edit108 Leonard is in the Tribeca neighborhood of Lower Manhattan in New York City at 346 Broadway 2 It occupies a city block bounded by Broadway to the west Leonard Street to the north Lafayette Street a to the east and Catherine Lane to the south 2 4 The land lot is trapezoidal and covers 28 566 sq ft 2 650 m2 4 5 The site is long and narrow measuring about 400 ft 120 m wide on both Leonard Street to the north and Catherine Lane to the south However it only measures 60 ft 18 m wide on Broadway and about 83 ft 25 m wide on Lafayette Street 6 7 b There are vaults under the sidewalk on Broadway Catherine Lane and Leonard Street 8 Nearby sites include 319 Broadway to the southwest 33 Thomas Street to the west 359 Broadway and 361 Broadway to the northwest and the Jacob K Javits Federal Building to the south 4 Prior to the development of the current building the site had been occupied by the Appleton Building designed by Frederic Diaper and built from 1838 to 1840 The building housed the New York Society Library until 1856 when publishing firm D Appleton amp Company moved into the space 9 The D Appleton structure burned down in 1867 and was replaced with the first New York Life building on the site designed by Griffith Thomas and completed in 1870 9 10 Until 1894 the site also contained a firehouse for Engine 31 of the New York City Fire Department at 116 Leonard Street 11 as well as the clubhouse of the Merchant s Club at 108 Leonard Street 12 Architecture edit108 Leonard was constructed as the New York Life Building and was finished in two phases 13 14 The eastern part of the building was built from 1894 to 1896 and was initially designed by Stephen Decatur Hatch who died midway during construction McKim Mead amp White oversaw the completion of the eastern section 2 15 The western part of the building including a three story clock tower was constructed from 1896 to 1898 2 13 and was designed solely by McKim Mead amp White 16 17 108 Leonard occupies its entire block and has a narrow massing The site slopes downward from west to east so the building is 12 stories tall at its western end and 13 stories tall at its eastern end 18 19 Including the clock tower the building has 15 physical above ground stories the top three stories are within the clock tower 19 c There are also two below ground levels a basement is at the same height as the ground on Lafayette Street as well as a cellar completely below ground Mezzanines above the cellar and the 12th story are excluded from the floor count 5 A two story penthouse structure was constructed above the 12th story labeled as floor 14 in the 2010s 20 The penthouse contains setbacks at both its lower and upper levels 5 The top of the clock tower is physically equivalent to the 17th story 19 while the primary roof is 210 ft 64 m above ground 8 The basement through 17th story are numbered as floors 1 through 19 respectively floor number 13 is skipped 21 Facade edit nbsp Main entrance pavilion as seen from Broadway108 Leonard s facade is largely made of white Tuckahoe marble except the southern elevation which is made of brick and terracotta 22 The facade is divided vertically into 26 bays to the north and south three bays to the west and five bays to the east The northern and southern elevations are flanked by end pavilions measuring three bays wide and there is also a four bay wide entrance pavilion at the center of the northern elevation 23 There are three residential entrances one each on Broadway Leonard Street and Lafayette Street In addition there is an entrance on Broadway leading to retail space an entrance on Leonard Street leading to a community facility and banking hall a garage door on Leonard Street and three service entrances on Catherine Lane 24 The exterior walls are made of marble granite terracotta and brick while the windows are generally made of glass and aluminum 25 Surrounding the entire building at the 13th story floor 15 are stone parapets which are decorated with openwork motifs of interlocking circles In addition floors 16 and 17 are surrounded by glass and aluminum parapets 26 Broadway pavilion edit nbsp View of the Broadway pavilion from Catherine LaneThe western end of 108 Leonard comprises a pavilion measuring three bays wide on Broadway Catherine Lane and Leonard Street 18 27 All three elevations of this pavilion are clad with rusticated blocks of marble 18 The main entrance on Broadway is designed to resemble a portico with double height pilasters and freestanding columns topped by an entablature with a balustrade 23 The portico originally contained six freestanding columns that projected from the facade 22 28 but these were removed in 1912 at the request of the government of New York City 22 Each of the polished granite pillars weighed over 16 short tons 14 long tons 15 t and measured 23 ft 7 0 m long by 3 ft 0 91 m across 29 The capitals of each column are decorated with rosettes and swags in a modified Ionic order 22 Recessed within this main entrance is a double height curved vestibule which includes two archways with acanthus and scallop decorations 23 30 The archways themselves contain cast bronze window frames above the doors while the vestibule s ceiling contains a coffered ceiling with an eagle motif at the center 30 On either side of the entrance are panels with acanthus motifs 22 The third story contains round arched windows separated by lions heads and garlands the corners are decorated with cartouches 22 A cornice with modillions runs above the 3rd story above which is a bronze railing 18 Band courses run horizontally across the facade above the 4th 6th 7th 9th and 10th stories thereby dividing the facade into alternating sections of one and two stories 31 In addition the windows on the 7th and 10th stories are flanked by panels with acanthus leaf motifs 32 At the 11th and 12th stories the window openings are composed of double height arches Above this is a deep cornice with modillions 31 The attic is surrounded by a balustrade with stone eagles at each of its corners which represent New York Life This balustrade supports a clock tower that rises another two stories above the main roof see 108 Leonard Clock tower 31 Lafayette Street pavilion edit nbsp View of the Lafayette Street pavilion from Leonard StreetThe eastern end of 108 Leonard comprises a pavilion measuring five bays wide on Lafayette Street and four bays wide on Catherine Lane and Leonard Street On the eastern elevation the center bay projects slightly from the facade At ground level actually the basement there is a low archway with two columns on either side 31 The center windows on the 1st and 2nd stories contain colonnettes which divide the archways there into three segments The other bays each contain one round arched window on the 1st story and one square headed window on the 2nd story 32 There are two windows per bay in the remaining stories the windows on the 3rd 4th 10th and 12th stories are round arched while the other windows are square headed Band courses and cornices run horizontally across this pavilion above each of the first four stories and above the 6th 7th 9th and 10th stories As in the Broadway pavilion there are relief panels between the windows on the 7th and 10th stories 32 The parapet above the 12th story contains a clock tower with one face 31 33 which measures 12 ft 3 7 m across 31 The dome of this tower contains a copper roof 31 Leonard Street and Catherine Lane edit For the most part the Leonard Street and Catherine Lane elevations are divided into bays with two windows per story 34 At the center of the Leonard Street elevation there is a three bay wide entrance pavilion that projects slightly from the facade At ground level actually the basement the main entrance is through a double height round arch 32 The doors in this arch are topped by spandrel panels with foliate patterns 23 The main entrance is flanked by two pairs of two single story pilasters one stacked above the other The bays on each side of the doorways contain round arched openings Above the basement the central bay of the entrance pavilion contains three windows per story while the other bays contain two windows The windows on the upper stories are largely similar in design to those on the rest of the facade 32 nbsp Arched windows east of the main entrance at the base of the Leonard Street elevationThe remainder of the Leonard Street elevation is divided by band courses at the same levels as on the Lafayette Street pavilion 23 There are nine bays to the west of the entrance pavilion excluding the Broadway pavilion In the western bays the 1st and 2nd stories contain square headed windows with composite columns between them There are seven such bays to the east of the entrance pavilion excluding the Lafayette Street pavilion 32 These bays contain double height archways on the 1st and 2nd stories since these originally overlooked the general office 31 The windows on the other stories are separated by flat pilasters the windows on the 3rd 4th 10th and 12th stories are round arched while the other windows are square headed 32 Above the 12th story is a balustrade with a parapet 31 The Catherine Lane elevation is mostly clad in gray brick and terracotta with the exception of the three westernmost and four easternmost bays which are respectively part of the Broadway and Lafayette Street pavilions 34 There are two rectangular windows in each bay except in the end pavilions 35 As with the Leonard Street elevation the central three bays project from the facade There are nine bays to the west and seven bays to the east excluding the pavilions on either end The 11th and 12th stories contain round arched windows above a cornice with modillions 36 Roof edit The roofs contain insulating membranes which are covered with pavers 24 There are five skylights on the roof above unit 14A the original skylights above the building s emergency stair have been sealed 37 The primary roof above floor 16 contains dormer structures for elevators stairs and mechanical equipment 37 Clock tower edit nbsp View of the Broadway pavilion from the north with the clock tower on topAbove the 12th story on the Broadway side of the building is a clock manufactured by the E Howard Watch and Clock Company 38 39 33 The base of the clock tower is two stories tall 32 33 while the clock tower itself rises another three stories 5 The clock has four faces each measuring 12 ft 3 7 m in diameter and marked with Roman numerals 32 33 Each corner of the clock tower was ornamented by a 20 foot tall column 40 The clock tower was topped with by a 33 ft tall 10 m 8 short ton 7 1 long ton 7 3 t sculpture made by French American sculptor Philip Martiny 41 The piece consisted of four 11 ft tall 3 4 m crouching figures of Atlas which supported a hollow globe measuring 15 feet wide 40 41 A solid sphere measuring 8 ft 2 4 m wide was placed within the globe to give the impression of solidity 40 The globe was topped by a 7 ft tall 2 1 m eagle 41 The gigantic statue was removed sometime after 1928 31 d and has been lost ever since 41 Inside the clock tower on the 13th story labeled as floor 17 e is a double height rectangular room with brick walls four windows and exposed ceiling beams A doorway leads from the room to an outdoor terrace 43 From the 1970s until 2013 this space was occupied by the 10 000 sq ft 930 m2 Clocktower Gallery 44 A metal spiral staircase leads up to the clock s machine room 43 45 which is physically on the 15th floor 19 The machine room is surrounded by the clock s four faces 43 The machinery in the machine room includes a 1 000 lb 450 kg weight which descends to strike a 5 000 lb 2 300 kg bell 43 46 f The bell was made by the McShane Bell Foundry 43 47 A hammer powered by a pair of 800 lb 360 kg weights strikes the bell at every hour 43 The clock was wound using a small hand crank 46 48 and it had to be re wound every seven days 49 50 Until the 2010s this was one of a few remaining mechanically wound clocks in New York City 46 48 As of 2023 update the clock was not operational 51 Interior edit The original building s structural frame consists of steel beams which are spanned by flat arches made of terracotta and are covered with a layer of concrete The western section of the original building is supported by built up groups of columns while the eastern section contains circular and rectangular cast iron columns The penthouse contains floor slabs and columns made of cast in place concrete 25 The basement could accommodate a live load of up to 100 pounds per square foot 4 8 kilopascals while the upper stories could accommodate live loads of 75 psf 3 6 kPa In addition the stairs elevator lobbies public areas and mechanical areas of the penthouses can accommodate up to 100 psf 4 8 kPa while the apartments in the penthouses can hold up to 40 psf 1 9 kPa 25 When the New York Life Building was constructed each story was laid out around a passageway that ran from west to east and the office later residential space was clustered north and south of this passageway 52 There are equipment rooms on the cellar on floor 14 and on the roof above the penthouse labeled as floor 16 53 Lobby elevators and stairs edit The Leonard Street entrance leads to a double height lobby 54 52 The space contains a terrazzo floor and marble walls The north wall of the lobby on either side of the doorway contains motifs of triple garlands 52 The lobby is surrounded by a band with a Greek key motif placed about halfway up the wall Above this band on the eastern and western walls are two Ionic pilasters which in turn support a cornice that is decorated with rosettes These pilasters divide the walls into three panels each with a bronze frame and bronze centerpiece 55 The lobby is flanked by a pair of staircases which rise to the first story labeled as floor 2 c 56 57 These staircases contain marble balustrades as well as newel posts with bronze globes at the top and bottom of each stair There is also a bronze chandelier hanging from the center from the ceiling 56 In the 2010s the floors were renovated with wooden planks laid in a chevron pattern 57 The basement and first story of the lobby lead to two semicircular elevator banks of similar design 54 56 The lower level leads to a semicircular hall that connects with seven elevator cabs as well as a doorway at the center flanked by half columns and pilasters The coffered ceiling contains lanterns which hang from rosettes and illuminate the space in front of each elevator door The upper level is similar except that the ceiling has a floral molding instead Hatch s initial plan for a circular stairway connecting each floor near the center of the elevator lobby was scrapped when McKim Mead amp White took over the design 56 The elevators were removed in the 2010s and the elevator doors were replaced with grilles 58 Three new elevator cores each with two passenger elevators as well as a service elevator stopping at all stories were installed during the 2010s renovation 59 108 Leonard contains six emergency exit stairs one of which is an official New York City landmark 37 The landmark protected stairway is made of stone and cast iron 56 60 It is to the west of the elevator hall rising to the 14th story The staircase contains marble steps classical decorations and a metal railing decorated with acanthus and Greek key designs The walls of the stairway contain marble paneling on the lowest two stories while those on the other stories are decorated with marble dadoes 56 Banking room and hallway edit nbsp The banking room as depicted in a monograph of McKim Mead amp White s workThe former New York Life banking room known as the general office is on the east side of the building occupying the first and second stories floors 2 and 3 c next to the lobby 54 56 The double height space measures three bays from north south and six bays from east to west The general office contains double height windows facing north and south as well as freestanding Corinthian style columns that are arranged into two groups 56 Tellers cages with screens at their tops were arranged around the room 61 The ceiling is painted and contains gilded octagonal coffers which in turn are separated by a grid of molded bands The south wall contains a marble safe 56 which was originally freestanding 61 The west and east walls each contain three arches The central arches on either side lead to the hallways on floor 3 and the two outer archways on the eastern wall contains bulls eye windows The balcony at floor 3 was part of Hatch s original plan but was removed from McKim Mead amp White s final design it was added in a later renovation 56 In the 2010s the banking room was converted into a banquet hall 27 57 An elevator connects both levels of the banking hall 62 East of the banking room a narrow flight of stairs leads up from floor 2 57 43 The staircase contains a decorative metal railing and leads to floor 3 and the general office s balcony The hallway on floor 3 contains plaster walls rectangular doorways with console brackets a plaster ceiling with panels and a classically inspired cornice The ceiling of the hallway includes a plaster relief with New York Life s monogram as well as caduceus motifs 56 There are similar hallways on the upper floors which contain floors and wainscoting made of marble as well as metal decorations 63 Executive offices edit nbsp The former directors room as depicted in a monograph of McKim Mead amp White s workThe hallway on floor 3 leads to a group of rooms that originally served as executive offices Hatch may have designed these rooms These offices were originally decorated with wooden moldings a pair of fireplace mantels with garlands and neoclassical doorways but these were subsequently modified with linoleum floors and fluorescent lights The ceilings of these rooms contain caduceus motifs and monograms similar to those in the hallway while the windows are deeply recessed and rise from the floor The south wall of the former committee room included an elliptical arch with a tripartite window 43 The space occupied by these rooms was converted to residential units 3N and 3P in the 2010s 5 Floor 3 originally had a room for New York Life s board of directors which was decorated by Maitland Armstrong 64 The room was relocated to 51 Madison Avenue in 1928 64 65 On the fourth story floor 5 c above the eastern end of the building was a president s suite designed by McKim Mead amp White The president s suite had an anteroom with marble paneling as well as Ionic pilasters that flanked beige and black panels on the walls The anteroom had six doorways each of which had a marble floor and wooden doors with etched glass panels The paneled ceiling was decorated with rosettes and was surrounded by a molding with a doubled Greek key motif This room has also been modified with linoleum floors and fluorescent lights The president s office itself was a rectangular space with rectangular windows to the east and round arched windows to the north The walls were decorated with a dado Ionic pilasters and a cornice all made of mahogany The plaster ceiling had three oval panels and was surrounded by garlands a Greek key motif and rosettes 43 As part of a 2010s renovation these decorations were relocated to the first story 58 and the presidents room was used as a private anteroom for residents 66 The space occupied by the president s office was converted to residential units 5N and 5P in the 2010s 5 On the eastern half of the 11th and 12th stories floors 12 and 14 c were the quarters of the Merchants Club 67 also designed by Armstrong 64 The lower story of the club contained a hallway measuring 100 by 15 ft 30 5 by 4 6 m across and 30 ft 9 1 m high It was decorated with Greek mosaic tiles a marble wainscoting topped by a light brown fresco and a multicolored ceiling At the far end of the hall was an archway trimmed in brown marble and mahogany which led to a main dining room On the right south side of the hallway was a reception room a smoking and reading room and an office and a cashier s room All were decorated in leather and contained mahogany furnishings On the left north side of the hallway was a main dining room decorated in a similar style to the other club rooms A kitchen and some offices were located on the upper story 67 Residences edit In the 2010s the office space was converted to condominiums with between one and four bedrooms 27 68 The building has 152 condominiums 27 69 which span floors 2 through 16 69 Originally the clock tower was supposed to have contained a single penthouse apartment with five bedrooms 42 Four of the units PH West 15A PH North and PH East contain private elevators 62 Each unit s ceilings range from 9 to 14 ft 2 7 to 4 3 m high on the three highest stories the apartments have ceilings measuring up to 15 ft 4 6 m high 21 66 The apartments also have gallery walls which can display art as well as kitchens and bathrooms with marble 68 The building s condominiums contain wooden floors with oak planks laid in a chevron pattern 70 and some of the condos contain exterior terraces 66 71 There are fireplaces in two of the apartments on floor 3 within the former executive offices as well as in 11 penthouse apartments 71 108 Leonard also contains several amenities for residents such as a swimming pool fitness center roof deck and wine cellar 27 70 The swimming pool in the cellar measures 75 by 12 ft 22 9 by 3 7 m across next to it a hot tub steam room and men s and women s locker rooms 72 The cellar also includes a fitness center a children s playroom and a residents a lounge with sitting and pantry areas 73 The building has two bicycle storage rooms with a combined capacity of 76 bikes as well as two package rooms one each at the residential lobbies on Leonard Street and Broadway Underneath the Leonard Street sidewalk are vaults at cellar level which contain 30 private storage bins for residents 74 There is also a parking lot within a portion of the basement 75 76 The parking lot includes 29 parking spaces 26 for residents and three for visitors as well as an access driveway from Leonard Street 76 A private deck for residents is located at floors 16 and 17 above the lower and upper levels of the penthouse respectively 73 History editThe New York Life Insurance Company had been chartered in 1841 and was originally located in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan 77 78 The firm was originally known as the Nautilus Insurance Company but it assumed the New York Life name in 1849 78 Its previous structures in New York City had been clustered around Lower Manhattan 79 By the late 19th century life insurance companies generally had their own buildings for their offices and branch locations According to architectural writer Kenneth Gibbs these buildings allowed each individual company to instill not only its name but also a favorable impression of its operations in the general public 80 81 This had been a trend since 1870 80 82 when the Equitable Life Insurance Company completed the first Equitable Life Building in Manhattan s Financial District 80 83 Furthermore life insurance companies of the late 19th and early 20th centuries generally built massive buildings to fit their large clerical and records keeping staff 84 New York Life headquarters edit Original building edit nbsp Original building before being extended and then replacedAfter plans for the Equitable Life Building were announced New York Life devised plans for its own headquarters in Lower Manhattan 85 In 1868 the company selected a site at 346 Broadway which had formerly contained publishing firm D Appleton amp Company s headquarters 85 86 Following an architectural design competition in late 1867 9 New York Life had hired architect Griffith Thomas to design its new edifice 85 87 g The structure is variously described as having been built in the Second Empire style 87 or the Italianate style 10 New York Life and Equitable Life competed to develop their respective headquarters the two firms structures even opened on the same day May 1 1870 10 88 The two designs inspired those of other insurance buildings nearby including the headquarters of Mutual Life Metropolitan Life and Germania Life 88 3 The 85 ft high 26 m building 89 with four stories and a raised basement occupied the western half of the block 89 90 The site was irregularly shaped with a frontage of about 200 ft 61 m on Leonard Street and Catherine Lane 89 91 Its marble facade included Ionic columns in a manner resembling the Erechtheion in Athens as well as heavy plate glass windows 89 92 The basement had brick and stone walls 89 the site sloped downward to the east where the basement contained storefronts 9 The central portion of the building was three stories high excluding the basement and was flanked by four story pavilions at either end 9 89 The main entrance on Broadway was through a portico topped by a pediment with an eagle Running west east across the first floor was a 12 ft wide 3 7 m hallway which was flanked by two large rooms and connected to a stair with an elevator shaft 9 The old New York Life Building was one of the first buildings in New York City with an elevator 93 After the building opened Henry Fernbach designed a mansard roof which was completed in 1879 88 3 Annex and replacement editNew York Life gradually purchased the lots on the eastern portion of the block extending east to Lafayette Street then known as Elm Street 14 By the early 1890s New York Life had acquired all buildings on the eastern portion of the block 3 New York Life decided to host a closed design competition hiring five architects and firms Stephen Decatur Hatch McKim Mead amp White George B Post Babb Cook amp Willard and Daniel Burnham to design an annex to the existing building 3 14 This annex would be a 12 story structure faced with marble except on Catherine Lane where the facade would be made of brick Each of the competitors would receive 500 for participating 3 New York Life had prioritized the largest possible income consistent with proper light and air extending east to Lafayette Street then known as Elm Street Architects at the time were typically paid a 5 percent commission but New York Life was reluctant to pay such a high commission 94 Four of the five competitors agreed not to receive less than a 5 percent commission but Hatch was content with a 3 5 percent commission 94 27 nbsp The Lafayette Street pavilion part of the eastern annex which was completed in 1896The company decided in August 1893 to hire Hatch who was less well known than the other competitors to design the annex 95 Plans for the annex were filed in April 1894 96 97 The project would also involve masonry contractor L W Armstrong marble contractor Norcross Company iron contractor Post and McCord and carpenter E Hilbrand 97 Construction commenced in May 1894 but Hatch died three months later before construction was completed 27 95 After Hatch s death McKim Mead amp White took over the project 87 2 designing an annex that extended about 200 ft 61 m west from Elm Street 98 The annex ultimately cost 1 5 million to construct 16 The Merchant s Club moved into the top two stories of the annex which opened in February 1896 67 The New York Tribune wrote that the structure would be one of the most striking improvements in Broadway south of Canal Street 98 The New York Times described the New York Life Building as being in a rivalry with the Central National Bank Building to the south at Pearl Street and Broadway 29 During the construction of the annex New York Life decided to replace the original building as well 27 95 Although the white marble facade cornices arched windows and the proportions of the annex harmonized with that of the original building New York Life officials felt the juxtaposition of the original building and annex would not be an aesthetic success 95 M cKim Mead amp White designed the replacement in the Italian Renaissance Revival style 15 The replacement structure and its clock tower were designed by Henry Bacon of McKim Mead amp White under the supervision of William Rutherford Mead 27 99 In December 1895 McKim Mead amp White filed plans for the structure at a projected cost of 1 million 16 17 During the replacement building s construction falling masonry injured two workers in 1896 100 and an elevator collapsed and injured six workers in 1897 101 102 As part of the project New York Life wanted to take over Catherine Lane and build vaults underneath it this was difficult because the alley was city owned property 103 In addition New York Life wanted to build an entrance portico on Broadway but New York City s commissioner of public works had initially forbidden the portico s construction 28 New York Life was eventually allowed to build a projecting portico with six columns and an ornate balustrade 22 The Merchants Association moved into the ground floor of the structure in July 1897 104 McKim Mead amp White completed the replacement building in April 1898 99 h Early 20th century edit New York Life occupied the rebuilt edifice for three decades after the expansions were completed 90 and the structure became known as the Temple of Humanity 105 In the early 1900s tenants included law firm Sullivan Goldsmith amp Engel 106 numbering machine manufacturer Bates Machine Company 107 and bank Trust Company of the Republic 108 New York Life bought an adjacent site in 1904 intending to construct a quarters for the company s growing clerical staff 109 110 Afterward the company rented out the newly vacated space at 346 Broadway 109 Ten people were hurt in 1911 when an elevator in the building fell down eight stories 111 112 The next year the portico in front of the building s Broadway entrance was removed 22 By the late 1910s the surrounding area had become a hub for fashion and textile companies At the time four stories in the New York Life Building were devoted exclusively to hosiery and underwear firms 113 During the 1920s New York Life underwent another period of rapid growth and the company s operations could no longer fit in the 346 Broadway building 79 As a result New York Life decided to expand into the upper floors which were occupied by knitted goods firms 114 all the knitted goods tenants decided to relocate across Broadway simultaneously 115 116 Even this was not enough for New York Life which in 1924 announced plans to build a skyscraper uptown at 51 Madison Avenue on the site of Madison Square Garden 117 118 A one foot square piece of masonry fell from 346 Broadway in 1927 although no one was hurt 119 On November 15 1928 New York Life transferred 75 million documents representing 6 85 billion in policies to the new building 120 121 An additional 675 million in securities was transported to the new structure protected by 100 armored cars with machine guns 122 123 Private office building edit nbsp View of the building from Collect Pond Park to the eastAfter New York Life vacated 346 Broadway the building started to attract clothing firms 124 125 Among these companies was A A Smith amp Son which had been one of the building s first tenants but had moved out during the 1910s 125 The building s tenants included three outerwear producers at the end of 1930 124 and Charles F Noyes Company took over as the building s leasing agent the same year 126 127 Several city government agencies then leased space in the building including the Department of Water Supply which leased the basement 11th and 12th floors 128 the Department of Public Welfare 129 130 and the Department of Finance s Emergency Revenue division 131 132 Other tenants around this time included the Veterans Voters League 133 When the New York state government s Mortgage Commission Servicing Corporation leased four floors in 1935 the structure was renamed the Mortgage Commission Servicing Corporation Building 6 134 The corporation moved into the building that December 135 and leased two more stories shortly afterward occupying half of the structure 136 The building was fully occupied in the early 1940s 137 The New York branch of the federal government s Veterans Administration moved into 346 Broadway in 1942 131 132 leasing four floors with an option for four more 138 The VA expanded its space the next year 139 and it occupied the entirety of 346 Broadway and the neighboring 350 Broadway by 1944 140 New York Life sold the building in August 1945 to the City Investing Company led by Robert Dowling 141 142 The building was renovated around 1947 when steam pipes and electric elevators were installed 143 Charles F Noyes and the City Investing Company each owned a 50 percent stake in the building until 1948 when Noyes gave his ownership stake to the Jessie Smith Noyes Foundation to fund scholarships for college students 105 The East New York Savings Bank placed a 1 million mortgage loan on the building in 1951 144 The VA office in the building was transferred to Philadelphia the same year 145 The City Investing Company sold 346 Broadway to New York Equities 146 a syndicate led by David Rapoport at the beginning of 1952 143 147 At the time the building was valued at 1 million while the land was worth an additional 1 6 million 143 147 During this decade tenants included the Office of Price Stabilization 148 as well as recruitment offices for the United States Navy 149 and the United States Marine Corps 150 In addition the United States Agency for International Development opened a recruitment office in the main lobby in 1967 151 City government ownership edit nbsp Entrance to the building from Leonard StreetIn 1967 the New York City government acquired the building and moved several city agencies there 22 27 49 The city s Summons Court which itself was nicknamed 346 moved into the building 152 346 Broadway also hosted some Criminal Court cases during the early 1970s 153 as well as the Criminal Court s Summons Part office where residents could file complaints about incidents where the New York City Police Department declined to make an arrest 154 The first alternative dispute resolution center in New York City opened within the building in 1975 155 The Clocktower art gallery operated by the Institute for Art and Urban Resources 156 had opened by 1973 45 it occupied an underused space on the 13th floor 157 The Summons Court was handling one hundred thousand cases annually by the late 1970s Meanwhile the building had become dilapidated The New York Times wrote that the rooms at 346 have not been painted in at least a dozen years dirt on the windows blocks out the sun and more than half the light fixtures have broken bulbs 152 The Criminal Court Summons Part was relocated from the building in 1979 at which point between 2 5 million and 3 million summonses were stored in cabinets and drawers across the building 158 159 City employees Marvin Schneider and Eric Reiner restored 346 Broadway s clock in 1980 38 160 The city government would not let Schneider and Reiner fix the clock without liability insurance so New York Life donated an insurance policy for the two men 161 Schneider had never fixed a clock before but he thought 346 Broadway s broken clock signified a city that wasn t working 162 After fixing the clock Schneider Reiner and George Whaley were asked to fix clocks in other city buildings 161 and they continued to wind 346 Broadway s clock every week 50 In addition Schneider began petitioning the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission LPC to designate the former New York Life Building as a city landmark 50 The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 1 In part due to Schneider s advocacy 49 the LPC designated the building s exterior and parts of the interior as a landmark on February 12 1987 163 the interior landmark designation covered ten separate parts of the building 66 City officials and former Rikers Island prisoners built five courtrooms in the building during the 1980s the new courtrooms did not include prisoner holding cells so they were used for Civil Court cases instead of criminal cases 164 By 1993 the Department of Citywide Administrative Services had restored the ninth floor for the probation department The old New York Life Building continued to physically deteriorate through the 1990s as many of the interior spaces had been covered with linoleum divided by partitions and marked by graffiti 63 The city s general services commissioner William J Diamond said that 346 Broadway was one of the few city owned buildings that could be feasibly converted into a private development 165 The interior spaces continued to be publicly accessible in the 2000s although the clock tower was only accessible on Wednesdays 166 The probation department and summons court remained at the building until the early 2010s 167 Residential use edit The Peebles Corporation along with its partner El Ad Group bought the former New York Life Building from the city for 160 million in 2013 this was part of a 250 million deal that also involved the sale of 49 Chambers to the Chetrit Group 168 169 The New York City government sold the buildings in an attempt to reduce the amount of office space that it owned 170 171 Peebles finalized its acquisition in December 2013 it was the most expensive property to be sold by the New York City government 172 173 174 346 Broadway was Peebles s first property in New York City 175 The Clocktower Gallery closed that year 44 Immediately after buying the building Peebles and El Ad announced they would convert the building into luxury residences 173 174 As part of the project the building would contain either 130 176 or 140 residences 177 Planning and legal issues edit nbsp Main residential entrance on Leonard StreetJohn H Beyer of architectural firm Beyer Blinder Belle proposed relocating the building s staircases adding two penthouses and removing fire escapes to make way for private balconies 20 The developers planned to convert the publicly accessible clock tower into a private residence and they wished to replace the clock s mechanical workings with electric machinery the developers shut off electricity to the clock in May 2014 46 48 The building was originally supposed to contain a hotel plans for which had been scrapped by July 2014 167 178 The development also had to include a 16 000 sq ft 1 500 m2 community space by October 2014 local residents were expressing concerns that the developers were trying to downsize the community space 179 180 The LPC voted in December 2014 to grant a certificate of appropriateness to the clock tower s conversion despite public opposition to that part of the project 58 181 Schneider continued to visit the building every week to wind the clock until March 2015 when the developers stopped granting him access to the clock tower 66 Negotiations over aspects of the design continued for several months 176 The city had temporarily leased back some space for the summons court and probation department but the lease ran only until October 2015 167 Initially the city government had intended to relocate the summons court to another building in Tribeca 182 183 prompting a lawsuit from local residents and organizations 183 184 The probation department relocated from 346 Broadway to the Financial District in January 2014 despite local opposition to that move 185 The city eventually dropped its original plan to relocate the summons court within Tribeca 186 and the court remained at 346 Broadway for another year delaying the residential conversion project 167 187 The summons court ultimately moved to the Municipal Building in early 2015 185 188 The developers also faced several legal challenges In late 2015 political operative Dan Hoeg sued Peebles claiming that the firm had refused to give him 25 percent of the project s profit as part of an agreement with Peebles 189 Peebles denied that Hoeg had any equity stake in the building and he countersued the next year claiming that Hoeg had lied on his resume 190 191 former Peebles executive Daniel Newhouse had also sued Peebles for a stake in 346 Broadway s profits but Newhouse had withdrawn his suit in 2015 192 Preservationists sued in the New York Supreme Court the trial level court of New York state to prevent the conversion of the clock tower into a private residence 160 The Supreme Court revoked the LPC s certificate of appropriateness in March 2016 160 193 despite the city government s own assertion that the building s owners did not have to maintain the clock 194 A panel of state judges upheld the Supreme Court s ruling in November 2017 195 196 Peebles and El Ad developers also sued each other the same year accusing each other of trying to derail the project If the developers did not sell at least 35 apartments by August 2018 the city could take back ownership of the building 197 198 By November 2017 Peebles and El Ad had resolved their legal disputes 199 200 Renovation and completion edit nbsp Secondary entrance on Lafayette StreetBank of America gave the owners a 334 million construction loan in January 2016 201 202 and Apollo Commercial Real Estate Finance placed a 77 million mezzanine loan on the project the next month 203 Architectural firm Howard L Zimmerman Architects restored the building s facade 66 204 The work included cleaning the marble replacing damaged portions of the roof parapet and restoring the 7 000 pound sculptural eagles perched on the roof 66 Afterward Jeffrey Beers International renovated the building s interior 205 204 A residential entrance was built on Leonard Street and the building was rebranded as 108 Leonard 167 206 The building s owners started selling apartments in March 2018 with the cheapest apartments being marketed at 1 5 million 68 The New York Court of Appeals the highest court in New York state reversed the New York Supreme Court s ruling on the clock tower lawsuit in early 2019 finding that the owners could close the clock tower and convert it into an apartment 207 208 The Court of Appeals ruling effectively ended the legal dispute prompting several preservationists to express disappointment at the ruling 209 Later the same year Peebles and El Ad refinanced the building with 450 million from Mack Real Estate Credit Strategies 210 Among the building s early residents were producer Zoe Jackson 211 212 music executive Clive Davis 213 singer Keith Urban and actress Nicole Kidman 70 214 and actor Hugh Jackman 215 In early 2022 JPMorgan Chase and Lionheart Management provided a 229 4 million mortgage loan for the project 212 216 Jack Shainman operator of the Jack Shainman Gallery announced in November 2022 that he would open a 20 000 square foot 1 900 m2 gallery within 108 Leonard s banking hall in late 2023 217 218 Shainman had paid 20 million for the banking hall and was planning to spend 3 million to 4 million on renovations 217 Reception editWhen the western part of the building was completed the New York Tribune wrote in 1893 It is a pity that the clock tower which surmounts the building should be so high above the range of vision of passers by in the street 40 Architectural critic Francis Swales said that although the building s facade was composed similarly to nearby loft buildings because of the use of repeating motifs The objections are however unsatisfactory Externally and internally as far as least as the splendid banking room and vestibules are concerned it is the perfection of detail that captures one 219 Christopher Gray of The New York Times wrote in 1993 that the general office was rich and Roman on a scale of interiors like those at the University and Metropolitan Clubs 63 The 2010 edition of the AIA Guide to New York City characterized the structure s clock as a wonderful Classical clock overlooking Broadway 2 There was also some criticism of the building The writer Eliot Gregory did not like the decorations atop the clock tower writing in 1899 that the decorations resembled a monument in Greenwood Cemetery surmounted by a rat trap 61 When Gray described the rundown building in a Times article in 1993 he said that the Leonard Street lobby contained the tackiest fake veneer candy stand left in the city complete with Beirut style rolldown steel gates 63 Although general services commissioner Kenneth J Knuckles complained about Gray s article Knuckles also did not dispute any of the details mentioned in the article 61 See also editList of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan below 14th Street National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan below 14th Street Robbins amp Appleton Building also designed by Stephen D Hatch References editNotes edit In the 19th century Lafayette Street was known as Elm Street 3 The Lafayette Street frontage is 82 ft 11 75 in 25 m the Leonard Street frontage is 399 ft 10 in 121 87 m and the Catherine Lane frontage is 400 ft 6 5 in 122 m 5 a b c d e El Ad classifies the true number of stories above ground as construction floors which are labeled with a different marketing floor number 19 Numbering is as follows Cellar cellar mezzanine not numbered Basement floor 1 1st through 11th stories floors 2 through 12 floor number 13 is skipped 12th story floor 14 12th story mezzanine floor 14M 13th through 15th stories floors 15 through 17 19 Untapped Cities states that the statue was removed in the 1940s 41 while the city s clock master Marvin Schneider says that the statue was removed in 1950 42 Three different floor numbering systems can be used The rectangular room in the clock tower is physically 13 stories from the ground being directly above the 12th story 43 However it is equivalent to the 15th story of the penthouse above the rest of the building since there is a triple height gap between the clock tower and the preceding story The rectangular room is labeled as floor 17 5 According to the American Architect and Building News the bell weighed 6 000 lb 2 700 kg and the weights were a combined 3 000 lb 1 400 kg 33 Bryant amp Gilman James Renwick Jr and Leopold Eidlitz also participated in the competition 9 Roth 1983 p 403 writes that the plans for the building had been drawn in 1894 with construction beginning in 1896 According to Roth the eastern section was completed in 1898 and the western section was completed the following year 64 However The New York Times reports that the eastern section was already open by 1896 67 Citations edit a b Federal Register 48 Fed Reg 8425 Mar 1 1983 PDF Library of Congress March 1 1983 p 8653 PDF p 237 Archived PDF from the original on May 5 2021 Retrieved March 8 2020 a b c d e f White Norval Willensky Elliot Leadon Fran 2010 AIA Guide to New York City 5th ed New York Oxford University Press p 83 ISBN 978 0 19538 386 7 a b c d e f Landmarks Preservation Commission 1987 p 7 a b c 50 Lafayette Street 10013 New York City 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conversion into high end condos and retail space New York Daily News Archived from the original on January 5 2021 Retrieved September 2 2020 Barbarino Al December 11 2013 Peebles Pays 160 M for 346 Broadway Commercial Observer Archived from the original on August 25 2022 Retrieved August 25 2022 a b Partners to transform 346 Broadway Peebles Corporation Real Estate Weekly December 18 2013 Archived from the original on August 25 2022 Retrieved August 25 2022 via Free Online Library a b Maurer Mark December 11 2013 Peebles Elad partner on 400M Tribeca restoration The Real Deal New York Archived from the original on August 25 2022 Retrieved August 25 2022 Clarke Katherine November 1 2013 Don Peebles enters NYC market with public private partnerships The Real Deal New York Archived from the original on August 25 2022 Retrieved August 25 2022 a b Laterman Kaya March 13 2015 Property Block Party A Makeover in Tribeca Geared Toward Families Wall Street Journal p A20 ISSN 0099 9660 ProQuest 1662564933 Higgins Michelle January 2 2015 Year of the Condo in New York City The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on August 21 2022 Retrieved August 30 2022 In the News Criminal Summons Court Still Unresolved Tribeca Citizen July 7 2014 Archived from the original on May 17 2019 Retrieved August 30 2022 Broken Promises Claimed in Condo Conversion of Landmark Building Tribeca Trib Online October 12 2014 Archived from the original on August 27 2022 Retrieved August 27 2022 Rosenberg Zoe October 13 2014 346 Broadway Conversion Hits Snag Over Community Space Curbed NY Archived from the original on August 27 2022 Retrieved August 27 2022 In the News Big Broadway Clock to Be Made Electric Tribeca Citizen December 17 2014 Archived from the original on August 27 2022 Retrieved August 27 2022 Buckley Cara November 12 2013 City s Plan to Relocate 2 Agencies Stirs Anger The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on November 7 2018 Retrieved August 30 2022 a b Strickland Julie December 27 2013 City s Tribeca court move spurs Sheldon Silver backed lawsuit The Real Deal New York Archived from the original on October 18 2021 Retrieved August 30 2022 Ross Barbara December 27 2013 NYC faces lawsuit over Probation Department s relocation to Financial District New York Daily News Archived from the original on May 12 2019 Retrieved August 30 2022 a b In a win Summons Court nixes move to Tribeca amNewYork February 12 2015 Archived from the original on August 31 2022 Retrieved August 30 2022 Buckley Cara December 12 2013 New York City Backs Off Moving Court to TriBeCa The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on November 2 2017 Retrieved August 30 2022 Davis O Brien Rebecca Shallwani Pervaiz March 23 2015 Big Changes Loom in New York City s Summons Court System Wall Street Journal ISSN 0099 9660 Archived from the original on December 15 2021 Retrieved August 30 2022 Ross Barbara January 20 2015 City will spend 20 million to renovate space in Municipal Building to house Summons Court officials New York Daily News Archived from the original on December 8 2015 Retrieved August 30 2022 Bockmann Rich September 3 2015 Ex Peebles partner claims he was cut out of JV The Real Deal New York Archived from the original on August 27 2022 Retrieved August 27 2022 Cullen Terence February 26 2016 Peebles Corporation Counters That Jilted Partner Fibbed on Resume Commercial Observer Archived from the original on August 27 2022 Retrieved August 27 2022 Stulberg Ariel February 29 2016 Peebles countersues former 346 Broadway partner The Real Deal New York Archived from the original on August 27 2022 Retrieved August 27 2022 Stulberg Ariel August 26 2015 Ex Peebles exec withdraws appeal in compensation case The Real Deal New York Archived from the original on August 27 2022 Retrieved August 27 2022 Malesevic Sue April 1 2016 Peebles efforts to silence landmarked clocktower at 108 Leonard foiled The Real Deal New York Archived from the original on August 27 2022 Retrieved August 27 2022 Dunlap David W June 8 2016 In a Rarity New York Tells 2 Developers No The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on June 16 2022 Retrieved August 30 2022 Walker Ameena December 5 2017 Tribeca clock tower conversion will not include triplex penthouse Curbed NY Archived from the original on August 27 2022 Retrieved August 27 2022 Baird Remba Rebecca December 1 2017 Landmarks Advocates Score a Victory in Clock Tower Building Case Commercial Observer Archived from the original on August 25 2022 Retrieved August 25 2022 Pilgrim Lexi August 10 2017 The battle of 346 Broadway Peebles and Elad keep trading blows over Clock Tower project The Real Deal New York Archived from the original on August 27 2022 Retrieved August 27 2022 Warerkar Tanay August 11 2017 Tribeca clocktower building s future as condos is in jeopardy Curbed NY Archived from the original on August 27 2022 Retrieved August 27 2022 Walker Ameena 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York Gets a New Face Architectural Digest Archived from the original on October 18 2021 Retrieved August 25 2022 Fazzare Elizabeth February 14 2018 You Can Now Live in the McKim Mead amp White Designed Clock Tower Building in New York City Architectural Digest Archived from the original on July 25 2021 Retrieved August 25 2022 Barbanel Josh November 1 2017 New Condo Projects Put Leonard Street on the Map Wall Street Journal ISSN 0099 9660 Archived from the original on November 28 2020 Retrieved August 30 2022 Cohen Michelle April 1 2019 Developer can close historic Tribeca clock tower to the public to make way for penthouse court rules 6sqft Archived from the original on August 25 2022 Retrieved August 25 2022 Pereira Ivan March 28 2019 Developers can cut access to historic Manhattan clock tower court rules amNewYork Archived from the original on August 27 2022 Retrieved August 27 2022 Hoffman Shelby April 9 2019 Court of Appeals Allows Historic Clock to be Closed to the Public and Converted CityLand Archived from the original on August 27 2022 Retrieved August 27 2022 Rebong Kevin September 11 2019 Peebles Organization s 108 Leonard Street Gets Condo Inventory Loan The Real Deal New York Archived from the original on August 27 2022 Retrieved August 27 2022 In the News Glut of office space in Fidi no shocker Tribeca Citizen March 11 2021 Archived from the original on August 25 2022 Retrieved August 25 2022 a b Dilakian Steven January 11 2022 Peebles El Ad Land 229M Refi for Tribeca Condo Project The Real Deal New York Archived from the original on August 25 2022 Retrieved August 25 2022 Marino Vivian February 5 2021 Sarah Jessica Parker and Matthew Broderick Help Kick Off the 2021 Market The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on January 31 2022 Retrieved August 29 2022 Rebong Kevin July 20 2020 Nicole Kidman Keith Urban Buy Tribeca Condo The Real Deal The Real Deal New York Archived from the original on August 25 2022 Retrieved August 25 2022 Marino Vivian September 2 2022 Hugh Jackman Swaps West Village Home for Chelsea Penthouse The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved February 5 2023 Cunningham Cathy January 11 2022 JP Morgan Lionheart Lend 229M on Tribeca Clock Tower Building Commercial Observer Archived from the original on August 25 2022 Retrieved August 25 2022 a b van Straaten Laura November 16 2022 In the Gallery Race Shainman Expands Beyond Chelsea to TriBeCa Landmark The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved February 5 2023 Jack Shainman Gallery Is Expanding to TriBeCa and Other News SURFACE SURFACE November 18 2022 Retrieved February 5 2023 Stern Robert A M Gilmartin Gregory Massengale John Montague 1983 New York 1900 Metropolitan Architecture and Urbanism 1890 1915 New York Rizzoli p 163 ISBN 0 8478 0511 5 OCLC 9829395 Sources edit Condominium Offering Plan for 108 Leonard Condominium Report Office of the Attorney General of New York December 6 2017 Former New York Life Insurance Building PDF Report New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission February 10 1987 Former New York Life Insurance Interior PDF Report New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission February 10 1987 Former New York Life Insurance Company Building PDF Report National Register of Historic Places National Park Service May 27 1982 Gibbs Kenneth 1984 Business architectural imagery in America 1870 1930 Ann Arbor Mich UMI Research Press ISBN 978 0 8357 1575 1 OCLC 10754074 Roth Leland 1983 McKim Mead amp White Architects Harper amp Row ISBN 978 0 06 430136 7 OCLC 9325269 Stern Robert A M Mellins Thomas Fishman David 1999 New York 1880 Architecture and Urbanism in the Gilded Age Monacelli Press ISBN 978 1 58093 027 7 OCLC 40698653 External links edit nbsp Media related to Former New York Life Insurance Company Building at Wikimedia Commons Official website Portals nbsp Architecture nbsp National Register of Historic Places nbsp New York City Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 108 Leonard amp oldid 1154796409, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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