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Chinese gunboat Zhongshan

January 01, 1970

SS Zhongshan
History
Republic of China
Ordered1910
BuilderMitsubishi Shipbuilding Nagasaki Dockyard
Laid down1910
Launched1912
Commissioned1913
Maiden voyageMarch 1913
Renamed1925
FateSunk during the Battle of Wuhan on October 24, 1938
StatusRecovered in 1997 and restored as a museum ship
General characteristics
Class and typeYongfeng-class gunboat
Displacement780 tons
Length65.873 m (216.12 ft)
Beam8.8 m (29 ft)
Draught3.048 m (10.00 ft)
Speed14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph)
Complement140
Armament
SS Zhongshan
Traditional Chinese中山艦
Simplified Chinese中山舰
PostalSS Chung Shan
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZhōngshān Jiàn
Wade–GilesChung-shan Chien
Yue: Cantonese
JyutpingZung1-saan1 Laam6
SS Yongfeng
Traditional Chinese永豐艦
Simplified Chinese永丰舰
PostalSS Yung Feng
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinYǒngfēng Jiàn
Wade–GilesYung-feng Chien
Yue: Cantonese
JyutpingWing1-fung5 Laam6

SS Zhongshan,[1] formerly romanized as Chung Shan,[2][3] was a Chinese gunboat built in Japan in 1913. It was originally known as SS Yongfeng[4] (romanized at the time as Yung Feng[5] or Wong Feng),[6] before being renamed in 1925 in honor of Sun Yat-sen. Zhongshan was sunk by the Imperial Japanese Navy during the Second Sino-Japanese War, but was later raised and restored as a museum ship in Wuhan.

Construction edit

SS Yongfeng was the first of four Yongfeng-class gunboats ordered from Mitsubishi by the Qing Empire in 1910.[7] Under the deal signed between the Qing naval minister Prince Rui, his deputy Admiral Sa Zhenbing, and the Japanese, the first two ships (including Yongfeng) would be built in Japan, while the second two would be built in China at Jiangnan Shipyard with Japanese technical assistance.

Service history edit

 
Model of SS Zhongshan

Yongfeng entered service as part of the Beiyang Fleet.[8] In March 1913, it sailed to Shanghai, where it was based at Yuezhou.[9]

It sailed south with Sun Yat-sen in July 1917,[8][9] subsequently forming part of the Nationalist navy at Canton (now known as Guangzhou).

Just prior to Ye Ju's attack of the presidential palace on 16 June 1922, Sun Yat-sen fled to the Guangzhou naval yard[5] and took refuge aboard the cruiser SS Haiqi (then Hai Ch'i). From there, he transferred to the SS Yongfeng,[10] where he was joined by Chiang Kai-shek around the 27th[5] or 29th.[11] Yongfeng and other ships then fought past Pearl River fortresses controlled by Chen Jiongming[12] while launching assaults and negotiating with the Guangzhou leadership for about 50 days.[8] It avoided reprisals by anchoring off Huangpu, surrounded by foreign vessels Chen could not risk firing upon.[5] Finally, Sun and Chiang left aboard a British ship to Hong Kong on 9 August,[11] whence they departed for Shanghai.[8] The Yongfeng carried Sun and his wife to Hong Kong in November 1924.[9]

On 13 April 1925, the ship was renamed in honor of Sun Yat-sen,[9] better known in China as "Sun Zhongshan", following his death the previous month.

In November 1925, the Nationalist navy was placed under the direction of the Soviet adviser Andrei S. Bubnov, who named the Communist Li Zhilong as its head.[13] The voyage of Zhongshan and Baobi from Guangzhou to Huangpu (Whampoa) on 18 March 1926 set off the Canton Coup.[13]

She patrolled the southern coasts of China against pirates after the Northern Expedition, and she rescued the steamship Xinhua in 1928.[14]

In the Second Sino-Japanese War, SS Zhongshan participated in the Battle of Wuhan. On 24 October 1938, she was bombed and sunk in the Yangtze River by the Imperial Japanese Navy with 25 casualties, including Captain Sa Shijun, a nephew of Sa Zhenbing.

Recovery edit

 
Salvaging of SS Zhongshan. (A model in the Zhongshan Warship Museum)

Hubei's provincial cultural department received permission to plan the recovery of Zhongshan in 1986,[9] and the wreck was salvaged from the Yangtze on 28 January 1997.[9] By 2001, it was restored to its appearance c. 1925, except for some of the damage which it sustained when the ship was sunk in 1938.[9] The restored Zhongshan is now located in the Zhongshan Warship Museum in Wuhan. The facility has been described as "China's first floating museum".[9]

The museum is located in Jinkou Subdistrict of Wuhan's suburban Jiangxia District,[15] some 25 km southwest of downtown Wuchang. In 2003, relics from the ship were also displayed at Hong Kong's Museum of Coastal Defense.[9]

Gallery edit

  •  
    Zhongshan Warship Museum (zh:中山舰博物馆) in Wuhan
  •  
    The restored Zhongshan inside the museum
  •  
    Zhongshan seen from the stern
  •  
    Damage the ship sustained during her sinking

See also edit

References edit

Citations edit

  1. ^ Mackerras, Colin; et al. (1991), The Cambridge Handbook of Contemporary China, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 7.
  2. ^ Li Chien-nung (1956), Teng, Ssu-yu; et al. (eds.), The Political History of China, 1840–1928, Stanford: Stanford University Press, p. 501.
  3. ^ Hsu, Long-hsuen; et al. (1972), History of the Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), Chung Wu Pub..
  4. ^ Shaw, Raynor (2007), Three Gorges of the Yangtze River, Odyssey, p. 209.
  5. ^ a b c d Hahn, Emily (1955), Chiang Kai-shek: An Unauthorized Biography, p. 42, ISBN 9781504016278.
  6. ^ Wilbur, Clarence Martin; et al. (1989), Missionaries of Revolution: Soviet Advisers and Nationalist China, 1920–1927, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, p. 201, ISBN 9780674576520.
  7. ^ Chessum (2005).
  8. ^ a b c d Ships of China, Jingdao Chuban Youxian Gongsi, 1988, p. 115. (in Chinese) & (in English)
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Cultural relics of Zhong Shan Gunboat on Display at Museum of Coastal Defence", Press Releases, Leisure and Cultural Services Dep't of the Gov't of the Hong Kong Special Admin. Region, January 2003.
  10. ^ Dreyer (1995), p. 104.
  11. ^ a b Biographical Dictionary of Republican China, Vol. III, "Chiang Kai-shek", p. 322.
  12. ^ . Leisure and Cultural Services Department of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. January 2003. Archived from the original on 2010-06-07..
  13. ^ a b Elleman, Bruce (2009), Moscow and the Emergence of Communist Power in China, 1925–30: The Nanchang Uprising and the Birth of the Red Army, Abingdon: Routledge, p. 24.
  14. ^ "Ship Sinks off Waglan". Hong Kong Telegraph. 16 January 1929..
  15. ^ "Zhongshan Warship settled in Wuhan museum". People's Daily. May 28, 2008.

Bibliography edit

  • Dreyer, Edward L. (1995), China at War, 1901–1941, Abingdon: Routledge, ISBN 9781317899846.
  • Chessum, David (2005), , Bob Henneman, archived from the original on 2007-02-03.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chung Shan (ship, 1913).


30°20′54″N 114°7′46″E / 30.34833°N 114.12944°E / 30.34833; 114.12944

January 01, 1970
chinese, gunboat, zhongshan, zhongshanhistory, republic, china, ordered1910, buildermitsubishi, shipbuilding, nagasaki, dockyard, laid, down1910, launched1912, commissioned1913, maiden, voyagemarch, 1913, renamed1925, fatesunk, during, battle, wuhan, october, . SS ZhongshanHistory Republic of China Ordered1910 BuilderMitsubishi Shipbuilding Nagasaki Dockyard Laid down1910 Launched1912 Commissioned1913 Maiden voyageMarch 1913 Renamed1925 FateSunk during the Battle of Wuhan on October 24 1938 StatusRecovered in 1997 and restored as a museum ship General characteristics Class and typeYongfeng class gunboat Displacement780 tons Length65 873 m 216 12 ft Beam8 8 m 29 ft Draught3 048 m 10 00 ft Speed14 knots 26 km h 16 mph Complement140 Armament1 4 1 inch 40 gun 1 3 inch 50 gun 4 47 mm 40 gun 1 40 mm gun 2 37 27 mm Maxim guns 2 7 9 machine guns SS ZhongshanTraditional Chinese中山艦Simplified Chinese中山舰PostalSS Chung ShanTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinZhōngshan JianWade GilesChung shan ChienYue CantoneseJyutpingZung1 saan1 Laam6SS YongfengTraditional Chinese永豐艦Simplified Chinese永丰舰PostalSS Yung FengTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinYǒngfeng JianWade GilesYung feng ChienYue CantoneseJyutpingWing1 fung5 Laam6 SS Zhongshan 1 formerly romanized as Chung Shan 2 3 was a Chinese gunboat built in Japan in 1913 It was originally known as SS Yongfeng 4 romanized at the time as Yung Feng 5 or Wong Feng 6 before being renamed in 1925 in honor of Sun Yat sen Zhongshan was sunk by the Imperial Japanese Navy during the Second Sino Japanese War but was later raised and restored as a museum ship in Wuhan Contents 1 Construction 2 Service history 3 Recovery 3 1 Gallery 4 See also 5 References 5 1 Citations 5 2 Bibliography 6 External linksConstruction editSS Yongfeng was the first of four Yongfeng class gunboats ordered from Mitsubishi by the Qing Empire in 1910 7 Under the deal signed between the Qing naval minister Prince Rui his deputy Admiral Sa Zhenbing and the Japanese the first two ships including Yongfeng would be built in Japan while the second two would be built in China at Jiangnan Shipyard with Japanese technical assistance Service history edit nbsp Model of SS Zhongshan Yongfeng entered service as part of the Beiyang Fleet 8 In March 1913 it sailed to Shanghai where it was based at Yuezhou 9 It sailed south with Sun Yat sen in July 1917 8 9 subsequently forming part of the Nationalist navy at Canton now known as Guangzhou Just prior to Ye Ju s attack of the presidential palace on 16 June 1922 Sun Yat sen fled to the Guangzhou naval yard 5 and took refuge aboard the cruiser SS Haiqi then Hai Ch i From there he transferred to the SS Yongfeng 10 where he was joined by Chiang Kai shek around the 27th 5 or 29th 11 Yongfeng and other ships then fought past Pearl River fortresses controlled by Chen Jiongming 12 while launching assaults and negotiating with the Guangzhou leadership for about 50 days 8 It avoided reprisals by anchoring off Huangpu surrounded by foreign vessels Chen could not risk firing upon 5 Finally Sun and Chiang left aboard a British ship to Hong Kong on 9 August 11 whence they departed for Shanghai 8 The Yongfeng carried Sun and his wife to Hong Kong in November 1924 9 On 13 April 1925 the ship was renamed in honor of Sun Yat sen 9 better known in China as Sun Zhongshan following his death the previous month In November 1925 the Nationalist navy was placed under the direction of the Soviet adviser Andrei S Bubnov who named the Communist Li Zhilong as its head 13 The voyage of Zhongshan and Baobi from Guangzhou to Huangpu Whampoa on 18 March 1926 set off the Canton Coup 13 She patrolled the southern coasts of China against pirates after the Northern Expedition and she rescued the steamship Xinhua in 1928 14 In the Second Sino Japanese War SS Zhongshan participated in the Battle of Wuhan On 24 October 1938 she was bombed and sunk in the Yangtze River by the Imperial Japanese Navy with 25 casualties including Captain Sa Shijun a nephew of Sa Zhenbing Recovery edit nbsp Salvaging of SS Zhongshan A model in the Zhongshan Warship Museum Hubei s provincial cultural department received permission to plan the recovery of Zhongshan in 1986 9 and the wreck was salvaged from the Yangtze on 28 January 1997 9 By 2001 it was restored to its appearance c 1925 except for some of the damage which it sustained when the ship was sunk in 1938 9 The restored Zhongshan is now located in the Zhongshan Warship Museum in Wuhan The facility has been described as China s first floating museum 9 The museum is located in Jinkou Subdistrict of Wuhan s suburban Jiangxia District 15 some 25 km southwest of downtown Wuchang In 2003 relics from the ship were also displayed at Hong Kong s Museum of Coastal Defense 9 Gallery edit nbsp Zhongshan Warship Museum zh 中山舰博物馆 in Wuhan nbsp The restored Zhongshan inside the museum nbsp Zhongshan seen from the stern nbsp Damage the ship sustained during her sinkingSee also editSun Yat sen an American Liberty ship Chinese battleship Dingyuan a replica of this ship was constructed which operates as a museum ship in Weihai References editCitations edit Mackerras Colin et al 1991 The Cambridge Handbook of Contemporary China Cambridge Cambridge University Press p 7 Li Chien nung 1956 Teng Ssu yu et al eds The Political History of China 1840 1928 Stanford Stanford University Press p 501 Hsu Long hsuen et al 1972 History of the Sino Japanese War 1937 1945 Chung Wu Pub Shaw Raynor 2007 Three Gorges of the Yangtze River Odyssey p 209 a b c d Hahn Emily 1955 Chiang Kai shek An Unauthorized Biography p 42 ISBN 9781504016278 Wilbur Clarence Martin et al 1989 Missionaries of Revolution Soviet Advisers and Nationalist China 1920 1927 Cambridge Harvard University Press p 201 ISBN 9780674576520 Chessum 2005 a b c d Ships of China Jingdao Chuban Youxian Gongsi 1988 p 115 in Chinese amp in English a b c d e f g h i Cultural relics of Zhong Shan Gunboat on Display at Museum of Coastal Defence Press Releases Leisure and Cultural Services Dep t of the Gov t of the Hong Kong Special Admin Region January 2003 Dreyer 1995 p 104 a b Biographical Dictionary of Republican China Vol III Chiang Kai shek p 322 Cultural Relics of Zhong Shan Gunboat on Display at Museum of Coastal Defence Leisure and Cultural Services Department of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region January 2003 Archived from the original on 2010 06 07 a b Elleman Bruce 2009 Moscow and the Emergence of Communist Power in China 1925 30 The Nanchang Uprising and the Birth of the Red Army Abingdon Routledge p 24 Ship Sinks off Waglan Hong Kong Telegraph 16 January 1929 Zhongshan Warship settled in Wuhan museum People s Daily May 28 2008 Bibliography edit Dreyer Edward L 1995 China at War 1901 1941 Abingdon Routledge ISBN 9781317899846 Chessum David 2005 Warships for Export Bob Henneman archived from the original on 2007 02 03 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chung Shan ship 1913 30 20 54 N 114 7 46 E 30 34833 N 114 12944 E 30 34833 114 12944 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Chinese gunboat Zhongshan amp oldid 1214825888, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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