The Pratītyasamutpāda-gāthā, also referred to as the Pratītyasamutpāda-dhāraṇī (dependent origination incantation) or ye dharmā hetu, is a verse (gāthā) and a dhāraṇī widely used by Buddhists in ancient times which was held to have the function of a mantra or sacred spell.[1] It was often found carved on chaityas, stupas, images, or placed within chaityas.[2][3][4]
Stone statue of Buddha from Sultanganj in Bihar with ye dharma hetu inscribed on the lotus base (magnify to see), 500-700 AD
According to Buddhist scriptural sources, these words were used by the ArahatAssaji (Skt: Aśvajit) when asked about the teaching of the Buddha. On the spot, Sariputta (Skt: Śāriputra) attained the stage of stream entry and later shared the verses with his friend Moggallāna (Skt: Maudgalyayana) who also attained stream entry. They then went to the Buddha, along with 500 of their disciples, and asked to become his disciples.[5]
Votive Plaque with Figure of the Buddha, Bodhgaya, Cleveland Museum of Art, with Ye Dharma Hetu at the bottom, magnify to see the text
Sanskrit
Image of a Buddhist engraving discovered by Stein at the Mogao Caves, Dunhuang, China. The engraving is a series of dharanis and mantras, beginning with the Pure Land Rebirth Dharani, but also including the Dependent Origination Gatha.[1]
The Dependent Origination Dhāraṇī in Ranjana and Tibetan scripts
Those dharmas which arise from a cause, the Tathāgata has declared their cause, and that which is the cessation of them. Thus the great renunciant (sramana) has taught.
The Pāḷi commentaries take the first line as pointing to suffering (dukkha), the second to its cause (samudaya) and the third to its cessation (nirodha).
chos gang rgyu byung de dag gi/ rgyu dang de 'gog gang yin pa'ng de bzhin gshegs pas bka' stsal te/ dge slong chen po de skad gsungs // chos rnams thams cad rgyu las byung/ de rgyu de bzhin gshegs pas gsungs/
rgyu la 'gog pa gang yin pa/ dge sbyong chen pos 'di skad gsungs //
Usage
Copper plate in the Schøyen Collection
A copper place from the Gandhara region (probably Bamiyan), dated to about 5th century AD has a variation of the mantra. It appears to have some mistakes, for example it uses taṭhāgata instead of tathāgata. It is now in the Schøyen Collection.[7]
On Buddha images
The mantra was often also carved below the images of the Buddha. A Buddhist screen (parikara) and accompanying Buddha image is now preserved at Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. While the objects were found in South India, the mantra is given in north Indian 8-9th century script, perhaps originating from the Pala region.[8]
Malaysia inscriptions
The Bukit Meriam inscription from Kedah includes two additional lines. The inscription is now in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. Other similar inscriptions were found in the Kedah region.[9]
ये धर्मा हेतु-प्रभवा हेतुं तेषां तथागतो ह्यवदत् तेषां च यो निरोध एवं वादी महाश्रमण
Ye dharmma hetuprabhavā hetun-teṣān-Tathāgata āha, teṣān-ca yo nirodha evam-vādi Mahāśramaṇaḥ Ajñānāc-cīyate karmma, janmanaḥ karmma kāraṇam jñānān-na cīyate karmma, karmmābhāvān-na jāyate.
The additional lines can be translated as:
Through ignorance karma is accumulated, the cause of birth is karma. Through knowledge karma is not accumulated. Through absence of karma, one is not reborn.
Inscriptions in Pallava scripts found in Thailand
Ye dharma hetu is also found in Thailand including the stupa peak found in 1927 from Nakhon Pathom [10] along with a wall of Phra Pathom Chedi and a shrine in Phra Pathom chedi found in 1963,[11][12] a brick found in 1963 from Chorakhesamphan township, U Thong district of Suphanburi,[13] stone inscriptions found in 1964 [14][15] and the stone inscription found in 1980 from Srithep Archeological site.[16] All of them have been inscribed in Pallava scripts of Pali language dated 12th Buddhist century (the 7th Century in common era). Furthermore, there are Sanskrit version of ye dharma hetu inscribed in Pallava scripts in clay amulets found in 1989 from an archaeological site in Yarang district of Pattani dated to the 7th century CE.[17][18]
^ abcGergely Hidas (2014). Two dhāranī prints in the Stein Collection at the British Museum. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 77, pp 105-117 doi:10.1017/ S0041977X13001341
^"A New Document of Indian Painting Pratapaditya Pal". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (3/4): 103–111. Oct 1965. JSTOR 25202861.
^On the miniature chaityas, Lieut.-Col. Sykes, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 16, By Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland,, University Press, 1856
^Boucher, Daniel. 1991. “The Pratītyasamutpādagāthā and its role in the medieval cult of the relics”, Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 14: 1–27.
^Boucher, Daniel. 1991. “The Pratītyasamutpādagāthā and its role in the medieval cult of the relics”, Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 14: 1–27.
^An Unusual ye dharmā Formula, in TRACES OF GANDHĀRAN BUDDHISM An Exhibition of Ancient Buddhist Manuscripts in the Schøyen Collection, TRACES OF GANDHĀRAN BUDDHISM An Exhibition of Ancient Buddhist Manuscripts in the Schøyen Collection, Hermes Publishing, 2010, p. 86
^Jan Fontein, A Buddhist Altarpiece from South India, MFA Bulletin, Vol. 78 (1980), pp. 4-21, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
^The Malay Peninsula: Crossroads of the Maritime Silk-Road (100 Bc-1300 Ad), by Michel Jacq-Hergoualc’h, BRILL, 2002. p. 213
- Sāriputta and Moggallāna's story in the Mahavagga
March 12, 2023
pratītyasamutpāda, gāthā, pratītyasamutpāda, gāthā, also, referred, pratītyasamutpāda, dhāraṇī, dependent, origination, incantation, dharmā, hetu, verse, gāthā, dhāraṇī, widely, used, buddhists, ancient, times, which, held, have, function, mantra, sacred, spel. The Pratityasamutpada gatha also referred to as the Pratityasamutpada dharaṇi dependent origination incantation or ye dharma hetu is a verse gatha and a dharaṇi widely used by Buddhists in ancient times which was held to have the function of a mantra or sacred spell 1 It was often found carved on chaityas stupas images or placed within chaityas 2 3 4 Stone statue of Buddha from Sultanganj in Bihar with ye dharma hetu inscribed on the lotus base magnify to see 500 700 AD The Pratityasamutpada gatha is used in Sanskrit as well as Pali It is found in Mahavagga section of Vinaya Pitaka of the Pali Canon The mantra has been widely used It has been used at Sarnath Tirhut Kanari Copperplate Tagoung Sherghatti near Gaya Allahabad column Sanchi etc According to Buddhist scriptural sources these words were used by the Arahat Assaji Skt Asvajit when asked about the teaching of the Buddha On the spot Sariputta Skt Sariputra attained the stage of stream entry and later shared the verses with his friend Moggallana Skt Maudgalyayana who also attained stream entry They then went to the Buddha along with 500 of their disciples and asked to become his disciples 5 Contents 1 Original text 1 1 Sanskrit 1 2 Pali 1 3 English 1 4 Tibetan 2 Usage 2 1 Copper plate in the Schoyen Collection 2 2 On Buddha images 2 3 Malaysia inscriptions 2 4 Inscriptions in Pallava scripts found in Thailand 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksOriginal text Edit Votive Plaque with Figure of the Buddha Bodhgaya Cleveland Museum of Art with Ye Dharma Hetu at the bottom magnify to see the text Sanskrit Edit Image of a Buddhist engraving discovered by Stein at the Mogao Caves Dunhuang China The engraving is a series of dharanis and mantras beginning with the Pure Land Rebirth Dharani but also including the Dependent Origination Gatha 1 The Dependent Origination Dharaṇi in Ranjana and Tibetan scriptsThe gatha dharaṇi in Sanskrit is as follows 1 य धर म ह त प रभव ह त त ष तथ गत ह यवदत त ष च य न र ध एव व द मह श रमण IAST transliteration ye dharma hetuprabhava hetuṃ teṣaṃ tathagato hyavadat teṣaṃ ca yo nirodha evaṃvadi mahasramaṇaḥ Pali EditIn Pali the text reads 𑀬 𑀥𑀫 𑀫 𑀳 𑀢 𑀧 𑀧𑀪𑀯 𑀢 𑀲 𑀳 𑀢 𑀢𑀣 𑀕𑀢 𑀆𑀳 𑀢 𑀲𑀜 𑀘 𑀬 𑀦 𑀭 𑀥 𑀏𑀯 𑀯 𑀤 𑀫𑀳 𑀲𑀫𑀡 𑀢 Transliteration into Latin script ye dhamma hetuppabhava tesaṁ hetuṁ tathagato aha tesaṃ ca yo nirodho evaṁvadi mahasamaṇo English EditDaniel Boucher translates as follows 6 Those dharmas which arise from a cause the Tathagata has declared their cause and that which is the cessation of them Thus the great renunciant sramana has taught The Paḷi commentaries take the first line as pointing to suffering dukkha the second to its cause samudaya and the third to its cessation nirodha Tibetan EditIn Tibetan ཆ ས གང ར བ ང ད དག ག ར དང ད འག ག གང ཡ ན པའང ད བཞ ན གཤ གས པས བཀའ ས ལ ཏ དག ས ང ཆ ན པ ས ད ས ད གས ངས or ཆ ས ར མས ཐམས ཅད ར ལས བ ང ད ར ད བཞ ན གཤ གས པས གས ངས ར ལ འག ག པ གང ཡ ན པ དག ས ང ཆ ན པ ས འད ས ད གས ངས The Wylie transliteration is chos gang rgyu byung de dag gi rgyu dang de gog gang yin pa ng de bzhin gshegs pas bka stsal te dge slong chen po de skad gsungs chos rnams thams cad rgyu las byung de rgyu de bzhin gshegs pas gsungs rgyu la gog pa gang yin pa dge sbyong chen pos di skad gsungs Usage EditCopper plate in the Schoyen Collection Edit A copper place from the Gandhara region probably Bamiyan dated to about 5th century AD has a variation of the mantra It appears to have some mistakes for example it uses taṭhagata instead of tathagata It is now in the Schoyen Collection 7 On Buddha images Edit The mantra was often also carved below the images of the Buddha A Buddhist screen parikara and accompanying Buddha image is now preserved at Museum of Fine Arts Boston While the objects were found in South India the mantra is given in north Indian 8 9th century script perhaps originating from the Pala region 8 Malaysia inscriptions Edit The Bukit Meriam inscription from Kedah includes two additional lines The inscription is now in the Indian Museum Calcutta Other similar inscriptions were found in the Kedah region 9 य धर म ह त प रभव ह त त ष तथ गत ह यवदत त ष च य न र ध एव व द मह श रमण अज ञ न च च यत कर म जन मन कर म क रणम ज ञ न न नच यत कर म कर म भ व न न ज यत Ye dharmma hetuprabhava hetun teṣan Tathagata aha teṣan ca yo nirodha evam vadi Mahasramaṇaḥ Ajnanac ciyate karmma janmanaḥ karmma karaṇam jnanan na ciyate karmma karmmabhavan na jayate The additional lines can be translated as Through ignorance karma is accumulated the cause of birth is karma Through knowledge karma is not accumulated Through absence of karma one is not reborn Inscriptions in Pallava scripts found in Thailand Edit Ye dharma hetu is also found in Thailand including the stupa peak found in 1927 from Nakhon Pathom 10 along with a wall of Phra Pathom Chedi and a shrine in Phra Pathom chedi found in 1963 11 12 a brick found in 1963 from Chorakhesamphan township U Thong district of Suphanburi 13 stone inscriptions found in 1964 14 15 and the stone inscription found in 1980 from Srithep Archeological site 16 All of them have been inscribed in Pallava scripts of Pali language dated 12th Buddhist century the 7th Century in common era Furthermore there are Sanskrit version of ye dharma hetu inscribed in Pallava scripts in clay amulets found in 1989 from an archaeological site in Yarang district of Pattani dated to the 7th century CE 17 18 See also EditAṭanaṭiya Sutta Awgatha Burmese Buddhist Prayer Cetiya Dependent Origination Heart Sutra Jinapanjara Karaṇḍavyuha Sutra Maṅgala Sutta Mani stone Metta Sutta Nilakaṇṭha Dharaṇi Om mani padme hum Paritta Ratana Sutta Sacca kiriya Declaration of Truth Shurangama MantraReferences Edit a b c Gergely Hidas 2014 Two dharani prints in the Stein Collection at the British Museum Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 77 pp 105 117 doi 10 1017 S0041977X13001341 A New Document of Indian Painting Pratapaditya Pal The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 3 4 103 111 Oct 1965 JSTOR 25202861 On the miniature chaityas Lieut Col Sykes Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Volume 16 By Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland University Press 1856 Boucher Daniel 1991 The Pratityasamutpadagatha and its role in the medieval cult of the relics Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 14 1 27 Text and Translation of their story http www ancient buddhist texts net Texts and Translations Mahakhandhako 41 Sariputta Moggallana htm Boucher Daniel 1991 The Pratityasamutpadagatha and its role in the medieval cult of the relics Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 14 1 27 An Unusual ye dharma Formula in TRACES OF GANDHARAN BUDDHISM An Exhibition of Ancient Buddhist Manuscripts in the Schoyen Collection TRACES OF GANDHARAN BUDDHISM An Exhibition of Ancient Buddhist Manuscripts in the Schoyen Collection Hermes Publishing 2010 p 86 Jan Fontein A Buddhist Altarpiece from South India MFA Bulletin Vol 78 1980 pp 4 21 Museum of Fine Arts Boston The Malay Peninsula Crossroads of the Maritime Silk Road 100 Bc 1300 Ad by Michel Jacq Hergoualc h BRILL 2002 p 213 thankhxmulcarukinpraethsithy carukeythm ma 2 bnsthupsila thankhxmulcarukinpraethsithy carukeythm ma 1 raebiyngdankhwaxngkhphrapthmecdiy thankhxmulcarukinpraethsithy carukeythm ma 3 hnasaleca thankhxmulcarukinpraethsithy carukeythm ma bnaephnxith suphrrnburi thankhxmulcarukinpraethsithy carukeythm ma 4 phraxngkhphanu 1 thankhxmulcarukinpraethsithy carukeythm ma 5 phraxngkhphanu 2 thankhxmulcarukinpraethsithy carukeythm ma emuxngsriethph thankhxmulcarukinpraethsithy carukeythm ma bnphrasthupphimphdindibemuxngyarng aebbmirupsthupxngkhediyw aebbthi 1 thankhxmulcarukinpraethsithy carukeythm ma bnphrasthupphimphdindibemuxngyarng aebbmirupsthupxngkhediyw aebbthi 2 External links EditYe dharma hetuprabhava Causation Sariputta and Moggallana s story in the Mahavagga Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pratityasamutpada gatha amp oldid 1134471141, 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