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Wren

December 07, 2023

This article is about the bird family. For other uses, see Wren (disambiguation).

Wrens are a family of brown passerine birds in the predominantly New World family Troglodytidae. The family includes 88 species divided into 19 genera. Only the Eurasian wren occurs in the Old World, where, in Anglophone regions, it is commonly known simply as the "wren", as it is the originator of the name. The name wren has been applied to other, unrelated birds, particularly the New Zealand wrens (Acanthisittidae) and the Australian wrens (Maluridae).

Wren
Marsh wren (Cistothorus palustris)
Eurasian wren recorded in Speyside, Scotland
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Superfamily: Certhioidea
Family: Troglodytidae
Swainson, 1832
Genera and species

See text

Most wrens are visually inconspicuous though they have loud and often complex songs. Exceptions include the relatively large members of the genus Campylorhynchus, which can be quite bold in their behaviour. Wrens have short wings that are barred in most species, and they often hold their tails upright. Wrens are primarily insectivorous, eating insects, spiders and other small invertebrates, but many species also eat vegetable matter and some eat small frogs and lizards.[1]

Etymology and usage edit

The English name "wren" derives from Middle English: wrenne and Old English: wrænna, attested (as wernnaa) very early, in an eighth-century gloss. It is cognate to Old High German: wrendo, wrendilo, and Icelandic: rindill (the latter two including an additional diminutive -ilan suffix). The Icelandic name is attested in Old Icelandic (Eddaic) as rindilþvari. This points to a Common Germanic name wrandjan-, but the further etymology of the name is unknown.[2]

The wren was also known as the kuningilin ('kinglet') in Old High German, a name associated with the fable of the election of the "king of birds". The bird that could fly to the highest altitude would be made king. The eagle outflew all other birds, but he was beaten by a small bird that had hidden in his plumage. This fable was already known to Aristotle (Historia Animalium 9.11)[3] and Pliny (Natural History 10.95),[4][5] and was taken up by medieval authors such as Johann Geiler von Kaisersberg, but it most likely originally concerned kinglets (Regulus, such as the goldcrest) and was apparently motivated by the yellow "crown" sported by these birds (a point noted already by Ludwig Uhland).[6] The confusion stemmed in part from the similarity and consequent interchangeability of the Ancient Greek words for the wren (βασιλεύς basileus, 'king')[7] and the crest (βασιλίσκος basiliskos, 'kinglet'),[8][9] and the legend's reference to the "smallest of birds" becoming king likely led the title to be transferred to the equally tiny wren.[6][10] In modern German, the name of the bird is Zaunkönig ('king of the fence (or hedge)') and in Dutch, the name is winterkoning ('king of winter').[citation needed]

The family name Troglodytidae is derived from troglodyte, which means 'cave-dweller'.[11] Wrens get their scientific name from the tendency of some species to forage in dark crevices.[12]

The name "wren" is also ascribed to other families of passerine birds throughout the world. In Europe, kinglets are commonly known as "wrens", with the common firecrest and goldcrest known as the "fire-crested wren" and "golden-crested wren", respectively.[citation needed]

The 27 Australasian "wren" species in the family Maluridae are unrelated, as are the New Zealand wrens in the family Acanthisittidae, the antbirds in the family Thamnophilidae, and the Old World babblers of the family Timaliidae.[citation needed]

Description edit

Wrens are medium-small to very small birds. The Eurasian wren is among the smallest birds in its range, while the smaller species from the Americas are among the smallest passerines in that part of the world. They range in size from the white-bellied wren, which averages under 10 cm (3.9 in) and 9 g (0.32 oz), to the giant wren, which averages about 22 cm (8.7 in) and weighs almost 50 g (1.8 oz). The dominating colors of their plumage are generally drab, composed of gray, brown, black, and white, and most species show some barring, especially on the tail or wings. No sexual dimorphism is seen in the plumage of wrens, and little difference exists between young birds and adults.[1] All have fairly long, straight to marginally decurved (downward-curving) bills.[1]

Wrens have loud and often complex songs, sometimes given in duet by a pair. The songs of members of the genera Cyphorhinus and Microcerculus have been considered especially pleasant to the human ear, leading to common names such as song wren, musician wren, flutist wren, and southern nightingale-wren.[1]

Distribution and habitat edit

 
Cobb's wren is an insular endemic, restricted to the Falkland Islands

Wrens are principally a New World family, distributed from Alaska and Canada to southern Argentina, with the greatest species richness in the Neotropics. As suggested by its name, the Eurasian wren is the only species of wren found outside the Americas, as restricted to Europe, Asia, and northern Africa (it was formerly considered conspecific with the winter wren and Pacific wren of North America). The insular species include the Clarión wren and Socorro wren from the Revillagigedo Islands in the Pacific Ocean, and Cobb's wren in the Falkland Islands, but few Caribbean islands have a species of wren, with only the southern house wren in the Lesser Antilles, the Cozumel wren of Cozumel Island, and the highly restricted Zapata wren in a single swamp in Cuba.[citation needed]

The various species occur in a wide range of habitats, ranging from dry, sparsely wooded country to rainforests. Most species are mainly found at low levels, but members of the genus Campylorhynchus are frequently found higher, and the two members of Odontorchilus are restricted to the forest canopy.[1] A few species, notably the Eurasian wren and the house wren, are often associated with humans. Most species are resident, remaining in Central and South America all year round, but the few species found in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere are partially migratory, spending the winter further south.[citation needed]

Behavior and ecology edit

Song of the Carolina wren.

Wrens vary from highly secretive species such as those found in the genus Microcerculus to the highly conspicuous genus Campylorhynchus, the members of which frequently sing from exposed perches. The family as a whole exhibits a great deal of variation in their behavior. Temperate species generally occur in pairs, but some tropical species may occur in parties of up to 20 birds.[1]

Wrens build dome-shaped nests, and may be either monogamous or polygamous, depending on species.[13]

Though little is known about the feeding habits of many of the Neotropical species, wrens are considered primarily insectivorous, eating insects, spiders, and other small arthropods.[1] Many species also take vegetable matter such as seeds and berries, and some (primarily the larger species) take small frogs and lizards. The Eurasian wren has been recorded wading into shallow water to catch small fish and tadpoles; Sumichrast's wren and the Zapata wren take snails; and the giant wren and marsh wren have been recorded attacking and eating bird eggs (in the latter species, even eggs of conspecifics).[1] A local Spanish name for the giant wren and bicolored wren is chupahuevo ('egg-sucker'), but whether the latter actually eats eggs is unclear.[1] The plain wren and northern house wren sometimes destroy bird eggs, and the rufous-and-white wren has been recorded killing nestlings, but this is apparently to eliminate potential food competitors rather than to feed on the eggs or nestlings.[1] Several species of Neotropical wrens sometimes participate in mixed-species flocks or follow army ants, and the Eurasian wren may follow badgers to catch prey items disturbed by them.[1]

Taxonomy and systematics edit

Certhioidea

Tichodromidae: wallcreepers

Sittidae: nuthatches

Certhiidae: treecreepers

Polioptilidae: gnatcatchers

Troglodytidae: wrens

Relatives of the wrens in the superfamily Certhioidea.[14]

Revised following Martínez Gómez et al. (2005) and Mann et al. (2006), the taxonomy of some groups is highly complex, and future species-level splits are likely. Additionally, undescribed taxa are known to exist. The black-capped donacobius is an enigmatic species traditionally placed with the wrens more for lack of a more apparent alternative than as a result of thorough study. It was recently determined to be most likely closer to certain warblers, possibly the newly established Megaluridae, and might constitute a monotypic family.[15]

Family Troglodytidae

 
Cactus wren (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus)
 
Grey-mantled wren (Odontorchilus branickii)
 
Rock wren (Salpinctes obsoletus)
 
Canyon wren (Catherpes mexicanus)
 
Bewick's wren (Thryomanes bewickii)
 
Black-throated wren (Pheugopedius atrogularis)
 
Happy wren (Pheugopedius felix)
 
Bay wren (Cantorchilus nigricapillus)
 
Long-billed wren (Cantorchilus longirostris)
 
Southern house wren (Troglodytes aedon musculus)
 
Eurasian wren (Troglodytes troglodytes)

Relationship with humans edit

The wren features prominently in culture. The Eurasian wren has been long considered "the king of birds" in Europe.[17] Killing one or harassing its nest is associated with bad luck, such as broken bones, lightning strikes on homes, or injury to cattle. Wren Day, celebrated in parts of Ireland on St. Stephen's Day (26 December), features a fake wren being paraded around town on a decorative pole; up to the 20th century, real birds were hunted for this purpose.[18] A possible origin for the tradition is revenge for the betrayal of Saint Stephen by a noisy wren when he was trying to hide from enemies in a bush.[19]

The Carolina wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus) has been the state bird of South Carolina since 1948, and features on the back of its state quarter.[20][21] The British farthing featured a wren on the reverse side from 1937 until its demonetisation in 1960. The Cactus wren (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus) was designated the state bird of Arizona in 1931.[22]

The Women's Royal Naval Service (WRNS) were nicknamed Wrens based on the acronym WRNS. After the Women's Royal Navy Service was integrated into the Royal Navy in 1993, the title of Wren was dropped from official usage, however unofficially female sailors are still referred to as Wrens.

  • The South Carolina state quarter (left) and British farthing (right) both feature wrens
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References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Kroodsma, Donald; Brewer, David (2005), "Family Troglodytidae (Wrens)", in del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Christie, David (eds.), Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 10, Cuckoo-shrikes to Thrushes, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, pp. 356–447, ISBN 84-87334-72-5
  2. ^ Kluge-Lutz, English Etymology tentatively suggest association with Old High German (w)renno "stallion", but Suolahti (1909) rejects this as unlikely.
  3. ^ "It goes by the nickname of 'old man' or 'king'; and the story goes that for this reason the eagle is at war with him." http://etext.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=AriHian.xml&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=9&division=div2
  4. ^ "Pliny the Elder, the Natural History, BOOK X. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF BIRDS., CHAP. 95. (74.)—ANTIPATHIES OF ANIMALS. PROOFS THAT THEY ARE SENSIBLE OF FRIENDSHIP AND OTHER AFFECTIONS".
  5. ^ "The roiall Ægle hateth the Wren, and why? because (if we may beleeve it) he is named Regulus, [i. the petie-king.]" http://penelope.uchicago.edu/holland/pliny10.html
  6. ^ a b Suolahti, Viktor Hugo (1909). Die deutschen Vogelnamen: eine wortgeschichtliche Untersuchung (in German). Strassbourg: Karl J Trbner. pp. 80–85.
  7. ^ βασιλεύς. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
  8. ^ βασιλίσκος in Liddell and Scott.
  9. ^ Arnott, William Geoffrey (2007). Birds in the ancient world from A to Z. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-415-23851-9.
  10. ^ Cocker, Mark; Mabey, Richard (2005). Birds Britannica. London: Chatto & Windus. p. 232. ISBN 978-0-7011-6907-7.
  11. ^ Harper, Douglas. "troglodyte". Online Etymology Dictionary.
  12. ^ Vieillot, Louis Jean Pierre (1809). Histoire naturelle des oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale : contenant un grand nombre d'espèces décrites ou figurées pour la première fois (in French). Vol. 2. Paris: Desray. p. 52. Dated 1807 on title page but not published until 1809.
  13. ^ Perrins, C. (1991). Forshaw, Joseph (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds. London: Merehurst Press. p. 190. ISBN 1-85391-186-0.
  14. ^ Oliveros, C. H.; et al. (2019). "Earth history and the passerine superradiation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States. 116 (16): 7916–7925. doi:10.1073/pnas.1813206116. PMC 6475423. PMID 30936315.
  15. ^ Alström, Per; Ericson, Per G. P.; Olsson, Urban; Sundberg, Per (2006). "Phylogeny and classification of the avian superfamily Sylvioidea". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 38 (2): 381–97. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.05.015. PMID 16054402.
  16. ^ Albrecht, Frederik; Hering, Jens; Fuchs, Elmar; Illera, Juan Carlos; Ihlow, Flora; Shannon, Thomas J.; Collinson, J. Martin; Wink, Michael; Martens, Jochen; Päckert, Martin (2020). "Phylogeny of the Eurasian Wren Nannus troglodytes (Aves: Passeriformes: Troglodytidae) reveals deep and complex diversification patterns of Ibero-Maghrebian and Cyrenaican populations". PLOS ONE. 15 (3): e023015. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1530151A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0230151. PMC 7082076. PMID 32191719.
  17. ^ Frazer, James George (1922). "Chapter 54. Types of Animal Sacrament". The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion. New York: Macmillan.
  18. ^ Lawrence, Elizabeth Atwood (1997). Hunting the Wren: Transformation of Bird to Symbol: a Study in Human-animal Relationships. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 9780870499609.
  19. ^ Eveleth, Rose (26 December 2012). "The Irish Used to Celebrate The Day After Christmas by Killing Wrens". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
  20. ^ "South Carolina State Bird – Thryrothorus ludovicianus". NetState. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
  21. ^ "The Official South Carolina State Quarter". TheUS50. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
  22. ^ "Arizona State Bird – Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus couesi". NetState. 3 September 2017. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
  • Mann, Nigel I.; Barker, F. Keith; Graves, Jeff A.; Dingess-Mann, Kimberly A.; Slater, Peter J. B. (2006). "Molecular data delineate four genera of "Thryothorus" wrens". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 40 (3): 750–759. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.04.014. PMID 16750640.
  • Martínez Gómez, Juan E.; Barber, Bruian R.; Peterson, A. Townsend (2005). (PDF). Auk. 122 (1): 50–56. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122[0050:PPAGPO]2.0.CO;2. hdl:1808/16612. S2CID 20879561. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 22 February 2007. [English with Spanish abstract]

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Troglodytidae.
 
Wikispecies has information related to Troglodytidae.
 
Look up wren in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
  • Videos, photos and sounds—Internet Bird Collection

December 07, 2023
wren, this, article, about, bird, family, other, uses, disambiguation, family, brown, passerine, birds, predominantly, world, family, troglodytidae, family, includes, species, divided, into, genera, only, eurasian, wren, occurs, world, where, anglophone, regio. This article is about the bird family For other uses see Wren disambiguation Wrens are a family of brown passerine birds in the predominantly New World family Troglodytidae The family includes 88 species divided into 19 genera Only the Eurasian wren occurs in the Old World where in Anglophone regions it is commonly known simply as the wren as it is the originator of the name The name wren has been applied to other unrelated birds particularly the New Zealand wrens Acanthisittidae and the Australian wrens Maluridae WrenMarsh wren Cistothorus palustris source source Eurasian wren recorded in Speyside ScotlandScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AvesOrder PasseriformesSuperfamily CerthioideaFamily TroglodytidaeSwainson 1832Genera and speciesSee textMost wrens are visually inconspicuous though they have loud and often complex songs Exceptions include the relatively large members of the genus Campylorhynchus which can be quite bold in their behaviour Wrens have short wings that are barred in most species and they often hold their tails upright Wrens are primarily insectivorous eating insects spiders and other small invertebrates but many species also eat vegetable matter and some eat small frogs and lizards 1 Contents 1 Etymology and usage 2 Description 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Behavior and ecology 5 Taxonomy and systematics 6 Relationship with humans 7 References 8 External linksEtymology and usage editThe English name wren derives from Middle English wrenne and Old English wraenna attested as wernnaa very early in an eighth century gloss It is cognate to Old High German wrendo wrendilo and Icelandic rindill the latter two including an additional diminutive ilan suffix The Icelandic name is attested in Old Icelandic Eddaic as rindilthvari This points to a Common Germanic name wrandjan but the further etymology of the name is unknown 2 The wren was also known as the kuningilin kinglet in Old High German a name associated with the fable of the election of the king of birds The bird that could fly to the highest altitude would be made king The eagle outflew all other birds but he was beaten by a small bird that had hidden in his plumage This fable was already known to Aristotle Historia Animalium 9 11 3 and Pliny Natural History 10 95 4 5 and was taken up by medieval authors such as Johann Geiler von Kaisersberg but it most likely originally concerned kinglets Regulus such as the goldcrest and was apparently motivated by the yellow crown sported by these birds a point noted already by Ludwig Uhland 6 The confusion stemmed in part from the similarity and consequent interchangeability of the Ancient Greek words for the wren basileys basileus king 7 and the crest basiliskos basiliskos kinglet 8 9 and the legend s reference to the smallest of birds becoming king likely led the title to be transferred to the equally tiny wren 6 10 In modern German the name of the bird is Zaunkonig king of the fence or hedge and in Dutch the name is winterkoning king of winter citation needed The family name Troglodytidae is derived from troglodyte which means cave dweller 11 Wrens get their scientific name from the tendency of some species to forage in dark crevices 12 The name wren is also ascribed to other families of passerine birds throughout the world In Europe kinglets are commonly known as wrens with the common firecrest and goldcrest known as the fire crested wren and golden crested wren respectively citation needed The 27 Australasian wren species in the family Maluridae are unrelated as are the New Zealand wrens in the family Acanthisittidae the antbirds in the family Thamnophilidae and the Old World babblers of the family Timaliidae citation needed Description editWrens are medium small to very small birds The Eurasian wren is among the smallest birds in its range while the smaller species from the Americas are among the smallest passerines in that part of the world They range in size from the white bellied wren which averages under 10 cm 3 9 in and 9 g 0 32 oz to the giant wren which averages about 22 cm 8 7 in and weighs almost 50 g 1 8 oz The dominating colors of their plumage are generally drab composed of gray brown black and white and most species show some barring especially on the tail or wings No sexual dimorphism is seen in the plumage of wrens and little difference exists between young birds and adults 1 All have fairly long straight to marginally decurved downward curving bills 1 Wrens have loud and often complex songs sometimes given in duet by a pair The songs of members of the genera Cyphorhinus and Microcerculus have been considered especially pleasant to the human ear leading to common names such as song wren musician wren flutist wren and southern nightingale wren 1 Distribution and habitat edit nbsp Cobb s wren is an insular endemic restricted to the Falkland IslandsWrens are principally a New World family distributed from Alaska and Canada to southern Argentina with the greatest species richness in the Neotropics As suggested by its name the Eurasian wren is the only species of wren found outside the Americas as restricted to Europe Asia and northern Africa it was formerly considered conspecific with the winter wren and Pacific wren of North America The insular species include the Clarion wren and Socorro wren from the Revillagigedo Islands in the Pacific Ocean and Cobb s wren in the Falkland Islands but few Caribbean islands have a species of wren with only the southern house wren in the Lesser Antilles the Cozumel wren of Cozumel Island and the highly restricted Zapata wren in a single swamp in Cuba citation needed The various species occur in a wide range of habitats ranging from dry sparsely wooded country to rainforests Most species are mainly found at low levels but members of the genus Campylorhynchus are frequently found higher and the two members of Odontorchilus are restricted to the forest canopy 1 A few species notably the Eurasian wren and the house wren are often associated with humans Most species are resident remaining in Central and South America all year round but the few species found in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere are partially migratory spending the winter further south citation needed Behavior and ecology edit source source Song of the Carolina wren Wrens vary from highly secretive species such as those found in the genus Microcerculus to the highly conspicuous genus Campylorhynchus the members of which frequently sing from exposed perches The family as a whole exhibits a great deal of variation in their behavior Temperate species generally occur in pairs but some tropical species may occur in parties of up to 20 birds 1 Wrens build dome shaped nests and may be either monogamous or polygamous depending on species 13 Though little is known about the feeding habits of many of the Neotropical species wrens are considered primarily insectivorous eating insects spiders and other small arthropods 1 Many species also take vegetable matter such as seeds and berries and some primarily the larger species take small frogs and lizards The Eurasian wren has been recorded wading into shallow water to catch small fish and tadpoles Sumichrast s wren and the Zapata wren take snails and the giant wren and marsh wren have been recorded attacking and eating bird eggs in the latter species even eggs of conspecifics 1 A local Spanish name for the giant wren and bicolored wren is chupahuevo egg sucker but whether the latter actually eats eggs is unclear 1 The plain wren and northern house wren sometimes destroy bird eggs and the rufous and white wren has been recorded killing nestlings but this is apparently to eliminate potential food competitors rather than to feed on the eggs or nestlings 1 Several species of Neotropical wrens sometimes participate in mixed species flocks or follow army ants and the Eurasian wren may follow badgers to catch prey items disturbed by them 1 Taxonomy and systematics editCerthioidea Tichodromidae wallcreepersSittidae nuthatchesCerthiidae treecreepersPolioptilidae gnatcatchersTroglodytidae wrensRelatives of the wrens in the superfamily Certhioidea 14 Revised following Martinez Gomez et al 2005 and Mann et al 2006 the taxonomy of some groups is highly complex and future species level splits are likely Additionally undescribed taxa are known to exist The black capped donacobius is an enigmatic species traditionally placed with the wrens more for lack of a more apparent alternative than as a result of thorough study It was recently determined to be most likely closer to certain warblers possibly the newly established Megaluridae and might constitute a monotypic family 15 Family Troglodytidae nbsp Cactus wren Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus Genus Campylorhynchus White headed wren Campylorhynchus albobrunneus Band backed wren Campylorhynchus zonatus Grey barred wren Campylorhynchus megalopterus Stripe backed wren Campylorhynchus nuchalis Fasciated wren Campylorhynchus fasciatus Giant wren Campylorhynchus chiapensis Bicolored wren Campylorhynchus griseus Veracruz wren Campylorhynchus rufinucha Sclater s wren Campylorhynchus humilis Rufous backed wren Campylorhynchus capistratus Spotted wren Campylorhynchus gularis Yucatan wren Campylorhynchus yucatanicus Boucard s wren Campylorhynchus jocosus Cactus wren Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus Thrush like wren Campylorhynchus turdinus nbsp Grey mantled wren Odontorchilus branickii Genus Odontorchilus Grey mantled wren Odontorchilus branickii Tooth billed wren Odontorchilus cinereus nbsp Rock wren Salpinctes obsoletus Genus Salpinctes Rock wren Salpinctes obsoletus nbsp Canyon wren Catherpes mexicanus Genus Catherpes Canyon wren Catherpes mexicanus Genus Hylorchilus Sumichrast s wren Hylorchilus sumichrasti Nava s wren Hylorchilus navai Genus Cinnycerthia Rufous wren Cinnycerthia unirufa Sepia brown wren Cinnycerthia olivascens Peruvian wren Cinnycerthia peruana Fulvous wren Cinnycerthia fulva Genus Cistothorus Sedge wren Cistothorus stellaris Merida wren or paramo wren Cistothorus meridae Apolinar s wren Cistothorus apolinari Grass wren Cistothorus platensis Marsh wren Cistothorus palustris nbsp Bewick s wren Thryomanes bewickii Genus Thryomanes Bewick s wren Thryomanes bewickii Genus Ferminia Zapata wren Ferminia cerverai nbsp Black throated wren Pheugopedius atrogularis nbsp Happy wren Pheugopedius felix Genus Pheugopedius formerly included in Thryothorus Black throated wren Pheugopedius atrogularis Sooty headed wren Pheugopedius spadix Black bellied wren Pheugopedius fasciatoventris Plain tailed wren Pheugopedius euophrys Inca wren Pheugopedius eisenmanni Moustached wren Pheugopedius genibarbis Whiskered wren Pheugopedius mystacalis Coraya wren Pheugopedius coraya Happy wren Pheugopedius felix Spot breasted wren Pheugopedius maculipectus Rufous breasted wren Pheugopedius rutilus Speckle breasted wren Pheugopedius sclateri Genus Thryophilus formerly included in Thryothorus Banded wren Thryophilus pleurostictus Rufous and white wren Thryophilus rufalbus Antioquia wren Thryophilus sernai Niceforo s wren Thryophilus nicefori Sinaloa wren Thryophilus sinaloa nbsp Bay wren Cantorchilus nigricapillus nbsp Long billed wren Cantorchilus longirostris Genus Cantorchilus formerly included in Thryothorus Cabanis s wren Cantorchilus modestus Canebrake wren Cantorchilus zeledoni Isthmian wren Cantorchilus elutus Buff breasted wren Cantorchilus leucotis probably not monophyletic Superciliated wren Cantorchilus superciliaris Fawn breasted wren Cantorchilus guarayanus Long billed wren Cantorchilus longirostris Grey wren Cantorchilus griseus Riverside wren Cantorchilus semibadius Bay wren Cantorchilus nigricapillus Stripe breasted wren Cantorchilus thoracicus Stripe throated wren Cantorchilus leucopogon Genus Thryothorus Carolina wren Thryothorus ludovicianus White browed wren Thryothorus ludovicianus albinucha nbsp Southern house wren Troglodytes aedon musculus nbsp Eurasian wren Troglodytes troglodytes Genus Troglodytes 10 15 species depending on taxonomy includes species sometimes considered to be in the genus Nannus which may be distinct 16 Eurasian wren Troglodytes troglodytes Winter wren Troglodytes hiemalis Pacific wren Troglodytes pacificus Clarion wren Troglodytes tanneri House wren Troglodytes aedon Cobb s wren Troglodytes cobbi Socorro wren Troglodytes sissonii Rufous browed wren Troglodytes rufociliatus Ochraceous wren Troglodytes ochraceus Mountain wren Troglodytes solstitialis Santa Marta wren Troglodytes monticola Tepui wren Troglodytes rufulus Genus Thryorchilus Timberline wren Thryorchilus browni Genus Uropsila White bellied wren Uropsila leucogastra Genus Henicorhina wood wrens White breasted wood wren Henicorhina leucosticta Grey breasted wood wren Henicorhina leucophrys Hermit wood wren Henicorhina anachoreta split from H leucophrys Bar winged wood wren Henicorhina leucoptera Munchique wood wren Henicorhina negreti Genus Microcerculus Northern nightingale wren Microcerculus philomela Southern nightingale wren Microcerculus marginatus Flutist wren Microcerculus ustulatus Wing banded wren Microcerculus bambla Genus Cyphorhinus Chestnut breasted wren Cyphorhinus thoracicus Musician wren Cyphorhinus arada Song wren Cyphorhinus phaeocephalus Relationship with humans editThe wren features prominently in culture The Eurasian wren has been long considered the king of birds in Europe 17 Killing one or harassing its nest is associated with bad luck such as broken bones lightning strikes on homes or injury to cattle Wren Day celebrated in parts of Ireland on St Stephen s Day 26 December features a fake wren being paraded around town on a decorative pole up to the 20th century real birds were hunted for this purpose 18 A possible origin for the tradition is revenge for the betrayal of Saint Stephen by a noisy wren when he was trying to hide from enemies in a bush 19 The Carolina wren Thryothorus ludovicianus has been the state bird of South Carolina since 1948 and features on the back of its state quarter 20 21 The British farthing featured a wren on the reverse side from 1937 until its demonetisation in 1960 The Cactus wren Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus was designated the state bird of Arizona in 1931 22 The Women s Royal Naval Service WRNS were nicknamed Wrens based on the acronym WRNS After the Women s Royal Navy Service was integrated into the Royal Navy in 1993 the title of Wren was dropped from official usage however unofficially female sailors are still referred to as Wrens The South Carolina state quarter left and British farthing right both feature wrens nbsp nbsp References edit a b c d e f g h i j k Kroodsma Donald Brewer David 2005 Family Troglodytidae Wrens in del Hoyo Josep Elliott Andrew Christie David eds Handbook of the Birds of the World Volume 10 Cuckoo shrikes to Thrushes Barcelona Lynx Edicions pp 356 447 ISBN 84 87334 72 5 Kluge Lutz English Etymology tentatively suggest association with Old High German w renno stallion but Suolahti 1909 rejects this as unlikely It goes by the nickname of old man or king and the story goes that for this reason the eagle is at war with him http etext virginia edu etcbin toccer new2 id AriHian xml amp images images modeng amp data texts english modeng parsed amp tag public amp part 9 amp division div2 Pliny the Elder the Natural History BOOK X THE NATURAL HISTORY OF BIRDS CHAP 95 74 ANTIPATHIES OF ANIMALS PROOFS THAT THEY ARE SENSIBLE OF FRIENDSHIP AND OTHER AFFECTIONS The roiall AEgle hateth the Wren and why because if we may beleeve it he is named Regulus i the petie king http penelope uchicago edu holland pliny10 html a b Suolahti Viktor Hugo 1909 Die deutschen Vogelnamen eine wortgeschichtliche Untersuchung in German Strassbourg Karl J Trbner pp 80 85 basileys Liddell Henry George Scott Robert A Greek English Lexicon at the Perseus Project basiliskos in Liddell and Scott Arnott William Geoffrey 2007 Birds in the ancient world from A to Z Abingdon Routledge p 35 ISBN 978 0 415 23851 9 Cocker Mark Mabey Richard 2005 Birds Britannica London Chatto amp Windus p 232 ISBN 978 0 7011 6907 7 Harper Douglas troglodyte Online Etymology Dictionary Vieillot Louis Jean Pierre 1809 Histoire naturelle des oiseaux de l Amerique Septentrionale contenant un grand nombre d especes decrites ou figurees pour la premiere fois in French Vol 2 Paris Desray p 52 Dated 1807 on title page but not published until 1809 Perrins C 1991 Forshaw Joseph ed Encyclopaedia of Animals Birds London Merehurst Press p 190 ISBN 1 85391 186 0 Oliveros C H et al 2019 Earth history and the passerine superradiation Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States 116 16 7916 7925 doi 10 1073 pnas 1813206116 PMC 6475423 PMID 30936315 Alstrom Per Ericson Per G P Olsson Urban Sundberg Per 2006 Phylogeny and classification of the avian superfamily Sylvioidea Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 38 2 381 97 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2005 05 015 PMID 16054402 Albrecht Frederik Hering Jens Fuchs Elmar Illera Juan Carlos Ihlow Flora Shannon Thomas J Collinson J Martin Wink Michael Martens Jochen Packert Martin 2020 Phylogeny of the Eurasian Wren Nannus troglodytes Aves Passeriformes Troglodytidae reveals deep and complex diversification patterns of Ibero Maghrebian and Cyrenaican populations PLOS ONE 15 3 e023015 Bibcode 2020PLoSO 1530151A doi 10 1371 journal pone 0230151 PMC 7082076 PMID 32191719 Frazer James George 1922 Chapter 54 Types of Animal Sacrament The Golden Bough A Study in Magic and Religion New York Macmillan Lawrence Elizabeth Atwood 1997 Hunting the Wren Transformation of Bird to Symbol a Study in Human animal Relationships Knoxville University of Tennessee Press ISBN 9780870499609 Eveleth Rose 26 December 2012 The Irish Used to Celebrate The Day After Christmas by Killing Wrens Smithsonian Magazine Retrieved 27 January 2016 South Carolina State Bird Thryrothorus ludovicianus NetState Retrieved 27 January 2016 The Official South Carolina State Quarter TheUS50 Retrieved 27 January 2016 Arizona State Bird Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus couesi NetState 3 September 2017 Retrieved 10 July 2020 Mann Nigel I Barker F Keith Graves Jeff A Dingess Mann Kimberly A Slater Peter J B 2006 Molecular data delineate four genera of Thryothorus wrens Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40 3 750 759 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2006 04 014 PMID 16750640 Martinez Gomez Juan E Barber Bruian R Peterson A Townsend 2005 Phylogenetic position and generic placement of the Socorro Wren Thryomanes sissonii PDF Auk 122 1 50 56 doi 10 1642 0004 8038 2005 122 0050 PPAGPO 2 0 CO 2 hdl 1808 16612 S2CID 20879561 Archived from the original PDF on 17 December 2008 Retrieved 22 February 2007 English with Spanish abstract External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Troglodytidae nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Troglodytidae nbsp Look up wren in Wiktionary the free dictionary Videos photos and sounds Internet Bird Collection Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Wren amp oldid 1184331362, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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