Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg
Charlotte (Charlotte Adelgonde Elisabeth Marie Wilhelmine; 23 January 1896 – 9 July 1985) reigned as Grand Duchess of Luxembourg from 14 January 1919 until her abdication on 12 November 1964.
| Charlotte | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The Grand Duchess in 1942 | |||||
| Grand Duchess of Luxembourg | |||||
| Reign | 14 January 1919 – 12 November 1964 | ||||
| Predecessor | Marie-Adélaïde | ||||
| Successor | Jean | ||||
| Prime ministers | |||||
| Born | 23 January 1896 Berg Castle, Luxembourg | ||||
| Died | 9 July 1985 (aged 89) Fischbach Castle, Fischbach, Luxembourg | ||||
| Burial | |||||
| Spouse | Prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma (m. 1919; died 1970) | ||||
| Issue | |||||
| |||||
| House | Nassau-Weilburg | ||||
| Father | William IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg | ||||
| Mother | Infanta Marie Anne of Portugal | ||||
| Religion | Catholicism | ||||
She acceded to the throne on 14 January 1919 following the abdication of her sister, Marie-Adélaïde, due to political pressure over Marie-Adélaïde's role during the German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I. A referendum retained the monarchy with Charlotte as grand duchess.
She married Prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma on 6 November 1919. They had six children. Following the 1940 German invasion of Luxembourg during World War II, Charlotte went into exile: first in France, then Portugal, Great Britain, and North America. While in Britain, she made broadcasts to the people of Luxembourg. She returned to Luxembourg in April 1945.
She abdicated in 1964, and was succeeded by her son Jean. Charlotte died from cancer on 9 July 1985. She was the last agnatic member of the House of Nassau. She was the last personal recipient of the Golden Rose and since her death there are no living personal recipients of that honour, which in modern times has been awarded only to churches and shrines.
Early life and tenure as Grand Duchess
Born in Berg Castle, Charlotte of Nassau-Weilburg, Princess of Luxembourg, was the second daughter of Grand Duke William IV and his wife, Marie Anne of Portugal.[1]
Her older sister, Marie-Adélaide, had succeeded their father. However, Marie-Adélaïde's actions had become controversial, and she was seen as friendly to the German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I. There were calls in parliament for her abdication, and she was forced to abdicate on 14 January 1919.[2]
Luxembourg adopted a new constitution that year. In a referendum on 28 September 1919, 77.8% of the Luxembourgish people voted for the continuation of the monarchy with Grand Duchess Charlotte as head of state.[1] However, in the new constitution, the powers of the monarch were severely restricted, thus codifying actual practices dating from the end of the personal union with the Netherlands in 1890.
Reign
By 1935, Charlotte had sold her German properties, the former residential palaces of the Dukes of Nassau, Biebrich Palace and Schloss Weilburg, to the State of Prussia. During World War II the grand ducal family left Luxembourg shortly before the arrival of Nazi troops. Luxembourg's neutrality was violated on 9 May 1940, while the Grand Duchess and her family were in residence at Colmar-Berg. That day she called an extraordinary meeting of her leading ministers, and they all decided to place themselves under the protection of France, described by the Grand Duchess as a difficult but necessary decision. Initially the family took up residence at the Château de Montastruc in south-western France, but the rapid advance of the German forces into France followed by French capitulation the next month caused the French government to refuse any guarantee of security to the exiled Luxembourg government. Permission was received to cross Spain provided they did not stop en route, and the Grand Duchess with her ministers moved on to Portugal.[3]
The Germans proposed to restore the Grand Duchess to her functions, but Charlotte refused, mindful of her sister's experiences of remaining in Luxembourg under German occupation during the First World War. By 29 August 1940 Grand Duchess Charlotte was in London where she began to make supportive broadcasts to her homeland using the BBC.[4] Later she travelled to the United States and to Canada. Her children continued their schooling in Montreal[5] while she had several meetings with President Roosevelt who encouraged her itinerant campaigning across the country in support of his own opposition to isolationism which was a powerful political current until the Pearl Harbor attacks. In the meantime Luxembourg, along with the adjacent French Moselle department, found itself integrated into an expanded Germany under the name Heim ins Reich, which left Luxembourgers required to speak German and liable for conscription into the German army.[6][7]
In 1943 Grand Duchess Charlotte and the Luxembourg government established themselves in London: her broadcasts became a more regular feature of the BBC schedules, establishing her as a focus for the resistance movements in Luxembourg. The Grand Ducal family went to North America in exile, settling first on the Marjorie Merriweather Post estate in Brookville, Long Island and then in Montreal. The Grand Duchess visited Washington DC and made a goodwill tour of the US to keep the profile of Luxembourg high in the eyes of the Allies.[8]
Charlotte's younger sister Antonia and brother-in-law Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria, were exiled from Germany in 1939. In 1944, living now in Hungary, Crown Princess Antonia was captured when the Germans invaded Hungary and found herself deported to the concentration camp at Dachau, being later transferred to Flossenbürg where she survived torture but only with her health badly impaired. Meanwhile, from 1942 Grand Duchess Charlotte's eldest son, Jean, served as a volunteer in the British Army's Irish Guards,[9] after the war becoming its Honorary Colonel-in-chief (1984-2000).
In the years after the war, Charlotte showed a lot of public activity which contributed to raising Luxembourg's profile on the international stage, by hosting visits from foreign heads of state and other dignitaries, such as Eleanor Roosevelt (1950), Queen Juliana of the Netherlands (1951), René Coty (1957), King Baudouin of Belgium (1959), King Bhumibol of Thailand (1961), and King Olav V of Norway (1964). Likewise, she visited Pope Pius XII (1950), Charles de Gaulle (1961), and John F. Kennedy (1963).[10]
In 1951 Charlotte and her prime minister Pierre Dupong by decree admitted into the nobility of Luxembourg three Swedish relatives who were not allowed to use their birth titles in Sweden. They were then named as Sigvard Prince Bernadotte, Carl Johan Prince Bernadotte and Lennart Prince Bernadotte and also, with their legitimate descendants, were given the hereditary titles of Counts and Countesses of Wisborg there.[11]
Abdication and later life
On 12 November 1964, she abdicated in favour of her son Jean, who then reigned until his abdication in 2000.
Charlotte died at Schloss Fischbach on 9 July 1985, from cancer. She was interred in the Ducal Crypt of the Notre-Dame Cathedral in the city of Luxembourg.
A statue of the Grand Duchess is in Place Clarefontaine in the city of Luxembourg.[12]
Marriage and children
On 6 November 1919 in Luxembourg, she married Prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma, a first cousin on her mother's side.[13] (Both Charlotte and Felix were grandchildren of King Miguel of Portugal, through his daughters Maria Anna and Maria Antonia, respectively). With the marriage, their lineal descent was raised in style from Grand Ducal Highness to Royal Highness.
The couple had six children:[14]
- Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (1921–2019), who married HRH Princess Joséphine-Charlotte of Belgium (1927–2005)
- Princess Elizabeth of Luxembourg (1922–2011), who married HSH Franz, Duke of Hohenberg (1927–1977)
- Princess Marie Adelaide of Luxembourg (1924–2007), who married Karl Josef Graf Henckel von Donnersmarck (1928–2008)
- Princess Marie Gabrielle of Luxembourg (1925–2023), who married Knud Johan, Count of Holstein-Ledreborg (1919–2001)
- Prince Charles of Luxembourg (1927–1977), who married Joan Douglas Dillon (born 1935), the former wife of James Brady Moseley
- Princess Alix of Luxembourg (1929–2019), who married Antoine, 13th Prince of Ligne (1925–2005)
Titles, styles, and honours
Honours
- National honours
- Luxembourg:
- Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau[15]
- Recipient of the Luxembourg War Cross[citation needed]
- Foreign honours
- Albanian Royal Family: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Fidelity (1931)[16]
- Austria
- Austrian Imperial and Royal Family: Dame of the Order of the Starry Cross
- Austrian Republic: Grand Cross of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria
- Denmark: Knight of the Order of the Elephant – 21 March 1955[17]
- France: Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour – 22 June 1923[18]
- Holy See:
- Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Pius IX
- Cross of Honour of the "Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice"
- The Golden Rose
- Italy:
- Parmese Royal Family: Knight Grand Cross of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George
- Monaco: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saint-Charles – 20 January 1949[19]
- Netherlands: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Lion of the Netherlands[20]
- Norway: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of St. Olav – 1964[21]
- Portugal:
- Grand Cross of the Order of the Tower and Sword – 29 September 1933
- Grand Cross of the Sash of the Two Orders – 23 January 1949[22]
- Spain : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Carlos III
- Sweden: Member Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the Seraphim – 14 April 1939[23]
- Thailand: Knight of the Order of the Royal House of Chakri – 17 October 1965[24]
Gallery
The old Berg Castle (demolished 1906), Mersch, central Luxembourg, ducal residence where Charlotte was born
Fischbach Castle, Mersch, Charlotte's residence, and where she died
Statue of Grand-Duchess Charlotte in Clairefontaine square, side view
Notes and references
- ^ a b "H.R.H. Grand Duchess Charlotte | Cour grand-ducale". www.monarchie.lu. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
- ^ "H.R.H. Grand Duchess Marie-Adélaïde | Cour grand-ducale". www.monarchie.lu. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
- ^ "Charlotte". WW2DB. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
- ^ "'Léif Lëtzebuerger' Grand Duchess Charlotte's defiant WWII broadcasts". Luxembourg Times. 16 January 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
- ^ Bernier Arcand, Philippe (2010). "L'exil québécois du gouvernement du Luxembourg" (PDF). Histoire Québec. 15 (3): 19–26 – via Erudit.
- ^ Fletcher, Willard Allen (ed.); Fletcher, Jean Tucker (2012). Defiant Diplomat: George Platt Waller, American consul in Nazi-occupied Luxembourg 1939–1941. Newark: University of Delaware Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-61149-398-6.
{{cite book}}:|first=has generic name (help) - ^ "World War II". Allo Expat: Luxembourg. Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
- ^ "Grand Duchess Charlotte's US Good-Will-Tours". Luxembourg Times. 14 April 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
- ^ "No. 36191". The London Gazette (2nd supplement). 1 October 1943. p. 4352.
- ^ Kreins, Jean-Marie. Histoire du Luxembourg. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2010. 5th edition. p. 105
- ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
- ^ "Commemoration to mark return of Luxembourg monarch". Luxembourg Times. 11 April 2015. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
- ^ "H.R.H. Grand Duchess Charlotte". Cour Grand-Ducale. Retrieved 10 September 2022.
- ^ "H.R.H. Prince Félix of Bourbon-Parma". Cour Grand-Ducale. Retrieved 10 September 2022.
- ^ http://www.luxcentral.com/art/rulers/Charlotte.gif[bare URL image file]
- ^ Albanian Royal Court
- ^ Jørgen Pedersen (2009). Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009 (in Danish). Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 466. ISBN 978-87-7674-434-2.
- ^ M. & B. Wattel (2009). Les Grand'Croix de la Légion d'honneur de 1805 à nos jours. Titulaires français et étrangers. Paris: Archives & Culture. pp. 21, 489, 615. ISBN 978-2-35077-135-9.
- ^ https://journaldemonaco.gouv.mc/var/jdm/storage/original/application/481fcbccfcc1a320d5df3aa68661fe82.pdf[bare URL PDF]
- ^ "Het Geheugen". geheugen.delpher.nl.
- ^ "Den kongelige norske Sanct Olavs Orden", Norges Statskalender for Aaret 1970 (in Norwegian), Oslo: Forlagt av H. Aschehoug & Co. (w. Nygaard), 1970, pp. 1240–1241 – via runeberg.org
- ^ "Banda da Grã-Cruz das Duas Ordens: Carlota Aldegundes Elisa Maria Guilhermina (Grã-Duquesa do Luxemburgo e Duquesa de Nassau)" (in Portuguese), Arquivo Histórico da Presidência da República. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
- ^ Sveriges statskalender (in Swedish), vol. II, 1940, p. 8, retrieved 2 April 2020 – via runeberg.org
- ^ Royal Thai Government Gazette (28 December 1964). (PDF). www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
External links
- Media related to Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg at Wikimedia Commons
- Charlotte's page on the official website of the Grand-Ducal House of Luxembourg