fbpx
Wikipedia

Willa Cather

January 19, 2024

Willa Sibert Cather (/ˈkæðər/;[1] born Wilella Sibert Cather;[2] December 7, 1873[A] – April 24, 1947) was an American writer known for her novels of life on the Great Plains, including O Pioneers!, The Song of the Lark, and My Ántonia. In 1923, she was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for One of Ours, a novel set during World War I.

Willa Cather
Cather in 1936
BornWilella Sibert Cather
(1873-12-07)December 7, 1873
Gore, Virginia, U.S.
DiedApril 24, 1947(1947-04-24) (aged 73)
New York City, U.S.
Resting placeJaffrey, New Hampshire, U.S.
OccupationNovelist
Period1905–1947
PartnerEdith Lewis (c. 1908–1947)
Signature

Willa Cather and her family moved from Virginia to Webster County, Nebraska, when she was nine years old. The family later settled in the town of Red Cloud. Shortly after graduating from the University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Cather moved to Pittsburgh for ten years, supporting herself as a magazine editor and high school English teacher. At the age of 33, she moved to New York City, her primary home for the rest of her life, though she also traveled widely and spent considerable time at her summer residence on Grand Manan Island, New Brunswick. She spent the last 39 years of her life with her domestic partner, Edith Lewis, before being diagnosed with breast cancer and dying of a cerebral hemorrhage. Lewis is buried beside her in a Jaffrey, New Hampshire plot.

Cather achieved recognition as a novelist of the frontier and pioneer experience. She wrote of the spirit of those settlers moving into the western states, many of them European immigrants in the nineteenth century. Common themes in her work include nostalgia and exile. A sense of place is an important element in Cather's fiction: physical landscapes and domestic spaces are for Cather dynamic presences against which her characters struggle and find community.

Early life and education edit

 
Willa Cather Childhood Home, Red Cloud, Nebraska

Cather was born in 1873 on her maternal grandmother's farm in the Back Creek Valley near Winchester, Virginia.[18][19] Her father was Charles Fectigue Cather.[20] The Cather family originated in Wales,[21] the name deriving from Cadair Idris, a Gwynedd mountain.[22]: 3  Her mother was Mary Virginia Boak, a former school teacher.[23] By the time Cather turned twelve months old, the family had moved to Willow Shade, a Greek Revival-style home on 130 acres given to them by her paternal grandparents.[24]

Mary Cather had six more children after Willa: Roscoe, Douglass,[B] Jessica, James, John, and Elsie.[27]: 5–7  Cather was closer to her brothers than to her sisters whom, according to biographer Hermione Lee, she "seems not to have liked very much."[28]: 36 

At the urging of Charles Cather's parents, the family moved to Nebraska in 1883 when Willa was nine years old. The farmland appealed to Charles' father, and the family wished to escape the tuberculosis outbreaks that were rampant in Virginia.[28]: 30  Willa's father tried his hand at farming for eighteen months, then moved the family into the town of Red Cloud, where he opened a real estate and insurance business, and the children attended school for the first time.[29]: 43  Some of Cather's earliest work was first published in the Red Cloud Chief, the city's local paper,[30] and Cather read widely, having made friends with a Jewish couple, the Wieners, who offered her free access to their extensive library in Red Cloud.[31] At the same time, she made house calls with the local physician and decided to become a surgeon.[32][33] For a short while, she signed her name as William,[34] but this was quickly abandoned for Willa instead.[18]

In 1890, at the age of sixteen, Cather graduated from Red Cloud High School.[35] She moved to Lincoln, Nebraska to enroll at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln. In her first year, her essay on Thomas Carlyle was published in the Nebraska State Journal without her knowledge.[36][37] After this, she published columns for $1 apiece, saying that seeing her words printed on the page had "a kind of hypnotic effect", pushing her to continue writing.[37][38] After this experience, she became a regular contributor to the Journal. In addition to her work with the local paper, Cather served as the main editor of The Hesperian, the university's student newspaper, and became a writer for the Lincoln Courier.[39] While at the university, she learned mathematics from and was befriended by John J. Pershing, who later became General of the Armies and, like Cather, earned a Pulitzer Prize for his writing.[40][41] She changed her plans from studying science with the goal of becoming a physician, instead graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in English in 1895.[29]: 71 

Cather's time in Nebraska, still considered a frontier state, was a formative experience for her: She was moved by the dramatic environment and weather, the vastness of the prairie, and the various cultures of the immigrant[42] and Native American families in the area.[43][44]

Life and career edit

In 1896, Cather was hired to write for a women's magazine, Home Monthly, and moved to Pittsburgh.[11][45] There, she wrote journalistic pieces, short stories, and poetry.[38] A year later, after the magazine was sold,[46] she became a telegraph editor and critic for the Pittsburgh Leader and frequently contributed poetry and short fiction to The Library, another local publication.[47] In Pittsburgh, she taught Latin, algebra, and English composition at Central High School for one year;[48] she then taught English and Latin at Allegheny High School, where she came to head the English department.[49][50]

Shortly after moving to Pittsburgh, Cather wrote short stories, including publishing "Tommy, the Unsentimental" in the Home Monthly,[51] about a Nebraskan girl with a masculine name who looks like a boy and saves her father's bank business. Janis P. Stout calls this story one of several Cather works that "demonstrate the speciousness of rigid gender roles and give favorable treatment to characters who undermine conventions."[52] Her first book, a collection of poetry called April Twilights, was published in 1903.[C] Shortly after this, in 1905, Cather's first collection of short stories, The Troll Garden, was published. It contained some of her most famous stories, including "A Wagner Matinee", "The Sculptor's Funeral", and "Paul's Case".[61]

After Cather was offered an editorial position at McClure's Magazine in 1906, she moved to New York City.[62] During her first year at McClure's, the newspaper published a critical series of articles of the religious leader Mary Baker Eddy, crediting freelance journalist Georgine Milmine as the author. Cather contributed to the series, but there has been some debate as to how much. Milmine had performed copious amounts of research, but she did not have the resources to produce a manuscript independently, and McClure's employed Cather and a few other editors including Burton J. Hendrick to assist her.[63] This biography was serialized in McClure's over the next eighteen months and then published in book form.[64] McClure's also serialized Cather's first novel, Alexander's Bridge (1912). While most reviews were favorable,[65][66] such as The Atlantic calling the writing "deft and skillful",[67] Cather herself soon saw the novel as weak and shallow.[68]

Cather followed Alexander's Bridge with her three novels set in the Great Plains, which eventually became both popular and critical successes: O Pioneers! (1913),[69] The Song of the Lark (1915),[70] and My Ántonia (1918),[71] which are—taken together—sometimes referred to as her "Prairie Trilogy".[72][73] It is this succession of plains-based novels for which Cather was celebrated for her use of plainspoken language about ordinary people.[74][75] Sinclair Lewis, for example, praised her work for making Nebraska available to the wider world for the first time.[76] After writing The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald lamented that it was a failure in comparison to My Ántonia.[77]

1920s edit

As late as 1920, Cather became dissatisfied with the performance of her publisher, Houghton Mifflin, which devoted an advertising budget of only $300 to My Ántonia,[78] and refused to pay for all the illustrations she commissioned for the book from Władysław T. Benda.[71] What's more, the physical quality of the books was poor.[79] That year, she turned to the young publishing house, Alfred A. Knopf, which had a reputation for supporting its authors through advertising campaigns.[78] She also liked the look of its books and had been impressed with its edition of Green Mansions by William Henry Hudson.[78] She so enjoyed their style that all her Knopf books of the 1920s—save for one printing of her short story collection Youth and the Bright Medusa—matched in design on their second and subsequent printings.[80]

By this time, Cather was firmly established as a major American writer, receiving the Pulitzer Prize in 1923 for her World War I-based novel, One of Ours.[78] She followed this up with the popular Death Comes for the Archbishop in 1927, selling 86,500 copies in just two years,[81] and which has been included on the Modern Library 100 Best Novels of the twentieth century.[78] Two of her three other novels of the decade—A Lost Lady and The Professor's House—elevated her literary status dramatically. She was invited to give several hundred lectures to the public, earned significant royalties, and sold the movie rights to A Lost Lady. Her other novel of the decade, the 1926 My Mortal Enemy, received no widespread acclaim—and in fact, neither she nor her life partner, Edith Lewis, made significant mention of it later in their lives.[82]

Despite her success, she was the subject of much criticism, particularly surrounding One of Ours. Her close friend, Elizabeth Shepley Sergeant, saw the novel as a betrayal of the realities of war, not understanding how to "bridge the gap between [Cather's] idealized war vision ... and my own stark impressions of war as lived."[83] Similarly, Ernest Hemingway took issue with her portrayal of war, writing in a 1923 letter: "Wasn't [the novel's] last scene in the lines wonderful? Do you know where it came from? The battle scene in Birth of a Nation. I identified episode after episode, Catherized. Poor woman, she had to get her war experience somewhere."[84]

1930s edit

By the 1930s, an increasingly large share of critics began to dismiss her as overly romantic and nostalgic, unable to grapple with contemporary issues:[85] Granville Hicks, for instance, charged Cather with escaping into an idealized past to avoid confronting them.[86][87] And it was particularly in the context of the hardships of the Great Depression in which her work was seen as lacking social relevance.[88] Similarly, critics—and Cather herself[89]—were disappointed when her novel A Lost Lady was made into a film; the film had little resemblance to the novel.[90][91]

Cather's lifelong conservative politics,[92][D] appealing to critics such as Mencken, Randolph Bourne, and Carl Van Doren, soured her reputation with younger, often left-leaning critics like Hicks and Edmund Wilson.[97][98] Despite this critical opposition to her work, Cather remained a popular writer whose novels and short story collections continued to sell well; in 1931 Shadows on the Rock was the most widely read novel in the United States, and Lucy Gayheart became a bestseller in 1935.[19]

Although Cather made her last trip to Red Cloud in 1931 for a family gathering after her mother's death, she stayed in touch with her Red Cloud friends and sent money to Annie Pavelka and other families during the Depression years.[28]: 327  In 1932, Cather published Obscure Destinies, her final collection of short fiction, which contained "Neighbour Rosicky", one of her most highly regarded stories. That same summer, she moved into a new apartment on Park Avenue with Edith Lewis, and during a visit on Grand Manan, she probably began working on her next novel, Lucy Gayheart.[99][E] She was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1934.[118]

Cather suffered two devastating losses in 1938.[119][120][121] In June, her favorite brother, Douglass, died of a heart attack. Cather was too grief-stricken to attend the funeral.[29]: 478  Four months later, Isabelle McClung died. Cather and McClung had lived together when Cather first arrived in Pittsburgh, and while McClung eventually married and moved with her husband to Toronto,[122] the two women remained devoted friends.[123][124][F] Cather wrote that Isabelle was the person for whom she wrote all her books.[127]

Final years edit

During the summer of 1940, Cather and Lewis went to Grand Manan for the last time, and Cather finished her final novel, Sapphira and the Slave Girl, a book much darker in tone and subject matter than her previous works.[29]: 483 [128] While Sapphira is understood by readers as lacking a moral sense and failing to evoke empathy,[129] the novel was a great critical and commercial success, with an advance printing of 25,000 copies.[81] It was then adopted by the Book of the Month Club,[130] which bought more than 200,000 copies.[131] Her final story, "The Best Years",[132] intended as a gift for her brother,[133] was retrospective. It contained images or "keepsakes" from each of her twelve published novels and the short stories in Obscure Destinies.[134]

Although an inflamed tendon in her hand hampered her writing, Cather managed to finish a substantial part of a novel set in Avignon, France. She had titled it Hard Punishments and placed it in the 14th century during the reign of Antipope Benedict XIV.[28]: 371  She was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1943.[135] The same year, she executed a will that prohibited the publication of her letters and dramatization of her works.[126] In 1944, she received the gold medal for fiction from the National Institute of Arts and Letters, a prestigious award given for an author's total accomplishments.[136]

Cather was diagnosed with breast cancer in December 1945 and underwent a mastectomy on January 14, 1946.[137]: 294–295  Probably by early 1947 her cancer had metastasized to her liver, becoming stage IV cancer.[137]: 296  About a year later, on April 24, 1947, Cather died of a cerebral hemorrhage, at the age of 73, in her home at 570 Park Avenue in Manhattan.[138][139] After Cather's death, Edith Lewis destroyed the manuscript of Hard Punishments according to Cather's instructions.[140] She is buried at the southwest corner of Jaffrey, New Hampshire's Old Burying Ground,[141][142][143] a place she first visited when joining Isabelle McClung and her husband, violinist Jan Hambourg,[144] at the Shattuck Inn. (She routinely stayed there later in life because of its seclusion.)[145][146] Lewis was buried alongside Cather some 25 years later.[147]

Bibliography edit

 
Willa Cather Memorial Prairie in Webster County, Nebraska

Novels

Short fiction

Poetry

Personal life edit

 
Willa Cather in the Mesa Verde wilds, c. 1915

Scholars disagree about Cather's sexual identity. Some believe it impossible or anachronistic to determine whether she had same-sex attraction,[148][149] while others disagree.[150][151][152] Researcher Deborah Carlin suggests that denial of Cather being a lesbian is rooted in treating same-sex desire "as an insult to Cather and her reputation", rather than a neutral historical perspective.[153] Melissa Homestead has argued that Cather was attracted to Edith Lewis, and in so doing, asked: "What kind of evidence is needed to establish this as a lesbian relationship? Photographs of the two of them in bed together? She was an integral part of Cather's life, creatively and personally."[18] Beyond her own relationships with women, Cather's reliance on male characters has been used to support the idea of her same-sex attraction.[154][G] Harold Bloom calls her "erotically evasive in her art" due to prevailing "societal taboos".[158]

In any event, throughout Cather's adult life, her closest relationships were with women. These included her college friend Louise Pound; the Pittsburgh socialite Isabelle McClung, with whom Cather traveled to Europe and at whose Toronto home she stayed for prolonged visits;[159] the opera singer Olive Fremstad;[160] and most notably, the editor Edith Lewis, with whom Cather lived the last 39 years of her life.[161]

Cather's relationship with Lewis began in the early 1900s. They lived together in a series of apartments in New York City from 1908 until Cather's death in 1947. From 1913 to 1927, Cather and Lewis lived at No. 5 Bank Street in Greenwich Village.[162] They moved when the apartment was scheduled for demolition during the construction of the Broadway–Seventh Avenue New York City Subway line (now the 1, ​2, and ​3 trains).[163][164] While Lewis was selected as the literary trustee for Cather's estate,[54] she was not merely a secretary for Cather's documents but an integral part of Cather's creative process.[165]

Beginning in 1922, Cather spent summers on the island of Grand Manan in New Brunswick, where she bought a cottage in Whale Cove on the Bay of Fundy. This is where her short story, "Before Breakfast", is set.[19][166] She valued the seclusion of the island and did not mind that her cottage had neither indoor plumbing nor electricity. Anyone wishing to reach her could do so by telegraph or mail.[29]: 415  In 1940, she stopped visiting Grand Manan after Canada's entrance to World War II, as travel was considerably more difficult; she also began a long recuperation from gallbladder surgery in 1942 that restricted travel.[167][137]: 266–268 

A resolutely private person, Cather destroyed many drafts, personal papers, and letters, asking others to do the same.[168] While many complied, some did not.[169] Her will restricted the ability of scholars to quote from the personal papers that remain.[126] But in April 2013, The Selected Letters of Willa Cather—a collection of 566 letters Cather wrote to friends, family, and literary acquaintances such as Thornton Wilder and F. Scott Fitzgerald—was published, two years after the death of Cather's nephew and second literary executor, Charles Cather. Willa Cather's correspondence revealed the complexity of her character and inner world.[170] The letters do not disclose any intimate details about Cather's personal life, but they do "make clear that [her] primary emotional attachments were to women."[171] The Willa Cather Archive at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln works to digitize her complete body of writing, including private correspondence and published work. As of 2021, about 2,100 letters have been made freely available to the public, in addition to transcription of her own published writing.[172][173]

Writing influences edit

Cather admired Henry James's use of language and characterization.[174] While Cather enjoyed the novels of several women—including George Eliot,[175] the Brontës, and Jane Austen—she regarded most women writers with disdain, judging them overly sentimental.[29]: 110  One contemporary exception was Sarah Orne Jewett, who became Cather's friend and mentor.[H] Jewett advised Cather of several things: to use female narrators in her fiction (even though Cather preferred using male perspectives),[180][181] to write about her "own country" (O Pioneers! was dedicated in large part to Jewett),[182][183][184] and to write fiction that explicitly represented romantic attraction between women.[185][186][187][I] Cather was also influenced by the work of Katherine Mansfield,[98] praising in an essay Mansfield's ability "to throw a luminous streak out onto the shadowy realm of personal relationships."[189]

Cather's high regard for the immigrant families forging lives and enduring hardships on the Nebraska plains shaped much of her fiction. The Burlington Depot in Red Cloud brought in many strange and wonderful people to her small town. As a child, she visited immigrant families in her area and returned home in "the most unreasonable state of excitement," feeling that she "had got inside another person's skin."[22]: 169–170  After a trip to Red Cloud in 1916, Cather decided to write a novel based on the events in the life of her childhood friend Annie Sadilek Pavelka, a Bohemian girl who became the model for the title character in My Ántonia.[71][190][191] Cather was likewise fascinated by the French-Canadian pioneers from Quebec who had settled in the Red Cloud area while she was a girl.[192][193]

During a brief stopover in Quebec with Edith Lewis in 1927, Cather was inspired to write a novel set in that French-Canadian city. Lewis recalled: "From the first moment that she looked down from the windows of the [Chateau] Frontenac [Hotel] on the pointed roofs and Norman outlines of the town of Quebec, Willa Cather was not merely stirred and charmed—she was overwhelmed by the flood of memories, recognition, surmise it called up; by the sense of its extraordinary French character, isolated and kept intact through hundreds of years, as if by a miracle, on this great un-French continent."[29]: 414–15  Cather finished her novel Shadows on the Rock, a historical novel set in 17th-century Quebec, in 1931;[194] it was later included in Life magazine's list of the 100 outstanding books of 1924–1944.[195] The French influence is found in many other Cather works, including Death Comes for the Archbishop (1927) and her final, unfinished novel set in Avignon, Hard Punishments.[192]

Literary style and reception edit

 
"On the Art of Fiction"
by Willa Cather 1920
Read by TommyMer for LibriVox
Audio 00:04:40 (full text)
Problems playing this file? See media help.

Although Cather began her writing career as a journalist, she made a distinction between journalism, which she saw as being primarily informative, and literature, which she saw as an art form.[196]: 27  Cather's work is often marked by—and criticized for[197]—its nostalgic tone[98][198][199] and themes drawn from memories of her early years on the American plains.[200][201] Consequently, a sense of place is integral to her work: notions of land,[202] the frontier,[J] pioneering and relationships with western landscapes are recurrent.[204][205][206] Even when her heroines were placed in an urban environment, the influence of place was critical, and the way that power was displayed through room layout and furniture is evident in her novels like My Mortal Enemy.[207] Though she hardly confined herself to writing exclusively about the Midwest, Cather is virtually inseparable from the Midwestern identity that she actively cultivated (even though she was not a "native" Midwesterner).[208] While Cather is said to have significantly altered her literary approach in each of her novels,[209][210] this stance is not universal; some critics have charged Cather with being out of touch with her times and failing to use more experimental techniques in her writing, such as stream of consciousness.[196]: 36 [211][212] At the same time, others have sought to place Cather alongside modernists by either pointing to the extreme effects of her apparently simple Romanticism[213] or acknowledging her own "middle ground":

She had formed and matured her ideas on art before she wrote a novel. She had no more reason to follow Gertrude Stein and James Joyce, whose work she respected, than they did to follow her. Her style solves the problems in which she was interested. She wanted to stand midway between the journalists whose omniscient objectivity accumulate more fact than any character could notice and the psychological novelist whose use of subjective point of view stories distorts objective reality. She developed her theory on a middle ground, selecting facts from experience on the basis of feeling and then presenting the experience in a lucid, objective style.[214]

The English novelist A. S. Byatt has written that with each work Cather reinvented the novel form to investigate the changes in the human condition over time.[215] Particularly in her frontier novels, Cather wrote of both the beauty and terror of life.[216] Like the exiled characters of Henry James, an author who had a significant influence on the author,[217] most of Cather's major characters live as exiled immigrants,[216] identifying with the immigrants' "sense of homelessness and exile" following her own feelings of exile living on the frontier. It is through their engagement with their environment that they gain their community.[218] Susan J. Rosowski wrote that Cather was perhaps the first to grant immigrants a respectable position in American literature.[219]

Legacy edit

 
A bust of Cather created in 1962 by Paul Swan for the Nebraska Hall of Fame.

In 1962, Willa Cather was inducted into the Nebraska Hall of Fame.

In 2023, a statue of Willa Cather was placed in Statuary Hall in the US Capitol, as one of the statues from the State of Nebraska, replacing the statue of Julius Sterling Morton.

Notes edit

Footnotes edit

  1. ^ Sources are inconsistent on the date of Cather's birth, in large part because she fabricated—or as scholar Jean Schwind says, "chronically lied about"[3]—the date.[4][5][6] The 1873 date is confirmed by a birth certificate, an 1874 letter of her father's referring to her,[7] university records,[8] and Cather scholarship—both modern and historical.[9][10][11][12] At the direction of the staff of McClure's Magazine, Cather claimed to be born in 1875.[13] After 1920, she claimed 1876 as her birth year; this date has since been replicated in several scholarly sources.[14][15][16] That is the date carved into her gravestone at Jaffrey, New Hampshire.[17]
  2. ^ According to Elsie, Douglass's real name was Douglas, but Willa wanted him to spell it as Douglass, so he spelled it that way to please her.[25][26]
  3. ^ This collection of poetry, while described as unremarkable,[53] was republished several times by Cather over her life, although with significant alterations.[54] Eleven of these poems were never again published after 1903.[55] This early experience with traditional, sentimental verse—without alteration from this scheme[56]—was the basis for the rest of her literary career;[57] she remarked that one's earliest writing is formative.[58] While Cather's success was primarily in prose, her republishing of her earliest poetry suggests she wished to be taken as a poet as well.[59] But this is contradicted by Cather's own words, where in 1925, where she wrote, "I do not take myself seriously as a poet."[55][60]
  4. ^ Not all critics see her 1930s political views as conservative; Reynolds argues that while she was reactionary later in life, she subscribed to a form of rural populism and progressivism, built on the continuity of community,[93] and Clasen views her as a progressive.[94] Similarly, it has been suggested she was distinctly opaque, and that in terms of literary innovation, she was solidly progressive, even radical.[95][96]
  5. ^ Some sources indicate that Cather began writing Lucy Gayheart in 1933.[100][101] Homestead argues instead that she truly began writing in the summer of 1932.[99] Some sources agree with her.[102][103] Others are imprecise or ambiguous.[104][105][106][107] Her idea for the story may have been formed as early as the 1890s (using the name Gayhardt instead of Gayheart, based on a woman she met at a party),[108] and it is possible she began writing as early as 1926[109][110][111] or 1927.[112] While she intended to name the novel Blue Eyes on the Platte early on, she changed the title[113] and made Lucy's eyes brown.[114] Stout suggests mention of Blue Eyes on the Platte may have been facetious, only beginning to write and think about Lucy Gayheart in 1933.[109] This is contradicted by Edith Lewis insisting that not only did she begin working on Blue Eyes on the Platte "several years before" 1933, but that it was the precursor to Lucy Gayheart.[115] Regardless of which of these details are true, it is known that Cather reused images from her 1911 short story, "The Joy of Nelly Deane", in Lucy Gayheart.[116][117] "The Joy of Nelly Deane" may be best understood as an earlier version of Lucy Gayheart altogether.[5]
  6. ^ Cather wrote hundreds of letters to McClung over her life, and most of them were returned to Cather by McClung's husband. Almost all of these were destroyed.[125][126]
  7. ^ Some scholars also use this male-centered narrative approach to read Cather as transmasculine[155] or just masculine.[156][157]
  8. ^ Some sources describe the relationship using stronger language: as Cather being Jewett's protégé.[176][177] Either way, Jewett's remarkable influence on Cather is evidenced not only by her commitment to regionalism,[178] but also by Cather's (perhaps overstated) role in editing The Country of the Pointed Firs.[179]
  9. ^ Jewett wrote in a letter to Cather, "with what deep happiness and recognition I have read the "McClure" story,—night before last I found it with surprise and delight. It made me feel very near to the writer's young and loving heart. You have drawn your two figures of the wife and her husband with unerring touches and wonderful tenderness for her. It makes me the more sure that you are far on your road toward a fine and long story of very high class. The lover is as well done as he could be when a woman writes in the man's character,—it must always, I believe, be something of a masquerade. I think it is safer to write about him as you did about the others, and not try to be he! And you could almost have done it as yourself—a woman could love her in that same protecting way—a woman could even care enough to wish to take her away from such a life, by some means or other. But oh, how close—how tender—how true the feeling is!"[188]
  10. ^ Between 1891 and Cather's publication of The Song of the Lark, there was a paucity of novels dealing with farm life. By the 1920s, however, literary interest in rural life and the frontier grew considerably.[203]

References edit

  1. ^ "willa-cather – Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes | Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com". oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com.
  2. ^ "Willa Cather | Pulitzer Prize-Winning Author & Novelist | Britannica". www.britannica.com. October 4, 2023. Retrieved November 14, 2023.
  3. ^ Schwind, Jean (1985). "Latour's Schismatic Church: The Radical Meaning in the Pictorial Methods of Death Comes for the Archbishop". Studies in American Fiction. 13 (1): 71–88. doi:10.1353/saf.1985.0024. S2CID 161453359.
  4. ^ Wilson, James Southall (1953). "Of Willa Cather". The Virginia Quarterly Review. 29 (3): 470–474. ISSN 0042-675X. JSTOR 26439850.
  5. ^ a b Bradford, Curtis (1955). "Willa Cather's Uncollected Short Stories". American Literature. 26 (4): 537–551. doi:10.2307/2921857. ISSN 0002-9831. JSTOR 2921857.
  6. ^ Morley, C. (September 1, 2009). "DAVID PORTER. On the Divide: The Many Lives of Willa Cather". The Review of English Studies. 60 (246): 674–676. doi:10.1093/res/hgp042.
  7. ^ Weddle, Mary Ray. "Mower's Tree | Willa Cather Archive". cather.unl.edu. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
  8. ^ Shively, James R. (1948). "Willa Cather Juvenilia". Prairie Schooner. 22 (1): 97–111. ISSN 0032-6682. JSTOR 40623968.
  9. ^ Carpentier, Martha C. (2007). "The Deracinated Self: Immigrants, Orphans, and the "Migratory Consciousness" of Willa Cather and Susan Glaspell". Studies in American Fiction. 35 (2): 132. doi:10.1353/saf.2007.0001. S2CID 162245931.
  10. ^ Jewell, Andrew (2007). "'Curious Survivals': The Letters of Willa Cather". New Letters. 74 (1): 154–175.
  11. ^ a b Bennett, Mildred R. (1959). "Willa Cather in Pittsburgh". Prairie Schooner. 33 (1): 64–76. ISSN 0032-6682. JSTOR 40626192.
  12. ^ Gorman, Michael (2017). "Rural Cosmopolitanism and Cultural Imperialism in Willa Cather's One of Ours" (PDF). The Japanese Journal of American Studies. 28: 61. Retrieved February 1, 2021.
  13. ^ Baker, Bruce (1968). "Nebraska Regionalism in Selected Works of Willa Gather". Western American Literature. 3 (1): 19. doi:10.1353/wal.1968.0000. S2CID 159958823.
  14. ^ French, Marilyn (1987). "Muzzled Women". College Literature. 14 (3): 219–229. ISSN 0093-3139. JSTOR 25111750.
  15. ^ Hinz, John P. (1949). "Willa Cather-Prairie Spring". Prairie Schooner. 23 (1): 82–88. ISSN 0032-6682. JSTOR 40624074.
  16. ^ Boynton, Percy H. (1924). "Willa Cather". The English Journal. 13 (6): 373–380. doi:10.2307/802876. ISSN 0013-8274. JSTOR 802876.
  17. ^ Whicher, George F. (1951). "Limited Investigations". The Virginia Quarterly Review. 27 (3): 457–460. ISSN 0042-675X. JSTOR 26439605.
  18. ^ a b c Ross, Alex. "A Walk in Willa Cather's Prairie". The New Yorker.
  19. ^ a b c Ahearn, Amy. "Willa Cather: A Longer Biographical Sketch | Willa Cather Archive". cather.unl.edu. University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
  20. ^ Romines, Ann (2000). "Introduction: Willa Cather's southern connections". In Romines, Ann (ed.). Willa Cather's southern connections : new essays on Cather and the South. University Press of Virginia. ISBN 0813919606.
  21. ^ Overton, Grant (1928). The women who make our novels. Dodd, Mead. p. 77.
  22. ^ a b Bennett, Mildred R. (1961). The world of Willa Cather (New with notes and index ed.). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-803-25013-0.
  23. ^ Hamner, Eugenie Lambert (December 1984). "The unknown, well‐known child in Cather's last novel". Women's Studies. 11 (3): 347–358. doi:10.1080/00497878.1984.9978621.
  24. ^ "034-0162 Willow Shade". Virginia Department of Historic Resources.
  25. ^ Bennett, Mildred R. (1988). "New Letters From Willa Cather". Western American Literature. 23 (3): 223–227. doi:10.1353/wal.1988.0160. S2CID 166167840.
  26. ^ Bennett, Mildred R. (1973). "What Happened to the Rest of the Charles Cather Family?". Nebraska History. 54: 619–624.
  27. ^ Lewis, Edith (2000). Willa Cather Living: A Personal Record. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-80327-996-4.
  28. ^ a b c d Lee, Hermione (1990). Willa Cather: Double Lives. New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN 978-0-39453-703-0.
  29. ^ a b c d e f g Woodress, James (1987). Willa Cather: A Literary Life. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-80324-734-5.
  30. ^ Walter, Katherine. "About The Red Cloud Chief". Nebraska Newspapers. University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
  31. ^ Bennett, Mildred R. (1982). "The Childhood Worlds of Willa Cather". Great Plains Quarterly. 2 (4): 204–209. ISSN 0275-7664. JSTOR 24467936.
  32. ^ Shaw, Patrick W. (1991). "The Art of Conflict: Willa Cather's Last Three Novels". South Central Review. 8 (4): 41–58. doi:10.2307/3189622. ISSN 0743-6831. JSTOR 3189622.
  33. ^ Forman, Henry James (1962). "Willa Cather: A Voice from the Prairie". Southwest Review. 47 (3): 248–258. ISSN 0038-4712. JSTOR 43471124.
  34. ^ Schneiderman, Leo (1999–2000). "Willa Cather: Transitional Objects and Creativity". Imagination, Cognition and Personality. 19 (2): 133. doi:10.2190/5EWU-VPYK-A6LK-J5KW. S2CID 144731651.
  35. ^ "Willa Cather's Biography". Willa Cather Foundation. Retrieved May 14, 2021.
  36. ^ Bullock, Flora (1949). "Willa Cather Essayist and Dramatic Critic: 1891–1895". Prairie Schooner. 23 (4): 393–400. ISSN 0032-6682. JSTOR 40624175.
  37. ^ a b Cather, Willa (June 2, 1927). "1927: LINCOLN | Willa Cather Archive". cather.unl.edu. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
  38. ^ a b Benson, Peter (1981). "Willa Cather at Home Monthly". Biography. 4 (3): 227–248. doi:10.1353/bio.2010.0814. S2CID 162300709.
  39. ^ Walter, Katherine. "Early Nebraska Journalist". University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Retrieved October 27, 2016.
  40. ^ Homestead, Melissa J. (2010). "Edith Lewis as Editor, Every Week Magazine, and the Contexts of Cather's Fiction". Cather Studies. 8.
  41. ^ Vandiver, Frank (May 2, 1962). In Quest of General Pershing (PDF) (Speech). Annual dinner of the Beta of Texas Chapter of Phi Beta Kappa. Cohen House, Rice University.
  42. ^ Laegreid, Renee M. (Spring 2007). "The Good, The Bad, And The Ignored Immigrants In Willa Cather's O Pioneers!". Great Plains Quarterly. 27 (2): 101–115. Retrieved January 23, 2021.
  43. ^ Stouck, David (1976). "Willa Cather and the Indian Heritage". Twentieth Century Literature. 22 (4): 433–443. doi:10.2307/440584. ISSN 0041-462X. JSTOR 440584.
  44. ^ Reaver, J. Russell (1968). "Mythic Motivation in Willa Cather's "O Pioneers!"". Western Folklore. 27 (1): 19–25. doi:10.2307/1498768. ISSN 0043-373X. JSTOR 1498768.
  45. ^ Lowry, Patricia (December 8, 2008). "Places: In search of Willa Cather's East End haunts". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved July 20, 2010.
  46. ^ McBride, Mary Ellen (July 18, 1973). "Willa Cather's Prose Captured Pittsburgh". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. p. 31.
  47. ^ And Death Comes for Willa Cather, Famous Author December 10, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Pittsburgh Sun-Telegraph, April 25, 1947
  48. ^ Duryea, Polly P. (1993). Paintings and Drawings in Willa Cather's Prose: A Catalogue Raisonné. University of Nebraska-Lincoln. p. 13.
  49. ^ "Author Snubs City's Mills, Praises Poet". The Pittsburgh Press. June 23, 1934. p. 44.
  50. ^ "Willa Cather, Author, Dies". The Pittsburgh Press. April 25, 1947. p. 2.
  51. ^ "Week's Outing to Cincinnati". The Pittsburgh Press. July 26, 1896. p. 4.
  52. ^ Stout, Janis P. (2000). Willa Cather: The Writer and Her World. University Press of Virginia. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-813-91996-6.
  53. ^ Ryder, Mary R. (1985). "Prosodic Variations in Willa Gather's Prairie Poems". Western American Literature. 20 (3): 223–237. doi:10.1353/wal.1985.0028. S2CID 165164839.
  54. ^ a b Thacker, Robert (2013). ""As the Result of Many Solicitations": Ferris Greenslet, Houghton Mifflin, and Cather's Career". Studies in the Novel. 45 (3): 369–386. ISSN 0039-3827. JSTOR 23594848.
  55. ^ a b Slote, Bernice (1981). "Willa Cather and Her First Book". Prairie Schooner. 55 (1/2): 109–113. ISSN 0032-6682. JSTOR 40630730.
  56. ^ Woodress, James (1992). "Whitman and Cather". Études Anglaises. 45 (3): 325.
  57. ^ Fullbrook, Kate; Ostwalt, Conrad E. (1992). "Review of April Twilights, , ; Willa Cather's Modernism: A Study of Style and Technique, ; After Eden: The Secularization of American Space in the Fiction of Willa Cather and Theodore Dreiser, Conrad E. Ostwalt Jr.; Bergson and American Culture: The Worlds of Willa Cather and Wallace Stevens, ; Cather Studies". Journal of American Studies. 26 (1): 120–122. doi:10.1017/S0021875800030498. ISSN 0021-8758. JSTOR 27555618.
  58. ^ Van Gastel, Ada L. (1984). "An Unpublished Poem by Willa Cather". Resources for American Literary Study. 14 (1/2): 153–159. doi:10.2307/26366417. ISSN 0048-7384. JSTOR 26366417.
  59. ^ Stout, Janis P. (2003). "Willa Cather's Poetry and the Object(s) of Art". American Literary Realism. 35 (2): 159–174. ISSN 1540-3084. JSTOR 27747093.
  60. ^ "1925: LONDON | Willa Cather Archive". cather.unl.edu. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
  61. ^ Madigan, Mark J. "Willa Cather and Dorothy Canfield Fisher". Cather Studies. 1.
  62. ^ Browne, Anita, ed. (1933). The one hundred best books by American women during the past hundred years, 1833–1933, as chosen for the National council of women. Associated authors service. p. 53.
  63. ^ Squires, Ashley (2013). "The Standard Oil Treatment: Willa Cather, "The Life of Mary Baker G. Eddy", and Early Twentieth Century Collaborative Authorship". Studies in the Novel. 45 (3): 328–348. ISSN 0039-3827. JSTOR 23594846.
  64. ^ Squires, L. Ashley (2017). Healing the Nation: Literature, Progress, and Christian Science. Indiana University Press.
  65. ^ Castor, Laura (2008). "Willa Cather, Alexander's Bridge Historical essay and explanatory notes by Tom Quirk, textual essay and editing by Frederick M. Link". American Studies in Scandinavia. 40 (1–2): 167–170. doi:10.22439/asca.v40i1-2.4688.
  66. ^ Morris, Lloyd (1924). "Willa Cather". The North American Review. 219 (822): 641–652. ISSN 0029-2397. JSTOR 25113302.
  67. ^ The Atlantic. November 1912, p. 683.
  68. ^ Bloom, Edward A.; Bloom, Lillian D. (1962). Willa Cather's gift of sympathy. Southern Illinois University Press. p. 9.
  69. ^ Kitch, Carolyn (July 1997). "The Work That Came Before the Art: Willa Cather as Journalist, 1893–1912". American Journalism. 14 (3–4): 425–440. doi:10.1080/08821127.1997.10731934. ISSN 0882-1127.
  70. ^ Garvelink, Lisa Bouma (2013). "The Nature of the Life of the Artist in Willa Cather's "The Song of the Lark"". CEA Critic. 75 (3): 270–277. ISSN 0007-8069. JSTOR 44378518.
  71. ^ a b c O'BRIEN, SHARON (2013). "Possession and Publication: Willa Cather's Struggle to Save "My Ántonia"". Studies in the Novel. 45 (3): 460–475. ISSN 0039-3827. JSTOR 23594852.
  72. ^ Old, James Paul (September 2018). "Wandering over Boundless Fields: The Fiction of Willa Cather and the Reformation of Communal Memory". American Political Thought. 7 (4): 565–587. doi:10.1086/699908. S2CID 158530806.
  73. ^ Eggan, Taylor A. (May 19, 2018). "Landscape Metaphysics: Narrative Architecture and the Focalisation of the Environment". English Studies. 99 (4): 398–411. doi:10.1080/0013838X.2018.1475594. ISSN 0013-838X. S2CID 165304534.
  74. ^ "Ranks Miss Cather 1st Woman Novelist". Hastings Daily Tribune. March 15, 1919. p. 5.
  75. ^ "The Greatness of Willa Cather". The Times Dispatch (Richmond, VA). Norfolk Virginian-Pilot. April 29, 1947. p. 8.
  76. ^ Omaha World-Herald, April 9, 1921.
  77. ^ Kundu, Gautam (1998). "Inadvertent Echoes or 'An Instance of Apparent Plagiarism'? Cather's "My Ántonia, A Lost Lady" and Fitzgerald's "The Great Gatsby"". Études Anglaises. 51 (3): 326.
  78. ^ a b c d e Claridge, Laura (2016). The lady with the Borzoi: Blanche Knopf, Literary Tastemaker Extraordinaire (First ed.). Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 63–65. ISBN 978-0-374-11425-1. OCLC 908176194.
  79. ^ Harris, Richard C. (2013). ""Dear Alfred"/"Dear Miss Cather": Willa Cather and Alfred Knopf, 1920—1947". Studies in the Novel. 45 (3): 387–407. ISSN 0039-3827. JSTOR 23594849.
  80. ^ Ronning, Kari A. (2013). "Speaking Volumes: Embodying Cather's Works". Studies in the Novel. 45 (3): 519–537. ISSN 0039-3827. JSTOR 23594855.
  81. ^ a b Jaillant, Lise (2013). "Canonical in the 1930s: Willa Cather's "Death Comes for the Archbishop" in the Modern Library Series". Studies in the Novel. 45 (3): 476–499. ISSN 0039-3827. JSTOR 23594853.
  82. ^ Vanderlaan, Kim (2011). "Sacred Spaces, Profane "Manufactories": Willa Cather's Split Artist in The Professor's House and My Mortal Enemy". Western American Literature. 46 (1): 4–24. doi:10.1353/wal.2011.0035. S2CID 144199893.
  83. ^ Garvelink, Lisa Bouma (October 2004). "Willa Cather's Voyage Perilous: A Case for One of Ours". Women's Studies. 33 (7): 907–931. doi:10.1080/00497870490503851. S2CID 145563235.
  84. ^ Onion, Rebecca (October 21, 2019). "On the Sexist Reception of Willa Cather's World War I Novel". Literary Hub.
  85. ^ Clere, Sarah E. (2011). Troubling Bodies in the Fiction of Willa Cather. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. p. 5.
  86. ^ Hicks, Granville (1933). "The Case against Willa Cather". The English Journal. 22 (9): 703–710. doi:10.2307/804321. ISSN 0013-8274. JSTOR 804321.
  87. ^ O'Brien, Sharon (1988). "Becoming Noncanonical: The Case Against Willa Cather". American Quarterly. 40 (1): 110–126. doi:10.2307/2713144. ISSN 0003-0678. JSTOR 2713144.
  88. ^ Old, James Paul (January 2, 2021). "Making Good Americans: The Politics of Willa Cather's Death Comes for the Archbishop". Perspectives on Political Science. 50 (1): 52–61. doi:10.1080/10457097.2020.1830673. ISSN 1045-7097. S2CID 225123832.
  89. ^ Urgo, Joseph (2005). "Review of Willa Cather and Material Culture: Real-World Writing, Writing the Real World". South Atlantic Review. 70 (2): 182–186. ISSN 0277-335X. JSTOR 20064654.
  90. ^ Melcher, E. de S. (November 17, 1934). "Willa Cather Novel Loses Much in the Screen Story". Evening Star (Washington, D.C.). p. 21.
  91. ^ C., E.N. (September 5, 1934). "Literary Topics". Hartford Courant. p. 8.
  92. ^ Frus, Phyllis; Corkin, Stanley (1997). "Cather Criticism and the American Canon". College English. 59 (2): 206–217. doi:10.2307/378552. ISSN 0010-0994. JSTOR 378552.
  93. ^ Reynolds, Guy (2006). "Willa Cather as progressive". The Cambridge Companion to Willa Cather. Cambridge University Press. pp. 19–34. ISBN 978-1-139-00086-4.
  94. ^ Clasen, Kelly (2013). "Feminists of the Middle Border: Willa Cather, Hamlin Garland, and the Female Land Ethic". CEA Critic. 75 (2): 93–108. ISSN 0007-8069. JSTOR 44378769.
  95. ^ Arnold, Marilyn (1989). "Willa Cather's Artistic "Radicalism"". CEA Critic. 51 (4): 2–10. ISSN 0007-8069. JSTOR 44377562.
  96. ^ Goldberg, Jonathan (1998). "Photographic Relations: Laura Gilpin, Willa Cather". American Literature. 70 (1): 63–95. doi:10.2307/2902456. ISSN 0002-9831. JSTOR 2902456.
  97. ^ Decker, James M. (April 2003). "Willa Cather and the Politics of Criticism". Modern Language Review. doi:10.2307/3737843. JSTOR 3737843.
  98. ^ a b c Nealon, Christopher (1997). "Affect-Genealogy: Feeling and Affiliation in Willa Cather". American Literature. 69 (1): 5–37. doi:10.2307/2928167. ISSN 0002-9831. JSTOR 2928167.
  99. ^ a b Homestead, Melissa (2017). "Yet More Cather-Knopf Correspondence". Willa Cather Review. 59 (2): 3.
  100. ^ Giannone, Richard (2005). "Music, Silence, and the Spirituality of Willa Gather". Renascence. 57 (2): 123–149. doi:10.5840/renascence20055723.
  101. ^ Baker, Deena Michelle (2006). "What now?": Willa Cather's successful male professionals at middle age. p. 41.
  102. ^ Lindemann, Marilee (2005). The Cambridge companion to Willa Cather (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. xx. ISBN 978-0-521-52793-4.
  103. ^ Porter, David (2017). "From The Song of the Lark to Lucy Gayheart, and Die Walküre to Die Winterreise". Cather Studies. 11. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1qv5psc.12. Retrieved February 1, 2021.
  104. ^ Porter, David (2015). "Following the Lieder: Cather, Schubert, and Lucy Gayheart". Cather Studies. 10. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1d98c6j.19. Retrieved February 1, 2021.
  105. ^ Harvey, Sally Elizabeth Peltier (1992). Willa Cather: Redefining the American Dream.
  106. ^ Johnston, William Winfred (1953). MUSIC IN THE FICTION OF WILLA CATHER (PDF). p. 176.
  107. ^ Randall, John Herman (1960). The landscape and the looking glass; Willa Cather's search for value. Houghton Mifflin. p. 353.
  108. ^ Edel, Leon (1960). Willa Cather, the paradox of success; a lecture delivered under the auspices of the Gertrude Clarke Whittall Poetry and Literature Fund in the Coolidge Auditorium. Library of Congress. p. 13.
  109. ^ a b Stout, Janis P. (2019). Cather among the moderns. University of Alabama Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-817-32014-0.
  110. ^ Cather, Willa (1926). "Louise Guerber (October 15 [1926]) | Willa Cather Archive". cather.unl.edu. Retrieved February 1, 2021.
  111. ^ Porter, David (2013). "1926: Blue Eyes on the Platte Enters Gayheartedly". Willa Cather Newsletter & Review. 56 (2): 32.
  112. ^ Chown, Linda (1993). ""It Came Closer than That": Willa Cather's Lucy Gayheart". Cather Studies. 2. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
  113. ^ "Daughter of the Prairies". Nebraskaland. Nebraska Game and Parks Commission. 44: 56. 1966.
  114. ^ BENNETT, MILDRED R. (1982). "Willa Cather's Bodies for Ghosts". Western American Literature. 17 (1): 45. ISSN 0043-3462. JSTOR 43020206.
  115. ^ Cather, Willa (August 2015). Porter, David H. (ed.). Lucy Gayheart (Willa Cather Scholarly ed.). U of Nebraska Press. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-803-27687-1.
  116. ^ Rosowski, Susan J. (December 1984). "Willa Cather's female landscapes: The song of the lark and Lucy Gayheart". Women's Studies. 11 (3): 233–246. doi:10.1080/00497878.1984.9978614.
  117. ^ Baker, Deena Michelle (2006). "What now?": Willa Cather's successful male professionals at middle age middle age. California State University, San Bernardino. p. 6.
  118. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved June 16, 2023.
  119. ^ Cather, Willa (March 5, 1939). "Dorothy Canfield Fisher (March 5 [1939]) | Willa Cather Archive". cather.unl.edu.
  120. ^ Cather, Willa (October 12, 1938). "Ferris Greenslet (October 12 [1938]) | Willa Cather Archive". cather.unl.edu. They were the two people dearest to me.
  121. ^ Cather, Willa (May 6, 1941). "Mary Willard (May 6, 1941) | Willa Cather Archive". cather.unl.edu. I have waited for some days to turn to you, because I seemed unable to utter anything but a cry of grief and bitter disappointment. Only Isabelle's death and the death of my brother Douglass have cut me so deep. The feeling I have, all the time, is that so much of my life has been cut away.
  122. ^ Gatenby, Greg (1993). The Wild is Always There: Canada through the eyes of foreign writers. Alfred A. Knopf Canada. p. 215. ISBN 978-0-39428-023-3.
  123. ^ Stouck, David (1982). "Marriage and Friendship in "My Ántonia"". Great Plains Quarterly. 2 (4): 224–231. ISSN 0275-7664. JSTOR 24467939.
  124. ^ Mason, Julian (1986). "An Interesting Willa Cather Letter". American Literature. 58 (1): 109–111. doi:10.2307/2925947. ISSN 0002-9831. JSTOR 2925947.
  125. ^ Pritchard, William H. (2013). "Epistolary Cather". The Hudson Review. 66 (2): 387–394. ISSN 0018-702X. JSTOR 43488733.
  126. ^ a b c Jewell, Andrew (2017). "Why Obscure the Record? The Psychological Context of Willa Cather's Ban on Letter Publication". Biography. 40 (3): 399–424. ISSN 0162-4962. JSTOR 26405083.
  127. ^ Thomas, Susie (1990). Willa Cather. Macmillan Education. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-33342-360-8.
  128. ^ Walton, David (March 4, 1990). "Putting Cather into Perspective". The Philadelphia Inquirer. p. 3-J.
  129. ^ Salas, Angela M. (1997). "Willa Cather's Sapphira and the Slave Girl: Extending the Boundaries of the Body". College Literature. 24 (2): 97–108. ISSN 0093-3139. JSTOR 25112300.
  130. ^ "Sensational Autobiography Chosen". The Times Dispatch (Richmond, Virginia). December 8, 1940. p. 76.
  131. ^ Jaap, James A. (2009). "Breaking Fresh Ground: New Releases from the Willa Cather Edition". Resources for American Literary Study. 34: 215–222. doi:10.7756/rals.034.009.215-222. ISSN 0048-7384. JSTOR 26367245. S2CID 163536829.
  132. ^ Cather, Willa (2009). Youth and the Bright Medusa: The Willa Cather Scholarly Edition. University of Nebraska Press.
  133. ^ Burgess, Cheryll (1990). "Cather's Homecomings". Willa Cather : family, community, and history (the BYU symposium). Brigham Young University, Humanities Publications Center. p. 52. ISBN 0842522999.
  134. ^ Skaggs, Merrill Maguire (2007). "Icons and Willa Cather". Cather Studies. 7. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1djmfsp.23.
  135. ^ Cather, Willa. "Women's History Month". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved February 3, 2021.
  136. ^ "MISS CATHER WINS INSTITUTE AWARD". The New York Times. January 28, 1944. p. 13.
  137. ^ a b c Homestead, Melissa J. (2021). The Only Wonderful Things: The Creative Partnership of Willa Cather and Edith Lewis. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19065-287-6.
  138. ^ "Author of Lost Lady Won the Pulitzer Prize in 1922 for Writing One of Ours". The New York Times. April 25, 1947. Retrieved January 18, 2014. Willa Sibert Cather, noted American novelist, died at 4:30 P.M. yesterday in her home at 570 Park Avenue. After Miss Cather's death a secretary, who was with her at the time, was too upset to talk about it. It was reported that death was due to a cerebral hemorrhage. The author was 70 years old in December.
  139. ^ Mulligan, Hugh A. (February 13, 1980). "Visiting Willa Cather: Sabbatical of the Heart". The Shreveport Journal. Associated Press. p. 52.
  140. ^ Homestead, Melissa J. (December 24, 2010). "Cather, Willa". The Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century Fiction. II. doi:10.1002/9781444337822.wbetcfv2c005. ISBN 978-1-444-33782-2.
  141. ^ Wilson, Scott. Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Location 7776). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition.
  142. ^ Swanson, Stevenson (July 13, 2003). "Scholars ponder why writer of Plains chose burial in East". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
  143. ^ Homestead, Melissa J.; Kaufman, Anne L. (2008). "Nebraska, New England, New York: Mapping the Foreground of Willa Cather and Edith Lewis's Creative Partnership". Western American Literature. 43 (1): 46. doi:10.1353/wal.2008.0050. S2CID 160102859.
  144. ^ Gleason, John B. (1986). "The "Case" of Willa Cather". Western American Literature. 20 (4): 275–299. doi:10.1353/wal.1986.0072. S2CID 165975307.
  145. ^ . September 9, 2008. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014. Retrieved April 9, 2014.
  146. ^ Bean, Margaret C. (2005). "Willa Cather in Jaffrey". Studies in Jaffrey History. 1: 5.
  147. ^ "Edith Lewis, Friend of Willa Cather". The New York Times. August 12, 1972. Retrieved February 7, 2018.
  148. ^ Cather, Willa (2008). Sharistanian, Janet (ed.). My Antonia (New ed.). Oxford University Press. p. xiii. ISBN 978-0-19953-814-0.
  149. ^ Acocella, Joan (April 9, 2013). "What's in Cather's Letters". The New Yorker.
  150. ^ Lindemann, Marilee (1999). Willa Cather, queering America. Columbia University Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-23111-325-0.
  151. ^ Flannigan, John F. "Issues of Gender and Lesbian Love: Goblins in "The Garden Lodge"". Cather Studies. 2.
  152. ^ Ammons, Elizabeth. "Cather and the New Canon: "The Old Beauty" and the Issue of Empire". Cather Studies. 3. Despite her sympathetic portraits of northern and eastern European gentile immigrants and her own status as a closeted lesbian writer in an increasingly homophobic era, Willa Cather was in key ways reactionary and racist.
  153. ^ Carlin, Deborah (January 1, 2001). "Review of Willa Cather's Sexual Aesthetics and the Male Homosexual Literary Tradition by John P. Anders & Willa Cather and the Politics of Criticism by Joan Acocella". Great Plains Quarterly. 21 (1).
  154. ^ O'Brien, Sharon (1987). Willa Cather : the emerging voice. Oxford University Press. pp. 215–216. ISBN 978-0-19504-132-3.
  155. ^ Hammer, K. Allison (February 1, 2020). "Epic Stone Butch". TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly. 7 (1): 77–98. doi:10.1215/23289252-7914528. S2CID 214352736.
  156. ^ Pernal, Mary (2002). Explorations in contemporary feminist literature : the battle against oppression for writers of color, lesbian and transgender communities. P. Lang. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-82045-662-1.
  157. ^ Butler, Judith (1993). ""Dangerous Crossing": Willa Cather's Masculine Names". Bodies that matter : on the discursive limits of "sex". Routledge. ISBN 978-0-41590-366-0.
  158. ^ Bloom, Harold. Genius: A Mosaic of One Hundred Exemplary Creative Minds. Warner. p. 633.
  159. ^ Gatenby, Greg (1993). The Wild is Always There: Canada through the eyes of foreign writers. Alfred A. Knopf Canada. p. 214. ISBN 0-394-28023-7.
  160. ^ Boutry, Katherine (2000). "Between Registers: Coming In and Out Through Musical Performance in Willa Cather's The Song of the Lark". Legacy. 17 (2): 187–198. doi:10.1353/leg.2000.0003. ISSN 0748-4321. JSTOR 25679337. S2CID 161309296.
  161. ^ Griswold, Wendy; Michelson, Anna (September 2020). "The Outsider's Edge: Geography, Gender, and Sexuality in the Local Color Movement". Sociological Forum. 35 (3): 628–647. doi:10.1111/socf.12622. S2CID 225426519.
  162. ^ Jewell, Andrew (2004). "Willa Cather's Greenwich Village: New Contexts for "Coming, Aphrodite!"". Studies in American Fiction. 32 (1): 59–80. doi:10.1353/saf.2004.0009. S2CID 162380556.
  163. ^ Bunyan, Patrick (2011). All Around the Town: Amazing Manhattan Facts and Curiosities (Second ed.). Empire State Editions. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-823-23174-4.
  164. ^ Stout, Janis P. (1991). "Autobiography as Journey in The Professor's House". Studies in American Fiction. 19 (2): 203–215. doi:10.1353/saf.1991.0019. S2CID 161087364.
  165. ^ Homestead, Melissa J. (2013). "Willa Cather, Edith lewis, and Collaboration: The Southwestern Novels of the 1920s and Beyond". Studies in the Novel. 45 (3): 408–441. ISSN 0039-3827. JSTOR 23594850.
  166. ^ Thacker, Robert (1992). "Alice Munro's Willa Cather". Canadian Literature. 134 (Autumn 1992): 43–57.
  167. ^ Harbison, Sherrill (2000). "Willa Cather and Sigrid Undset: The Correspondence in Oslo". Resources for American Literary Study. 26 (2): 240. doi:10.1353/rals.2000.0024. S2CID 162396411.
  168. ^ Simmons, Thomas E. (2018). "A Will for Willa Cather". Missouri Law Review. 83 (3).
  169. ^ Stout, Janis P. (2009). "Between Candor and Concealment: Willa Cather and (Auto)Biography". Biography. 32 (3): 467–492. ISSN 0162-4962. JSTOR 23540820.
  170. ^ Christopher Benfey. Willa Cather's Correspondence Reveals Something New: The rage of a great American novelist, The New Republic, October 12, 2013.
  171. ^ Schuessler, Jennifer. "O Revelations! Letters, Once Banned, Flesh Out Willa Cather". The New York Times. March 22, 2013, A1.
  172. ^ "About | Willa Cather Archive". cather.unl.edu. Retrieved December 26, 2019.
  173. ^ "The Complete Letters | Willa Cather Archive". cather.unl.edu. Retrieved February 3, 2021.
  174. ^ Cather, Willa (2004). Curtin, William M. (ed.). The World and the Parish: Willa Cather's Articles and Reviews, 1893–1902 ([Repr. of the 1970] ed.). University of Nebraska Press. p. 248. ISBN 978-0-80321-544-3.
  175. ^ Laird, David (1992). "Willa Cather's Women: Gender, Place, and Narrativity in "O Pioneers!" and "My Ántonia"". Great Plains Quarterly. 12 (4): 242–253. ISSN 0275-7664. JSTOR 23531660.
  176. ^ Rosenberg, Liz (May 16, 1993). "SARAH ORNE JEWETT: A 'NATURALLY AMERICAN' WRITER". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved February 4, 2021.
  177. ^ Shannon, Laurie (1999). ""The Country of Our Friendship": Jewett's Intimist Art". American Literature. 71 (2): 227–262. ISSN 0002-9831. JSTOR 2902810.
  178. ^ REYNOLDS, GUY (2013). "The Transatlantic Virtual Salon: Cather and the British". Studies in the Novel. 45 (3): 349–368. ISSN 0039-3827. JSTOR 23594847.
  179. ^ Homestead, Melissa (2016). "Willa Cather Editing Sarah Orne Jewett". American Literary Realism. 49 (1): 63–89. doi:10.5406/amerlitereal.49.1.0063. ISSN 1540-3084. JSTOR 10.5406/amerlitereal.49.1.0063. S2CID 164607316.
  180. ^ Rose, Phyllis (September 11, 1983). "THE POINT OF VIEW WAS MASCULINE". The New York Times. p. 92.
  181. ^ Carlin, Deborah (2015). "Cather's Jewett: Relationship, Influence, and Representation". Cather Studies. 10. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1d98c6j.12.
  182. ^ Cary, Richard (1973). "The Sculptor and the Spinster: Jewett's "Influence"on Cather". Colby Quarterly. 10 (3): 168–178.
  183. ^ Smith, Eleanor M. (1956). "The Literary Relationship of Sarah Orne Jewett and Willa Sibert Cather". The New England Quarterly. 29 (4): 472–492. doi:10.2307/362140. ISSN 0028-4866. JSTOR 362140.
  184. ^ Thorberg, Raymond (1962). "Willa Cather: From Alexander's Bridge to My Antonia". Twentieth Century Literature. 7 (4): 147–158. doi:10.2307/440922. ISSN 0041-462X. JSTOR 440922.
  185. ^ Homestead, Melissa J. (2015). "Willa Cather, Sarah Orne Jewett, and the Historiography of Lesbian Sexuality". Cather Studies. 10. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1d98c6j.5. Retrieved February 4, 2021.
  186. ^ Donovan, Josephine (1979). "The Unpublished Love Poems of Sarah Orne Jewett". Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies. 4 (3): 26–31. doi:10.2307/3346145. ISSN 0160-9009. JSTOR 3346145. In fact, Jewett was quite aware of the temptation to fictionally disguise female-female relationships as heterosexual love stories, and consciously rejected it. One of her most pointed critical comments to the young Willa Cather was to advise her against doing this kind of "masquerading" in her future work.
  187. ^ Pryse, Marjorie (1998). "Sex, Class, and "Category Crisis": Reading Jewett's Transitivity". American Literature. 70 (3): 517–549. doi:10.2307/2902708. ISSN 0002-9831. JSTOR 2902708.
  188. ^ Jewett, Sarah Orne (1911). Fields, Annie (ed.). Letters of Sarah Orne Jewett. Houghton Mifflin company. pp. 246–7.
  189. ^ Cather, Willa (1936). Not Under Forty. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 135.
  190. ^ Harris, Richard C. (1989). "First Loves: Willa Cather's Niel Herbert and Ivan Turgenev's Vladimir Petrovich". Studies in American Fiction. 17 (1): 81. doi:10.1353/saf.1989.0007. S2CID 161309570.
  191. ^ MURPHY, DAVID (1994). "Jejich Antonie: Czechs, the Land, Cather, and the Pavelka Farmstead". Great Plains Quarterly. 14 (2): 85–106. ISSN 0275-7664. JSTOR 23531597.
  192. ^ a b Danker, Kathleen (Winter 2000). "The Influence of Willa Cather's French-Canadian Neighbors in Nebraska in Death Comes for the Archbishop and Shadows on the Rock." Great Plains Quarterly. p. 34.
  193. ^ Carr, Thomas M. (2016). "A French Canadian Community Becomes 'French Country': The 1912 Funeral at the Center of Cather's O Pioneers!" (PDF). Willa Cather Newsletter & Review. 59 (1): 21–26. Retrieved February 3, 2021.
  194. ^ Haller, Evelyn (2010). ""Shadows On The Rock": A Book in American English Ezra Pound Gave His Daughter That She Might Learn His Mother Tongue And More". Paideuma. 37: 245–265. ISSN 0090-5674. JSTOR 24726727.
  195. ^ Canby, Henry Seidel. "The 100 Outstanding Books of 1924–1944". Life, August 14, 1944. Chosen in collaboration with the magazine's editors.
  196. ^ a b Middleton, Jo Ann (1990). Willa Cather's Modernism: A Study of Style and Technique. Rutherford: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 978-0-83863-385-4.
  197. ^ Ozieblo, Barbara (2002). "Love and Disappointment: Gamel Woolsey's unpublished novel Patterns on the Sand". Powys Notes. 14 (1–2): 5–12.
  198. ^ Morgenstern, Naomi E. (1996). "Love Is Home-Sickness": Nostalgia and Lesbian Desire in "Sapphira and the Slave Girl". Novel: A Forum on Fiction. 29 (2): 184–205. doi:10.2307/1345858. ISSN 0029-5132. JSTOR 1345858.
  199. ^ Morley, Catherine (July 1, 2009). "Crossing the water: Willa Cather and the transatlantic imaginary". European Journal of American Culture. 28 (2): 125–140. doi:10.1386/ejac.28.2.125_1.
  200. ^ Rosowski, Susan J. (1995). "Willa Cather's Ecology of Place". Western American Literature. 30 (1): 37–51. doi:10.1353/wal.1995.0050. S2CID 165923896.
  201. ^ Fischer, Mike (1990). "Pastoralism and its Discontents: Willa Cather and the Burden of Imperialism". Mosaic: A Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature. 23 (1): 31–44. ISSN 0027-1276. JSTOR 24780573.
  202. ^ Ramirez, Karen E. (Spring 2010). "Narrative Mappings of the Land as Space and Place in Willa Cather's O Pioneers!". Great Plains Quarterly. 30 (2).
  203. ^ Dennis, Ryan (December 17, 2020). "Naming Fields: The Loss of Narrative in Farming". New England Review. 41 (4): 126–134. doi:10.1353/ner.2020.0123. ISSN 2161-9131. S2CID 229355389.
  204. ^ Keller, Julia (September 7, 2002). "The town Willa Cather couldn't leave behind". The Anniston Star. p. 10.
  205. ^ Walker, Don D. (1966). "The Western Humanism of Willa Cather". Western American Literature. 1 (2): 75–90. doi:10.1353/wal.1966.0004. ISSN 1948-7142. S2CID 165885366.
  206. ^ Brown, E. K. (1936). "Willa Cather and the West". University of Toronto Quarterly. 5 (4): 544–566. doi:10.3138/utq.5.4.544. ISSN 1712-5278. S2CID 161220902.
  207. ^ Winters, Laura (1993). Willa Cather: Landscape and Exile. Selinsgrove: Susquehanna University Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-9456-3656-4.
  208. ^ "Writing Willa Cather". Cleveland Review of Books. Retrieved December 21, 2021.
  209. ^ Stouck, David (1972). "Hagiographical Style in Death Comes for the Archbishop". University of Toronto Quarterly. 41 (4): 293–307. doi:10.3138/utq.41.4.293. ISSN 1712-5278. S2CID 162317290.
  210. ^ Curtin, William M. (1968). "Willa Cather: Individualism and Style". Colby Quarterly. 8 (2): 35–55.
  211. ^ Homestead, Melissa; Reynolds, Guy (October 1, 2011). Rosowski, Susan J. (ed.). "Introduction". Cather Studies. 9: x. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1df4gfg.4.
  212. ^ Skaggs, Merrill Maguire (1981). "Willa Cather's Experimental Southern Novel". The Mississippi Quarterly. 35 (1): 3–14. ISSN 0026-637X. JSTOR 26474933.
  213. ^ Gingrich, Brian (September 17, 2020). "Willa Cather's Naivete". Twentieth-Century Literature. 66 (3): 305–332. doi:10.1215/0041462X-8646863. ISSN 2325-8101. S2CID 225334904.
  214. ^ Curtin, William M. (June 1968). "Willa Cather: Individualism and Style". Colby Library Quarterly. 8 (2): 1–21.
  215. ^ Byatt, A. S. (December 8, 2006). "American pastoral". The Guardian. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
  216. ^ a b Acocella, Joan Ross (2000). Willa Cather and the Politics of Criticism. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 5–6. ISBN 978-0-803-21046-2.
  217. ^ Reynolds, Guy (June 2003). "Willa Cather as Equivocal Icon". Presentations, Talks, and Seminar Papers – Department of English: 5.
  218. ^ Urgo, Joseph R. (1995). Willa Cather and the Myth of American Migration. University of Illinois Press. pp. 17, 88. ISBN 978-0-252-06481-4.
  219. ^ Rosowski, Susan J. (2001). The Voyage Perilous: Willa Cather's Romanticism. University of Nebraska Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-803-28986-4.

External links edit

Libraries edit

Online editions edit

January 19, 2024
willa, cather, willa, sibert, cather, born, wilella, sibert, cather, december, 1873, april, 1947, american, writer, known, novels, life, great, plains, including, pioneers, song, lark, Ántonia, 1923, awarded, pulitzer, prize, ours, novel, during, world, cather. Willa Sibert Cather ˈ k ae d er 1 born Wilella Sibert Cather 2 December 7 1873 A April 24 1947 was an American writer known for her novels of life on the Great Plains including O Pioneers The Song of the Lark and My Antonia In 1923 she was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for One of Ours a novel set during World War I Willa CatherCather in 1936BornWilella Sibert Cather 1873 12 07 December 7 1873Gore Virginia U S DiedApril 24 1947 1947 04 24 aged 73 New York City U S Resting placeJaffrey New Hampshire U S OccupationNovelistPeriod1905 1947PartnerEdith Lewis c 1908 1947 SignatureWilla Cather and her family moved from Virginia to Webster County Nebraska when she was nine years old The family later settled in the town of Red Cloud Shortly after graduating from the University of Nebraska Lincoln Cather moved to Pittsburgh for ten years supporting herself as a magazine editor and high school English teacher At the age of 33 she moved to New York City her primary home for the rest of her life though she also traveled widely and spent considerable time at her summer residence on Grand Manan Island New Brunswick She spent the last 39 years of her life with her domestic partner Edith Lewis before being diagnosed with breast cancer and dying of a cerebral hemorrhage Lewis is buried beside her in a Jaffrey New Hampshire plot Cather achieved recognition as a novelist of the frontier and pioneer experience She wrote of the spirit of those settlers moving into the western states many of them European immigrants in the nineteenth century Common themes in her work include nostalgia and exile A sense of place is an important element in Cather s fiction physical landscapes and domestic spaces are for Cather dynamic presences against which her characters struggle and find community Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Life and career 2 1 1920s 2 2 1930s 2 3 Final years 3 Bibliography 4 Personal life 5 Writing influences 6 Literary style and reception 7 Legacy 8 Notes 8 1 Footnotes 8 2 References 9 External links 9 1 Libraries 9 2 Online editionsEarly life and education edit nbsp Willa Cather Childhood Home Red Cloud NebraskaCather was born in 1873 on her maternal grandmother s farm in the Back Creek Valley near Winchester Virginia 18 19 Her father was Charles Fectigue Cather 20 The Cather family originated in Wales 21 the name deriving from Cadair Idris a Gwynedd mountain 22 3 Her mother was Mary Virginia Boak a former school teacher 23 By the time Cather turned twelve months old the family had moved to Willow Shade a Greek Revival style home on 130 acres given to them by her paternal grandparents 24 Mary Cather had six more children after Willa Roscoe Douglass B Jessica James John and Elsie 27 5 7 Cather was closer to her brothers than to her sisters whom according to biographer Hermione Lee she seems not to have liked very much 28 36 At the urging of Charles Cather s parents the family moved to Nebraska in 1883 when Willa was nine years old The farmland appealed to Charles father and the family wished to escape the tuberculosis outbreaks that were rampant in Virginia 28 30 Willa s father tried his hand at farming for eighteen months then moved the family into the town of Red Cloud where he opened a real estate and insurance business and the children attended school for the first time 29 43 Some of Cather s earliest work was first published in the Red Cloud Chief the city s local paper 30 and Cather read widely having made friends with a Jewish couple the Wieners who offered her free access to their extensive library in Red Cloud 31 At the same time she made house calls with the local physician and decided to become a surgeon 32 33 For a short while she signed her name as William 34 but this was quickly abandoned for Willa instead 18 In 1890 at the age of sixteen Cather graduated from Red Cloud High School 35 She moved to Lincoln Nebraska to enroll at the University of Nebraska Lincoln In her first year her essay on Thomas Carlyle was published in the Nebraska State Journal without her knowledge 36 37 After this she published columns for 1 apiece saying that seeing her words printed on the page had a kind of hypnotic effect pushing her to continue writing 37 38 After this experience she became a regular contributor to the Journal In addition to her work with the local paper Cather served as the main editor of The Hesperian the university s student newspaper and became a writer for the Lincoln Courier 39 While at the university she learned mathematics from and was befriended by John J Pershing who later became General of the Armies and like Cather earned a Pulitzer Prize for his writing 40 41 She changed her plans from studying science with the goal of becoming a physician instead graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in English in 1895 29 71 Cather s time in Nebraska still considered a frontier state was a formative experience for her She was moved by the dramatic environment and weather the vastness of the prairie and the various cultures of the immigrant 42 and Native American families in the area 43 44 Life and career editIn 1896 Cather was hired to write for a women s magazine Home Monthly and moved to Pittsburgh 11 45 There she wrote journalistic pieces short stories and poetry 38 A year later after the magazine was sold 46 she became a telegraph editor and critic for the Pittsburgh Leader and frequently contributed poetry and short fiction to The Library another local publication 47 In Pittsburgh she taught Latin algebra and English composition at Central High School for one year 48 she then taught English and Latin at Allegheny High School where she came to head the English department 49 50 Shortly after moving to Pittsburgh Cather wrote short stories including publishing Tommy the Unsentimental in the Home Monthly 51 about a Nebraskan girl with a masculine name who looks like a boy and saves her father s bank business Janis P Stout calls this story one of several Cather works that demonstrate the speciousness of rigid gender roles and give favorable treatment to characters who undermine conventions 52 Her first book a collection of poetry called April Twilights was published in 1903 C Shortly after this in 1905 Cather s first collection of short stories The Troll Garden was published It contained some of her most famous stories including A Wagner Matinee The Sculptor s Funeral and Paul s Case 61 After Cather was offered an editorial position at McClure s Magazine in 1906 she moved to New York City 62 During her first year at McClure s the newspaper published a critical series of articles of the religious leader Mary Baker Eddy crediting freelance journalist Georgine Milmine as the author Cather contributed to the series but there has been some debate as to how much Milmine had performed copious amounts of research but she did not have the resources to produce a manuscript independently and McClure s employed Cather and a few other editors including Burton J Hendrick to assist her 63 This biography was serialized in McClure s over the next eighteen months and then published in book form 64 McClure s also serialized Cather s first novel Alexander s Bridge 1912 While most reviews were favorable 65 66 such as The Atlantic calling the writing deft and skillful 67 Cather herself soon saw the novel as weak and shallow 68 Cather followed Alexander s Bridge with her three novels set in the Great Plains which eventually became both popular and critical successes O Pioneers 1913 69 The Song of the Lark 1915 70 and My Antonia 1918 71 which are taken together sometimes referred to as her Prairie Trilogy 72 73 It is this succession of plains based novels for which Cather was celebrated for her use of plainspoken language about ordinary people 74 75 Sinclair Lewis for example praised her work for making Nebraska available to the wider world for the first time 76 After writing The Great Gatsby F Scott Fitzgerald lamented that it was a failure in comparison to My Antonia 77 1920s edit As late as 1920 Cather became dissatisfied with the performance of her publisher Houghton Mifflin which devoted an advertising budget of only 300 to My Antonia 78 and refused to pay for all the illustrations she commissioned for the book from Wladyslaw T Benda 71 What s more the physical quality of the books was poor 79 That year she turned to the young publishing house Alfred A Knopf which had a reputation for supporting its authors through advertising campaigns 78 She also liked the look of its books and had been impressed with its edition of Green Mansions by William Henry Hudson 78 She so enjoyed their style that all her Knopf books of the 1920s save for one printing of her short story collection Youth and the Bright Medusa matched in design on their second and subsequent printings 80 By this time Cather was firmly established as a major American writer receiving the Pulitzer Prize in 1923 for her World War I based novel One of Ours 78 She followed this up with the popular Death Comes for the Archbishop in 1927 selling 86 500 copies in just two years 81 and which has been included on the Modern Library 100 Best Novels of the twentieth century 78 Two of her three other novels of the decade A Lost Lady and The Professor s House elevated her literary status dramatically She was invited to give several hundred lectures to the public earned significant royalties and sold the movie rights to A Lost Lady Her other novel of the decade the 1926 My Mortal Enemy received no widespread acclaim and in fact neither she nor her life partner Edith Lewis made significant mention of it later in their lives 82 Despite her success she was the subject of much criticism particularly surrounding One of Ours Her close friend Elizabeth Shepley Sergeant saw the novel as a betrayal of the realities of war not understanding how to bridge the gap between Cather s idealized war vision and my own stark impressions of war as lived 83 Similarly Ernest Hemingway took issue with her portrayal of war writing in a 1923 letter Wasn t the novel s last scene in the lines wonderful Do you know where it came from The battle scene in Birth of a Nation I identified episode after episode Catherized Poor woman she had to get her war experience somewhere 84 1930s edit By the 1930s an increasingly large share of critics began to dismiss her as overly romantic and nostalgic unable to grapple with contemporary issues 85 Granville Hicks for instance charged Cather with escaping into an idealized past to avoid confronting them 86 87 And it was particularly in the context of the hardships of the Great Depression in which her work was seen as lacking social relevance 88 Similarly critics and Cather herself 89 were disappointed when her novel A Lost Lady was made into a film the film had little resemblance to the novel 90 91 Cather s lifelong conservative politics 92 D appealing to critics such as Mencken Randolph Bourne and Carl Van Doren soured her reputation with younger often left leaning critics like Hicks and Edmund Wilson 97 98 Despite this critical opposition to her work Cather remained a popular writer whose novels and short story collections continued to sell well in 1931 Shadows on the Rock was the most widely read novel in the United States and Lucy Gayheart became a bestseller in 1935 19 Although Cather made her last trip to Red Cloud in 1931 for a family gathering after her mother s death she stayed in touch with her Red Cloud friends and sent money to Annie Pavelka and other families during the Depression years 28 327 In 1932 Cather published Obscure Destinies her final collection of short fiction which contained Neighbour Rosicky one of her most highly regarded stories That same summer she moved into a new apartment on Park Avenue with Edith Lewis and during a visit on Grand Manan she probably began working on her next novel Lucy Gayheart 99 E She was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1934 118 Cather suffered two devastating losses in 1938 119 120 121 In June her favorite brother Douglass died of a heart attack Cather was too grief stricken to attend the funeral 29 478 Four months later Isabelle McClung died Cather and McClung had lived together when Cather first arrived in Pittsburgh and while McClung eventually married and moved with her husband to Toronto 122 the two women remained devoted friends 123 124 F Cather wrote that Isabelle was the person for whom she wrote all her books 127 Final years edit During the summer of 1940 Cather and Lewis went to Grand Manan for the last time and Cather finished her final novel Sapphira and the Slave Girl a book much darker in tone and subject matter than her previous works 29 483 128 While Sapphira is understood by readers as lacking a moral sense and failing to evoke empathy 129 the novel was a great critical and commercial success with an advance printing of 25 000 copies 81 It was then adopted by the Book of the Month Club 130 which bought more than 200 000 copies 131 Her final story The Best Years 132 intended as a gift for her brother 133 was retrospective It contained images or keepsakes from each of her twelve published novels and the short stories in Obscure Destinies 134 Although an inflamed tendon in her hand hampered her writing Cather managed to finish a substantial part of a novel set in Avignon France She had titled it Hard Punishments and placed it in the 14th century during the reign of Antipope Benedict XIV 28 371 She was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1943 135 The same year she executed a will that prohibited the publication of her letters and dramatization of her works 126 In 1944 she received the gold medal for fiction from the National Institute of Arts and Letters a prestigious award given for an author s total accomplishments 136 Cather was diagnosed with breast cancer in December 1945 and underwent a mastectomy on January 14 1946 137 294 295 Probably by early 1947 her cancer had metastasized to her liver becoming stage IV cancer 137 296 About a year later on April 24 1947 Cather died of a cerebral hemorrhage at the age of 73 in her home at 570 Park Avenue in Manhattan 138 139 After Cather s death Edith Lewis destroyed the manuscript of Hard Punishments according to Cather s instructions 140 She is buried at the southwest corner of Jaffrey New Hampshire s Old Burying Ground 141 142 143 a place she first visited when joining Isabelle McClung and her husband violinist Jan Hambourg 144 at the Shattuck Inn She routinely stayed there later in life because of its seclusion 145 146 Lewis was buried alongside Cather some 25 years later 147 Bibliography edit nbsp Willa Cather Memorial Prairie in Webster County NebraskaNovels Alexander s Bridge 1912 O Pioneers 1913 The Song of the Lark 1915 My Antonia 1918 One of Ours 1922 A Lost Lady 1923 The Professor s House 1925 My Mortal Enemy 1926 Death Comes for the Archbishop 1927 Shadows on the Rock 1931 Lucy Gayheart 1935 Sapphira and the Slave Girl 1940 Short fiction The Troll Garden 1905 Youth and the Bright Medusa 1920 Obscure Destinies 1932 Neighbour Rosicky 1932 The Old Beauty and Others 1948 Willa Cather s Collected Short Fiction 1892 1912 1965 Uncle Valentine and Other Stories Willa Cather s Uncollected Short Fiction 1915 1929 1972 Poetry April Twilights 1903 April Twilights and Other Poems 1923 Personal life edit nbsp Willa Cather in the Mesa Verde wilds c 1915Scholars disagree about Cather s sexual identity Some believe it impossible or anachronistic to determine whether she had same sex attraction 148 149 while others disagree 150 151 152 Researcher Deborah Carlin suggests that denial of Cather being a lesbian is rooted in treating same sex desire as an insult to Cather and her reputation rather than a neutral historical perspective 153 Melissa Homestead has argued that Cather was attracted to Edith Lewis and in so doing asked What kind of evidence is needed to establish this as a lesbian relationship Photographs of the two of them in bed together She was an integral part of Cather s life creatively and personally 18 Beyond her own relationships with women Cather s reliance on male characters has been used to support the idea of her same sex attraction 154 G Harold Bloom calls her erotically evasive in her art due to prevailing societal taboos 158 In any event throughout Cather s adult life her closest relationships were with women These included her college friend Louise Pound the Pittsburgh socialite Isabelle McClung with whom Cather traveled to Europe and at whose Toronto home she stayed for prolonged visits 159 the opera singer Olive Fremstad 160 and most notably the editor Edith Lewis with whom Cather lived the last 39 years of her life 161 Cather s relationship with Lewis began in the early 1900s They lived together in a series of apartments in New York City from 1908 until Cather s death in 1947 From 1913 to 1927 Cather and Lewis lived at No 5 Bank Street in Greenwich Village 162 They moved when the apartment was scheduled for demolition during the construction of the Broadway Seventh Avenue New York City Subway line now the 1 2 and 3 trains 163 164 While Lewis was selected as the literary trustee for Cather s estate 54 she was not merely a secretary for Cather s documents but an integral part of Cather s creative process 165 Beginning in 1922 Cather spent summers on the island of Grand Manan in New Brunswick where she bought a cottage in Whale Cove on the Bay of Fundy This is where her short story Before Breakfast is set 19 166 She valued the seclusion of the island and did not mind that her cottage had neither indoor plumbing nor electricity Anyone wishing to reach her could do so by telegraph or mail 29 415 In 1940 she stopped visiting Grand Manan after Canada s entrance to World War II as travel was considerably more difficult she also began a long recuperation from gallbladder surgery in 1942 that restricted travel 167 137 266 268 A resolutely private person Cather destroyed many drafts personal papers and letters asking others to do the same 168 While many complied some did not 169 Her will restricted the ability of scholars to quote from the personal papers that remain 126 But in April 2013 The Selected Letters of Willa Cather a collection of 566 letters Cather wrote to friends family and literary acquaintances such as Thornton Wilder and F Scott Fitzgerald was published two years after the death of Cather s nephew and second literary executor Charles Cather Willa Cather s correspondence revealed the complexity of her character and inner world 170 The letters do not disclose any intimate details about Cather s personal life but they do make clear that her primary emotional attachments were to women 171 The Willa Cather Archive at the University of Nebraska Lincoln works to digitize her complete body of writing including private correspondence and published work As of 2021 about 2 100 letters have been made freely available to the public in addition to transcription of her own published writing 172 173 Writing influences editCather admired Henry James s use of language and characterization 174 While Cather enjoyed the novels of several women including George Eliot 175 the Brontes and Jane Austen she regarded most women writers with disdain judging them overly sentimental 29 110 One contemporary exception was Sarah Orne Jewett who became Cather s friend and mentor H Jewett advised Cather of several things to use female narrators in her fiction even though Cather preferred using male perspectives 180 181 to write about her own country O Pioneers was dedicated in large part to Jewett 182 183 184 and to write fiction that explicitly represented romantic attraction between women 185 186 187 I Cather was also influenced by the work of Katherine Mansfield 98 praising in an essay Mansfield s ability to throw a luminous streak out onto the shadowy realm of personal relationships 189 Cather s high regard for the immigrant families forging lives and enduring hardships on the Nebraska plains shaped much of her fiction The Burlington Depot in Red Cloud brought in many strange and wonderful people to her small town As a child she visited immigrant families in her area and returned home in the most unreasonable state of excitement feeling that she had got inside another person s skin 22 169 170 After a trip to Red Cloud in 1916 Cather decided to write a novel based on the events in the life of her childhood friend Annie Sadilek Pavelka a Bohemian girl who became the model for the title character in My Antonia 71 190 191 Cather was likewise fascinated by the French Canadian pioneers from Quebec who had settled in the Red Cloud area while she was a girl 192 193 During a brief stopover in Quebec with Edith Lewis in 1927 Cather was inspired to write a novel set in that French Canadian city Lewis recalled From the first moment that she looked down from the windows of the Chateau Frontenac Hotel on the pointed roofs and Norman outlines of the town of Quebec Willa Cather was not merely stirred and charmed she was overwhelmed by the flood of memories recognition surmise it called up by the sense of its extraordinary French character isolated and kept intact through hundreds of years as if by a miracle on this great un French continent 29 414 15 Cather finished her novel Shadows on the Rock a historical novel set in 17th century Quebec in 1931 194 it was later included in Life magazine s list of the 100 outstanding books of 1924 1944 195 The French influence is found in many other Cather works including Death Comes for the Archbishop 1927 and her final unfinished novel set in Avignon Hard Punishments 192 Literary style and reception edit nbsp On the Art of Fiction by Willa Cather 1920Read by TommyMer for LibriVox source source Audio 00 04 40 full text Problems playing this file See media help Although Cather began her writing career as a journalist she made a distinction between journalism which she saw as being primarily informative and literature which she saw as an art form 196 27 Cather s work is often marked by and criticized for 197 its nostalgic tone 98 198 199 and themes drawn from memories of her early years on the American plains 200 201 Consequently a sense of place is integral to her work notions of land 202 the frontier J pioneering and relationships with western landscapes are recurrent 204 205 206 Even when her heroines were placed in an urban environment the influence of place was critical and the way that power was displayed through room layout and furniture is evident in her novels like My Mortal Enemy 207 Though she hardly confined herself to writing exclusively about the Midwest Cather is virtually inseparable from the Midwestern identity that she actively cultivated even though she was not a native Midwesterner 208 While Cather is said to have significantly altered her literary approach in each of her novels 209 210 this stance is not universal some critics have charged Cather with being out of touch with her times and failing to use more experimental techniques in her writing such as stream of consciousness 196 36 211 212 At the same time others have sought to place Cather alongside modernists by either pointing to the extreme effects of her apparently simple Romanticism 213 or acknowledging her own middle ground She had formed and matured her ideas on art before she wrote a novel She had no more reason to follow Gertrude Stein and James Joyce whose work she respected than they did to follow her Her style solves the problems in which she was interested She wanted to stand midway between the journalists whose omniscient objectivity accumulate more fact than any character could notice and the psychological novelist whose use of subjective point of view stories distorts objective reality She developed her theory on a middle ground selecting facts from experience on the basis of feeling and then presenting the experience in a lucid objective style 214 The English novelist A S Byatt has written that with each work Cather reinvented the novel form to investigate the changes in the human condition over time 215 Particularly in her frontier novels Cather wrote of both the beauty and terror of life 216 Like the exiled characters of Henry James an author who had a significant influence on the author 217 most of Cather s major characters live as exiled immigrants 216 identifying with the immigrants sense of homelessness and exile following her own feelings of exile living on the frontier It is through their engagement with their environment that they gain their community 218 Susan J Rosowski wrote that Cather was perhaps the first to grant immigrants a respectable position in American literature 219 Legacy edit nbsp A bust of Cather created in 1962 by Paul Swan for the Nebraska Hall of Fame In 1962 Willa Cather was inducted into the Nebraska Hall of Fame In 2023 a statue of Willa Cather was placed in Statuary Hall in the US Capitol as one of the statues from the State of Nebraska replacing the statue of Julius Sterling Morton Notes editFootnotes edit Sources are inconsistent on the date of Cather s birth in large part because she fabricated or as scholar Jean Schwind says chronically lied about 3 the date 4 5 6 The 1873 date is confirmed by a birth certificate an 1874 letter of her father s referring to her 7 university records 8 and Cather scholarship both modern and historical 9 10 11 12 At the direction of the staff of McClure s Magazine Cather claimed to be born in 1875 13 After 1920 she claimed 1876 as her birth year this date has since been replicated in several scholarly sources 14 15 16 That is the date carved into her gravestone at Jaffrey New Hampshire 17 According to Elsie Douglass s real name was Douglas but Willa wanted him to spell it as Douglass so he spelled it that way to please her 25 26 This collection of poetry while described as unremarkable 53 was republished several times by Cather over her life although with significant alterations 54 Eleven of these poems were never again published after 1903 55 This early experience with traditional sentimental verse without alteration from this scheme 56 was the basis for the rest of her literary career 57 she remarked that one s earliest writing is formative 58 While Cather s success was primarily in prose her republishing of her earliest poetry suggests she wished to be taken as a poet as well 59 But this is contradicted by Cather s own words where in 1925 where she wrote I do not take myself seriously as a poet 55 60 Not all critics see her 1930s political views as conservative Reynolds argues that while she was reactionary later in life she subscribed to a form of rural populism and progressivism built on the continuity of community 93 and Clasen views her as a progressive 94 Similarly it has been suggested she was distinctly opaque and that in terms of literary innovation she was solidly progressive even radical 95 96 Some sources indicate that Cather began writing Lucy Gayheart in 1933 100 101 Homestead argues instead that she truly began writing in the summer of 1932 99 Some sources agree with her 102 103 Others are imprecise or ambiguous 104 105 106 107 Her idea for the story may have been formed as early as the 1890s using the name Gayhardt instead of Gayheart based on a woman she met at a party 108 and it is possible she began writing as early as 1926 109 110 111 or 1927 112 While she intended to name the novel Blue Eyes on the Platte early on she changed the title 113 and made Lucy s eyes brown 114 Stout suggests mention of Blue Eyes on the Platte may have been facetious only beginning to write and think about Lucy Gayheart in 1933 109 This is contradicted by Edith Lewis insisting that not only did she begin working on Blue Eyes on the Platte several years before 1933 but that it was the precursor to Lucy Gayheart 115 Regardless of which of these details are true it is known that Cather reused images from her 1911 short story The Joy of Nelly Deane in Lucy Gayheart 116 117 The Joy of Nelly Deane may be best understood as an earlier version of Lucy Gayheart altogether 5 Cather wrote hundreds of letters to McClung over her life and most of them were returned to Cather by McClung s husband Almost all of these were destroyed 125 126 Some scholars also use this male centered narrative approach to read Cather as transmasculine 155 or just masculine 156 157 Some sources describe the relationship using stronger language as Cather being Jewett s protege 176 177 Either way Jewett s remarkable influence on Cather is evidenced not only by her commitment to regionalism 178 but also by Cather s perhaps overstated role in editing The Country of the Pointed Firs 179 Jewett wrote in a letter to Cather with what deep happiness and recognition I have read the McClure story night before last I found it with surprise and delight It made me feel very near to the writer s young and loving heart You have drawn your two figures of the wife and her husband with unerring touches and wonderful tenderness for her It makes me the more sure that you are far on your road toward a fine and long story of very high class The lover is as well done as he could be when a woman writes in the man s character it must always I believe be something of a masquerade I think it is safer to write about him as you did about the others and not try to be he And you could almost have done it as yourself a woman could love her in that same protecting way a woman could even care enough to wish to take her away from such a life by some means or other But oh how close how tender how true the feeling is 188 Between 1891 and Cather s publication of The Song of the Lark there was a paucity of novels dealing with farm life By the 1920s however literary interest in rural life and the frontier grew considerably 203 References edit willa cather Definition pictures pronunciation and usage notes Oxford Advanced Learner s Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries com oxfordlearnersdictionaries com Willa Cather Pulitzer Prize Winning Author amp Novelist Britannica www britannica com October 4 2023 Retrieved November 14 2023 Schwind Jean 1985 Latour s Schismatic Church The Radical Meaning in the Pictorial Methods of Death Comes for the Archbishop Studies in American Fiction 13 1 71 88 doi 10 1353 saf 1985 0024 S2CID 161453359 Wilson James Southall 1953 Of Willa Cather The Virginia Quarterly Review 29 3 470 474 ISSN 0042 675X JSTOR 26439850 a b Bradford Curtis 1955 Willa Cather s Uncollected Short Stories American Literature 26 4 537 551 doi 10 2307 2921857 ISSN 0002 9831 JSTOR 2921857 Morley C September 1 2009 DAVID PORTER On the Divide The Many Lives of Willa Cather The Review of English Studies 60 246 674 676 doi 10 1093 res hgp042 Weddle Mary Ray Mower s Tree Willa Cather Archive cather unl edu Retrieved January 22 2021 Shively James R 1948 Willa Cather Juvenilia Prairie Schooner 22 1 97 111 ISSN 0032 6682 JSTOR 40623968 Carpentier Martha C 2007 The Deracinated Self Immigrants Orphans and the Migratory Consciousness of Willa Cather and Susan Glaspell Studies in American Fiction 35 2 132 doi 10 1353 saf 2007 0001 S2CID 162245931 Jewell Andrew 2007 Curious Survivals The Letters of Willa Cather New Letters 74 1 154 175 a b Bennett Mildred R 1959 Willa Cather in Pittsburgh Prairie Schooner 33 1 64 76 ISSN 0032 6682 JSTOR 40626192 Gorman Michael 2017 Rural Cosmopolitanism and Cultural Imperialism in Willa Cather s One of Ours PDF The Japanese Journal of American Studies 28 61 Retrieved February 1 2021 Baker Bruce 1968 Nebraska Regionalism in Selected Works of Willa Gather Western American Literature 3 1 19 doi 10 1353 wal 1968 0000 S2CID 159958823 French Marilyn 1987 Muzzled Women College Literature 14 3 219 229 ISSN 0093 3139 JSTOR 25111750 Hinz John P 1949 Willa Cather Prairie Spring Prairie Schooner 23 1 82 88 ISSN 0032 6682 JSTOR 40624074 Boynton Percy H 1924 Willa Cather The English Journal 13 6 373 380 doi 10 2307 802876 ISSN 0013 8274 JSTOR 802876 Whicher George F 1951 Limited Investigations The Virginia Quarterly Review 27 3 457 460 ISSN 0042 675X JSTOR 26439605 a b c Ross Alex A Walk in Willa Cather s Prairie The New Yorker a b c Ahearn Amy Willa Cather A Longer Biographical Sketch Willa Cather Archive cather unl edu University of Nebraska Lincoln Romines Ann 2000 Introduction Willa Cather s southern connections In Romines Ann ed Willa Cather s southern connections new essays on Cather and the South University Press of Virginia ISBN 0813919606 Overton Grant 1928 The women who make our novels Dodd Mead p 77 a b Bennett Mildred R 1961 The world of Willa Cather New with notes and index ed Lincoln University of Nebraska Press ISBN 978 0 803 25013 0 Hamner Eugenie Lambert December 1984 The unknown well known child in Cather s last novel Women s Studies 11 3 347 358 doi 10 1080 00497878 1984 9978621 034 0162 Willow Shade Virginia Department of Historic Resources Bennett Mildred R 1988 New Letters From Willa Cather Western American Literature 23 3 223 227 doi 10 1353 wal 1988 0160 S2CID 166167840 Bennett Mildred R 1973 What Happened to the Rest of the Charles Cather Family Nebraska History 54 619 624 Lewis Edith 2000 Willa Cather Living A Personal Record Lincoln University of Nebraska Press ISBN 978 0 80327 996 4 a b c d Lee Hermione 1990 Willa Cather Double Lives New York Pantheon Books ISBN 978 0 39453 703 0 a b c d e f g Woodress James 1987 Willa Cather A Literary Life Lincoln University of Nebraska Press ISBN 978 0 80324 734 5 Walter Katherine About The Red Cloud Chief Nebraska Newspapers University of Nebraska Lincoln Bennett Mildred R 1982 The Childhood Worlds of Willa Cather Great Plains Quarterly 2 4 204 209 ISSN 0275 7664 JSTOR 24467936 Shaw Patrick W 1991 The Art of Conflict Willa Cather s Last Three Novels South Central Review 8 4 41 58 doi 10 2307 3189622 ISSN 0743 6831 JSTOR 3189622 Forman Henry James 1962 Willa Cather A Voice from the Prairie Southwest Review 47 3 248 258 ISSN 0038 4712 JSTOR 43471124 Schneiderman Leo 1999 2000 Willa Cather Transitional Objects and Creativity Imagination Cognition and Personality 19 2 133 doi 10 2190 5EWU VPYK A6LK J5KW S2CID 144731651 Willa Cather s Biography Willa Cather Foundation Retrieved May 14 2021 Bullock Flora 1949 Willa Cather Essayist and Dramatic Critic 1891 1895 Prairie Schooner 23 4 393 400 ISSN 0032 6682 JSTOR 40624175 a b Cather Willa June 2 1927 1927 LINCOLN Willa Cather Archive cather unl edu Retrieved January 15 2021 a b Benson Peter 1981 Willa Cather at Home Monthly Biography 4 3 227 248 doi 10 1353 bio 2010 0814 S2CID 162300709 Walter Katherine Early Nebraska Journalist University of Nebraska Lincoln Retrieved October 27 2016 Homestead Melissa J 2010 Edith Lewis as Editor Every Week Magazine and the Contexts of Cather s Fiction Cather Studies 8 Vandiver Frank May 2 1962 In Quest of General Pershing PDF Speech Annual dinner of the Beta of Texas Chapter of Phi Beta Kappa Cohen House Rice University Laegreid Renee M Spring 2007 The Good The Bad And The Ignored Immigrants In Willa Cather s O Pioneers Great Plains Quarterly 27 2 101 115 Retrieved January 23 2021 Stouck David 1976 Willa Cather and the Indian Heritage Twentieth Century Literature 22 4 433 443 doi 10 2307 440584 ISSN 0041 462X JSTOR 440584 Reaver J Russell 1968 Mythic Motivation in Willa Cather s O Pioneers Western Folklore 27 1 19 25 doi 10 2307 1498768 ISSN 0043 373X JSTOR 1498768 Lowry Patricia December 8 2008 Places In search of Willa Cather s East End haunts Pittsburgh Post Gazette Retrieved July 20 2010 McBride Mary Ellen July 18 1973 Willa Cather s Prose Captured Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Post Gazette p 31 And Death Comes for Willa Cather Famous Author Archived December 10 2015 at the Wayback Machine Pittsburgh Sun Telegraph April 25 1947 Duryea Polly P 1993 Paintings and Drawings in Willa Cather s Prose A Catalogue Raisonne University of Nebraska Lincoln p 13 Author Snubs City s Mills Praises Poet The Pittsburgh Press June 23 1934 p 44 Willa Cather Author Dies The Pittsburgh Press April 25 1947 p 2 Week s Outing to Cincinnati The Pittsburgh Press July 26 1896 p 4 Stout Janis P 2000 Willa Cather The Writer and Her World University Press of Virginia p 90 ISBN 978 0 813 91996 6 Ryder Mary R 1985 Prosodic Variations in Willa Gather s Prairie Poems Western American Literature 20 3 223 237 doi 10 1353 wal 1985 0028 S2CID 165164839 a b Thacker Robert 2013 As the Result of Many Solicitations Ferris Greenslet Houghton Mifflin and Cather s Career Studies in the Novel 45 3 369 386 ISSN 0039 3827 JSTOR 23594848 a b Slote Bernice 1981 Willa Cather and Her First Book Prairie Schooner 55 1 2 109 113 ISSN 0032 6682 JSTOR 40630730 Woodress James 1992 Whitman and Cather Etudes Anglaises 45 3 325 Fullbrook Kate Ostwalt Conrad E 1992 Review of April Twilights Willa Cather s Modernism A Study of Style and Technique After Eden The Secularization of American Space in the Fiction of Willa Cather and Theodore Dreiser Conrad E Ostwalt Jr Bergson and American Culture The Worlds of Willa Cather and Wallace Stevens Cather Studies Journal of American Studies 26 1 120 122 doi 10 1017 S0021875800030498 ISSN 0021 8758 JSTOR 27555618 Van Gastel Ada L 1984 An Unpublished Poem by Willa Cather Resources for American Literary Study 14 1 2 153 159 doi 10 2307 26366417 ISSN 0048 7384 JSTOR 26366417 Stout Janis P 2003 Willa Cather s Poetry and the Object s of Art American Literary Realism 35 2 159 174 ISSN 1540 3084 JSTOR 27747093 1925 LONDON Willa Cather Archive cather unl edu Retrieved February 5 2021 Madigan Mark J Willa Cather and Dorothy Canfield Fisher Cather Studies 1 Browne Anita ed 1933 The one hundred best books by American women during the past hundred years 1833 1933 as chosen for the National council of women Associated authors service p 53 Squires Ashley 2013 The Standard Oil Treatment Willa Cather The Life of Mary Baker G Eddy and Early Twentieth Century Collaborative Authorship Studies in the Novel 45 3 328 348 ISSN 0039 3827 JSTOR 23594846 Squires L Ashley 2017 Healing the Nation Literature Progress and Christian Science Indiana University Press Castor Laura 2008 Willa Cather Alexander s Bridge Historical essay and explanatory notes by Tom Quirk textual essay and editing by Frederick M Link American Studies in Scandinavia 40 1 2 167 170 doi 10 22439 asca v40i1 2 4688 Morris Lloyd 1924 Willa Cather The North American Review 219 822 641 652 ISSN 0029 2397 JSTOR 25113302 The Atlantic November 1912 p 683 Bloom Edward A Bloom Lillian D 1962 Willa Cather s gift of sympathy Southern Illinois University Press p 9 Kitch Carolyn July 1997 The Work That Came Before the Art Willa Cather as Journalist 1893 1912 American Journalism 14 3 4 425 440 doi 10 1080 08821127 1997 10731934 ISSN 0882 1127 Garvelink Lisa Bouma 2013 The Nature of the Life of the Artist in Willa Cather s The Song of the Lark CEA Critic 75 3 270 277 ISSN 0007 8069 JSTOR 44378518 a b c O BRIEN SHARON 2013 Possession and Publication Willa Cather s Struggle to Save My Antonia Studies in the Novel 45 3 460 475 ISSN 0039 3827 JSTOR 23594852 Old James Paul September 2018 Wandering over Boundless Fields The Fiction of Willa Cather and the Reformation of Communal Memory American Political Thought 7 4 565 587 doi 10 1086 699908 S2CID 158530806 Eggan Taylor A May 19 2018 Landscape Metaphysics Narrative Architecture and the Focalisation of the Environment English Studies 99 4 398 411 doi 10 1080 0013838X 2018 1475594 ISSN 0013 838X S2CID 165304534 Ranks Miss Cather 1st Woman Novelist Hastings Daily Tribune March 15 1919 p 5 The Greatness of Willa Cather The Times Dispatch Richmond VA Norfolk Virginian Pilot April 29 1947 p 8 Omaha World Herald April 9 1921 Kundu Gautam 1998 Inadvertent Echoes or An Instance of Apparent Plagiarism Cather s My Antonia A Lost Lady and Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby Etudes Anglaises 51 3 326 a b c d e Claridge Laura 2016 The lady with the Borzoi Blanche Knopf Literary Tastemaker Extraordinaire First ed Farrar Straus and Giroux pp 63 65 ISBN 978 0 374 11425 1 OCLC 908176194 Harris Richard C 2013 Dear Alfred Dear Miss Cather Willa Cather and Alfred Knopf 1920 1947 Studies in the Novel 45 3 387 407 ISSN 0039 3827 JSTOR 23594849 Ronning Kari A 2013 Speaking Volumes Embodying Cather s Works Studies in the Novel 45 3 519 537 ISSN 0039 3827 JSTOR 23594855 a b Jaillant Lise 2013 Canonical in the 1930s Willa Cather s Death Comes for the Archbishop in the Modern Library Series Studies in the Novel 45 3 476 499 ISSN 0039 3827 JSTOR 23594853 Vanderlaan Kim 2011 Sacred Spaces Profane Manufactories Willa Cather s Split Artist in The Professor s House and My Mortal Enemy Western American Literature 46 1 4 24 doi 10 1353 wal 2011 0035 S2CID 144199893 Garvelink Lisa Bouma October 2004 Willa Cather s Voyage Perilous A Case for One of Ours Women s Studies 33 7 907 931 doi 10 1080 00497870490503851 S2CID 145563235 Onion Rebecca October 21 2019 On the Sexist Reception of Willa Cather s World War I Novel Literary Hub Clere Sarah E 2011 Troubling Bodies in the Fiction of Willa Cather University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill p 5 Hicks Granville 1933 The Case against Willa Cather The English Journal 22 9 703 710 doi 10 2307 804321 ISSN 0013 8274 JSTOR 804321 O Brien Sharon 1988 Becoming Noncanonical The Case Against Willa Cather American Quarterly 40 1 110 126 doi 10 2307 2713144 ISSN 0003 0678 JSTOR 2713144 Old James Paul January 2 2021 Making Good Americans The Politics of Willa Cather s Death Comes for the Archbishop Perspectives on Political Science 50 1 52 61 doi 10 1080 10457097 2020 1830673 ISSN 1045 7097 S2CID 225123832 Urgo Joseph 2005 Review of Willa Cather and Material Culture Real World Writing Writing the Real World South Atlantic Review 70 2 182 186 ISSN 0277 335X JSTOR 20064654 Melcher E de S November 17 1934 Willa Cather Novel Loses Much in the Screen Story Evening Star Washington D C p 21 C E N September 5 1934 Literary Topics Hartford Courant p 8 Frus Phyllis Corkin Stanley 1997 Cather Criticism and the American Canon College English 59 2 206 217 doi 10 2307 378552 ISSN 0010 0994 JSTOR 378552 Reynolds Guy 2006 Willa Cather as progressive The Cambridge Companion to Willa Cather Cambridge University Press pp 19 34 ISBN 978 1 139 00086 4 Clasen Kelly 2013 Feminists of the Middle Border Willa Cather Hamlin Garland and the Female Land Ethic CEA Critic 75 2 93 108 ISSN 0007 8069 JSTOR 44378769 Arnold Marilyn 1989 Willa Cather s Artistic Radicalism CEA Critic 51 4 2 10 ISSN 0007 8069 JSTOR 44377562 Goldberg Jonathan 1998 Photographic Relations Laura Gilpin Willa Cather American Literature 70 1 63 95 doi 10 2307 2902456 ISSN 0002 9831 JSTOR 2902456 Decker James M April 2003 Willa Cather and the Politics of Criticism Modern Language Review doi 10 2307 3737843 JSTOR 3737843 a b c Nealon Christopher 1997 Affect Genealogy Feeling and Affiliation in Willa Cather American Literature 69 1 5 37 doi 10 2307 2928167 ISSN 0002 9831 JSTOR 2928167 a b Homestead Melissa 2017 Yet More Cather Knopf Correspondence Willa Cather Review 59 2 3 Giannone Richard 2005 Music Silence and the Spirituality of Willa Gather Renascence 57 2 123 149 doi 10 5840 renascence20055723 Baker Deena Michelle 2006 What now Willa Cather s successful male professionals at middle age p 41 Lindemann Marilee 2005 The Cambridge companion to Willa Cather 1st ed Cambridge University Press p xx ISBN 978 0 521 52793 4 Porter David 2017 From The Song of the Lark to Lucy Gayheart and Die Walkure to Die Winterreise Cather Studies 11 doi 10 2307 j ctt1qv5psc 12 Retrieved February 1 2021 Porter David 2015 Following the Lieder Cather Schubert and Lucy Gayheart Cather Studies 10 doi 10 2307 j ctt1d98c6j 19 Retrieved February 1 2021 Harvey Sally Elizabeth Peltier 1992 Willa Cather Redefining the American Dream Johnston William Winfred 1953 MUSIC IN THE FICTION OF WILLA CATHER PDF p 176 Randall John Herman 1960 The landscape and the looking glass Willa Cather s search for value Houghton Mifflin p 353 Edel Leon 1960 Willa Cather the paradox of success a lecture delivered under the auspices of the Gertrude Clarke Whittall Poetry and Literature Fund in the Coolidge Auditorium Library of Congress p 13 a b Stout Janis P 2019 Cather among the moderns University of Alabama Press p 68 ISBN 978 0 817 32014 0 Cather Willa 1926 Louise Guerber October 15 1926 Willa Cather Archive cather unl edu Retrieved February 1 2021 Porter David 2013 1926 Blue Eyes on the Platte Enters Gayheartedly Willa Cather Newsletter amp Review 56 2 32 Chown Linda 1993 It Came Closer than That Willa Cather s Lucy Gayheart Cather Studies 2 Retrieved February 8 2021 Daughter of the Prairies Nebraskaland Nebraska Game and Parks Commission 44 56 1966 BENNETT MILDRED R 1982 Willa Cather s Bodies for Ghosts Western American Literature 17 1 45 ISSN 0043 3462 JSTOR 43020206 Cather Willa August 2015 Porter David H ed Lucy Gayheart Willa Cather Scholarly ed U of Nebraska Press p 288 ISBN 978 0 803 27687 1 Rosowski Susan J December 1984 Willa Cather s female landscapes The song of the lark and Lucy Gayheart Women s Studies 11 3 233 246 doi 10 1080 00497878 1984 9978614 Baker Deena Michelle 2006 What now Willa Cather s successful male professionals at middle age middle age California State University San Bernardino p 6 APS Member History search amphilsoc org Retrieved June 16 2023 Cather Willa March 5 1939 Dorothy Canfield Fisher March 5 1939 Willa Cather Archive cather unl edu Cather Willa October 12 1938 Ferris Greenslet October 12 1938 Willa Cather Archive cather unl edu They were the two people dearest to me Cather Willa May 6 1941 Mary Willard May 6 1941 Willa Cather Archive cather unl edu I have waited for some days to turn to you because I seemed unable to utter anything but a cry of grief and bitter disappointment Only Isabelle s death and the death of my brother Douglass have cut me so deep The feeling I have all the time is that so much of my life has been cut away Gatenby Greg 1993 The Wild is Always There Canada through the eyes of foreign writers Alfred A Knopf Canada p 215 ISBN 978 0 39428 023 3 Stouck David 1982 Marriage and Friendship in My Antonia Great Plains Quarterly 2 4 224 231 ISSN 0275 7664 JSTOR 24467939 Mason Julian 1986 An Interesting Willa Cather Letter American Literature 58 1 109 111 doi 10 2307 2925947 ISSN 0002 9831 JSTOR 2925947 Pritchard William H 2013 Epistolary Cather The Hudson Review 66 2 387 394 ISSN 0018 702X JSTOR 43488733 a b c Jewell Andrew 2017 Why Obscure the Record The Psychological Context of Willa Cather s Ban on Letter Publication Biography 40 3 399 424 ISSN 0162 4962 JSTOR 26405083 Thomas Susie 1990 Willa Cather Macmillan Education p 13 ISBN 978 0 33342 360 8 Walton David March 4 1990 Putting Cather into Perspective The Philadelphia Inquirer p 3 J Salas Angela M 1997 Willa Cather s Sapphira and the Slave Girl Extending the Boundaries of the Body College Literature 24 2 97 108 ISSN 0093 3139 JSTOR 25112300 Sensational Autobiography Chosen The Times Dispatch Richmond Virginia December 8 1940 p 76 Jaap James A 2009 Breaking Fresh Ground New Releases from the Willa Cather Edition Resources for American Literary Study 34 215 222 doi 10 7756 rals 034 009 215 222 ISSN 0048 7384 JSTOR 26367245 S2CID 163536829 Cather Willa 2009 Youth and the Bright Medusa The Willa Cather Scholarly Edition University of Nebraska Press Burgess Cheryll 1990 Cather s Homecomings Willa Cather family community and history the BYU symposium Brigham Young University Humanities Publications Center p 52 ISBN 0842522999 Skaggs Merrill Maguire 2007 Icons and Willa Cather Cather Studies 7 doi 10 2307 j ctt1djmfsp 23 Cather Willa Women s History Month American Academy of Arts amp Sciences Retrieved February 3 2021 MISS CATHER WINS INSTITUTE AWARD The New York Times January 28 1944 p 13 a b c Homestead Melissa J 2021 The Only Wonderful Things The Creative Partnership of Willa Cather and Edith Lewis Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19065 287 6 Author of Lost Lady Won the Pulitzer Prize in 1922 for Writing One of Ours The New York Times April 25 1947 Retrieved January 18 2014 Willa Sibert Cather noted American novelist died at 4 30 P M yesterday in her home at 570 Park Avenue After Miss Cather s death a secretary who was with her at the time was too upset to talk about it It was reported that death was due to a cerebral hemorrhage The author was 70 years old in December Mulligan Hugh A February 13 1980 Visiting Willa Cather Sabbatical of the Heart The Shreveport Journal Associated Press p 52 Homestead Melissa J December 24 2010 Cather Willa The Encyclopedia of Twentieth Century Fiction II doi 10 1002 9781444337822 wbetcfv2c005 ISBN 978 1 444 33782 2 Wilson Scott Resting Places The Burial Sites of More Than 14 000 Famous Persons 3d ed 2 Kindle Location 7776 McFarland amp Company Inc Publishers Kindle Edition Swanson Stevenson July 13 2003 Scholars ponder why writer of Plains chose burial in East Chicago Tribune Retrieved February 2 2021 Homestead Melissa J Kaufman Anne L 2008 Nebraska New England New York Mapping the Foreground of Willa Cather and Edith Lewis s Creative Partnership Western American Literature 43 1 46 doi 10 1353 wal 2008 0050 S2CID 160102859 Gleason John B 1986 The Case of Willa Cather Western American Literature 20 4 275 299 doi 10 1353 wal 1986 0072 S2CID 165975307 Jaffrey Willa Cather s Last Page September 9 2008 Archived from the original on April 13 2014 Retrieved April 9 2014 Bean Margaret C 2005 Willa Cather in Jaffrey Studies in Jaffrey History 1 5 Edith Lewis Friend of Willa Cather The New York Times August 12 1972 Retrieved February 7 2018 Cather Willa 2008 Sharistanian Janet ed My Antonia New ed Oxford University Press p xiii ISBN 978 0 19953 814 0 Acocella Joan April 9 2013 What s in Cather s Letters The New Yorker Lindemann Marilee 1999 Willa Cather queering America Columbia University Press p 25 ISBN 978 0 23111 325 0 Flannigan John F Issues of Gender and Lesbian Love Goblins in The Garden Lodge Cather Studies 2 Ammons Elizabeth Cather and the New Canon The Old Beauty and the Issue of Empire Cather Studies 3 Despite her sympathetic portraits of northern and eastern European gentile immigrants and her own status as a closeted lesbian writer in an increasingly homophobic era Willa Cather was in key ways reactionary and racist Carlin Deborah January 1 2001 Review of Willa Cather s Sexual Aesthetics and the Male Homosexual Literary Tradition by John P Anders amp Willa Cather and the Politics of Criticism by Joan Acocella Great Plains Quarterly 21 1 O Brien Sharon 1987 Willa Cather the emerging voice Oxford University Press pp 215 216 ISBN 978 0 19504 132 3 Hammer K Allison February 1 2020 Epic Stone Butch TSQ Transgender Studies Quarterly 7 1 77 98 doi 10 1215 23289252 7914528 S2CID 214352736 Pernal Mary 2002 Explorations in contemporary feminist literature the battle against oppression for writers of color lesbian and transgender communities P Lang p 18 ISBN 978 0 82045 662 1 Butler Judith 1993 Dangerous Crossing Willa Cather s Masculine Names Bodies that matter on the discursive limits of sex Routledge ISBN 978 0 41590 366 0 Bloom Harold Genius A Mosaic of One Hundred Exemplary Creative Minds Warner p 633 Gatenby Greg 1993 The Wild is Always There Canada through the eyes of foreign writers Alfred A Knopf Canada p 214 ISBN 0 394 28023 7 Boutry Katherine 2000 Between Registers Coming In and Out Through Musical Performance in Willa Cather s The Song of the Lark Legacy 17 2 187 198 doi 10 1353 leg 2000 0003 ISSN 0748 4321 JSTOR 25679337 S2CID 161309296 Griswold Wendy Michelson Anna September 2020 The Outsider s Edge Geography Gender and Sexuality in the Local Color Movement Sociological Forum 35 3 628 647 doi 10 1111 socf 12622 S2CID 225426519 Jewell Andrew 2004 Willa Cather s Greenwich Village New Contexts for Coming Aphrodite Studies in American Fiction 32 1 59 80 doi 10 1353 saf 2004 0009 S2CID 162380556 Bunyan Patrick 2011 All Around the Town Amazing Manhattan Facts and Curiosities Second ed Empire State Editions p 66 ISBN 978 0 823 23174 4 Stout Janis P 1991 Autobiography as Journey in The Professor s House Studies in American Fiction 19 2 203 215 doi 10 1353 saf 1991 0019 S2CID 161087364 Homestead Melissa J 2013 Willa Cather Edith lewis and Collaboration The Southwestern Novels of the 1920s and Beyond Studies in the Novel 45 3 408 441 ISSN 0039 3827 JSTOR 23594850 Thacker Robert 1992 Alice Munro s Willa Cather Canadian Literature 134 Autumn 1992 43 57 Harbison Sherrill 2000 Willa Cather and Sigrid Undset The Correspondence in Oslo Resources for American Literary Study 26 2 240 doi 10 1353 rals 2000 0024 S2CID 162396411 Simmons Thomas E 2018 A Will for Willa Cather Missouri Law Review 83 3 Stout Janis P 2009 Between Candor and Concealment Willa Cather and Auto Biography Biography 32 3 467 492 ISSN 0162 4962 JSTOR 23540820 Christopher Benfey Willa Cather s Correspondence Reveals Something New The rage of a great American novelist The New Republic October 12 2013 Schuessler Jennifer O Revelations Letters Once Banned Flesh Out Willa Cather The New York Times March 22 2013 A1 About Willa Cather Archive cather unl edu Retrieved December 26 2019 The Complete Letters Willa Cather Archive cather unl edu Retrieved February 3 2021 Cather Willa 2004 Curtin William M ed The World and the Parish Willa Cather s Articles and Reviews 1893 1902 Repr of the 1970 ed University of Nebraska Press p 248 ISBN 978 0 80321 544 3 Laird David 1992 Willa Cather s Women Gender Place and Narrativity in O Pioneers and My Antonia Great Plains Quarterly 12 4 242 253 ISSN 0275 7664 JSTOR 23531660 Rosenberg Liz May 16 1993 SARAH ORNE JEWETT A NATURALLY AMERICAN WRITER Chicago Tribune Retrieved February 4 2021 Shannon Laurie 1999 The Country of Our Friendship Jewett s Intimist Art American Literature 71 2 227 262 ISSN 0002 9831 JSTOR 2902810 REYNOLDS GUY 2013 The Transatlantic Virtual Salon Cather and the British Studies in the Novel 45 3 349 368 ISSN 0039 3827 JSTOR 23594847 Homestead Melissa 2016 Willa Cather Editing Sarah Orne Jewett American Literary Realism 49 1 63 89 doi 10 5406 amerlitereal 49 1 0063 ISSN 1540 3084 JSTOR 10 5406 amerlitereal 49 1 0063 S2CID 164607316 Rose Phyllis September 11 1983 THE POINT OF VIEW WAS MASCULINE The New York Times p 92 Carlin Deborah 2015 Cather s Jewett Relationship Influence and Representation Cather Studies 10 doi 10 2307 j ctt1d98c6j 12 Cary Richard 1973 The Sculptor and the Spinster Jewett s Influence on Cather Colby Quarterly 10 3 168 178 Smith Eleanor M 1956 The Literary Relationship of Sarah Orne Jewett and Willa Sibert Cather The New England Quarterly 29 4 472 492 doi 10 2307 362140 ISSN 0028 4866 JSTOR 362140 Thorberg Raymond 1962 Willa Cather From Alexander s Bridge to My Antonia Twentieth Century Literature 7 4 147 158 doi 10 2307 440922 ISSN 0041 462X JSTOR 440922 Homestead Melissa J 2015 Willa Cather Sarah Orne Jewett and the Historiography of Lesbian Sexuality Cather Studies 10 doi 10 2307 j ctt1d98c6j 5 Retrieved February 4 2021 Donovan Josephine 1979 The Unpublished Love Poems of Sarah Orne Jewett Frontiers A Journal of Women Studies 4 3 26 31 doi 10 2307 3346145 ISSN 0160 9009 JSTOR 3346145 In fact Jewett was quite aware of the temptation to fictionally disguise female female relationships as heterosexual love stories and consciously rejected it One of her most pointed critical comments to the young Willa Cather was to advise her against doing this kind of masquerading in her future work Pryse Marjorie 1998 Sex Class and Category Crisis Reading Jewett s Transitivity American Literature 70 3 517 549 doi 10 2307 2902708 ISSN 0002 9831 JSTOR 2902708 Jewett Sarah Orne 1911 Fields Annie ed Letters of Sarah Orne Jewett Houghton Mifflin company pp 246 7 Cather Willa 1936 Not Under Forty Alfred A Knopf p 135 Harris Richard C 1989 First Loves Willa Cather s Niel Herbert and Ivan Turgenev s Vladimir Petrovich Studies in American Fiction 17 1 81 doi 10 1353 saf 1989 0007 S2CID 161309570 MURPHY DAVID 1994 Jejich Antonie Czechs the Land Cather and the Pavelka Farmstead Great Plains Quarterly 14 2 85 106 ISSN 0275 7664 JSTOR 23531597 a b Danker Kathleen Winter 2000 The Influence of Willa Cather s French Canadian Neighbors in Nebraska in Death Comes for the Archbishop and Shadows on the Rock Great Plains Quarterly p 34 Carr Thomas M 2016 A French Canadian Community Becomes French Country The 1912 Funeral at the Center of Cather s O Pioneers PDF Willa Cather Newsletter amp Review 59 1 21 26 Retrieved February 3 2021 Haller Evelyn 2010 Shadows On The Rock A Book in American English Ezra Pound Gave His Daughter That She Might Learn His Mother Tongue And More Paideuma 37 245 265 ISSN 0090 5674 JSTOR 24726727 Canby Henry Seidel The 100 Outstanding Books of 1924 1944 Life August 14 1944 Chosen in collaboration with the magazine s editors a b Middleton Jo Ann 1990 Willa Cather s Modernism A Study of Style and Technique Rutherford Fairleigh Dickinson University Press ISBN 978 0 83863 385 4 Ozieblo Barbara 2002 Love and Disappointment Gamel Woolsey s unpublished novel Patterns on the Sand Powys Notes 14 1 2 5 12 Morgenstern Naomi E 1996 Love Is Home Sickness Nostalgia and Lesbian Desire in Sapphira and the Slave Girl Novel A Forum on Fiction 29 2 184 205 doi 10 2307 1345858 ISSN 0029 5132 JSTOR 1345858 Morley Catherine July 1 2009 Crossing the water Willa Cather and the transatlantic imaginary European Journal of American Culture 28 2 125 140 doi 10 1386 ejac 28 2 125 1 Rosowski Susan J 1995 Willa Cather s Ecology of Place Western American Literature 30 1 37 51 doi 10 1353 wal 1995 0050 S2CID 165923896 Fischer Mike 1990 Pastoralism and its Discontents Willa Cather and the Burden of Imperialism Mosaic A Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature 23 1 31 44 ISSN 0027 1276 JSTOR 24780573 Ramirez Karen E Spring 2010 Narrative Mappings of the Land as Space and Place in Willa Cather s O Pioneers Great Plains Quarterly 30 2 Dennis Ryan December 17 2020 Naming Fields The Loss of Narrative in Farming New England Review 41 4 126 134 doi 10 1353 ner 2020 0123 ISSN 2161 9131 S2CID 229355389 Keller Julia September 7 2002 The town Willa Cather couldn t leave behind The Anniston Star p 10 Walker Don D 1966 The Western Humanism of Willa Cather Western American Literature 1 2 75 90 doi 10 1353 wal 1966 0004 ISSN 1948 7142 S2CID 165885366 Brown E K 1936 Willa Cather and the West University of Toronto Quarterly 5 4 544 566 doi 10 3138 utq 5 4 544 ISSN 1712 5278 S2CID 161220902 Winters Laura 1993 Willa Cather Landscape and Exile Selinsgrove Susquehanna University Press p 58 ISBN 978 0 9456 3656 4 Writing Willa Cather Cleveland Review of Books Retrieved December 21 2021 Stouck David 1972 Hagiographical Style in Death Comes for the Archbishop University of Toronto Quarterly 41 4 293 307 doi 10 3138 utq 41 4 293 ISSN 1712 5278 S2CID 162317290 Curtin William M 1968 Willa Cather Individualism and Style Colby Quarterly 8 2 35 55 Homestead Melissa Reynolds Guy October 1 2011 Rosowski Susan J ed Introduction Cather Studies 9 x doi 10 2307 j ctt1df4gfg 4 Skaggs Merrill Maguire 1981 Willa Cather s Experimental Southern Novel The Mississippi Quarterly 35 1 3 14 ISSN 0026 637X JSTOR 26474933 Gingrich Brian September 17 2020 Willa Cather s Naivete Twentieth Century Literature 66 3 305 332 doi 10 1215 0041462X 8646863 ISSN 2325 8101 S2CID 225334904 Curtin William M June 1968 Willa Cather Individualism and Style Colby Library Quarterly 8 2 1 21 Byatt A S December 8 2006 American pastoral The Guardian Retrieved January 23 2014 a b Acocella Joan Ross 2000 Willa Cather and the Politics of Criticism University of Nebraska Press pp 5 6 ISBN 978 0 803 21046 2 Reynolds Guy June 2003 Willa Cather as Equivocal Icon Presentations Talks and Seminar Papers Department of English 5 Urgo Joseph R 1995 Willa Cather and the Myth of American Migration University of Illinois Press pp 17 88 ISBN 978 0 252 06481 4 Rosowski Susan J 2001 The Voyage Perilous Willa Cather s Romanticism University of Nebraska Press p 45 ISBN 978 0 803 28986 4 External links editWilla Cather at Wikipedia s sister projects nbsp Media from Commons nbsp Quotations from Wikiquote nbsp Texts from Wikisource Libraries edit Willa Cather Review at the Willa Cather Foundation Special Collections amp Archives at The National Willa Cather Center Willa Cather Archive at University of Nebraska Lincoln Willa Cather Collection usurped at the Nebraska State Historical Society Willa Cather Collection at Drew University Willa Cather Irene Miner Weisz Papers Archived April 29 2021 at the Wayback Machine at the Newberry Library Benjamin D Hitz Willa Cather Papers Archived May 6 2021 at the Wayback Machine at the Newberry Library Ann Safford Mandel collection of Willa Cather papers at the Mortimer Rare Book CollectionOnline editions edit Works by Willa Cather in eBook form at Standard Ebooks Works by Willa Cather at Project Gutenberg Works by Willa Cather at Faded Page Canada Works by or about Willa Cather at Internet Archive Works by Willa Cather at LibriVox public domain audiobooks nbsp Willa Cather at Poets Corner Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Willa Cather amp oldid 1193061112, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.