Wheat yellow rust (Puccinia striiformisf.sp.tritici), also known as wheat stripe rust, is one of the three major wheatrust diseases, along with stem rust of wheat (Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici) and leaf rust (Puccinia triticina f.sp. tritici).
As R.P. Singh, J. Huerta-Espino, and A.P. Roelfs say in their 2002 comprehensive review of literature on the wheat rusts for UN FAO:[1]
Although Gadd first described stripe rust of wheat in 1777, it was not until 1896 that Eriksson and Henning (1896) showed that stripe rust resulted from a separate pathogen, which they named P. glumarum. In 1953, Hylander et al. (1953) revived the name P. striiformis.
A stripe rust outbreak in northwest Syria contributed to the beginning of the Syrian Civil War by increasing food prices.[2]
Life cycle
Other cereal rust fungi have macrocyclic, heteroecious life cycles, involving five spore stages and two phylogenetically unrelated hosts. P. striiformis was thought to be microcyclic for centuries until 2009, when a team of scientists at the USDA-ARS Cereal Disease Lab led by Yue Jin confirmed that barberry (Berberis and Mahonia spp.) is an alternate host.[3] Barberry was known as an alternate host of the closely related stem rust (Puccinia graminis) and for many years, when infection was observed on barberry, it was assumed to be stem rust.[4] (Then P. striiformis was accidentally discovered to also have the same alternate host when scientists observed rust infection on various barberry species, and inoculated spores of this unknown rust onto Poaceae hosts.[3]Kentucky Bluegrass was the only one to show infection. The uredinia were characteristic of stripe rust.)[3][5] Later, infected wheat plants bearing teliospores were soaked in water and suspended over barberry species. Infection was produced, thus solving a "century-old mystery" of plant pathology.[3] This finding is regarded as revolutionary across the discipline and additionally among mycologists.[6][5][7][8][9]
Symptoms
Stripe rust on wheat
Yellow rust, or stripe rust, takes its name from the appearance of yellow-colored stripes produced parallel along the venations of each leaf blade. These yellow stripes are actually characteristic of uredinia that produce yellow-colored urediniospores. Primary hosts of yellow rust of wheat are Triticum aestivum (bread wheat), Triticum turgidum (durum wheat), triticale, and a few Hordeum vulgare (barley) cultivars.
The disease usually occurs early in the growth season, when temperature ranges between 2 and 15 °C (36 and 59 °F); but it may occur to a maximum of 23 °C (73 °F). High humidity and rainfall are favorable conditions for increasing the infection on both leaf blade and leaf sheath, even on spikes when in epidemic form. Symptoms are stunted and weakened plants, shriveled grains, fewer spikes, loss in number of grains per spike and grain weight. Losses can be 50%, but in severe situations 100% is vulnerable. Since yellow rust can occur whenever the wheat plants in green and the environmental condition conducive for the spore infection, yellow rust is a severe problem in the wheat-producing regions worldwide. Temperatures during the time of winter wheat emergence and the coldest period of the year are crucial for epidemic development in winter-habit wheat crops.[10]
Worldwide population structure
Both the spatial genetic structure and the spatial dissemination of this disease have been investigated.[11] Population genetic analyses indicate a strong regional heterogeneity in levels of recombination, with clear signatures of recombination in the Himalayan and near-Himalayan regions and a predominant clonal population structure in other regions. The existence of a high genotypic diversity, recombinant population structure, high sexual reproduction ability, and the abundance of the alternate host (Berberis spp.) in the Himalayan and neighboring regions suggest the region as a plausible Pst center of origin or at least very close to its centre of origin. However, further exploration may be useful from Central Asia to East Asian regions.[11]
Disease management
Breeding of resistant varieties is the most cost-effective method to control this rust. Fungicides are available but vary in availability depending on their registration restrictions by national or state governments.[12][13] Development of varieties resistant to the disease is always an important objective in wheat breeding programs for crop improvement. This has been done in the past, however as normal, these resistance genes became ineffective due to the acquisition of virulence to that particular resistance gene rendering the variety susceptible - necessitating ongoing variety development.[14]
Resistance genes
These genes are most often abbreviated Yr and Yr1, Yr24, etc.
QYr.niab-2D.1 is a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for adult plant resistance (APR).[15] This allele comes from the Claire variety.[15] Bouvet et al., 2021 discovered it when investigating unknown resistance in the UK 2015 and 2016 seasons.[15] It has since broken down however.[15]
Lebanon
Although Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9, Yr10, Yr17, Yr24, Yr25, and Yr27 are no longer effective in Lebanon, Yr1, Yr3, Yr4, Yr5, Yr15 are still effective against yellow rust pathotypes prevalent there.[16]
^Schwartzstein, Peter (2016-09-05). "Inside the Syrian Dust Bowl". Foreign Policy. The FP Group. Retrieved 2021-10-22.
^ abcdJin, Yue; Szabo, Les J.; Carson, Martin (2010-04-07). "Century-Old Mystery of Puccinia striiformis Life History Solved with the Identification of Berberis as an Alternate Host". Phytopathology. 100 (5): 432–435. doi:10.1094/PHYTO-100-5-0432. ISSN 0031-949X. PMID 20373963.
^Stakman, Elvin C. (1918). The black stem rust and the barberry. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.135472.
^ abWellings, Colin R. (2011-02-04). "Global status of stripe rust: a review of historical and current threats". Euphytica. Springer. 179 (1): 129–141. doi:10.1007/s10681-011-0360-y. ISSN 0014-2336. S2CID 12772004.
^ Dean, Ralph; Van Kan, Jan A. L.; Pretorius, Zacharias A.; Hammond-Kosack, Kim E.; Di Pietro, Antonio; Spanu, Pietro D.; Rudd, Jason J.; Dickman, Marty; Kahmann, Regine; Ellis, Jeff; Foster, Gary D. (2012-04-04). "The Top 10 fungal pathogens in molecular plant pathology". Molecular Plant Pathology. British Society for Plant Pathology (Wiley). 13 (4): 414–430. doi:10.1111/j.1364-3703.2011.00783.x. ISSN 1464-6722. PMC6638784. PMID 22471698. S2CID 18505064.
^Möller, Mareike; Stukenbrock, Eva H. (2017-08-07). "Evolution and genome architecture in fungal plant pathogens". Nature Reviews Microbiology. Nature Portfolio. 15 (12): 756–771. doi:10.1038/nrmicro.2017.76. ISSN 1740-1526. PMID 28781365. S2CID 23589377.
^Hovmøller, Mogens S.; Sørensen, Chris K.; Walter, Stephanie; Justesen, Annemarie F. (2011-09-08). "Diversity of Puccinia striiformis on Cereals and Grasses". Annual Review of Phytopathology. Annual Reviews. 49 (1): 197–217. doi:10.1146/annurev-phyto-072910-095230. ISSN 0066-4286. PMID 21599494. S2CID 41199857.
^Aslanov, Rufat; Moussa El Jarroudi; Mélanie Gollier; Marine Pallez-Barthel; Marco Beyer (2019-01-04). "Yellow rust does not like cold winters. But how to find out which temperature and time frames could be decisive in vivo?". Journal of Plant Pathology. online first (1): 539–546. doi:10.1007/s42161-018-00233-y. hdl:2268/230814. S2CID 91716438.
^ abAli, Sajid; Pierre Gladieux; Marc Leconte; Angélique Gautier; Annemarie F. Justesen; Mogens S. Hovmøller; Jérôme Enjalbert; Claude de Vallavieille-Pope (2014-01-23). "Origin, Migration Routes and Worldwide Population Genetic Structure of the Wheat Yellow Rust Pathogen Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici". PLOS Pathogens. 10 (1): e1003903. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003903. PMC3900651. PMID 24465211.
• de Vallavieille-Pope, Claude; Ali, Sajid; Leconte, Marc; Enjalbert, Jérôme; Delos, Marc; Rouzet, Jacques (1 January 2012). "Virulence Dynamics and Regional Structuring of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in France Between 1984 and 2009". Special Report. Plant Disease. American Phytopathological Association (APS). 96 (1): 131–140. doi:10.1094/pdis-02-11-0078. PMID 30731861. S2CID 73450078.
^ abcd Bouvet, Laura; Holdgate, Sarah; James, Lucy; Thomas, Jane; Mackay, Ian; Cockram, James (2021). "The evolving battle between yellow rust and wheat: implications for global food security". Theoretical and Applied Genetics. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. 135 (3): 741–753. doi:10.1007/s00122-021-03983-z. ISSN 0040-5752. PMC8942934. PMID 34821981. S2CID 236275608. JC ORCID 0000-0002-1014-6463.
^El Amil, Rola (2020-11-09). (DAY 2) - Phytosanitary Safety for Transboundary pest prevention - Yellow and Black rust population variability. CGIAR Germplasm Health Webinar series. Vol. Phytosanitary Awareness Week. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture / CGIAR. Slide at 00:44:37. Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute, Lebanon. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21.
Ali S. (2012) Population biology and invasion history of Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici at worldwide and local scale, Ph.D. dissertation. Université Paris-Sud 11.
Chen, X. M. 2005. Epidemiology and control of stripe rust [Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici] on wheat. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 27:314-337.
Doodson, J.K., Manners, J.G. and Myers, A. (1964). Some effects of yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis) on the growth and yield of spring wheat. Ann. Bot. 28: 459–472.
Eriksson, J. and E. Henning. 1896. Die Getreideroste. Ihre Geschichte und Natur sowie Massregein gegen dieselben. P. A. Norstedt and Soner, Stockholm. 463 pp.
Hogg, W.H., Hounam, C.E., Malik, A.K., and Zadoks, J.C. 1969. Meteorological factors affecting the epidemiology of wheat rusts. WMO Tech Note 99. 143 pp.
Hovmøller, M. S., Sørensen, C. K., Walter, S., Justesen, A. F. (2011) Diversity of Puccinia striiformis on cereals and grasses. Annual Review of Phytopathology 49, 197–217.
Hylander, N., I. Jorstad and J.A. Nannfeldt. 1953. Enumeratio uredionearum Scandinavicarum. Opera Bot. 1:1-102.
Jin, Y., Szabo, L.J., and Carson, M. 2010. Century-old mystery of Puccinia striiformis life history solved with the identification of Berberis as an alternate host. Phytopathology 100:432-435.
Poehlman J.M. and D.A. Sleper. 1995. Breeding Field Crops. 4th Ed. Iowa State Press/Ames, Iowa 50014.
Robbelen, G. and Sharp, E. L., 1978. Mode of inheritance, interaction and application of genes conditioning resistance to yellow rust. Adv. Plant Breeding, 9, 88 pp.
Saari, E. E. and Prescott, J. M., 1985. World distribution in relation to economic losses. Pages 259–298, in: The Cereal Rusts Vol. II: Diseases, distribution, epidemiology and control, A. P. Roelfs and W. R. Bushnell eds., Academic Press, Orlando, Fl.
Stubbs, R. W., 1985. Stripe rust. Pages 61–101 in: The Cereal Rusts Vol. II: Diseases, distribution, epidemiology and control, A. P. Roelfs and W. R. Bushnell eds., Academic Press, Orlando, Fl. Zadoks, J. C. and Bouwman, J. J., 1985. Epidemiology in Europe. Pages 329–369 in: The Cereal Rusts Volume II: Diseases, distribution, epidemiology and control, A. P. Roelfs and W. R. Bushnell eds., Academic Press, Orlando, Fl.
wheat, yellow, rust, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, july, . This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Wheat yellow rust news newspapers books scholar JSTOR July 2009 Learn how and when to remove this template message Wheat yellow rust Puccinia striiformis f sp tritici also known as wheat stripe rust is one of the three major wheat rust diseases along with stem rust of wheat Puccinia graminis f sp tritici and leaf rust Puccinia triticina f sp tritici Wheat yellow rustYellow rust on the leaves of winter triticaleScientific classificationKingdom FungiDivision BasidiomycotaClass UrediniomycetesSubclass Incertae sedisOrder UredinalesFamily PucciniastraceaeGenus PucciniaSpecies P striiformis var triticiBinomial namePuccinia striiformis var triticiWestend 1854 SynonymsDicaeoma glumarum Puccinia glumarum Puccinia rubigo vera Puccinia straminis Puccinia striiformis Trichobasis glumarum Uredo glumarumYellow rust distribution in winter triticale Contents 1 History 2 Life cycle 3 Symptoms 4 Worldwide population structure 5 Disease management 5 1 Resistance genes 5 1 1 Lebanon 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksHistory EditAs R P Singh J Huerta Espino and A P Roelfs say in their 2002 comprehensive review of literature on the wheat rusts for UN FAO 1 Although Gadd first described stripe rust of wheat in 1777 it was not until 1896 that Eriksson and Henning 1896 showed that stripe rust resulted from a separate pathogen which they named P glumarum In 1953 Hylander et al 1953 revived the name P striiformis A stripe rust outbreak in northwest Syria contributed to the beginning of the Syrian Civil War by increasing food prices 2 Life cycle EditOther cereal rust fungi have macrocyclic heteroecious life cycles involving five spore stages and two phylogenetically unrelated hosts P striiformis was thought to be microcyclic for centuries until 2009 when a team of scientists at the USDA ARS Cereal Disease Lab led by Yue Jin confirmed that barberry Berberis and Mahonia spp is an alternate host 3 Barberry was known as an alternate host of the closely related stem rust Puccinia graminis and for many years when infection was observed on barberry it was assumed to be stem rust 4 Then P striiformis was accidentally discovered to also have the same alternate host when scientists observed rust infection on various barberry species and inoculated spores of this unknown rust onto Poaceae hosts 3 Kentucky Bluegrass was the only one to show infection The uredinia were characteristic of stripe rust 3 5 Later infected wheat plants bearing teliospores were soaked in water and suspended over barberry species Infection was produced thus solving a century old mystery of plant pathology 3 This finding is regarded as revolutionary across the discipline and additionally among mycologists 6 5 7 8 9 Symptoms Edit Stripe rust on wheat Yellow rust or stripe rust takes its name from the appearance of yellow colored stripes produced parallel along the venations of each leaf blade These yellow stripes are actually characteristic of uredinia that produce yellow colored urediniospores Primary hosts of yellow rust of wheat are Triticum aestivum bread wheat Triticum turgidum durum wheat triticale and a few Hordeum vulgare barley cultivars The disease usually occurs early in the growth season when temperature ranges between 2 and 15 C 36 and 59 F but it may occur to a maximum of 23 C 73 F High humidity and rainfall are favorable conditions for increasing the infection on both leaf blade and leaf sheath even on spikes when in epidemic form Symptoms are stunted and weakened plants shriveled grains fewer spikes loss in number of grains per spike and grain weight Losses can be 50 but in severe situations 100 is vulnerable Since yellow rust can occur whenever the wheat plants in green and the environmental condition conducive for the spore infection yellow rust is a severe problem in the wheat producing regions worldwide Temperatures during the time of winter wheat emergence and the coldest period of the year are crucial for epidemic development in winter habit wheat crops 10 Worldwide population structure EditBoth the spatial genetic structure and the spatial dissemination of this disease have been investigated 11 Population genetic analyses indicate a strong regional heterogeneity in levels of recombination with clear signatures of recombination in the Himalayan and near Himalayan regions and a predominant clonal population structure in other regions The existence of a high genotypic diversity recombinant population structure high sexual reproduction ability and the abundance of the alternate host Berberis spp in the Himalayan and neighboring regions suggest the region as a plausible Pst center of origin or at least very close to its centre of origin However further exploration may be useful from Central Asia to East Asian regions 11 Disease management EditBreeding of resistant varieties is the most cost effective method to control this rust Fungicides are available but vary in availability depending on their registration restrictions by national or state governments 12 13 Development of varieties resistant to the disease is always an important objective in wheat breeding programs for crop improvement This has been done in the past however as normal these resistance genes became ineffective due to the acquisition of virulence to that particular resistance gene rendering the variety susceptible necessitating ongoing variety development 14 Resistance genes Edit These genes are most often abbreviated Yr and Yr1 Yr24 etc QYr niab 2D 1 is a quantitative trait locus QTL for adult plant resistance APR 15 This allele comes from the Claire variety 15 Bouvet et al 2021 discovered it when investigating unknown resistance in the UK 2015 and 2016 seasons 15 It has since broken down however 15 Lebanon Edit Although Yr6 Yr7 Yr8 Yr9 Yr10 Yr17 Yr24 Yr25 and Yr27 are no longer effective in Lebanon Yr1 Yr3 Yr4 Yr5 Yr15 are still effective against yellow rust pathotypes prevalent there 16 See also EditPuccinia striiformis var striiformisReferences Edit Singh R P Huerta Espino J Roelfs A P The wheat rusts www fao org Retrieved 2018 08 25 Schwartzstein Peter 2016 09 05 Inside the Syrian Dust Bowl Foreign Policy The FP Group Retrieved 2021 10 22 a b c d Jin Yue Szabo Les J Carson Martin 2010 04 07 Century Old Mystery of Puccinia striiformis Life History Solved with the Identification of Berberis as an Alternate Host Phytopathology 100 5 432 435 doi 10 1094 PHYTO 100 5 0432 ISSN 0031 949X PMID 20373963 Stakman Elvin C 1918 The black stem rust and the barberry Washington D C Government Printing Office doi 10 5962 bhl title 135472 a b Wellings Colin R 2011 02 04 Global status of stripe rust a review of historical and current threats Euphytica Springer 179 1 129 141 doi 10 1007 s10681 011 0360 y ISSN 0014 2336 S2CID 12772004 Dean Ralph Van Kan Jan A L Pretorius Zacharias A Hammond Kosack Kim E Di Pietro Antonio Spanu Pietro D Rudd Jason J Dickman Marty Kahmann Regine Ellis Jeff Foster Gary D 2012 04 04 The Top 10 fungal pathogens in molecular plant pathology Molecular Plant Pathology British Society for Plant Pathology Wiley 13 4 414 430 doi 10 1111 j 1364 3703 2011 00783 x ISSN 1464 6722 PMC 6638784 PMID 22471698 S2CID 18505064 Chen Wanquan Wellings Colin Chen Xianming Kang Zhengsheng Liu Taiguo 2014 05 06 Wheat stripe yellow rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f sp tritici Molecular Plant Pathology British Society for Plant Pathology Wiley 15 5 433 446 doi 10 1111 mpp 12116 ISSN 1464 6722 PMC 6638732 PMID 24373199 S2CID 37796070 Moller Mareike Stukenbrock Eva H 2017 08 07 Evolution and genome architecture in fungal plant pathogens Nature Reviews Microbiology Nature Portfolio 15 12 756 771 doi 10 1038 nrmicro 2017 76 ISSN 1740 1526 PMID 28781365 S2CID 23589377 Hovmoller Mogens S Sorensen Chris K Walter Stephanie Justesen Annemarie F 2011 09 08 Diversity of Puccinia striiformis on Cereals and Grasses Annual Review of Phytopathology Annual Reviews 49 1 197 217 doi 10 1146 annurev phyto 072910 095230 ISSN 0066 4286 PMID 21599494 S2CID 41199857 Aslanov Rufat Moussa El Jarroudi Melanie Gollier Marine Pallez Barthel Marco Beyer 2019 01 04 Yellow rust does not like cold winters But how to find out which temperature and time frames could be decisive in vivo Journal of Plant Pathology online first 1 539 546 doi 10 1007 s42161 018 00233 y hdl 2268 230814 S2CID 91716438 a b Ali Sajid Pierre Gladieux Marc Leconte Angelique Gautier Annemarie F Justesen Mogens S Hovmoller Jerome Enjalbert Claude de Vallavieille Pope 2014 01 23 Origin Migration Routes and Worldwide Population Genetic Structure of the Wheat Yellow Rust Pathogen Puccinia striiformis f sp tritici PLOS Pathogens 10 1 e1003903 doi 10 1371 journal ppat 1003903 PMC 3900651 PMID 24465211 Washington State University College of Agricultural Human and Natural Resource Sciences Stripe Rust Washington State University Retrieved 2 August 2018 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Wheat Stripe Rust PDF Utah Pests fact sheet Utah State University Extension and Utah Plant Pest Diagnostic Laboratory 2008 PLP 002 PR This book Kang Zhensheng Chen Xianming 2017 Chen Xianming Kang Zhensheng eds Stripe Rust Dordrecht Springer Netherlands pp vii 719 doi 10 1007 978 94 024 1111 9 ISBN 978 94 024 1109 6 LCCN 2017943111 OCLC 1006649931 S2CID 30527470 978 94 024 1111 9 978 94 024 1491 2 978 94 024 1109 6 37 98 99 105 294 cites this study de Vallavieille Pope Claude Ali Sajid Leconte Marc Enjalbert Jerome Delos Marc Rouzet Jacques 1 January 2012 Virulence Dynamics and Regional Structuring of Puccinia striiformis f sp tritici in France Between 1984 and 2009 Special Report Plant Disease American Phytopathological Association APS 96 1 131 140 doi 10 1094 pdis 02 11 0078 PMID 30731861 S2CID 73450078 a b c d Bouvet Laura Holdgate Sarah James Lucy Thomas Jane Mackay Ian Cockram James 2021 The evolving battle between yellow rust and wheat implications for global food security Theoretical and Applied Genetics Springer Science and Business Media LLC 135 3 741 753 doi 10 1007 s00122 021 03983 z ISSN 0040 5752 PMC 8942934 PMID 34821981 S2CID 236275608 JC ORCID 0000 0002 1014 6463 El Amil Rola 2020 11 09 DAY 2 Phytosanitary Safety for Transboundary pest prevention Yellow and Black rust population variability CGIAR Germplasm Health Webinar series Vol Phytosanitary Awareness Week International Institute of Tropical Agriculture CGIAR Slide at 00 44 37 Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute Lebanon Archived from the original on 2021 12 21 Ali S 2012 Population biology and invasion history of Puccinia striiformis f sp tritici at worldwide and local scale Ph D dissertation Universite Paris Sud 11 Chen X M 2005 Epidemiology and control of stripe rust Puccinia striiformis f sp tritici on wheat Can J Plant Pathol 27 314 337 Doodson J K Manners J G and Myers A 1964 Some effects of yellow rust Puccinia striiformis on the growth and yield of spring wheat Ann Bot 28 459 472 Eriksson J and E Henning 1896 Die Getreideroste Ihre Geschichte und Natur sowie Massregein gegen dieselben P A Norstedt and Soner Stockholm 463 pp Hogg W H Hounam C E Malik A K and Zadoks J C 1969 Meteorological factors affecting the epidemiology of wheat rusts WMO Tech Note 99 143 pp Hovmoller M S Sorensen C K Walter S Justesen A F 2011 Diversity of Puccinia striiformis on cereals and grasses Annual Review of Phytopathology 49 197 217 Hylander N I Jorstad and J A Nannfeldt 1953 Enumeratio uredionearum Scandinavicarum Opera Bot 1 1 102 Jin Y Szabo L J and Carson M 2010 Century old mystery of Puccinia striiformis life history solved with the identification of Berberis as an alternate host Phytopathology 100 432 435 Poehlman J M and D A Sleper 1995 Breeding Field Crops 4th Ed Iowa State Press Ames Iowa 50014 Robbelen G and Sharp E L 1978 Mode of inheritance interaction and application of genes conditioning resistance to yellow rust Adv Plant Breeding 9 88 pp Saari E E and Prescott J M 1985 World distribution in relation to economic losses Pages 259 298 in The Cereal Rusts Vol II Diseases distribution epidemiology and control A P Roelfs and W R Bushnell eds Academic Press Orlando Fl Stubbs R W 1985 Stripe rust Pages 61 101 in The Cereal Rusts Vol II Diseases distribution epidemiology and control A P Roelfs and W R Bushnell eds Academic Press Orlando Fl Zadoks J C and Bouwman J J 1985 Epidemiology in Europe Pages 329 369 in The Cereal Rusts Volume II Diseases distribution epidemiology and control A P Roelfs and W R Bushnell eds Academic Press Orlando Fl External links Edithttp www ars usda gov SP2UserFiles ad hoc 36400500Publications CerealRusts The 20Cereal 20Rusts VOLUME 20II pdf http www ars usda gov SP2UserFiles ad hoc 36400500Cerealrusts stripe rust control pdf http www ars usda gov SP2UserFiles ad hoc 36400500Cerealrusts Pst life cycle 20Phyto reprint pdf http www cimmyt org http www ars usda gov Main site main htm modecode 36 40 05 00 Norwich Rust Group Norwich Rust Group Retrieved 2020 12 18 Yellow Rust Retrieved 2021 05 26 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Wheat yellow rust amp oldid 1145267871, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
