CGIAR

CGIAR (formerly the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research) is a global partnership that unites international organizations engaged in research about food security.^[2] CGIAR research aims to reduce rural poverty, increase food security, improve human health and nutrition, and sustainable management of natural resources.

CGIAR

Formation	1971; 52 years ago (1971)
Type	Partnership of funders and international agricultural research centers; Intergovernmental Organization
Purpose	To reduce poverty and hunger, improve human health and nutrition, and enhance ecosystem resilience through high-quality international agricultural research, partnership and leadership.
Location	Global
Key people	Juergen Voegele, Chair CGIAR System Council; Lindiwe Majele Sibanda, Chair CGIAR System Board
Website	CGIAR^[1]
Formerly called	Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research

CGIAR research is carried out at 15 centers that collaborate with partners from national and regional research institutes, civil society organizations, academia, development organizations, and the private sector.^[2][3] These research centers are around the globe, with most in the Global South and Vavilov Centers of agricultural crop genetic diversity.^[4] CGIAR has an annual research portfolio of just over US$900 million with more than 9,000 staff working in 89 countries.^[5]

Funding is provided by national governments, multilateral funding and development agencies and leading private foundations. Representatives of CGIAR Funders and developing countries meet as the CGIAR System Council to keep under review the strategy, mission, impact and continued relevancy of the CGIAR System in a rapidly changing landscape of agricultural research for development.^[6]

History

Early years (1971-1990)

 

IITA agricultural officers weigh cassava, 1970

CGIAR arose in response to the widespread concern in the mid-20th century that rapid increases in human populations would soon lead to widespread famine. Starting in 1943, the Rockefeller Foundation and the Mexican government laid the seeds for the Green Revolution when they established the Office of Special Studies, which resulted in the establishment of the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in 1960 and International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) in 1963 with support from the Rockefeller Foundation and Ford Foundation. These centers work toward developing high-yielding, disease-resistant varieties that dramatically increased production of these staple cereals, and turned India, for example, from a country regularly facing starvation in the 1960s to a net exporter of cereals by the late-1970s.^[7]

But it was clear that the Rockefeller and Ford Foundations alone could not fund all the agricultural research and development efforts needed to feed the world's population.^[8]

In 1969, the Pearson Commission on International Development urged the international community to undertake "intensive international effort" to support "research specializing in food supplies and tropical agriculture".^[9]

In 1970, the Rockefeller Foundation proposed a worldwide network of agricultural research centers under a permanent secretariat.^[8] This was further supported and developed by the World Bank, FAO and UNDP. The Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) was established on May 19, 1971, to coordinate international agricultural research efforts aimed at reducing poverty and achieving food security in developing countries.^[10]

Australian economist Sir John Crawford was appointed as the inaugural chair of the Technical Advisory Committee.^[11]

CGIAR originally supported four centers: CIMMYT, IRRI, the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) and the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA). The initial focus on the staple cereals—rice, wheat and maize—widened during the 1970s to include cassava, chickpea, sorghum, potato, millets and other food crops, and encompassed livestock, farming systems, the conservation of genetic resources, plant nutrition, water management, policy research, and services to national agricultural research centers in developing countries.^[12]

By 1983, there were 13 research centers around the world under its umbrella.^[13]

Expansion and consolidation (1991-2000)

By the 1990s the number of centers supported by CGIAR had grown to 18. Mergers between the two livestock centers the International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases (ILRAD) and the International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA)) and the absorption of work on bananas and plantains into the program of the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI; now Bioversity International) reduced the number to 16. Later another center (ISNAR) was absorbed^{[clarification needed]}, reducing the total number of supported centers to 15.^[14][15]

The reduction in the number of supported centers was not enough to address problems facing the group. These included the logistics of funders and the group alike in dealing with a large number of centers. This led to the creation of three classes of centers, divided into high, medium, and low impact delivery.^{[citation needed]}

At the same time, a number of aid recipient countries like China, India, and Malaysia created their own development agencies and developed cadres of agricultural scientists. Private donors and industries also contributed, while research institutions in the rich world turned their attention to problems of the poor. CGIAR, however, failed to embrace these changes in any effective way.^{[citation needed]}

CGIAR reforms (2001-2007)

Seeking to increase its efficiency and build on its previous successes, CGIAR embarked on a program of reform in 2001. Key among the changes implemented was the adoption of Challenge Programs as a means of harnessing the strengths of the diverse centers to address major global or regional issues. Three Challenge Programs were established within the supported research centers and a fourth to FARA, a research forum in Africa:

• Water and Food, aimed at producing more food using less water;^[16] (Including Basin Focal Projects)
• HarvestPlus, to improve the micronutrient content of staple foods;^[17] and
• Generation, aimed at increasing the use of crop genetic resources to create a new generation of plants that meet farmers and consumers needs.^[18]

A new CGIAR (2008-2021)

Since CGIAR was established there have been large changes in the agricultural research "landscape". Fluctuations in food and energy prices and in financial markets are adding uncertainty to the environment in which farmers and consumers operate. Climate change will have a wide range of impacts on agriculture, with changes in growing conditions for crops, livestock, and fish and the pests and diseases that affect them. Droughts and storms are expected to increase in frequency and severity, undermining the efforts of farmers, foresters and fishers.^[19] This will have a large impact on food security.^[20]

In 2008, CGIAR embarked on a change process to improve the engagement between all stakeholders in international agricultural research for development—donors, researchers and beneficiaries—and to refocus the efforts of the centers on major global development challenges.^[21][22] A key objective was to integrate the work of the centers and their partners, avoiding fragmentation and duplication of effort.

CGIAR components include the CGIAR Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers, the CGIAR Fund,^[23] the CGIAR Independent Science and Partnership Council (ISPC)^[24] and partners. Research is guided by the CGIAR Strategy and Results Framework.^[25] The CGIAR Consortium unites the centers supported by CGIAR; it coordinates limited research activities of about fifteen research projects (See list below) among the centers and provides donors with a single contact point to centers. The CGIAR Fund aims to harmonize the efforts of donors to contribute to agricultural research for development, increase the funding available by reducing or eliminating duplication of effort among the centers and promote greater financial stability. The CGIAR ISPC, appointed by the CGIAR Fund Council, provides expert advice to the funders of CGIAR, particularly in ensuring that CGIAR's research programs are aligned with the Strategy and Results Framework. It provides a bridge between the funders and the CGIAR Consortium. The hope was that the Strategy and Results Framework would provide the strategic direction for the centers and CGIAR Research Programs, ensuring that they focus on delivering measurable results that contribute to achieving CGIAR objectives. However the research programs were designed prior to the Framework being ready, so now some refitting will have to take place to get the programs inline with it.^[26] A biennial Global Conference on Agricultural Research for Development (GCARD)^[27] provides a forum for closer engagement of developing countries and partners in developing and guiding the research and development agenda of the CGIAR Consortium and the CGIAR Fund. The first GCARD was held in Montpellier, France, in March 2010.^[28]

The CGIAR Consortium was established in April 2010. It is based at the Agropolis campus in Montpellier. The CGIAR Fund was established in January 2010 and is based in Washington, DC.

CGIAR Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers

The CGIAR Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers was established in April 2010 to coordinate and support the work of the 15 international agricultural research centers supported by CGIAR.^[29] It plays a central role in formulating the CGIAR Strategy and Results Framework (SRF)^[30] that guides the work of CGIAR supported centers on CGIAR funded research and developing CGIAR Research Programs under the SRF. The work of the CGIAR Consortium is governed by the Consortium Board, a 10-member panel that has fiduciary responsibility for CGIAR Research Programs, including monitoring and evaluation and reporting progress to donors.^[31] CGIAR Research Programs are approved and funded by the CGIAR Fund^[32] on a contractual basis through performance agreements.^[33]

Agri-Food Systems CGIAR Research Programs

Agri-Food Systems CGIAR Research Programs are multi-center, multi-partner initiatives built on three core principles: impact on CGIAR's four system-level objectives; making the most of the centers' strengths; and strong and effective partnerships.

The following research programs comprise the CGIAR Research Portfolio of 2017-2021 (lead centers shown in brackets):

• FISH - Fish Agri-Food Systems^[34] (WorldFish)^[35]

• FTA - Forests, Trees, and Agroforestry^[36] (CIFOR)
• Grain Legumes and Dryland Cereals^[37] (ICRISAT)
• WHEAT^[38] - Global Alliance for Improving Food Security and the Livelihoods of the Resource-poor in the Developing World (CIMMYT)
• Livestock^[39] (ILRI)
• Maize^[40] (CIMMYT)
• Rice^[41] (IRRI)
• RTB - Roots, Tubers and Bananas^[42] (CIP)^[43]

Global Integrating Programs

Cross-cutting Global Integrating Programs framed to work closely with the Agri-Food Systems Programs within relevant agro-ecological systems. Four programs form part of the 2017-2021 Portfolio.

• CCAFS - Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security^[44] (CIAT)^[45]
• A4NH - Agriculture for Nutrition and Health^[46] (IFPRI)
• PIM^[47] - Policies, Institutions, & Markets (IFPRI)
• WLE - Water, Land and Ecosystems^[48] (IWMI)

Former programs

• GRiSP - A Global Rice Science Partnership (IRRI)^[49]
• Aquatic Agricultural Systems^[50] - Harnessing the Development Potential of Aquatic Agricultural Systems^[50] for the Poor and Vulnerable (WorldFish)
• More Meat, Milk and Fish^[51] by and for the poor (ILRI)^[52]
• Dryland Systems^[53]
• Humidtropics
• Grain Legumes^[54] (ICRISAT)

A new strategy and results framework was approved in 2015 and the portfolio of research programs revised. The systems programs dryland systems, aquatic agricultural systems, and Humidtropics ceased to be standalone programs, even though they were seen as what was new to the reformed CGIAR, but were not given a real chance to take off and prosper, mainly due to funding reductions, but also because of a refocus on commodity value chains. These commodity programs were renamed to, for example, RTB Systems Program or Rice Systems Program. Some work of the earlier systems programs were incorporated, but most was lost.

Research platforms

CGIAR supported four research platforms from 2017 to 2021:

• CGIAR Excellence in Breeding Platform^[55]
• CGIAR Genebank Platform^[56]
• CGIAR Platform for Big Data in Agriculture^[57][58]
• CGIAR GENDER (Gender Equality in Food Systems Research) Platform^[59]

The One CGIAR reform

The concept of a unified and integrated "One CGIAR" was approved by the CGIAR System Council (November 2019) to adapt to rapidly changing global conditions, while also making the CGIAR system more relevant and effective. The fragmented nature of CGIAR’s governance and institutions had limited the System’s ability to both respond to increasingly interconnected challenges and to consistently deliver best practice and effectively scaled, research solutions needed to maximise impact. One CGIAR includes a unified governance and management through a reconstituted System Management Board and a new Executive Management Team.^[60][61]

Impacts of CGIAR

 

Much of the impact of CGIAR research comes from crop genetic improvement. A field technician at ICARDA's research station in Terbol, Lebanon emasculates a durum wheat spike to prepare for pollination.

The impacts of CGIAR research have been extensively assessed.^[62] Investments in CGIAR research generate returns of 10 times the amount invested.^[12]

Much of the impact of the CGIAR centers has come from crop genetic improvement. This includes the high-yielding wheat and rice varieties that were the foundation of the Green Revolution. An assessment of the impact of crop breeding efforts at CGIAR centers between 1965 and 1998 showed CGIAR involvement in 65 percent of the area planted to 10 crops addressed by CGIAR, specifically wheat, rice, maize, sorghum, millet, barley, lentils, beans, cassava, and potatoes. Of this, 60 percent was sown with varieties with CGIAR ancestry (more than 90 percent in the case of lentils, beans, and cassava), and half of those varieties came from crosses made at a CGIAR center.^[63][64] The monetary value of CGIAR's investment in crop improvement is considerable, running into the billions of dollars.^[65]

The centers have also contributed to such fields as improving the nutritional value of staple crops; pest and disease control through breeding resistant varieties; integrated pest management and biological control (e.g., control of the cassava mealybug in sub-Saharan Africa through release of a predatory wasp); improvements in livestock and fish production systems; genetic resources characterization and conservation; improved natural resource management; and contributions to improved policies in numerous areas, including forestry, fertilizer, milk marketing, and genetic resources conservation and use.^[62]

Further impacts of CGIAR include:

• Increased resilience, income and yield for 4.75 million farmers in India working across 3.7 million hectares by scaling CGIAR-developed natural resource management practices.^[66]
• Improved nutrition for 20 million people in low-income countries through increased access to critical nutrients via micronutrient-fortified crops with higher content of vitamin A, iron, and zinc.^[67]
• Increased rice yield by 0.6 to 1.8 ton per hectare and profitability by up to US$200 per hectare through use of a smart mobile crop management tool called "RiceAdvice" used in 13 countries in sub-Saharan Africa.^[68]
• For an annual investment of roughly US$30 million, the benefits gained from wheat research are in the range of US$2.2 billion to US$3.1 billion each year, from 1994 to 2014. For every $1 invested in wheat breeding, $73 to $103 were returned in direct benefits. Almost half the world's wheat land is sown to varieties that come from research by CGIAR scientists and their global network of partners.^[69]
• The introduction of no-tillage systems in the rice-wheat systems in the Indo-Gangetic Plains, for example, generated economic benefits of about US$165 million between 1990 and 2010 from an investment of only US$3.5 million.^[62]

CGIAR Research Centers

Active centers and their headquarters locations

Active CGIAR Centers	Headquarters location
Africa Rice Center (West Africa Rice Development Association, WARDA)	Abidjan,   Côte d'Ivoire
The Alliance of Bioversity International and the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT)	Maccarese, Rome,   Italy Palmira,   Colombia
Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)	Bogor,   Indonesia
International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA)	Beirut,   Lebanon
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)	Hyderabad (Patancheru),   India
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)	Washington, D.C.,   United States
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA)	Ibadan,   Nigeria
International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)	Nairobi,   Kenya
International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)	Texcoco, Mexico State,   Mexico
International Potato Center (CIP)	Lima,   Peru
International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)	Los Baños, Laguna,   Philippines
International Water Management Institute (IWMI)	Battaramulla,   Sri Lanka
World Agroforestry (International Centre for Research in Agroforestry, ICRAF)	Nairobi,   Kenya
WorldFish (formerly International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, ICLARM)	Penang,   Malaysia

Centers no longer active

Inactive CGIAR Centers	Headquarters	Change
International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases (ILRAD)	Nairobi,   Kenya	1994: merged with ILCA to become ILRI
International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA)	Addis Ababa,   Ethiopia	1994: merged with ILRAD to become ILRI
International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain (INIBAP)	Montpellier,   France	1994: became a programme of Bioversity International
International Service for National Agricultural Research (ISNAR)	The Hague,   Netherlands	2004: dissolved, main programmes moved to IFPRI

References

1. "CGIAR: Science for humanity's greatest challenges". CGIAR. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
2. . CGIAR. Archived from the original on 2 September 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
3. Rice, Africa. . Consortium.cgiar.org. Archived from the original on 28 July 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2012.
4. Kloppenburg, Jr., Jack Ralph (2004) First the Seed: The Political Economy of Plant Biotechnology, 1492-2000, Second Edition, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press
5. "Funders". CGIAR. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
6. "The CGIAR at 40 and Beyond : Impacts that Matter for the Poor and the Planet" (PDF). CGIAR cgspace. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
7. Baum, Warren. Partners against hunger : consultative group on international agricultural research (CGIAR) (Report). World Bank. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
8. Barbara Shubinski and Barry Goldberg (6 January 2022). "The Birth of International Agricultural Research Institutes in the Mid-20th Century". Rockefeller Archive Center. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
9. Byerlee, Derek; Lynam, John K. (2020). "The development of the international center model for agricultural research: A prehistory of the CGIAR". World Development. Elsevier BV. 135: 105080. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105080. ISSN 0305-750X.
10. World Bank (1 June 1971). CGIAR First Meeting, Washington, D.C., May 19, 1971: Summary of Proceedings (Report).
11. "Sir John Crawford". The Crawford Fund. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
12. "SoAR Report Finds International Agricultural Research Investment Generates 10 to 1 Return". SoAR. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
13. Establishment of CGIAR - see Mark Dowie, American Foundations: An Investigative History, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2001, (p.114)
14. . CGIAR. Archived from the original on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2012.
15. Anderson, Jock; Dalrymple, Dana (1999). The World Bank, the Grant Program, and the CGIAR: A Retrospective Review (Report). OED Working Paper Series. Vol. 1. World Bank Operations Evaluation Department. pp. xi + 98. 31967. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
16. "Research for Development > Water and Food Challenge Programme". Department for International Development (DFID). 14 November 2008. Retrieved 18 July 2012.
17. . Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation ACP-EU (CTA) Knowledge. Archived from the original on 25 March 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2012.
18. Bruskiewich, Richard; Senger, Martin; Davenport, Guy; Ruiz, Manuel; Rouard, Mathieu; Hazekamp, Tom; Takeya, Masaru; Doi, Koji; Satoh, Kouji; Costa, Marcos; Simon, Reinhard; Balaji, Jayashree; Akintunde, Akinnola; Mauleon, Ramil; Wanchana, Samart; Shah, Trushar; Anacleto, Mylah; Portugal, Arllet; Ulat, Victor; Thongjuea, Supat; Braak, Kyle; Ritter, Sebastian; Dereeper, Alexis; Skofic, Milko; Rojas, Edwin; Martins, Natalia; Pappas, Georgios; Alamban, Ryan; Almodiel, Roque; Barboza, Lord; Detras, Jeffrey; Manansala, Kevin; Mendoza, Michael; Morales, Jeffrey; Peralta, Barry; Valerio, Rowena; Zhang, Yi; Gregorio, Sergio; Hermocilla, Joseph; Echavez, Michael; Yap, Jan; Farmer, Andrew; Schiltz, Gary; Lee, Jennifer; Casstevens, Terry; Jaiswal, Pankaj; Meintjes, Ayton; Wilkinson, Mark; Good, Benjamin; Wagner, James; Morris, Jane; Marshall, David; Collins, Anthony; Kikuchi, Shoshi; Metz, Thomas; McLaren, Graham; van Hintum, Theo (22 September 2007). "The Generation Challenge Programme Platform: Semantic Standards and Workbench for Crop Science". International Journal of Plant Genomics. Hindawi Publishing. 2008: 369601. doi:10.1155/2008/369601. PMC 2375972. PMID 18483570. S2CID 6980767.
19. Climate change and food security: a framework document. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2008.^{[page needed]}
20. Schmidhuber, Josef; Tubiello, Francesco N. (11 December 2007). "Global food security under climate change". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (50): 19703–19708. doi:10.1073/pnas.0701976104. PMC 2148361. PMID 18077404. S2CID 14441102.
21. Yojana Sharma. "A revolution to combat world hunger". Science and Development Network (Scidev). Retrieved 18 July 2012.
22. . CGIAR. Archived from the original on 14 April 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2012.
23. . CGIAR. Archived from the original on 5 September 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
24. "Independent Science & Partnership Council: ISPC home". CGIAR Science Council. Retrieved 18 July 2012.
25. (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
26. "Strategy and Results Framework" (PDF). CGIAR Consortium. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
27. What is GCARD GCARD 2012 GCARD 2010 (31 March 2010). . EGFAR. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2012.
28. What is GCARD GCARD 2012 GCARD 2010. . EGFAR. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2012.
29. "Research". Cgiar.org. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
30. . CGIAR Consortium. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
31. . CGIAR Consortium. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
32. . Archived from the original on 11 July 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
33. . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
34. "FISH CRP". CGIAR Research Program on FISH. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
35. "WorldFish". WorldFish. from the original on 4 November 2002. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
36. "Home". Forests, Trees and Agroforestry. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
37. "GLDC". Grain Legumes and Dryland Cereals. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
38. "CGIAR Research Program on WHEAT". CGIAR Research Program on WHEAT. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
39. "CGIAR Research Program on Livestock". CGIAR Research Program on Livestock. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
40. "This is Maize CRP". CGIAR Research Program on MAIZE. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
41. "Home". RICE: CGIAR Research Program on Rice Agri-Food Systems. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
42. "Home". CGIAR Roots, Tubers, and Bananas Program (RTB-CGIAR). Retrieved 21 June 2019.
43. "CIP". International Potato Center (CIP). Retrieved 21 June 2019.
44. "CCAFS: CGIAR research program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security". CGIAR research program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
45. "HOME". International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT). Retrieved 21 June 2019.
46. "Agriculture for Nutrition and Health". CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
47. "Policies, Institutions and Markets - CGIAR Research Program". CGIAR Policies, Institutions and Markets. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
48. "Water, Land and Ecosystems". CGIAR Water, Land and Ecosystems. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
49. "European Commission : CORDIS : Go local : Member States Newsroom". European Commission CORDIS. 12 November 2010. Retrieved 18 July 2012.
50. . CGIAR Aquatic Agricultural Systems. Archived from the original on 11 February 2013.
51. . 8 February 2013. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
52. "International Livestock Research Institute". International Livestock Research Institute. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
53. . Archived from the original on 7 July 2012.
54. . Archived from the original on 23 January 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
55. "Excellenceinbreeding". CGIAR Excellence in Breeding. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
56. "CGIAR Genebank Platform". CGIAR Genebank Platform. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
57. "CGIAR Platform for Big Data in Agriculture". CGIAR Platform for Big Data in Agriculture. 10 December 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
58. Arnaud, Elizabeth; Laporte, Marie-Angélique; Kim, Soonho; Aubert, Céline; Leonelli, Sabina; Miro, Berta; Cooper, Laurel; Jaiswal, Pankaj; Kruseman, Gideon; Shrestha, Rosemary; Buttigieg, Pier Luigi; Mungall, Christopher J.; Pietragalla, Julian; Agbona, Afolabi; Muliro, Jacqueline; Detras, Jeffrey; Hualla, Vilma; Rathore, Abhishek; Das, Roma Rani; Dieng, Ibnou; Bauchet, Guillaume; Menda, Naama; Pommier, Cyril; Shaw, Felix; Lyon, David; Mwanzia, Leroy; Juarez, Henry; Bonaiuti, Enrico; Chiputwa, Brian; Obileye, Olatunbosun; Auzoux, Sandrine; Yeumo, Esther Dzalé; Mueller, Lukas A.; Silverstein, Kevin; Lafargue, Alexandra; Antezana, Erick; Devare, Medha; King, Brian (2020). "The Ontologies Community of Practice: A CGIAR Initiative for Big Data in Agrifood Systems". Patterns. Cell Press. 1 (7): 100105. doi:10.1016/j.patter.2020.100105. ISSN 2666-3899. PMC 7660444. PMID 33205138.
59. "Home page". CGIAR Gender Platform. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
60. Yemi Akinbamijo and Claudia Sadoff (8 April 2022). "Transforming Africa's food systems is a joint enterprise". CNBC Africa. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
61. "[Commentary] A renewed CGIAR can better support South Asia to determine its food future". Mongabay-India. 13 December 2022. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
62. Renkow, Mitch; Byerlee, Derek (October 2010). "The impacts of CGIAR research: A review of recent evidence". Food Policy. 35 (5): 391–402. doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.04.006.
63. Evenson, R. E. (2003). "Modern variety production: A synthesis". Crop variety improvement and its effect on productivity: The impact of international agricultural research. pp. 427–445. doi:10.1079/9780851995496.0427. ISBN 978-0-85199-549-6.
64. Evenson, R. E. (2003). "Production impacts of crop genetic improvement". Crop variety improvement and its effect on productivity: The impact of international agricultural research. pp. 447–471. doi:10.1079/9780851995496.0447. ISBN 978-0-85199-549-6.
65. Raitzer, David A.; Kelley, Timothy G. (March 2008). "Benefit–cost meta-analysis of investment in the International Agricultural Research Centers of the CGIAR". Agricultural Systems. 96 (1–3): 108–123. doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2007.06.004. hdl:10947/197.
66. Investing in climate change adaptation and agricultural innovation is essential for our future (PDF). Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. 2021. p. 10.
67. "Global research partnership for a food-secure future - CGIAR". www.eda.admin.ch. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
68. "Rice Advice". The Syngenta Foundation for Sustainable Agriculture. 27 February 2018. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
69. "Global wheat breeding returns billions in benefits but stable financing remains elusive". blogs.worldbank.org. Retrieved 30 December 2022.

Further reading

• Byerlee, Derek; Edmeades, Greg O. (31 August 2021). Fifty years of maize research in the CGIAR: diversity, change, and ultimate success. CIMMYT (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center). hdl:10883/21633.

External links

• Official website