What's Opera, Doc?
What's Opera, Doc? is a 1957 American Warner Bros. Merrie Melodies cartoon directed by Chuck Jones and written by Michael Maltese.[1] The short was released on July 6, 1957, and stars Bugs Bunny and Elmer Fudd.[2]
| What's Opera, Doc? | |
|---|---|
| Directed by | Chuck Jones |
| Story by | Michael Maltese |
| Produced by | Edward Selzer |
| Starring | Mel Blanc Arthur Q. Bryan |
| Edited by | Treg Brown |
| Music by | Richard Wagner Musical Arrangement: Milt Franklyn Lyrics Written by: Michael Maltese |
| Animation by | Ken Harris Richard Thompson Abe Levitow |
| Layouts by | Maurice Noble |
| Backgrounds by | Phillip DeGuard |
| Color process | Technicolor |
Production company | |
| Distributed by | Warner Bros. |
Release date |
|
Running time | 6:53 |
| Language | English |
The story features Elmer chasing Bugs through a parody of 19th-century classical composer Richard Wagner's operas, particularly Der Ring des Nibelungen (The Ring of the Nibelung), Der Fliegende Holländer (The Flying Dutchman), and Tannhäuser. It borrows heavily from the second opera in the "Ring Cycle" Die Walküre, woven around the typical Bugs–Elmer feud. Most of the dialogue is performed in recitative. The short marks the final appearance of Elmer Fudd in a Chuck Jones cartoon.
It has been widely praised by many in the animation industry as the greatest animated cartoon that Warner Bros. ever released, and has been ranked as such in the top 50 animated cartoons of all time. In 1992, the Library of Congress deemed it "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant", and selected it for preservation in the National Film Registry, the first cartoon short film to receive such honors.
Plot Edit
Dressed as the demigod Siegfried, Elmer Fudd is pursuing Bugs Bunny when he finds rabbit tracks and arrives at Bugs' hole. Elmer jams his spear into the hole while singing "Kill the wabbit!" repeatedly to the tune of Ride of the Valkyries. Bugs sticks his head out of another rabbit hole and converses with Elmer about his spear and magic helmet. This prompts a display of Elmer-as-Siegfried's "mighty powers". Bugs flees in fear, and the chase begins.
Elmer stops in his tracks at the sight of the beautiful Valkyrie Brünnhilde (Bugs in drag). "Siegfried" and "Brünnhilde" exchange endearments and perform a short ballet (based on the Venusberg ballet in Tannhäuser). Bugs' true identity is exposed when his headdress falls off, enraging Elmer. Bugs discards his disguise and the chase begins anew. Elmer's wrath causes a storm to brew, tearing apart the mountains where Bugs has fled. Upon seeing Bugs' intact yet seemingly lifeless body as a drop of rain from a flower lands on the rabbit, Elmer regrets his wrath and tearfully carries the rabbit off to Valhalla in keeping the Wagnerian theme per Act III of the Valkyries. Bugs briefly breaks the fourth wall and raises his head to face the audience while remarking in his normal speaking voice, "Well, what did you expect in an opera? A happy ending?" before going back to playing dead.
Voice cast Edit
- Mel Blanc as Bugs Bunny (as Brünnhilde), Elmer Fudd (yelling "SMOG!")
- Arthur Q. Bryan as Elmer Fudd (as Siegfried) (uncredited)
Production Edit
Originally released to theaters by Warner Bros. on July 6, 1957,[2] What's Opera, Doc? features the speaking and singing voices of Mel Blanc and Arthur Q. Bryan as Bugs and Elmer, respectively. This is the third of the three Warner Bros. shorts (the others being Hare Brush and Rabbit Rampage) in which Elmer defeats Bugs (though here the former shows regret for defeating the latter), as well as the last Elmer Fudd cartoon directed by Jones.[3]
What's Opera, Doc? required about six times as much work and expense as any of the other six-minute cartoons his production unit was turning out at the time.[3][4] Jones admitted as much, having described a surreptitious re-allocation of production time to complete the short.[5] During the six minutes of What's Opera, Doc?, Jones lampoons Disney's Fantasia, the contemporary style of ballet, Wagner's perceived ponderous operatic style, and even the by-then clichéd Bugs-and-Elmer formula.[6]
Story development and layout Edit
Michael Maltese wrote the parody's storyline and, in collaboration with Chuck Jones, the comedic lyrics set to Wagner's music, including the duet "Return My Love".[7][8] Some elements of the cartoon drew upon previous animated works at Warner Bros. Maltese himself had originated the concept of depicting Bugs in Valkyrie-styled drag and mounted on a fat horse.[8] Twelve years before the production of What's Opera, Doc?, he had devised a very similar sequence for the cartoon Herr Meets Hare directed by Fritz Freleng.[8][9] That anti-Nazi short was released by Warner Bros. to American theaters in January 1945, just several months before Germany's surrender to Allied forces in World War II.[8] Wearing a blonde braided wig under a medieval horned helmet and carrying a shield, Bugs in that earlier film rides across the screen to the tune of Pilgrim's Choice", a selection from Wagner's 1845 opera Tannhäuser.[9]
The highly stylized backdrops and entire color scheme for What's Opera, Doc? were done by art director Maurice Noble and were reportedly so "daring" at the time that the production's overall design "sent the studio into a tizzy".[7] Noble later remarked, "'They thought I was bats when I put that bright red on Elmer with those purple skies'".[7] According to him, some employees in Warner's Ink and Paint Department assumed that a variety of color specifications he sent to them were errors. Staff, Noble recalled, would ask questions such as "'You really mean you want that magenta red on that?' And I said, 'Yes, that's the way.'"[7]
Chuck Jones' obsession with a missing sound effect Edit
During the final editing of the short, a "tiny sound effect" was omitted from the master footage, an omission that for decades continued to disturb Chuck Jones whenever he viewed the cartoon after its initial release.[4] In August 2017, the online animation journal The Dot and Line published an interview it conducted with Stephen Fossati, who was Jones' "last protégé" and worked with the legendary cartoonist and director from 1993 until his death in 2002.[4] Fossati in that interview spoke with Erik Vilas-Boas, the co-founder of The Dot and Line, about Jones' "diligence to his craft" and his "relentless perfectionism".[4] With regard to the absent sound effect, Vilas-Boas quoted Fossati's comments about his mentor's 45-year obsession with that "minuscule" detail in the film:
"It's like at least probably a dozen, two dozen times that I had the privilege of watching [What's Opera, Doc?] with Chuck...Every time, we'd get to the point where Elmer Fudd is jabbing the spear into the rabbit hole, and Bugs Bunny pops up and freezes, and Elmer Fudd freezes looking at Bugs Bunny, and the plates of his skirt fumble around. It's one of the things that bothered Chuck to the very end...[Chuck] had always intended that those plates fell, inverted, fell on Elmer Fudd's skirt. That they would go Dink, dink, dink, dink, dink, dink, dink, dink, dink, but Treg Brown [the sound editor responsible for the short][10] forgot to put the sound effects in. [Chuck] would watch it, and every time he would watch it, he'd give a, 'Hurgh.' Sort of like, 'Goddammit. I can't believe that happened.' It was quite remarkable...You can watch it. Watch the cartoon...When, it's 'Kill the wabbit! Kill the wabbit! Kill the wabbit?' He's frozen there, and you just see the 'Dink, dink, dink, dink.' Now you'll hear it."[4]
The legacy of "Kill the Wabbit" Edit
What's Opera, Doc? is sometimes alluded to informally in conversations and in online and printed references as "Kill the Wabbit".[11][12] This unofficial, alternative title is derived from the line sung by Elmer to the tune of Wagner's "Ride of the Valkyries", part of the opening passage from Act Three of Die Walküre, which is also the leitmotif of the Valkyries.[13] For his 2016 article about the cartoon, one titled "How Bugs Bunny and 'Kill the Wabbit' Inspired a Generation of Opera Stars", Michael Phillips of The Wall Street Journal examined how "a cartoon rabbit and his speech-impaired nemesis" provided many children in 1957 and in the decades thereafter their first, albeit absurd exposure to Wagner's compositions and to the world of opera.[11]
Phillips in his article furnishes comments by various operatic performers and stage crews regarding how watching What's Opera, Doc? affected them personally as children and in some cases contributed to the early development of their theatrical careers. Mezzo-soprano Elizabeth Bishop—a native of Greenville, South Carolina and a featured performer at the Washington National Opera, the San Francisco Opera, and the Metropolitan Opera—stated to Phillips, "'I could sing you the entire cartoon before I knew what opera really was'", adding "'Those of us who didn't freak at the sight of a rabbit in a winged helmet sliding off of the back of a fat horse—we went into opera.'"[11] Jamie Barton, another notable American mezzo-soprano, also shared with Phillips her reactions to seeing the short for the first time in the mid-1990s, when she was a middle-schooler growing up in Athens, Georgia. As she prepared in 2016 for her performance as Waltraute in Wagner's Götterdämmerung at the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C., Barton reflected on What's Opera, Doc? and credited it and Warner Bros.' earlier burlesque short Rabbit of Seville with initially drawing her attention to opera and instilling in her a "love" for classical works, especially the music of Italian composer Gioachino Rossini.[11] "'I had never'", she remarked to Phillips, "'been exposed to opera music before Bugs Bunny'".[11]
Michael Heaston, a former pianist for the Dallas Opera and in 2016 an adviser to the director of the Washington National Opera, also described to Phillips his memories of seeing What's Opera, Doc? and other Warner Bros. cartoons as a small child in West Des Moines, Iowa. For Heaston those shorts served as catalysts that ultimately led him to establishing a career in opera. "'At a very base level'", he noted, "'that's what I got from Looney Tunes at a very early age: I learned how to tell stories through music.'"[11]
The 50th anniversary of "'Kill Da Wabbit'", 2007 Edit
The enduring audience appeal of What's Opera Doc? extends beyond stage professionals and the borders of the United States. In Canada in 2007, the Toronto Star newspaper featured in its July 8 issue an article by Steve Watt titled "50 glorious years of 'kill da wabbit'".[14] Watt, a cartoon historian and owner of an animation art gallery in Toronto, discusses in his article the golden anniversary that two days earlier had marked the initial release of the short, and he assesses its continuing popularity.[14] "No one", he writes, "who knows and loves 'What's Opera, Doc?' will ever hear Wagner's 'Der Ring des Nibelungen' without hearing, in their own minds, 'Kill da wabbit...kill da wabbit.'"[14] Watt continues, "While classical music aficionados may be offended by that fact, I'm okay with it. More than okay with it."[14] He then describes a past event he had organized and held at a Toronto movie theater, where he presented a selection of Chuck Jones' cartoons. He also describes the audience's reaction to seeing the shorts on the "big screen", including What's Opera, Doc?:
A few years ago, when I staged a tribute to Chuck and his incredible body of work, showing 15 of his greatest cartoons on the big screen as they were originally meant to be seen, it wasn't "What's Opera, Doc?" that got the biggest reaction, initially. The nearly 500 people in attendance gave their most enthusiastic reaction to the opening credits of "One Froggy Evening" featuring Michigan J. Frog, and "Rabbit of Seville," the famous Bugs Bunny-Elmer Fudd barbershop ditty. Both great cartoons, to be sure, and both on any animation historian's top 10. The interesting thing was that for weeks afterward, people told me how moved they were by "What's Opera, Doc?" Some had never seen it before. Others had seen it on TV, but absent the big screen and big sound, they had failed to fall under its spell. Seeing it that day, the way audiences first saw it in 1957, they were enthralled.[14]
Such reactions to "the Wagnerian mini epic"[15] a half century after its release once again attest to the cartoon's unique composition and appeal, qualities that were even recognized as "special" in 1957 by some film-industry publications. For example, the Philadelphia-based journal Motion Picture Exhibitor, which in 1957 had a readership composed largely of theater owners and managers, reviewed the short in August that year and rated it "excellent".[16] The Exhibitor then prophetically observed, "This is far above the usual run of animated cartoons and should find special favor in art houses, believe it or not."[16]
Addition to National Film Registry and the short's historical rankings Edit
In 1992, the United States Library of Congress deemed What's Opera, Doc? "'culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant'"[17] and selected it for induction to the National Film Registry, making it the first short cartoon to receive that honor. Two more Warner Bros. cartoons were later inducted into the registry: Duck Amuck in 1999 and One Froggy Evening in 2003.[15] Their inclusion made Chuck Jones the only animator with three shorts thus recognized.
What's Opera, Doc? in 1994 ranked number one on a list of The 50 Greatest Cartoons of all time.[18] The list, compiled by animation historian Jerry Beck, was the result of his surveying and evaluating the opinions of 1,000 professional animators.[18] One of those professionals was Steve Schneider, a longtime employee of Warner Bros. and an authority on the history of animated productions at the studio and an avid collector of cartoon art.[7] In Beck's survey, Schneider provides his own assessment of what makes this short so outstanding:
From its first images, that of the would-be awesome Fantasia-like figures devolving into the shadow of puny lisping Elmer Fudd, the film piles up pretensions only in order to mow them down. Gloriously overbaked, the film reveals that ultimately, it was only cooking up fodder for satire. By reducing Wagner's Ring into a subtext for an archetypal Bugs and Elmer chase, What's Opera, Doc? pulls off a dazzling mingling of reverence and ridicule.[19]
Home media Edit
- DVD: The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Movie
- DVD: Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 2
- DVD: The Essential Bugs Bunny
- Blu-ray: Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 1
- Blu-ray: Bugs Bunny 80th Anniversary Collection
- iTunes: Bugs Bunny, Vol. 1 (paired with Bugs Bunny Gets the Boid)
- Xbox Live Marketplace: October 23, 2007
See also Edit
References Edit
- ^ Beck, Jerry; Friedwald, Will (1989). Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies: A Complete Illustrated Guide to the Warner Bros. Cartoons. Henry Holt and Co. p. 299. ISBN 0-8050-0894-2.
- ^ a b Lenburg, Jeff (1999). The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons. Checkmark Books. pp. 60–62. ISBN 0-8160-3831-7. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
- ^ a b Ihnat, Gwen (2017). "Read This: The mistake Chuck Jones couldn't get over in “What's Opera, Doc?", The A.V. Club entertainment website, subsidiary of G/O Media (New York, N.Y.), originally published August 15, 2017. Retrieved January 28, 2023.
- ^ a b c d e Vilas-Boas, Eric (2017). "Here's How Chuck Jones Really Felt About 'What's Opera, Doc?'", August 10, 2017, online American animation journal The Dot and Line (which ceased regular online publication in May 2020). Cited article last retrieved August 21, 2023.
- ^ Cartoons were scheduled for a five-week production, according to producer Eddie Selzer. Jones did this cartoon in seven weeks instead. To cover up for the extra time spent, he had his entire unit doctor their time cards to make it appear as if they working on the Wile E. Coyote and Road Runner short Zoom and Bored (1957) for two weeks before production of that cartoon actually started.
- ^ Beck, Jerry, ed. (2020). The 100 Greatest Looney Tunes Cartoons. Insight Editions. p. 198. ISBN 978-1-64722-137-9.
- ^ a b c d e Schneider, Steve. That's all folks!: The Art of Warner Bros. Animation. Henry Holt & Company, 1988, p. 114. Retrieved via Internet Archive, September 6, 2023.
- ^ a b c d Goldmark, Daniel. "The Prehistory of What's Opera, Doc.", Tunes for 'Toons Music and the Hollywood Cartoon. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 2005, pp. 143-145. Retrieved via Internet Archive (San Francisco, California), January 28, 2023. ISBN 0520236173.
- ^ a b A full digital copy of Herr Meets Hare is available for viewing online on the video-sharing service Dailymotion, Paris, France. Retrieved via Dailymotion, September 9, 2023.
- ^ In the cartoon's opening credits, Treg Brown is cited as "Film Editor", not specifically as sound editor.
- ^ a b c d e f Phillips, Michael M. (2016). "How Bugs Bunny and 'Kill the Wabbit' Inspired a Generation of Opera Stars", The Wall Street Journal (New York, N.Y.), May 20, 2016. Retrieved January 21, 2023.
- ^ Gigliotti, Jim. Who Was Chuck Jones? New York City: Penguin Random House, 2017, p. 91. Retrieved via Internet Archive, January 22, 2023.
- ^ Keller, James (2016). . San Francisco Symphony. Archived from the original on September 14, 2016. Retrieved January 23, 2023.
- ^ a b c d e Watt, Steve (2007). "50 glorious years of 'kill da wabbit'; 'What's Opera, Doc?'", article, Toronto Star (Toronto, Canada), July 8, 2007, p. E5. Retrieved via ProQuest Historical Newspapers, Ann Arbor, Michigan; subscription access through The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Library, January 25, 2023.
- ^ a b "Chuck Jones 1912-2002", biographical profile, website for the charity Chuck Jones Center for Creativity, Costa Mesa, California. Retrieved January 27, 2023.
- ^ a b "WHAT'S UP, DOC", review, Motion Picture Exhibitor (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), August 21, 1957, p. 4369. Retrieved via Internet Archive, January 25, 2023.
- ^ "What is the National Film Registry?", criteria for selection, National Preservation Board, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Retrieved January 27, 2023.
- ^ a b Beck, Jerry (ed.). The 50 Greatest Cartoons: As Selected By 1,000 Animation Professionals. Atlanta, Georgia: Turner Publishing, 1994, p. 35; hereinafter cited "Beck". Retrieved via Internet Archive, September 6, 2023.
- ^ Beck, p. 35.
Bibliography Edit
- Beck, Jerry and Friedwald, Will (1989). Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies: A Complete Illustrated Guide to the Warner Bros. Cartoons. Henry Holt and Company.
- Freedman, Richard. , Andante Magazine, March 2002.
- Goldmark, Daniel (2005). "What's Opera, Doc? and Cartoon Opera", in Tunes for 'Toons: Music and the Hollywood Cartoon, University of California Press.
- Schneider, Steve (1988). That's all folks!: The Art of Warner Bros. Animation. Henry Holt & Company.
- Thomas, Todd and Barbara.
External links Edit
- What’s Opera, Doc? essay [1] by Craig Kausen at National Film Registry
- What’s Opera, Doc? essay by Daniel Eagan in America's Film Legacy: The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry, A&C Black, 2010 ISBN 0826429777, pages 532-533 [2]
- What's Opera, Doc? at The Big Cartoon DataBase
- What's Opera, Doc? at IMDb
- Intimate Enemies: What's Opera, Doc? followed by Bugs Loves Elmer Redux analyze the cartoon at New Savanna blog.