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Wartime cross-dressers

Many people have engaged in cross-dressing during wartime under various circumstances and for various motives. This has been especially true of women, whether while serving as a soldier in otherwise all-male armies, while protecting themselves or disguising their identity in dangerous circumstances, or for other purposes.

Hannah Snell (1723–1792) was a British woman who disguised herself as a man and became a soldier

Conversely, men would dress as women to avoid being drafted, the mythological precedent for this being Achilles hiding at the court of Lycomedes dressed as a woman to avoid participation in the Trojan War.

Prehistory, legend and mythology edit

Historical edit

Fourteenth century edit

  • Joanna of Flanders (c. 1295–1374) led the Montfortist faction in Brittany in the 1340s after the capture of her husband left her as the titular head of the family. She wore male dress at engagements such as the siege of Hennebont.

Fifteenth century edit

 
Joan of Arc enters Orléans (painting by J.J. Sherer, 1887)
  • Onorata Rodiani (1403–1452) was an Italian mercenary who served as a cavalry soldier, disguised in male clothing and with a male name, under a condottieri (freelance commander) named Oldrado Lampugnano beginning in 1423.[2]
  • Jacqueline of Wittelsbach, Countess of Hainaut, Holland and Zeeland (1401–1436) led the Hoek faction (the aristocratic faction) in Holland. Jacqueline and one of her servants disguised themselves as soldiers to escape confinement in Ghent.[3]
  • Jeanne des Armoises
  • Joan of Arc (1412–1431) is a folk heroine of France and a Roman Catholic saint. A peasant girl born in what is now eastern France who claimed divine guidance, she led the French army to several important victories during the Hundred Years' War. After being captured by her enemies, she was burned at the stake for heresy when she was 19 years old. She journeyed through hostile Burgundian territory disguised as a male soldier.

Sixteenth century edit

Seventeenth century edit

Eighteenth century edit

Nineteenth century edit

Twentieth century edit

Fiction edit

Fictional works where wartime cross-dressing is a major plot point include:

  • In All the Queen's Men, a 2001 comedy set during WWII, cross-dressing is a central plot device.
  • Terry Pratchett's novel Monstrous Regiment is a satirical look at the phenomenon.
  • I Was a Male War Bride is a comedy where the male French officer, played by Cary Grant, must dress like a woman to return as a war bride of his American military wife.
  • One of the running gags of the TV series M*A*S*H is Klinger's attempts to get discharged from military service by crossdressing.
  • In Tamora Pierce's The Song of the Lioness quartet of books, Alanna of Trebond disguises herself as a boy to train to become a royal knight, a position only given to noble-born boys.
  • Genesis Climber Mospeada was perhaps the first anime series to feature a regular crossdresser, Yellow Belmont, amongst the main protagonists.
  • H. E. Bates's novel The Triple Echo is about a World War II army deserter who cross-dresses to avoid arrest. This was made into a film in 1972.
  • Mary "Jacky" Faber, the heroine of the Bloody Jack series of novels, disguises herself as a man to fight in the Napoleonic Wars.
  • The Shadow Campaigns novel series by Django Wexler has a female main character rise through the ranks of an army while disguised as a man.

References edit

  1. ^ a b Spector, Peter (2016). The Wiley Blackwell encyclopedia of gender and sexuality studies. Naples, Nancy A. Malden, MA. ISBN 978-1118905388. OCLC 933432480.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. ^ Clayton, Ellen Creathorne (1879). Female Warriors : Memorials of Female Valour and Heroism, from the Mythological Ages to the Present Era. Tinsley Brothers. OCLC 963750555.
  3. ^ Vaughan, Richard. Philip the Good. pp. 34–49.
  4. ^ a b The Wiley Blackwell encyclopedia of gender and sexuality studies. Naples, Nancy A.; Hoogland, Renée C.; Wickramasinghe, Maithree; Wong, Wai-Ching Angela. Malden, MA. 2016. ISBN 978-1405196949. OCLC 933386043.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  5. ^ Rudolf Dekker; Lotte van de Pol (1989). Vrouwen in mannenkleren. De geschiedenis van een tegendraadse traditie. Europa 1500-1800 [Women in men's clothes. The history of a defiant tradition. Europe 1500-1800]. Amsterdam. pp. 49, 108, 151.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  6. ^ Davies, Christian (1740). The life and adventures of Mrs. Christian Davies, commonly called Mother Ross. London.
  7. ^ Dall, Wells Healey Caroline Wells Healey; Dall, Caroline (2010). The College, the Market, and the Court. Applewood Books. ISBN 978-1429043441.
  8. ^ "Charles Edward Stewart: The Young Pretender". The Scotsman. UK. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  9. ^ "Five British heroes overlooked by history". BBC News. 17 November 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
  10. ^ Wakeman, Sarah Rosetta; Burgess, Lauren Cook (1994). An Uncommon Soldier: The Civil War Letters of Sarah Rosetta Wakeman, alias Pvt. Lyons Wakeman, 153rd Regiment, New York State Volunteers, 1862–1864. The Minerva Center. ISBN 0963489518. OCLC 30933373.
  11. ^ "Hispanics in the Military". Valerosos.com. Retrieved 2013-10-22.
  12. ^ "The Hispanic Experience – Contributions to America's Defense". Houstonculture.org. Retrieved 2013-10-22.
  13. ^ "Kvinnorna som klippte håret, tog på sig manskläder och tog värvning", Studio Ett , Sveriges Radio, 7 October 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
  14. ^ Hirschfeld, Magnus (1930). The Sexual History Of The World War (revised edition 1946). Cadillac Publishing. Page 100.
  15. ^ Jones, David E. (2000). Women Warriors: A History. Washington D.C.: Brassey's. p. 134 ISBN 1574882066
  16. ^ Salmonson, Jessica Amanda (1991). The Encyclopedia of Amazons. Paragon House. p/ 236. ISBN 1557784205
  17. ^ Liepman, Ruth (1997). Maybe Luck Isn't Just Chance. Northwestern UP. p. 66. ISBN 978-0810112957.
  18. ^ Kruse, Kuno (2000). Dolores & Imperio : die drei Leben des Sylvin Rubinstein (in German) (1. Aufl ed.). Köln: Kiepenheuer & Witsch. ISBN 3462029266. OCLC 45543833.
  19. ^ "Germany embraces killer transvestite". The Age. 2005-02-25. Retrieved 2022-02-22.
  20. ^ "Profile: A trusted leader". news.bbc.co.uk. January 27, 2000. Retrieved 2008-06-12.

wartime, cross, dressers, many, people, have, engaged, cross, dressing, during, wartime, under, various, circumstances, various, motives, this, been, especially, true, women, whether, while, serving, soldier, otherwise, male, armies, while, protecting, themsel. Many people have engaged in cross dressing during wartime under various circumstances and for various motives This has been especially true of women whether while serving as a soldier in otherwise all male armies while protecting themselves or disguising their identity in dangerous circumstances or for other purposes Hannah Snell 1723 1792 was a British woman who disguised herself as a man and became a soldierConversely men would dress as women to avoid being drafted the mythological precedent for this being Achilles hiding at the court of Lycomedes dressed as a woman to avoid participation in the Trojan War Contents 1 Prehistory legend and mythology 2 Historical 2 1 Fourteenth century 2 2 Fifteenth century 2 3 Sixteenth century 2 4 Seventeenth century 2 5 Eighteenth century 2 6 Nineteenth century 2 7 Twentieth century 3 Fiction 4 ReferencesPrehistory legend and mythology editEpipole of Carystus was a Greek woman described by Chennos as having joined the Greek army during the Trojan War 1 clarification needed Hua Mulan was according to a famous Chinese poem a woman who joined the Chinese army in her father s stead 1 clarification needed In the Albanian folk tale of Nora of Kelmendi she is a 17th century woman warrior sometimes referred to as the Helen of Albania as her beauty also sparked a great war In some tales she is referred to as a burrnesha fighting an Ottoman attack on her village with a band of women in Malesia because she declined to join the attacker s harem and killing him in a duel Fannu MercaderaHistorical editSee also History of cross dressing Fourteenth century edit Joanna of Flanders c 1295 1374 led the Montfortist faction in Brittany in the 1340s after the capture of her husband left her as the titular head of the family She wore male dress at engagements such as the siege of Hennebont Fifteenth century edit nbsp Joan of Arc enters Orleans painting by J J Sherer 1887 Onorata Rodiani 1403 1452 was an Italian mercenary who served as a cavalry soldier disguised in male clothing and with a male name under a condottieri freelance commander named Oldrado Lampugnano beginning in 1423 2 Jacqueline of Wittelsbach Countess of Hainaut Holland and Zeeland 1401 1436 led the Hoek faction the aristocratic faction in Holland Jacqueline and one of her servants disguised themselves as soldiers to escape confinement in Ghent 3 Jeanne des Armoises Joan of Arc 1412 1431 is a folk heroine of France and a Roman Catholic saint A peasant girl born in what is now eastern France who claimed divine guidance she led the French army to several important victories during the Hundred Years War After being captured by her enemies she was burned at the stake for heresy when she was 19 years old She journeyed through hostile Burgundian territory disguised as a male soldier Sixteenth century edit Brita Olofsdotter widow of soldier Nils Simonsson dressed as a man and enlisted in the Finnish unit in the Swedish cavalry in Livonia She was killed in battle and King John III of Sweden ordered her salary to be paid to her family 4 Catarina Lopes Anna Maria Christmann Christian Davies Suriyothai Maria Ursula d Abreu e Lencastro Louise Labe Antonia Rodrigues Okaji no Kata Antonio de Erauso Maria la Bailadora Anne ChamberlyneSeventeenth century edit Margaretha died after 1611 was a soldier in the Dutch States Army She fought in the Dutch Revolt against Spain making her one of the first female soldiers in Dutch history 5 Catalina de Erauso 1592 1650 the Nun Lieutenant was a semilegendary Spanish adventurer Aal de Dragoner died before 1710 served as a Dutch dragoon After death her body was put on display in an anatomical theatre Christian Davies 1667 1739 Mother Ross served in the 2nd Dragoons Scots Greys 6 Eleonore Prochaska Barbara Adriaens Mary Read Genevieve Premoy Ulrika Eleonora Stalhammar Margareta Elisabeth Roos Lisbetha Olsdotter Jane Ingleby Alena ArzamasskaiaEighteenth century edit Louise Antonini 1771 1861 was a French woman who disguised herself as a male to join the French Navy during the revolutionary period and the Napoleonic wars 7 168 Bonnie Prince Charlie 1720 1788 dressed as Flora MacDonald s maidservant Betty Burke to escape the Battle of Culloden for the island of Skye in 1746 8 The Chevalier d Eon 1728 1810 fought with the French dragoons during the Seven Years War In 1777 d Eon began dressing full time as a woman and lived as such until death When d Eon died in London in 1810 the body was examined by physicians and discovered to be anatomically male Francina Broese Gunningh 1783 1824 was a Dutch soldier who served in the French Prussian and Dutch armies Phoebe Hessel 1713 1821 enlisted in the British Army s 5th Regiment of Foot She fought in the Battle of Fontenoy and was wounded in action Johanna Sophia Kettner 1724 1802 may have been the first female to attain the rank of corporal in the Austrian army Anna Maria Lane 1755 1810 dressed as a man to join the Continental Army in 1776 and fight in the American Revolutionary War with her husband until 1781 later received a pension for her courage in the Battle of Germantown Aal de Dragonder Anna Maria Lane Catharina Margaretha Linck Sally St Clair Maria ter Meetelen Thao Thep Krasattri and Thao Si Sunthon Angelique Brulon Enriqueta Favez Ann Mills Mary Anne Talbot Katharina Marschall Maria van Antwerpen Sirma Voyvoda Brita Hagberg Fernig sisters Nadezhda Durova Carin du Rietz Renee Bordereau Deborah Sampson 1760 1827 of Massachusetts was the first known American woman who disguised herself as a man Robert Shurtliff to enlist as an infantry soldier She served in the Continental Army in the Revolutionary War 4 Franziska Scanagatta 1776 1865 was an Italian woman who attended Austrian military school and served in the French Revolution as a lieutenant Ana Maria de Soto 1777 1798 first Spanish soldier in the Marine Infantry She fought against the English in the Battle of Cape San Vicente and the blockade of Cadiz King Carlos IV granted her the salary and rank of sergeant in addition to being able to wear the colors of marine battalions and sergeant s insignia on her women s clothes Marie Schellinck 1757 1840 was a Belgian woman who fought in the French Revolution becoming a sub lieutenant Hannah Snell 1723 1792 was an Englishwoman who entered military service under the name James Gray initially for the purpose of searching for her missing husband She served in General Guise s regiment in the army of the Duke of Northumberland and then in the marines Ulrika Eleonora Stalhammar 1688 1733 was a female Swedish soldier during the Great Northern War later put on trial for having served in the military posing as a man Joanna Zubr 1770 1852 was a Polish soldier of the Napoleonic Wars and the first woman to receive the Virtuti Militari the highest Polish military order Nineteenth century edit See also List of female American Civil War soldiers Albert Cashier 1843 1915 born Jennie Irene Hodgers was an Irish born woman who served three years in the Union Army during the American Civil War as a male soldier and lived the next fifty years as a man Maria Quiteria 1792 1853 was a heroine in the independence of Brazil when she fought against the Portuguese troops in Bahia Later she was awarded by the Emperor Dom Pedro I Jane Dieulafoy 1851 1916 was a French woman who when her husband enlisted during the Franco Prussian War dressed as a man and fought alongside him Nadezhda Durova 1783 1866 was a decorated Russian cavalry soldier of the Napoleonic Wars who spent nine years disguised as a man Eleonore Prochaska 1785 1813 was a German woman soldier who fought in the Lutzow Free Corps during the War of the Sixth Coalition Friederike Kruger 1789 1848 was a soldier in the Prussian army James Barry c 1792 1795 1865 was a military surgeon in the British Army who was born female and named Margaret Ann Bulkley 9 Anna Luhring 1796 1866 sometimes wrongly referred to as Anna Luhrmann was a German soldier in the Lutzow Free Corps during the Napoleonic Wars Nathaniel Lyon 1818 1861 General for the Union during the American Civil War allegedly dressed as a woman to spy on an enemy encampment Giuseppa Bolognara Calcagno 1826 1884 was a heroine in the liberation of Catania in support of Garibaldi s Expedition of the Thousand she wore only men s clothing lived like a man among the male soldiers and was awarded the Silver Medal of Military Valor Frances Clayton c 1830 after 1863 was an American woman who disguised herself as a man to fight for the Union Army in the American Civil War Maria Lebstuck 1831 1892 was a Hussar officer during the Hungarian War of Independence of 1848 and 1849 under the name Karoly Lebstuck Sarah Rosetta Wakeman 1843 1864 served with the Union Army in the American Civil War under the Alias of Lyons Wakeman and Edwin R Wakeman Her letters remain one of the few surviving primary accounts of female soldiers in the American Civil War 10 Sarah Emma Edmonds 1841 1898 served with the Union Army in the American Civil War disguised as a man named Frank Thompson Mollie Bean served with the Confederate Army in the American Civil War under the alias Melvin Bean Mary and Molly Bell cousins who both served with the Confederate Army in the American Civil War Cathay Williams 1844 1892 was a former slave who became the first recorded African American woman in the U S Army Loreta Janeta Velazquez a k a Lieutenant Harry Buford 1842 c 1897 A Cuban woman who donned Confederate garb and served as a Confederate officer and spy during the war 11 12 Rani of Jhansi 1828 1858 fought in the Indian Rebellion of 1857 by dressing as a sowar on behalf of her adopted son Her identity was revealed when she was slain in battle Tringe Smajli 1880 1917 known simply as Tringe Smajli and as Yanitza outside Albania was an Albanian guerrilla fighter who fought against the Ottoman Empire in the Malesia region She was the daughter of Smajl Martini a Catholic clan leader of the Grude tribe of Malesia as a burnesha at the time of her brother s deaths Tringe became a sworn virgin she took a vow of chastity and wore male clothing in order to live as a man in the patriarchal northern Albanian society Twentieth century edit Nestor Makhno 1888 1934 founder of the Makhnovschina temporarily disguised as a woman during World War I Viktoria Savs joined the Austrian army during World War I Flora Sandes joined the Serbian army during World War I 13 Wanda Gertz 1896 1958 joined the Polish Legion in World War I to fight on the Eastern Front while posing as Kazimierz Zuchowicz Later she joined the Women s Voluntary Legion and during World War II she commanded an all woman sabotage unit of the Home Army Dorothy Lawrence 1896 1964 was a British reporter who served as a man in the army during World War I Zoya Smirnow 1897 98 after 1916 was a Russian schoolgirl who along with 11 other friends ran away from their Moscow school and disguised themselves as men and joined the Russian army where they fought in Galicia and the Carpathians during World War I After a death and number of injuries in the group Smirnow s sex was discovered She recounted their story to the English press 14 15 16 Frieda Belinfante 1904 1995 was a prominent musician and World War II Dutch Resistance fighter who disguised herself as a man for 6 months to avoid capture by the Gestapo Henk Jonker 1912 2002 was a member of the Dutch resistance who disguised himself as a woman 17 Sylvin Rubinstein 1914 2011 was a member of the Polish resistance who disguised himself as a woman to perform espionage missions and assassinations 18 19 Ehud Barak b 1942 the later prime minister of Israel disguised himself as a woman to assassinate members of the Palestine Liberation Organization in Beirut during the 1973 Israeli raid in Lebanon 20 Fiction editSee also Cross dressing in film and television and Cross dressing in literatureFictional works where wartime cross dressing is a major plot point include In All the Queen s Men a 2001 comedy set during WWII cross dressing is a central plot device Terry Pratchett s novel Monstrous Regiment is a satirical look at the phenomenon I Was a Male War Bride is a comedy where the male French officer played by Cary Grant must dress like a woman to return as a war bride of his American military wife One of the running gags of the TV series M A S H is Klinger s attempts to get discharged from military service by crossdressing In Tamora Pierce s The Song of the Lioness quartet of books Alanna of Trebond disguises herself as a boy to train to become a royal knight a position only given to noble born boys Genesis Climber Mospeada was perhaps the first anime series to feature a regular crossdresser Yellow Belmont amongst the main protagonists H E Bates s novel The Triple Echo is about a World War II army deserter who cross dresses to avoid arrest This was made into a film in 1972 Mary Jacky Faber the heroine of the Bloody Jack series of novels disguises herself as a man to fight in the Napoleonic Wars The Shadow Campaigns novel series by Django Wexler has a female main character rise through the ranks of an army while disguised as a man References edit a b Spector Peter 2016 The Wiley Blackwell encyclopedia of gender and sexuality studies Naples Nancy A Malden MA ISBN 978 1118905388 OCLC 933432480 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Clayton Ellen Creathorne 1879 Female Warriors Memorials of Female Valour and Heroism from the Mythological Ages to the Present Era Tinsley Brothers OCLC 963750555 Vaughan Richard Philip the Good pp 34 49 a b The Wiley Blackwell encyclopedia of gender and sexuality studies Naples Nancy A Hoogland Renee C Wickramasinghe Maithree Wong Wai Ching Angela Malden MA 2016 ISBN 978 1405196949 OCLC 933386043 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link CS1 maint others link Rudolf Dekker Lotte van de Pol 1989 Vrouwen in mannenkleren De geschiedenis van een tegendraadse traditie Europa 1500 1800 Women in men s clothes The history of a defiant tradition Europe 1500 1800 Amsterdam pp 49 108 151 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Davies Christian 1740 The life and adventures of Mrs Christian Davies commonly called Mother Ross London Dall Wells Healey Caroline Wells Healey Dall Caroline 2010 The College the Market and the Court Applewood Books ISBN 978 1429043441 Charles Edward Stewart The Young Pretender The Scotsman UK Retrieved 5 September 2012 Five British heroes overlooked by history BBC News 17 November 2009 Retrieved 5 May 2010 Wakeman Sarah Rosetta Burgess Lauren Cook 1994 An Uncommon Soldier The Civil War Letters of Sarah Rosetta Wakeman alias Pvt Lyons Wakeman 153rd Regiment New York State Volunteers 1862 1864 The Minerva Center ISBN 0963489518 OCLC 30933373 Hispanics in the Military Valerosos com Retrieved 2013 10 22 The Hispanic Experience Contributions to America s Defense Houstonculture org Retrieved 2013 10 22 Kvinnorna som klippte haret tog pa sig mansklader och tog varvning Studio Ett Sveriges Radio 7 October 2016 Retrieved 9 October 2016 Hirschfeld Magnus 1930 The Sexual History Of The World War revised edition 1946 Cadillac Publishing Page 100 Jones David E 2000 Women Warriors A History Washington D C Brassey s p 134 ISBN 1574882066 Salmonson Jessica Amanda 1991 The Encyclopedia of Amazons Paragon House p 236 ISBN 1557784205 Liepman Ruth 1997 Maybe Luck Isn t Just Chance Northwestern UP p 66 ISBN 978 0810112957 Kruse Kuno 2000 Dolores amp Imperio die drei Leben des Sylvin Rubinstein in German 1 Aufl ed Koln Kiepenheuer amp Witsch ISBN 3462029266 OCLC 45543833 Germany embraces killer transvestite The Age 2005 02 25 Retrieved 2022 02 22 Profile A trusted leader news bbc co uk January 27 2000 Retrieved 2008 06 12 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Wartime cross dressers amp oldid 1194883682, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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