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War cabinet

May 07, 2023

A war cabinet is a committee formed by a government in a time of war to efficiently and effectively conduct that war. It is usually a subset of the full executive cabinet of ministers, although it is quite common for a war cabinet to have senior military officers and opposition politicians as members.

United Kingdom

First World War

Main article: Lloyd George ministry
 
Prime Minister Lloyd George's War Cabinet, 1916

The British War Cabinet

Prior to the First World War, the British had the Committee of Imperial Defence. During World War I, it became a war committee.[1]

During the First World War, lengthy cabinet discussions came to be seen as a source of vacillation in Britain's war effort.

The number of cabinet ministries grew throughout the nineteenth century. Following dissatisfaction at the conduct of the Crimean War, Disraeli proposed that the number of cabinet members never exceed 10 (he had 12 at the time). However, this didn't happen, and the number of ministries continued to grow: 15 in 1859, 21 in 1914, and 23 in 1916.[2] Despite talk of "inner circles" within the Asquith Administration, all committees reported to the 23 cabinet ministers, whose priorities were diverse in nature, and who had final say over war policy formation for the first two years of World War I. This cumbersome arrangement could not stand; a more efficient way of prosecuting the war was needed.

In December 1916 it was proposed that Prime Minister H. H. Asquith should delegate decision-making to a small, three-man committee chaired by the Secretary of State for War, David Lloyd George. Asquith initially agreed (provided the committee reported to him and he retained the right to attend if he chose) before changing his mind after being infuriated by a news story[3] in The Times which portrayed the proposed change as a defeat for him. The political crisis grew from this point until Asquith was forced to resign as Prime Minister; he was succeeded by David Lloyd George who thereupon formed a small war cabinet. The original members of the war cabinet were:[4]

Lloyd George, Curzon and Bonar Law served throughout the life of the war cabinet. Later members included:

Unlike a normal peacetime cabinet, few of these men had departmental responsibilities – Bonar Law, and then Chamberlain, served as chancellors of the exchequer, but the rest had no specific portfolio. The title of, "Minister Without Portfolio" was important. It allowed total devotion to war duties, without the distraction of civil cabinet responsibilities. Among others, the Foreign Secretary, Arthur Balfour, was never a member of the war cabinet, nor were the service ministers Lord Derby (Army) and Sir Edward Carson (Navy). The latter did join, but only after leaving the Admiralty.[5] Whenever these specialties were needed by the war cabinet, they were summoned. The functioning of the war cabinet is best summed up by Lord Hutchison during a Parliamentary debate held on 14 March 1934.[6]

Despite its efficiency, on 8 June 1917 at Lord Milner's urging, it became necessary to form a War Policy Committee within the War Cabinet to coordinate war strategy. Its members included Lloyd George, Lord Milner, Lord Curzon, Jan Smuts, and Maurice Hankey.[7][8] Upon his transfer from the War Cabinet to the War Office as Secretary of State for War in April 1918, the X Committee was created so Lord Milner could meet with the Prime Minister before War Cabinet sessions to continue the talks.

Previously, all cabinet members were paid based upon their cabinet status. With the creation of Ministers Without Portfolio, it was suggested that these positions go unpaid. Indeed, Lord Lansdowne, a millionaire, while a member without portfolio in Prime Minister Asquith's government, received no pay. The debate, which took place in the House of Commons on 13 February 1917, was decided in the new government's favour.[9] Appropriations of £5,000 a year (£350,000 in 2020) were made.[10]

The British War Cabinet marked the first time minutes were recorded of official meetings.[11] This innovation set the trend for all important corporate and governmental meetings since.[12]

With the World War over, and the two main peace treaties signed with Germany and Austria-Hungary, Lloyd George decided to discontinue the War Cabinet. Its last meeting was held on 27 October 1919.[13][14]

The Imperial War Cabinet

 
Imperial War Cabinet, 22 Mar 1917
 
Imperial War Cabinet, June 1918

The origins of an Imperial War Cabinet date back to the beginning of Lloyd George's government, and the proper way of responding to peace offerings from Germany. The first mention of a conference in the War Cabinet happened on 18 December 1916.[15][16] In January invitations were sent out, and in the spring of 1917 the Imperial War Cabinet was formed. Goals were also established to strengthen imperial federation by upgrading the status of the Dominions and India to an equal footing with that of England when coordinating war strategy. The Imperial War Cabinet met in three sessions: from March to May 1917,[17] from June to August 1918,[18] and from August to December 1918.[19] The last session was improvised. It occurred due to Allied successes on the battlefield and a desire of dominion partners to keep abreast of events. Its original members were:

To strengthen ties between countries, the writing of an Imperial Constitution was a significant priority in 1917. However, the delegates postponed the matter until after the war, and they failed to take it up.

Minutes to the Imperial War Cabinet meetings are held at the National Archives (Kew).[20]

Second World War

Germany invaded Poland early on 1 September 1939, and after to-ing and fro-ing with French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet, an ultimatum was presented to the Germans and on its expiry war was declared at 11am on 3 September 1939.

Chamberlain war ministry

Main article: Chamberlain war ministry

On 3 September 1939, Neville Chamberlain announced his War Cabinet.

Dominated largely by Conservative ministers who served under Chamberlain's National Government between 1937 and 1939, the additions of Lord Hankey (a former Cabinet Secretary from the First World War) and Winston Churchill (strong anti-appeaser) seemed to give the Cabinet more balance. Unlike Lloyd George's War Cabinet, the members of this one were also heads of government departments.

In January 1940, after disagreements with the Chiefs of Staff, Hore-Belisha resigned from the National Government, refusing a move to the post of President of the Board of Trade. He was succeeded by Oliver Stanley.

It was originally the practice for the Chiefs of Staff to attend all military discussions of the Chamberlain War Cabinet. Churchill became uneasy with this, as he felt that when they attended they did not confine their comments to purely military issues. To overcome this, a Military Co-ordination Committee was set up, consisting of the three Service ministers normally chaired by Lord Chatfield. This together with the Service chiefs would co-ordinate the strategic ideas of 'top hats' and 'brass' and agree strategic proposals to put forward to the War Cabinet. Unfortunately, except when chaired by the Prime Minister, the Military Co-ordinating Committee lacked sufficient authority to override a Minister "fighting his corner". When Churchill took over from Chatfield, whilst continuing to represent the Admiralty, this introduced additional problems, and did little to improve the pre-existing ones. Chamberlain announced a further change in arrangements in the Norway debate, but this (and the Military Co-ordination Committee) was overtaken by events, the Churchill War Cabinet being run on rather different principles.[21]

Churchill war ministry

Main article: Churchill war ministry

When he became Prime Minister during the Second World War, Winston Churchill formed a war cabinet, initially consisting of the following members:

Churchill strongly believed that the War Cabinet should be kept to a relatively small number of individuals to allow efficient execution of the war effort. Even so, there were a number of ministers who, though they were not members of the war cabinet, were "Constant Attenders".[22] As the War Cabinet considered issues that pertained to a given branch of the service or government due input was obtained from the respective body.

The War Cabinet would undergo a number of changes in composition over the next five years. On 19 February 1942 a reconstructed War Cabinet was announced by Churchill consisting of the following members:[23]

This War Cabinet was consistent with Churchill's view that members should also hold "responsible offices and not mere advisors at large with nothing to do but think and talk and take decisions by compromise or majority"[24] The War Cabinet often met within the Cabinet War Rooms, particularly during The Blitz of London.[25]

Falklands War

Thatcher chose not to include any representation of Her Majesty's Treasury on the advice of former Prime Minister Harold Macmillan (who had been British Minister Resident in the Mediterranean theatre for the second half of the Second World War), that the security and defence of the armed forces and the war effort should not be compromised for financial reasons.[citation needed]

Persian Gulf War

Australia

 
War Cabinet meeting in Melbourne in 1943. Left to right: John Curtin, Sir Frederick Sheddon, Ben Chifley, 'Doc' Evatt, Norm Makin, Arthur Drakeford

At the Imperial Conference in London in 1937, the Australian government had agreed to form a War Cabinet on the outbreak of war.[27] The Full Cabinet approved the formation of the War Cabinet on 26 September 1939.[28] As neither Earle Page's Country Party nor John Curtin's Australian Labor Party would join in a coalition government with Menzies' United Australia Party,[29] the War Cabinet initially consisted of:

In November 1939, the Department of Defence was split up. Street became Minister for the Army, Menzies also became Minister for Defence Coordination, and three more ministers joined the War Cabinet:

Following the deaths of Fairbairn and Gullett in the Canberra air disaster, 1940 and the loss of seats in the 1940 Australian federal election the War Cabinet of October 1940 consisted of:

The government was replaced by a Labor one on 3 October 1941. A new War Cabinet was formed, consisting of:

Frederick Shedden, the Permanent Secretary of the Department of Defence, served as secretary of the War Cabinet,[34] which met regularly throughout the war. It held its last meeting in Canberra on 19 January 1946.[35]

While the Australian war cabinets included only members of the governing party, the Advisory War Council which was established in October 1940 included members of the opposition as well. This body did not have executive powers, but from the formation of the Labor Government in October 1941 it was agreed that its decisions would be treated as War Cabinet decisions, with only some issues being formally referred to the War Cabinet for separate decision. As a result, the Advisory War Council had significant influence on Australia's war effort.[36]

United States

In response to the September 11 attacks, President George W. Bush created a War Cabinet. They met at Camp David on the weekend of 15 September to shape what became the War on Terrorism. The membership was mostly, but not entirely, identical to that of the United States National Security Council.

The Cabinet comprised:

During the October 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, President John F. Kennedy's EXCOMM had some characteristics of a War Cabinet.[citation needed]

Citations

  1. ^ J. A. F. (1917). "British War Administration". American Political Science Review. 11 (4): 745. doi:10.2307/1946861. ISSN 0003-0554. JSTOR 1946861. S2CID 251094540.
  2. ^ Schuyler, The British War Cabinet, pg. 380
  3. ^ "Sign in...". thetimes.co.uk. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
  4. ^ LeMay (1964). British Government. p. 233.
  5. ^ "Edward Carson joins cabinet after reshuffle – Century Ireland". RTE. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
  6. ^ . Archived from the original on 12 June 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  7. ^ Marlowe, John, Milner: Apostle of Empire, pg. 279
  8. ^ Roskill, Stephen, Hankey: Man of Secrets, Vol. I, pg. 399
  9. ^ Schuyler, Political Science Quarterly, pg. 384
  10. ^ CPI index
  11. ^ UK Govt. blog, 9 December 1916
  12. ^ UK National Archives, World War I war cabinet minutes
  13. ^ UK National Archives, CAB 23-12, pg. 91 of 105
  14. ^ Roskill, Stephen, Hankey, Man of Secrets, Vol. II, pg. 127
  15. ^ UK National Archives, CAB 23-1, pgs. 63 & 64 of 593
  16. ^ Amery, My Political Life, Vol II, pg. 91
  17. ^ http://filestore.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pdfs/large/cab-23-40.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  18. ^ http://filestore.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pdfs/large/cab-23-41.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  19. ^ http://filestore.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pdfs/large/cab-23-42.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  20. ^ "CAB 23 First World War conclusions".
  21. ^ Martin Gilbert, Finest Hour, Winston S Churchill 1939–1941, Book Club Associates, London 1983 page 40
  22. ^ Winston Churchill, The Hinge of Fate, p.78. Boston, Houghton Mifflin 1950. ISBN 0-395-41058-4
  23. ^ Winston Churchill,The Hinge of Fate, p.76. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company 1950. ISBN 0-395-41058-4
  24. ^ Winston Churchill, The Hinge of Fate, p.75. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company 1950. ISBN 0-395-41058-4
  25. ^ Imperial War Museum. "The Cabinet War Rooms". iwm.org.uk. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
  26. ^ Rouvez, Alain (1994). Disconsolate Empires: French, British and Belgian Military Involvement in Post-Colonial Sub-Saharan Africa. University Press of America. p. 196. ISBN 978-0-8191-9643-9.
  27. ^ Horner 1996, p. 2
  28. ^ Horner 1996, p. 3
  29. ^ Hasluck 1952, pp. 112–113
  30. ^ Horner 1996, pp. 2–3
  31. ^ Horner 1996, p. 4
  32. ^ Hasluck 1952, p. 574
  33. ^ Hasluck 1952, p. 577
  34. ^ Hasluck 1952, pp. 421–422
  35. ^ Horner 1996, p. 197
  36. ^ Campbell, Heather (2004). "The War Cabinet & Advisory War Council". Doing the Best for the Country : Behind the scenes of Australia's wartime decision making 1939-45. John Curtin Prime Ministerial Library. Retrieved 9 January 2018.

Sources

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to War cabinet.
  • Amery, Leopold, My Political Life, Vol. II, War and Peace, 1914-1929, London: Hutchinson, 1953
  • Archive.org (sign in to view references and sources)
  • Le May, G.H.L., British Government, 1914-1963, London: Methuen, 1964
  • Hasluck, Paul (1952). The Government and the People 1939–1941. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 4 – Civil. Vol. 1. Canberra: Australian War Memorial.
  • Horner, David (1996). Inside the War Cabinet: Directing Australia's War Effort 1939–45. St Leonards, New South Wales: Allen and Unwin. ISBN 1-86373-968-8.
  • Roskill, Stephen, Hankey, Man of Secrets, Volume I, 1877-1918, London: Collins, 1970
  • Roskill, Stephen, Hankey, Man of Secrets, Volume II, 1919-1931, London: Collins, 1972
  • Schuyler, Robert L., The British War Cabinet, Political Science Quarterly, New York: Academy of Political Science, Vol 33, No. 3, Sept. 1918
  • UK National Archives, War Cabinet Minutes
  • UK Govt Blog, 9 December 1916, The Rise of the War Cabinet
  • Encyclopædia Britannica online, English Democracy
  • CPI Index online UK inflation calculator
  • Marlowe, John, Milner: Apostle of Empire, London: Hamish Hamilton, 1976

Further reading

  • The War Cabinet, Report for the Year 1917, London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1918
  • A summary of the (above) war cabinet report, CAB 23-5, pgs. 280, 326 of 475

May 07, 2023
cabinet, cabinet, committee, formed, government, time, efficiently, effectively, conduct, that, usually, subset, full, executive, cabinet, ministers, although, quite, common, cabinet, have, senior, military, officers, opposition, politicians, members, contents. A war cabinet is a committee formed by a government in a time of war to efficiently and effectively conduct that war It is usually a subset of the full executive cabinet of ministers although it is quite common for a war cabinet to have senior military officers and opposition politicians as members Contents 1 United Kingdom 1 1 First World War 1 1 1 The British War Cabinet 1 1 2 The Imperial War Cabinet 1 2 Second World War 1 2 1 Chamberlain war ministry 1 2 2 Churchill war ministry 1 3 Falklands War 1 4 Persian Gulf War 2 Australia 3 United States 4 Citations 5 Sources 6 Further readingUnited Kingdom EditFirst World War Edit Main article Lloyd George ministry Prime Minister Lloyd George s War Cabinet 1916 The British War Cabinet Edit Prior to the First World War the British had the Committee of Imperial Defence During World War I it became a war committee 1 During the First World War lengthy cabinet discussions came to be seen as a source of vacillation in Britain s war effort The number of cabinet ministries grew throughout the nineteenth century Following dissatisfaction at the conduct of the Crimean War Disraeli proposed that the number of cabinet members never exceed 10 he had 12 at the time However this didn t happen and the number of ministries continued to grow 15 in 1859 21 in 1914 and 23 in 1916 2 Despite talk of inner circles within the Asquith Administration all committees reported to the 23 cabinet ministers whose priorities were diverse in nature and who had final say over war policy formation for the first two years of World War I This cumbersome arrangement could not stand a more efficient way of prosecuting the war was needed In December 1916 it was proposed that Prime Minister H H Asquith should delegate decision making to a small three man committee chaired by the Secretary of State for War David Lloyd George Asquith initially agreed provided the committee reported to him and he retained the right to attend if he chose before changing his mind after being infuriated by a news story 3 in The Times which portrayed the proposed change as a defeat for him The political crisis grew from this point until Asquith was forced to resign as Prime Minister he was succeeded by David Lloyd George who thereupon formed a small war cabinet The original members of the war cabinet were 4 David Lloyd George Lord Curzon of Kedleston Lord President of the Council Bonar Law Chancellor of the Exchequer Arthur Henderson December 1916 August 1917 Alfred Lord Milner December 1916 April 1918 Lloyd George Curzon and Bonar Law served throughout the life of the war cabinet Later members included Jan Smuts June 1917 January 1919 George Barnes May 1917 January 1919 Edward Carson July 1917 January 1918 Austen Chamberlain April 1918 October 1919 Sir Eric Geddes January 1919 October 1919 Unlike a normal peacetime cabinet few of these men had departmental responsibilities Bonar Law and then Chamberlain served as chancellors of the exchequer but the rest had no specific portfolio The title of Minister Without Portfolio was important It allowed total devotion to war duties without the distraction of civil cabinet responsibilities Among others the Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour was never a member of the war cabinet nor were the service ministers Lord Derby Army and Sir Edward Carson Navy The latter did join but only after leaving the Admiralty 5 Whenever these specialties were needed by the war cabinet they were summoned The functioning of the war cabinet is best summed up by Lord Hutchison during a Parliamentary debate held on 14 March 1934 6 Despite its efficiency on 8 June 1917 at Lord Milner s urging it became necessary to form a War Policy Committee within the War Cabinet to coordinate war strategy Its members included Lloyd George Lord Milner Lord Curzon Jan Smuts and Maurice Hankey 7 8 Upon his transfer from the War Cabinet to the War Office as Secretary of State for War in April 1918 the X Committee was created so Lord Milner could meet with the Prime Minister before War Cabinet sessions to continue the talks Previously all cabinet members were paid based upon their cabinet status With the creation of Ministers Without Portfolio it was suggested that these positions go unpaid Indeed Lord Lansdowne a millionaire while a member without portfolio in Prime Minister Asquith s government received no pay The debate which took place in the House of Commons on 13 February 1917 was decided in the new government s favour 9 Appropriations of 5 000 a year 350 000 in 2020 were made 10 The British War Cabinet marked the first time minutes were recorded of official meetings 11 This innovation set the trend for all important corporate and governmental meetings since 12 With the World War over and the two main peace treaties signed with Germany and Austria Hungary Lloyd George decided to discontinue the War Cabinet Its last meeting was held on 27 October 1919 13 14 The Imperial War Cabinet Edit Imperial War Cabinet 22 Mar 1917 Imperial War Cabinet June 1918 The origins of an Imperial War Cabinet date back to the beginning of Lloyd George s government and the proper way of responding to peace offerings from Germany The first mention of a conference in the War Cabinet happened on 18 December 1916 15 16 In January invitations were sent out and in the spring of 1917 the Imperial War Cabinet was formed Goals were also established to strengthen imperial federation by upgrading the status of the Dominions and India to an equal footing with that of England when coordinating war strategy The Imperial War Cabinet met in three sessions from March to May 1917 17 from June to August 1918 18 and from August to December 1918 19 The last session was improvised It occurred due to Allied successes on the battlefield and a desire of dominion partners to keep abreast of events Its original members were Arthur Henderson British War Cabinet Lord Alfred Milner British War Cabinet George Curzon British War Cabinet Bonar Law British War Cabinet and future Prime Minister Lloyd George British War Cabinet and Prime Minister of Great Britain Robert Borden Prime Minister of Canada W F Massey Prime Minister of New Zealand Jan Smuts Minister for Defence South Africa S P Sinha Representative of Bengal Maharajah of Bikanir King of Northern India James Meston Assistant to the Secretary of State for India Great Britain Austen Chamberlain Secretary of State for India Great Britain Robert Cecil Minister of Blockade Great Britain Walter Long Secretary of State for the Colonies Great Britain Joseph Ward Finance Minister of New Zealand George Perley Overseas War Minister of Canada Robert Rogers Minister of Public Works Canada J D Hazen Minister of the Navy Canada Leopold Amery Assistant Secretary from Great Britain Admiral Jellicoe First Sea Lord Great Britain Edward Carson First Lord of the Admiralty civilian head of the Navy Great Britain Lord Derby Secretary of State for War Great Britain General Maurice Director of Military Operations Great Britain Maurice Hankey Assistant Secretary from Great Britain Henry Lambert Colonial Office from Great Britain Major Lancelot Storr Assistant Secretary from Great Britain To strengthen ties between countries the writing of an Imperial Constitution was a significant priority in 1917 However the delegates postponed the matter until after the war and they failed to take it up Minutes to the Imperial War Cabinet meetings are held at the National Archives Kew 20 Second World War Edit Germany invaded Poland early on 1 September 1939 and after to ing and fro ing with French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet an ultimatum was presented to the Germans and on its expiry war was declared at 11am on 3 September 1939 Chamberlain war ministry Edit Main article Chamberlain war ministry On 3 September 1939 Neville Chamberlain announced his War Cabinet Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain Cons Lord Privy Seal Sir Samuel Hoare Cons Chancellor of the Exchequer Sir John Simon Nat Liberal Foreign Secretary Viscount Halifax Cons Secretary of State for War Leslie Hore Belisha Nat Liberal Secretary of State for Air Sir Kingsley Wood Cons First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill Cons Minister for the Coordination of Defence Lord Chatfield Nat Minister without Portfolio Lord Hankey Nat Dominated largely by Conservative ministers who served under Chamberlain s National Government between 1937 and 1939 the additions of Lord Hankey a former Cabinet Secretary from the First World War and Winston Churchill strong anti appeaser seemed to give the Cabinet more balance Unlike Lloyd George s War Cabinet the members of this one were also heads of government departments In January 1940 after disagreements with the Chiefs of Staff Hore Belisha resigned from the National Government refusing a move to the post of President of the Board of Trade He was succeeded by Oliver Stanley It was originally the practice for the Chiefs of Staff to attend all military discussions of the Chamberlain War Cabinet Churchill became uneasy with this as he felt that when they attended they did not confine their comments to purely military issues To overcome this a Military Co ordination Committee was set up consisting of the three Service ministers normally chaired by Lord Chatfield This together with the Service chiefs would co ordinate the strategic ideas of top hats and brass and agree strategic proposals to put forward to the War Cabinet Unfortunately except when chaired by the Prime Minister the Military Co ordinating Committee lacked sufficient authority to override a Minister fighting his corner When Churchill took over from Chatfield whilst continuing to represent the Admiralty this introduced additional problems and did little to improve the pre existing ones Chamberlain announced a further change in arrangements in the Norway debate but this and the Military Co ordination Committee was overtaken by events the Churchill War Cabinet being run on rather different principles 21 Churchill war ministry Edit Main article Churchill war ministry When he became Prime Minister during the Second World War Winston Churchill formed a war cabinet initially consisting of the following members Prime Minister amp Minister of Defence Winston Churchill Conservative Lord President of the council Neville Chamberlain Conservative Lord Privy Seal Clement Attlee Labour Foreign Secretary Lord Halifax Conservative Minister without Portfolio Arthur Greenwood Labour Churchill strongly believed that the War Cabinet should be kept to a relatively small number of individuals to allow efficient execution of the war effort Even so there were a number of ministers who though they were not members of the war cabinet were Constant Attenders 22 As the War Cabinet considered issues that pertained to a given branch of the service or government due input was obtained from the respective body The War Cabinet would undergo a number of changes in composition over the next five years On 19 February 1942 a reconstructed War Cabinet was announced by Churchill consisting of the following members 23 Prime Minister and Minister of Defence Winston Churchill Conservative Deputy Prime Minister and Secretary of State for Dominions Affairs Clement Attlee Labour Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Commons Sir Stafford Cripps Labour Lord President of the council John Anderson National Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden Conservative Minister of Production Oliver Lyttelton Conservative Minister of Labour Ernest Bevin Labour This War Cabinet was consistent with Churchill s view that members should also hold responsible offices and not mere advisors at large with nothing to do but think and talk and take decisions by compromise or majority 24 The War Cabinet often met within the Cabinet War Rooms particularly during The Blitz of London 25 Falklands War Edit Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher Deputy Prime Minister amp Home Secretary Willie Whitelaw Secretary of State for Foreign amp Commonwealth Affairs Francis Pym Secretary of State for Defence John Nott Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster Cecil Parkinson Chief of the Defence Staff Admiral Lewin Attorney General Michael HaversThatcher chose not to include any representation of Her Majesty s Treasury on the advice of former Prime Minister Harold Macmillan who had been British Minister Resident in the Mediterranean theatre for the second half of the Second World War that the security and defence of the armed forces and the war effort should not be compromised for financial reasons citation needed Persian Gulf War Edit Prime Minister John Major Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs Douglas Hurd Secretary of State for Defence Tom King Chancellor of the Exchequer Norman Lamont Chief of the Defence Staff Marshal of the RAF Sir David Craig 26 Australia Edit War Cabinet meeting in Melbourne in 1943 Left to right John Curtin Sir Frederick Sheddon Ben Chifley Doc Evatt Norm Makin Arthur Drakeford At the Imperial Conference in London in 1937 the Australian government had agreed to form a War Cabinet on the outbreak of war 27 The Full Cabinet approved the formation of the War Cabinet on 26 September 1939 28 As neither Earle Page s Country Party nor John Curtin s Australian Labor Party would join in a coalition government with Menzies United Australia Party 29 the War Cabinet initially consisted of Robert Menzies Prime Minister and Treasurer Richard Casey Minister for Supply Geoffrey Street Minister for Defence George McLeay Minister for Commerce Henry Gullett Minister for Information William Hughes Attorney General 30 In November 1939 the Department of Defence was split up Street became Minister for the Army Menzies also became Minister for Defence Coordination and three more ministers joined the War Cabinet James Fairbairn Minister for Air Frederick Stewart Minister for the Navy Harry Foll Minister for Interior 31 Following the deaths of Fairbairn and Gullett in the Canberra air disaster 1940 and the loss of seats in the 1940 Australian federal election the War Cabinet of October 1940 consisted of Robert Menzies Prime Minister and Minister for Defence Coordination Arthur Fadden Treasurer John McEwen Minister for Air Percy Spender Minister for the Army Billy Hughes Attorney General and Minister for the Navy Harry Foll Minister for Interior Philip McBride Minister for Munitions from 26 June 1941 32 The government was replaced by a Labor one on 3 October 1941 A new War Cabinet was formed consisting of John Curtin Prime Minister and Minister for Defence Coordination Frank Forde Minister for the Army Ben Chifley Treasurer H V Evatt Attorney General and Minister for External Affairs Jack Beasley Minister for Supply Norman Makin Minister for the Navy and Minister for Munitions Arthur Drakeford Minister for Air John Dedman Minister for the Interior from 11 December 1941 33 Frederick Shedden the Permanent Secretary of the Department of Defence served as secretary of the War Cabinet 34 which met regularly throughout the war It held its last meeting in Canberra on 19 January 1946 35 While the Australian war cabinets included only members of the governing party the Advisory War Council which was established in October 1940 included members of the opposition as well This body did not have executive powers but from the formation of the Labor Government in October 1941 it was agreed that its decisions would be treated as War Cabinet decisions with only some issues being formally referred to the War Cabinet for separate decision As a result the Advisory War Council had significant influence on Australia s war effort 36 United States EditIn response to the September 11 attacks President George W Bush created a War Cabinet They met at Camp David on the weekend of 15 September to shape what became the War on Terrorism The membership was mostly but not entirely identical to that of the United States National Security Council The Cabinet comprised President George W Bush Vice President Dick Cheney Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice Secretary of State Colin Powell Director of Central Intelligence George Tenet Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Hugh Shelton Attorney General John Ashcroft Secretary of the Treasury Paul O Neill Counselor to the President Karen Hughes White House Press Secretary Ari Fleischer Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation Robert Mueller Deputy Defense Secretary Paul Wolfowitz White House Chief of Staff Andrew CardDuring the October 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis President John F Kennedy s EXCOMM had some characteristics of a War Cabinet citation needed Citations Edit J A F 1917 British War Administration American Political Science Review 11 4 745 doi 10 2307 1946861 ISSN 0003 0554 JSTOR 1946861 S2CID 251094540 Schuyler The British War Cabinet pg 380 Sign in thetimes co uk Retrieved 9 March 2023 LeMay 1964 British Government p 233 Edward Carson joins cabinet after reshuffle Century Ireland RTE Retrieved 23 October 2017 DEFENCE SERVICES Hansard 14 March 1934 Archived from the original on 12 June 2021 Retrieved 26 November 2020 Marlowe John Milner Apostle of Empire pg 279 Roskill Stephen Hankey Man of Secrets Vol I pg 399 Schuyler Political Science Quarterly pg 384 CPI index UK Govt blog 9 December 1916 UK National Archives World War I war cabinet minutes UK National Archives CAB 23 12 pg 91 of 105 Roskill Stephen Hankey Man of Secrets Vol II pg 127 UK National Archives CAB 23 1 pgs 63 amp 64 of 593 Amery My Political Life Vol II pg 91 http filestore nationalarchives gov uk pdfs large cab 23 40 pdf bare URL PDF http filestore nationalarchives gov uk pdfs large cab 23 41 pdf bare URL PDF http filestore nationalarchives gov uk pdfs large cab 23 42 pdf bare URL PDF CAB 23 First World War conclusions Martin Gilbert Finest Hour Winston S Churchill 1939 1941 Book Club Associates London 1983 page 40 Winston Churchill The Hinge of Fate p 78 Boston Houghton Mifflin 1950 ISBN 0 395 41058 4 Winston Churchill The Hinge of Fate p 76 Boston Houghton Mifflin Company 1950 ISBN 0 395 41058 4 Winston Churchill The Hinge of Fate p 75 Boston Houghton Mifflin Company 1950 ISBN 0 395 41058 4 Imperial War Museum The Cabinet War Rooms iwm org uk Retrieved 10 March 2013 Rouvez Alain 1994 Disconsolate Empires French British and Belgian Military Involvement in Post Colonial Sub Saharan Africa University Press of America p 196 ISBN 978 0 8191 9643 9 Horner 1996 p 2 Horner 1996 p 3 Hasluck 1952 pp 112 113 Horner 1996 pp 2 3 Horner 1996 p 4 Hasluck 1952 p 574 Hasluck 1952 p 577 Hasluck 1952 pp 421 422 Horner 1996 p 197 Campbell Heather 2004 The War Cabinet amp Advisory War Council Doing the Best for the Country Behind the scenes of Australia s wartime decision making 1939 45 John Curtin Prime Ministerial Library Retrieved 9 January 2018 Sources Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to War cabinet Amery Leopold My Political Life Vol II War and Peace 1914 1929 London Hutchinson 1953 Archive org sign in to view references and sources Le May G H L British Government 1914 1963 London Methuen 1964 Hasluck Paul 1952 The Government and the People 1939 1941 Australia in the War of 1939 1945 Series 4 Civil Vol 1 Canberra Australian War Memorial Horner David 1996 Inside the War Cabinet Directing Australia s War Effort 1939 45 St Leonards New South Wales Allen and Unwin ISBN 1 86373 968 8 Roskill Stephen Hankey Man of Secrets Volume I 1877 1918 London Collins 1970 Roskill Stephen Hankey Man of Secrets Volume II 1919 1931 London Collins 1972 Schuyler Robert L The British War Cabinet Political Science Quarterly New York Academy of Political Science Vol 33 No 3 Sept 1918 UK National Archives War Cabinet Minutes UK Govt Blog 9 December 1916 The Rise of the War Cabinet Encyclopaedia Britannica online English Democracy CPI Index online UK inflation calculator Marlowe John Milner Apostle of Empire London Hamish Hamilton 1976Further reading EditThe War Cabinet Report for the Year 1917 London His Majesty s Stationery Office 1918 A summary of the above war cabinet report CAB 23 5 pgs 280 326 of 475 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title War cabinet amp oldid 1143682560, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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