Frank Forde
Francis Michael Forde (18 July 1890 – 28 January 1983) was an Australian politician who served as prime minister of Australia from 6 to 13 July 1945. He was the deputy leader of the Australian Labor Party (ALP) from 1932 to 1946. He served as prime minister in a caretaker capacity after the death of John Curtin, and is the shortest-serving prime minister in Australia's history.
Frank Forde | |
|---|---|
Forde in 1945 | |
| 15th Prime Minister of Australia | |
| In office 6 July 1945 – 13 July 1945 | |
| Monarch | George VI |
| Governor-General | Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester |
| Preceded by | John Curtin |
| Succeeded by | Ben Chifley |
| Deputy Leader of the Labor Party | |
| In office 16 February 1932 – 31 October 1946 | |
| Leader | James Scullin John Curtin Ben Chifley |
| Preceded by | Ted Theodore |
| Succeeded by | H. V. Evatt |
| Member of the Australian Parliament for Capricornia | |
| In office 16 December 1922 – 28 September 1946 | |
| Preceded by | William Higgs |
| Succeeded by | Charles Davidson |
| Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly | |
| In office 12 May 1917 – 5 October 1922 | |
| Preceded by | John Adamson |
| Succeeded by | George Farrell |
| Constituency | Rockhampton |
| In office 12 March 1955 – 3 August 1957 | |
| Preceded by | Ernest Riordan |
| Succeeded by | Bill Longeran |
| Constituency | Flinders |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Francis Michael Forde 18 July 1890 Mitchell, Queensland Colony |
| Died | 28 January 1983 (aged 92) Brisbane, Queensland, Australia |
| Resting place | Toowong Cemetery, Queensland, Australia |
| Political party | Labor |
| Spouse | Veronica O'Reilly (m. 1925; died 1967) |
| Children | 4 |
| Education | St Mary's College, Toowoomba |
| Occupation | Schoolteacher Telegraphist Politician |
Forde was born in Mitchell, Queensland, to Irish immigrant parents. He eventually settled in Rockhampton, and was a schoolteacher and telegraphist before entering politics. Having joined the ALP at a young age, Forde was elected to the Queensland Legislative Assembly in 1917, aged 26. He transferred to the House of Representatives at the 1922 federal election, winning the Division of Capricornia. Forde was an assistant minister and minister in the Scullin Government from 1929 to 1932, and was largely responsible for the government's tariff policy. He entered the cabinet in 1931 as Minister for Trade and Customs.
After Labor's landslide defeat at the 1931 election, Forde was elected deputy leader in place of Ted Theodore. He was expected to become party leader after Scullin's retirement in 1935 but lost to John Curtin by one vote. He returned to cabinet in 1941 as Minister for the Army in the Curtin Government, and as the de facto deputy prime minister was one of the government's most prominent figures. When John Curtin died in office in 1945, Forde was appointed prime minister to serve while the Labor Party elected a new leader. He contested the leadership ballot against Ben Chifley and Norman Makin, but Chifley emerged victorious.
Forde continued on as deputy leader and army minister in the Chifley Government, but lost his seat at the 1946 election. He then served as High Commissioner to Canada from 1947 to 1953. Forde attempted to re-enter federal parliament in 1954, but was unsuccessful. He won a state by-election in Queensland the following year – the only former prime minister to enter state parliament – but served only a single term before again being defeated. Forde died at the age of 92, and was accorded a state funeral; Gough Whitlam is the only prime minister to have lived to a greater age.
Early life
Forde was born in Mitchell, Queensland, on 18 July 1890. He was the second of six children born to Ellen (née Quirk) and John Forde. His parents were both Irish immigrants – his father was born in Ballinaglera, County Leitrim, while his mother was from County Tipperary. His father was working as a grazier at the time of his birth, and later worked as a railway supervisor. Forde began his education at the local state school and later boarded at St Mary's College, Toowoomba. He qualified as a schoolteacher via the monitorial system, but at the age of 20 joined Queensland Railways as a clerk in the telegraphy department. He later moved to Brisbane to work as a telegraphist for the Postmaster-General's Department, at the same time studying electrical engineering. In 1914, Forde was transferred to Rockhampton. He was involved with the Australian Natives' Association, the Australian Workers' Union, and the Rockhampton Workers' Political Organisation, and helped campaign for the "No" vote in the conscription referendums of 1916 and 1917.[1]
Early political involvement
Forde joined the Labor Party in 1915, at the urging of state MP James Larcombe, who became his mentor. In 1917, aged 26, he won a by-election to the seat of Rockhampton in the Queensland Legislative Assembly. It had been vacated by John Adamson, who had resigned from the Labor Party in the wake of the 1916 party split and unsuccessfully sought Nationalist Party preselection for the Senate. Forde was re-elected to Rockhampton at the 1918 and 1920 state elections. He was a supporter of the Central Queensland Separation Movement, one of the many new state movements active around that time.[2]
In 1921, the state Labor government of Ted Theodore passed controversial legislation that allowed state MPs to run for federal parliament and automatically return to their seat in state parliament if they lost, without having to face a by-election. It was widely reported that Forde was intended to be the primary beneficiary of the new legislation. However, the federal Nationalist government responded by amending the Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 to overrule the state law. In October 1922, Forde resigned from state parliament to run in the Division of Capricornia at the 1922 federal election. He was successful, defeating Nationalist incumbent and Labor defector William Higgs.[2] Forde's successful foray into federal politics triggered the 1923 Rockhampton by-election. The bitterly fought by-election was successfully contested by Labor's George Farrell, who had worked on Forde's federal campaign.[3][4][5]
Forde took his seat in the House of Representatives at the age of 32, becoming one of the youngest members of the new parliament.[2] He soon became known as a champion of the sugar and cotton industries. Despite the party's dominance in state politics, he was the only Labor MP in Queensland to be re-elected at the 1925 federal election.[1] He remained the only Queenslander in the ALP caucus until August 1928, when John MacDonald was appointed to a casual vacancy in the Senate. In 1927, Forde was appointed as his Labor Party's representative to the Royal Commission on the Moving Picture Industry. He and the other commissioners travelled around Australia interviewing 250 witnesses.[6]
Scullin Government
| External video | |
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| Newsreel footage of Forde as Minister for Trade and Customs promoting Efftee Studios in 1931. |
The Labor Party won the 1929 election, with James Scullin becoming prime minister. Forde was elected to the Scullin Ministry as an assistant minister, and was also appointed to the Committee of Public Accounts. His superior minister was James Fenton, the Minister for Trade and Customs. Fenton was absent from the country or otherwise occupied for most of 1930, including as Acting Prime Minister for five months while Scullin attended the 1930 Imperial Conference in London. Forde oversaw the Department of Trade and Customs in Fenton's absence, and also deputised for Parker Moloney, the Minister for Markets and Transport.[1] At the 1930 ALP Federal Conference, he defended the department's decision to ban Norman Lindsay's Redheap, which the first Australian novel to be banned in Australia.[7][8]
Forde was a supporter of the emerging Australian motion picture industry. Despite his reputation as a protectionist, he agreed to reduce the tariff on imported sound equipment from 60 percent to just 10 percent, after vigorous lobbying from F. W. Thring.[9] In June 1931, he was invited to officially open Efftee Studios, Thring's production studio in Melbourne.[10] He was "shamelessly cultivated as a good friend of Efftee, with an open invitation to look in on shooting and mingle with the stars".[11] One of Thring's investors was Tom Holt, the father of another future Australian prime minister Harold Holt.[9]
Forde was the "principal architect" of the Scullin Government's policy of high tariffs, which aimed to reduce the effect of the Great Depression on secondary industries.[1] He introduced what The Canberra Times called a "tariff extravaganza", and was known as a staunch protectionist.[7] However, the government's measures had little effect on the economy.[6] Forde remained loyal to the Scullin Government during the ALP split of 1931, supporting the Premiers' Plan. When Fenton and Joseph Lyons resigned from cabinet in February 1931, Forde was elected to one of the vacancies and appointed Minister for Trade and Customs.[7] At the 1931 election, the ALP suffered a landslide and returned only 14 MPs, the lowest total in its history. However, in Forde's state of Queensland the party actually increased its representation, winning an additional two House seats and all three seats in the Senate.[1]
Opposition
One of the MPs defeated at the 1931 election was Treasurer Ted Theodore, the ALP's deputy leader. A ballot for the party's leadership positions was held on 16 February 1932, at which Scullin was re-elected unopposed as leader and Forde was elected as his deputy. He thus became Deputy Leader of the Opposition. With Scullin suffering frequent bouts of ill health, Forde was Acting Leader of the Opposition on a number occasions. Notably, after the Italian invasion of Abyssinia in 1935 he announced that the ALP would pursue a policy of non-participation, as "the control of Abyssinia is not worth the loss of a single Australian life".[7]
When Scullin retired in 1935, Forde contested the leadership ballot but was defeated by one vote by John Curtin, eleven votes to ten. The Age called it "one of the greatest surprises in federal political circles during recent years". It has been suggested that some MPs viewed Forde as too closely linked with the activities of the Scullin Government.[7]
In 1940, Forde was one of three Labor MPs elected to the bipartisan Advisory War Council, along with Curtin and Norman Makin.[6]
Curtin Government
Forde was a loyal deputy, and in 1941 when Labor returned to power he became Minister for the Army, a vital role in wartime.[7] He was the de facto Deputy Prime Minister, but was disappointed not to be appointed Treasurer in the new government; that position was instead awarded to Ben Chifley. Forde chaired the War Cabinet and Advisory War Council when Curtin was ill or absent, and was Acting Prime Minister on a number of occasions.[7] He strongly opposed the Brisbane Line proposal, which would have seen a strategic withdrawal of troops from northern Australia in the event of a Japanese invasion.[12]
Prime Minister
In April 1945, Forde left Australia to attend the United Nations Conference on International Organization in San Francisco. Late that month, Curtin was admitted to hospital; in the absence of Forde and H. V. Evatt (the Minister for External Affairs), he designated Ben Chifley as acting prime minister. Forde did not return to Australia until 2 July, but then immediately took over from Chifley. The prime minister's health had severely declined in the meantime, although he had been able to go home to The Lodge. Curtin died in his sleep in the early hours of 5 July, at the age of 60.[13]
On the day that Curtin died, Forde issued a brief statement announcing the death, and then in the afternoon moved a condolence motion at a brief sitting of parliament. On the morning of the following day, 6 July, he led a procession of MPs past Curtin's coffin at Parliament House, where his body was lying in state. In the afternoon, Forde attended a memorial service, and then went to Government House, where he was formally sworn in as prime minister by Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester, the Governor-General. He was appointed as prime minister with the understanding that he would resign if the Labor Party elected someone other than him as leader at its next caucus meeting. Forde was the Labor Party's sixth prime minister. He is the only Australian prime minister to have never led a political party. There was little precedent for his appointment, as only one previous prime minister (Joseph Lyons) had died in office, and Lyons had been succeeded by the leader of the smaller party in his governing coalition (Earle Page).[13]
On 8 July, Forde accompanied Elsie Curtin to Perth to attend her husband's funeral. Two days later, Ben Chifley told him that he would be contesting the leadership; that evening, they both issued statements announcing their candidacies. Norman Makin announced his intention to stand the following day. On the morning of 12 July, Les Haylen informed Forde that he did not have the numbers to win. In response, Forde said "I must say a little prayer for Ben. It's not an easy job". In the leadership ballot, Chifley received 45 votes to Forde's 16, Makin's seven, and Evatt's two. Several MPs were absent (including Evatt), and Rowley James unsuccessfully proposed that the ballot be postponed. Forde resigned as prime minister on 13 July, after one week in office. He is Australia's shortest-serving prime minister.[13]
Chifley Government
After losing the leadership contest to Chifley, Forde was re-elected unopposed as deputy leader. He remained Minister for the Army and Minister for Defence, having assumed the latter portfolio after Curtin's death. As the Pacific War ended on 15 August, Forde's primary responsibility was to oversee the demobilisation of the Australian military. At this time service men and women were spread around the country and across the Pacific. He handled the issue in a way that was unpopular with the general public, refusing appeals to release servicemen early but also making public statements about the rate of demobilisation that turned out to be inaccurate.[12] At the 1946 election, Forde unexpectedly lost his seat to the Liberal candidate Charles Davidson, a returned soldier. He suffered a 10-point swing against him, compared with a nationwide 0.2-point swing against the Labor Party. As well as the concerns over demobilisation, he had been criticised for moving his family to Sydney during the war and his electorate was experiencing a severe drought.[14]
Forde was the only former Labor prime minister who had served as a minister under a sitting Labor prime minister until fellow Queenslander Kevin Rudd.
High Commissioner to Canada
In November 1946, it was announced that Forde would become the new High Commissioner to Canada, cutting short the term of Alfred Stirling. His appointment was the "first major executive act of the new Federal Cabinet" after the election.[15][16] Forde and his family left Australia on 7 December,[17] and arrived in Ottawa on 18 January 1947.[18] In October 1951, the Menzies Government announced a nine-month extension to his initial five-year term.[19] From May 1952, he was the doyen (longest-serving head of mission) of the diplomatic corps in Canada.[20] He returned to Australia in July 1953.[21]
Later life
After returning to Australia, Forde was given a civic reception at Brisbane City Hall by Lord Mayor Frank Roberts.[22] He was soon invited to re-enter federal politics by Arthur Calwell, on behalf of the party's federal leader H. V. Evatt.[23] In August 1953 he accepted an appointment as paid organiser for the ALP in Queensland.[24]
In February 1954, Forde nominated for ALP preselection for the Division of Wide Bay, following the withdrawal of the previous endorsed candidate.[25] He was defeated at the 1954 federal election, in a seat which the Country Party had held since 1928. In 1955, at a by-election, he returned to the Queensland Parliament as MP for Flinders.[26] He is the only Prime Minister who later served in a State Parliament.[citation needed]
At the 1957 Queensland state election the Labor Party split resulted not only in Labor falling from power, but also in Forde being defeated in his own seat by Bill Longeran of the Country Party by one vote.[27] Forde disputed the result and the election was declared void on 4 March 1958. However, at the by-election held on 17 May 1958, Longeran defeated Forde by over 400 votes.[26][28] Had Forde been elected, he would probably have become Labor leader in Queensland, given that Premier Vince Gair and most of Gair's followers had been expelled from the party.[citation needed]
In 1962, Forde was nominated for Labor preselection for the Senate vacancy caused by the death of Max Poulter. He received three out of 66 votes in the ballot,[29] with his age probably a factor in his low tally.[30]
Forde retired to Brisbane where he devoted himself to Catholic charity work. In his living room hung a large portrait of wartime US General Douglas MacArthur. On 11 April 1964, at the request of Prime Minister Robert Menzies, Forde represented Australia at MacArthur's funeral in Norfolk, Virginia.[26][31]
Forde died in 1983. He was accorded a state funeral which, on 3 February, proceeded from St Thomas Aquinas Catholic Church in St Lucia to the Toowong Cemetery,[32] the same day that Bob Hawke was elected ALP leader. Indeed, it was at Forde's funeral that Senator John Button told then Labor leader Bill Hayden that he must step aside in favour of Hawke, which he did.[citation needed] Forde was the last surviving member of the Scullin, Curtin and his own Cabinet. Furthermore, he was the last surviving MP from when Stanley Bruce was Prime Minister.[citation needed]
Forde was the only deputy Labor leader who served under three leaders (Scullin, Curtin and Chifley) until Jenny Macklin (Crean, Latham and Beazley, 2001–06). The electoral Division of Forde and the Canberra suburb of Forde are named after him.[citation needed]
Personal life
Forde married Veronica (Vera) Catherine O'Reilly in 1925 and they had four children:[33]
- Mary Therese (1927–2016)
- Mercia (b. 1930)
- Clare (1932–2010)
- Francis Gerard Forde (1935–1966); his widow, Leneen Forde, became Governor of Queensland.
Forde was widowed in November 1967.[34] During the years that he spent in Ottawa as High Commissioner to Canada two of his daughters (Mary and Mercia) became married to Canadians. Mary (m. William Robert Thompson) eventually settled with her husband in Kingston, Ontario, Canada while Mercia (m. Ian Ferrier) returned to Australia and settled with her husband in St. Lucia, Brisbane. Francis Gerald Forde (m. Leneen Forde) also settled in St. Lucia, while Clare (m. John Attridge) settled in Canberra. Between their four children, Frank and Vera Forde had 15 grandchildren.[citation needed]
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e Lloyd, Neil; Saunders, Malcolm (2007). "Forde, Francis Michael (Frank) (1890–1983)". Australian Dictionary of Biography (Vol. 17).
- ^ a b c Brown 2000, p. 241.
- ^ Rockhampton Election: Mr Farrell's Campaign, The Morning Bulletin, 25 January 1923. Retrieved from National Library of Australia 13 November 2017.
- ^ The By-Election: Victory for Mr. Farrell, The Morning Bulletin, 19 February 1923. Retrieved from National Library of Australia 13 November 2017.
- ^ Labour Gatherings: New Branch Formed, The Morning Bulletin, 4 November 1921. Retrieved from National Library of Australia 13 November 2017.
- ^ a b c Brown 2000, p. 242.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Australia's PMs > Francis Forde > Before office". National Archives of Australia. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
- ^ Darby, Robert (2013). "The Banning of Redheap: Sober Facts about an Inflammatory Fiction". Labour History. Liverpool University Press. 105 (105): 171–185. doi:10.5263/labourhistory.105.0171. JSTOR 10.5263/labourhistory.105.0171.
- ^ a b Fitzpatrick, Peter (2012). The Two Frank Thrings. Monash University Publishing. p. 131. ISBN 9781921867248.
- ^ Fitzpatrick 2012, p. 551.
- ^ Fitzpatrick 2012, p. 132.
- ^ a b Brown 2000, p. 243.
- ^ a b c Ross McMullin, The Light on the Hill: The Australian Labor Party 1891–1991, pp. 234-235
- ^ Brown 2000, p. 244.
- ^ "Canada post for Forde". The Telegraph. 5 November 1946.
- ^ "Mr. Forde for Canada". The Australian Worker. 11 November 1946.
- ^ "Forde leaves for Canada". The Sun. 8 December 1946.
- ^ "Forde in Canada". The Examiner. 20 January 1947.
- ^ "Forde's term extended". The Sydney Morning Herald. 22 October 1951.
- ^ Lorna Lloyd (2007). Diplomacy with a Difference: the Commonwealth Office of High Commissioner, 1880-2006. Brill. p. 163. ISBN 978-9047420590.
- ^ "Forde back from Canada". The Sun. 23 July 1953.
- ^ "Welcome Frank Forde". The Worker. Brisbane. 10 August 1953.
- ^ "Mr. Forde invited to re-enter federal politics". Queensland Times. 6 August 1953.
- ^ "Frank Forde new ALP organiser". The Worker. Brisbane. 24 August 1953.
- ^ "Forde nominates for Wide Bay seat". The Courier-Mail. 9 February 1954.
- ^ a b c "Frank Forde, After office". Australia's Prime Ministers. National Archives of Australia. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
- ^ "Forde Beaten By One Vote". The Canberra Times. 28 August 1957.
- ^ "Longeran, Hon. William Horace (Bill)". Former Members. Queensland Parliament. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
- ^ "Election of new senator seen as A.L.P. victory". The Canberra Times. 11 October 1962.
- ^ "In Queensland This Week". The Canberra Times. 4 October 1962.
- ^ "General Macarthur's Funeral (1964)". British Pathe. 13 April 1964. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2016 – via YouTube.
- ^ "Family Notices". The Canberra Times. 31 January 1983. p. 10. Retrieved 16 January 2016 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ "Frank Forde, Vera Forde". Australia's Prime Ministers. National Archives of Australia. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
- ^ "Former PM's wife dies". The Canberra Times. 10 November 1967.
- – Brisbane City Council Grave Location Search
Further reading
- Brown, Elaine (2000). "Francis Michael Forde". In Michelle Grattan (ed.). Australian Prime Ministers. New Holland. ISBN 1-86436-671-0.
- Carroll, Brian, Australia's Prime Ministers: From Barton to Howard, Rosenberg Publishing, 2004, ISBN 1-877058-22-X
- Gibson, D. A. (1973). The Right Hon. Francis M. Forde PC (B.A.(Hons) thesis)). University of Queensland.
- Hughes, Colin A (1976), Mr Prime Minister. Australian Prime Ministers 1901–1972, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, Victoria, Ch.16. ISBN 0-19-550471-2
External links
- "Francis Forde". Australia's Prime Ministers. National Archives of Australia. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
- Saunders, Malcolm. "Forde, Francis Michael (Frank) (1890–1983)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Melbourne University Press. ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved 29 June 2010 – via National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.
- "Frank Forde". National Museum of Australia. Retrieved 14 February 2022.