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Wah Ching

January 07, 2023

Wah Ching (traditional Chinese: 華青; simplified Chinese: 华青; Jyutping: Waa4 Cing1), meaning Chinese Youth, is a Chinese American criminal organization and street gang that was founded in San Francisco, California in 1964. The Wah Ching has been involved in crimes including narcotic sales, racketeering and gambling.[3]

History

The Wah Ching (Youth of China) was founded in 1964 mainly by immigrants from Hong Kong and China working at Hop Sing Tong gambling establishments in San Francisco's Chinatown. The gang was first formed as a protection group from the ABCs (American born Chinese) and later evolved into a criminal gang.[2] Beginning in 1969, the Wah Ching fought a war with the Suey Sing Tong for control of Chinatown's gambling, loan-sharking and extortion rackets. After a number of shootings and homicides, the Suey Sing relinquished their territory and reestablished themselves in Oakland.[13] Wah Ching first received widespread media attention because of the 1977 Golden Dragon Massacre (GDM) involving another Chinese gang, the Chung Ching Yee, or Joe Boys (JBS). The event took place at the Golden Dragon Restaurant in San Francisco's Chinatown. Five people were killed, and eleven others were injured. None of the victims were gang members. Five Joe Boys members were convicted of the shooting. The cause of the attack was vandalism by Wah Ching to the graves of several Joe Boy members and a shootout that took place a few months earlier that left one Joe Boy dead and two others wounded.[14][15] After the shootout occurred, the Wah Ching, though none of them had been killed or even injured in the attack, still killed several Joe Boys in retaliation.

During the mid 1960s, Wah Ching established themselves in Southern California, mainly around Chinatown, Los Angeles and the San Gabriel Valley. The Southern California branch of Wah Ching was led by David Quon and Philip Lee throughout the 1960s and 1970s.[16] During this time, Wah Ching in Los Angeles operated illegal gambling houses, brothels, extortion rackets, and loan-sharking. Nearing the mid 1970s, Los Angeles Wah Ching recruited Joe Young, whom later became the leader of Southern California Wah Ching in the 1980s up until around mid 1990s.

During the 1960s and 1970s in Chinatown, Los Angeles, the contest for gang dominance was between the Joe Boys, Yao Lai, and the Wah Ching.[16] However, Wah Ching was able to push these gangs out Los Angeles Chinatown and took over their illegal establishments. Wah Ching became the dominate gang in Chinatown, Los Angeles throughout most of the 1970s and early 1980s.

In 1991, Danny "Ah Pai" Wong, the leader of Wah Ching, was shot and killed by Wo Hop To (WHT) 3 hitmen from Seattle Chinatown. After the murder, most of the Wah Ching members began to leave town, change sides, or retired.

After law enforcement cracked down on the Wo Hop To around 1992, former Wah Ching members who had defected to the Wo Hop To founded the Jackson Street Boys, a gang based in San Francisco's Chinatown which resumed what a SFPD officer described in 2000 as "the same stuff on a smaller scale and without the same visibility", including extortion of local merchants and operating gambling dens.[17]

By the mid 1990s, Southern California Wah Ching had already divided itself into four main branches because of internal disagreements. The four original Wah Ching branches (called sides) are called Sonny-Side, Paul-Side, Ken-Side, and Taiwanese-Side, all named after their founders names or aliases. Despite Wah Ching breaking up into several branches, there was no internal war between the different Wah Ching sides and all sides were led by a lung tao ('dragon head') or dai lao ('older brother') who oversaw their group's activities.

In the mid-1990s, the Wah Ching was reported as being engaged in murder, extortion, drug trafficking and gambling, and expanded into software bootlegging.[18]

The Wah Ching Gang has an ongoing conflict with another rival Asian gang in Los Angeles, the Asian Boyz (ABZ), who also aligned themselves with the Vietnamese Boyz (VBZ) in opposition to Wah Ching. Wah Ching's move from its original home in the Bay Area to Southern California is probably one of the sources of the disputes over gang turf. Over the decades, the Wah Ching has evolved from a street gang to an organized crime group, however, due to the fact that a lot of the Wah Ching's criminal activity and murders have been motivated by political agendas.[3] There is law enforcement anecdotal evidence that suggests as a group the gang has developed strong associations with other Asian organized crime groups, such as the 14K and Sun Yee On triads in Hong Kong.[2]

Notable incidents

Main article: Murder of Lea Mek

The Wah Ching has been in a long conflict with the Asian Boyz.[19] One of the first shootouts between the two gangs occurred in the 1990s. The shooting occurred in El Monte at a pool hall. An Asian Boyz gang member, Lea Mek, was killed by Wah Ching gang member Chieu Luong Yang. Another shootout between the two gangs occurred in San Marino that led to the deaths of two youths at a San Marino High School graduation party in June. After an investigation by the authorities, police claimed that when the Asian Boyz gang members arrived at the party, they noticed that Wah Ching gang members were there, prompting them to leave and return with weapons. At least nine gang members were arrested, and police seized five weapons from homes searched in conjunction with the arrests. The shootouts between the two gangs were called "Summer Madness" by the Asian Boyz gang, and resulted in at least 42 deaths on both sides.[20][19]

On June 2, 2007, Anh Duoc Nguyen, a member of Monterey Park-Side Wah Ching shot at five people in Westminster's Bowling Green Park, severely injuring one. The shootout was believed to be motivated by the fact that one of the victims changed his Myspace page bio to read "garden gang".[21]

Organization

The Wah Ching's main structure consists of one main boss under the union and various factions called sides who have leaders or lung tao ('dragon head') or dai lao ('older brother') who work together to organize their syndicates with the sole purpose of making money. The number of members in each side can vary anywhere from a few dozen to a couple thousand, and the total number of sides is believed to be around 10.[22]

Southern California Sides

  • Chinatown, San Francisco Wah Ching members moved to Los Angeles and founded Wah Ching in the Los Angeles area in the mid 1960s. In the early and mid 1990s, the four original "sides" (branches) where founded by four top ranking Los Angeles Wah Ching members.
  • Sonny-Side (SS-23) – One of the four original sides. Sonny, the founder, was also one of the first followers of Joe Young that formed his own side.
  • Ken-Side (KS-23) – One of the four original sides, Ken was the first Vietnamese Chinese to become a triad head and also one of the first recruits of Joe Young.
  • Paul-Side (PS-23) – One of the four original sides. P-Side is located in the Greater Los Angeles area and is known for generating most of their income through legal means. Paul-Side was founded by Paul A, following Joe Young and starting his own side.
  • Taiwanese-Side (TS-23/Taiwanese (JS23)– One of the four original sides. Taiwanese Side founded by members of the original Wah Ching members from San Francisco. The migration from San Francisco with Joe Young formed Taiwanese Side.
  • Monterey Park-Side (MP-Side/ MP-23) – Located in Monterey Park, MP-Side is infamous for its narcotics sales and involvement in mass shootings. The Monterey park side was founded by a split between Paul Side. One side stayed Paul Side while the other was formed as Monterey park side.
  • Alhambra-Side (A-Side/ AS-23) – Located in Alhambra, A-Side was founded by members from San Francisco Side, which later renamed to Alhambra Side after members left the San Francisco Side.
  • Ocean-Side (OS-23) – Although a relatively new side, Ocean-Side has gained a reputation for being violent and committing an abundant number of crimes. Ocean Side was founded by ocean hence the name ocean side and was a close ally of sunny side.
  • Flip-Side (FS-23) – A side of the Wah Ching composed mainly of Filipinos, Flip-Side was believed to be the side of Wah Ching that was affiliated the with Bloods.

The four original sides, Ken-Side, Paul-Side, T-Side, and Sonny-Side, have a close relationship with one another and high-ranking members.

Known Northern California Sides

  • 510-side (EO-23) – Located in East Oakland, this side was founded by OG members of Wah Ching, and some Hop Sing Boys. The gang became infamous for its ruthlessness after requiring newly initiated members to "23-mark" a rival gang member. This initiation required one to beat a rival gang member either to death or to the point of unconsciousness, then to take a knife and carve a phrase such as "Wah Ching" or "Property of EO-23" onto the victims chest or forehead.
  • Jackson-Side (Insane-Side Dragon Tribe/Tokyo Boyz/JS-23) – Founded by members of Alhambra-Side and Monterey Park-Side who went back to San Francisco to reestablish the gang's presence. When it was founded, Jackson-Side had no more than 100 members. Recently, Jackson-Side Wah Ching has been more commonly known as Insane-Side Wah Ching, due to the Wah Ching's rivalry with the similarly named Jackson Street Boys as well as the gang's habit for gruesome crimes such as 23-marking. Jackson-Side Wah Ching gang members are also recognized Chinese Playground Boys.
  • 70-Side (X7-23) – A defunct side of the Wah Ching that was located on Alameda Island

Known murders of Wah Ching members

Since 1969 to 1991, there have been five murders associated with Chinatown Wah Ching gang. Here is the chronology of violence:

  • Harry Quan (or Kwan), 鴨仔, 14, shot March 9, 1972.

March 9, 1972 when Harry Quan (or Kwan) was shot from a car with a .32 caliber automatic as he stood with a group of youths in front of 815 Stockton Street, location of the Police Athletic League.

  • Harry (The Professor") Ng, 伍冉明, 60, shot March 13, 1972.

Harry Ng, murdered in his Kung Fu studio March 13, 1972, is believed to have been a courier between the Wah Chings and a mysterious person in Hong Kong known only by a code name. Ng gunned down on a Monday, had airline reservations for Hong Kong the following Saturday. The 60 year old Ng ("The Professor"), police say, was mentor of the Wah Ching thugs, teaching them extortion tactics.

  • Poole Leong, 亞宝 22, shot June 13, 1972,On the night of June 13, 1972, Poole Leong, a Wah Ching member, was shot to death on the balcony of his apartment in the Ping Yuen housing project in the 800 block of Pacific Avenue, just off Grant Avenue. While talking on the telephone, Leong was approached by two Chinese youths. One produced a.25 caliber automatic and fire.
  • Anton Wong, 黃俊 24, shot May 24, 1973.

Former leader of the Wah Chings, Anton Wong, murdered in broad daylight May 23 at Powell and Jackson Streets.

  • Wayne Fung, 19, shot August 12, 1973.

On the night of August 12, at a service station at 19th Avenue and Irving Street where he was employed, Wayne Fung was killed by seven bullets from a .38 caliber automatic. The gunman, an Asian youth, fired the shots and ran to a waiting car parked on 18th Avenue, witnesses said. Fung, 19, was a member of the Wah Ching.

  • Danny Wong (Ah Pai) (亞排) April 1991, the leader of Wah Ching, was shot and killed. gunmen pulled an alleged Wah Ching kingpin, from his car and shot him to death only minutes after he left a mah-jongg game in the basement of a Chinatown Tong building. Law enforcement sources say the murder was related to a struggle between Wong's gang and the Wo Hop To Triad, which was attempting to unify control over Asian organized crime in Northern California at the time. 3 hitman from Seattle Chinatown, order by Peter Chong.

References

  1. ^ Chinese Subculture and Criminality: Non-traditional Crime Groups in America (May 23, 1990)
  2. ^ a b c d e f Report on Asian Organized Crime U.S. Department of Justice (February 1988)
  3. ^ a b c "Life and Violent Death of Tony Young". SCMP. November 17, 2017. Retrieved April 16, 2019.
  4. ^ a b c Gang leaders to plead guilty San Gabriel Valley Tribune (October 12, 2006)
  5. ^ NCJR Report on Asian Organized Crime
  6. ^ Chinatown gang feud ignited one of SF’s worst mass homicides Greg Kamiya, San Francisco Chronicle (July 8, 2016)
  7. ^ The Tongs of Chinatown Michael Zelenko, foundsf.org
  8. ^ Los Angeles Gangs and Hate Crimes 2017-07-30 at the Wayback Machine, Police Law Enforcement Magazine February 29, 2008
  9. ^ Reppin' 4 life: The Formation and Racialization of Vietnamese American Youth Gangs in Southern California Kevin D. Lam (1997)
  10. ^ Twice Burned Matt Isaacs, SF Weekly (June 14, 2000)
  11. ^ The New International and Asian Organized Crime U.S. Senate Homeland Security Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations (December 1992)
  12. ^ Reputed Asian Gang Chief Takes Fifth Los Angeles Times (November 6, 1991)
  13. ^ Chapter 4 Hock Sair Woey, The Chinese Underworld
  14. ^ Make First Arrest in Golden Dragon Massacre of 1977, UPI, March 24, 1978.
  15. ^ "People v. Yu (1983) 143 Cal.App.3d 358 , 191 Cal.Rptr. 859". Court of Appeals of California. Retrieved February 10, 2014.
  16. ^ a b "He's Haunted by a Reputation : Gangs: Alleged crime boss Tony Young asserts that he is just a businessman. Police say he has been mentioned in federal mob investigations since an '84 extortion arrest". Los Angeles Times. August 15, 1993. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
  17. ^ Isaacs, Matt (June 14, 2000). "Twice Burned". San Francisco Weekly.
  18. ^ Quittner, Joshua (June 5, 1995). . Time. Archived from the original on October 22, 2007.
  19. ^ a b "Multi Agency Effort to Bring Two Violent Gang members to Justice". lapdonline.org. Retrieved February 14, 2015.
  20. ^ Torres, Viki (August 19, 1994). "Officials Link Gang Rivalry to Party Slayings". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 14, 2015.
  21. ^ "WAH CHING GANGSTER ANH DUOC NGUYEN LEARNS HIS FATE". R Scott Moxley. January 12, 2012. Retrieved December 12, 2020.
  22. ^ . gangland. May 21, 2010. Archived from the original on May 8, 2020. Retrieved February 16, 2019.

External links

January 07, 2023
ching, traditional, chinese, 華青, simplified, chinese, 华青, jyutping, waa4, cing1, meaning, chinese, youth, chinese, american, criminal, organization, street, gang, that, founded, francisco, california, 1964, been, involved, crimes, including, narcotic, sales, r. Wah Ching traditional Chinese 華青 simplified Chinese 华青 Jyutping Waa4 Cing1 meaning Chinese Youth is a Chinese American criminal organization and street gang that was founded in San Francisco California in 1964 The Wah Ching has been involved in crimes including narcotic sales racketeering and gambling 3 Wah Ching 華青 Founded1964 1 Founding locationChinatown San Francisco United States 2 Years active1964 present 3 TerritorySan Francisco Bay Area Greater Los Angeles 2 San Diego County Las Vegas Las Vegas Valley Maricopa County and Orange CountyEthnicityChinese American 2 Membership est 600 700 members and associates 2 ActivitiesRacketeering murder robbery extortion drug trafficking money laundering prostitution illegal gambling loan sharking fraud counterfeiting software piracy 4 AlliesTriads 14K 5 Hop Sing Tong 6 Suey Sing Tong 7 Tiny Rascal Gang 8 RivalsRussian Mafia Italian Mafia Asian Boyz 9 Bamboo Union 4 Black Dragons 4 Chung Ching Yee 10 Sun Yee On 11 Wo Hop To 12 Contents 1 History 2 Notable incidents 3 Organization 3 1 Southern California Sides 3 2 Known Northern California Sides 3 3 Known murders of Wah Ching members 4 References 5 External linksHistory EditThe Wah Ching Youth of China was founded in 1964 mainly by immigrants from Hong Kong and China working at Hop Sing Tong gambling establishments in San Francisco s Chinatown The gang was first formed as a protection group from the ABCs American born Chinese and later evolved into a criminal gang 2 Beginning in 1969 the Wah Ching fought a war with the Suey Sing Tong for control of Chinatown s gambling loan sharking and extortion rackets After a number of shootings and homicides the Suey Sing relinquished their territory and reestablished themselves in Oakland 13 Wah Ching first received widespread media attention because of the 1977 Golden Dragon Massacre GDM involving another Chinese gang the Chung Ching Yee or Joe Boys JBS The event took place at the Golden Dragon Restaurant in San Francisco s Chinatown Five people were killed and eleven others were injured None of the victims were gang members Five Joe Boys members were convicted of the shooting The cause of the attack was vandalism by Wah Ching to the graves of several Joe Boy members and a shootout that took place a few months earlier that left one Joe Boy dead and two others wounded 14 15 After the shootout occurred the Wah Ching though none of them had been killed or even injured in the attack still killed several Joe Boys in retaliation During the mid 1960s Wah Ching established themselves in Southern California mainly around Chinatown Los Angeles and the San Gabriel Valley The Southern California branch of Wah Ching was led by David Quon and Philip Lee throughout the 1960s and 1970s 16 During this time Wah Ching in Los Angeles operated illegal gambling houses brothels extortion rackets and loan sharking Nearing the mid 1970s Los Angeles Wah Ching recruited Joe Young whom later became the leader of Southern California Wah Ching in the 1980s up until around mid 1990s During the 1960s and 1970s in Chinatown Los Angeles the contest for gang dominance was between the Joe Boys Yao Lai and the Wah Ching 16 However Wah Ching was able to push these gangs out Los Angeles Chinatown and took over their illegal establishments Wah Ching became the dominate gang in Chinatown Los Angeles throughout most of the 1970s and early 1980s In 1991 Danny Ah Pai Wong the leader of Wah Ching was shot and killed by Wo Hop To WHT 3 hitmen from Seattle Chinatown After the murder most of the Wah Ching members began to leave town change sides or retired After law enforcement cracked down on the Wo Hop To around 1992 former Wah Ching members who had defected to the Wo Hop To founded the Jackson Street Boys a gang based in San Francisco s Chinatown which resumed what a SFPD officer described in 2000 as the same stuff on a smaller scale and without the same visibility including extortion of local merchants and operating gambling dens 17 By the mid 1990s Southern California Wah Ching had already divided itself into four main branches because of internal disagreements The four original Wah Ching branches called sides are called Sonny Side Paul Side Ken Side and Taiwanese Side all named after their founders names or aliases Despite Wah Ching breaking up into several branches there was no internal war between the different Wah Ching sides and all sides were led by a lung tao dragon head or dai lao older brother who oversaw their group s activities In the mid 1990s the Wah Ching was reported as being engaged in murder extortion drug trafficking and gambling and expanded into software bootlegging 18 The Wah Ching Gang has an ongoing conflict with another rival Asian gang in Los Angeles the Asian Boyz ABZ who also aligned themselves with the Vietnamese Boyz VBZ in opposition to Wah Ching Wah Ching s move from its original home in the Bay Area to Southern California is probably one of the sources of the disputes over gang turf Over the decades the Wah Ching has evolved from a street gang to an organized crime group however due to the fact that a lot of the Wah Ching s criminal activity and murders have been motivated by political agendas 3 There is law enforcement anecdotal evidence that suggests as a group the gang has developed strong associations with other Asian organized crime groups such as the 14K and Sun Yee On triads in Hong Kong 2 Notable incidents EditMain article Murder of Lea Mek The Wah Ching has been in a long conflict with the Asian Boyz 19 One of the first shootouts between the two gangs occurred in the 1990s The shooting occurred in El Monte at a pool hall An Asian Boyz gang member Lea Mek was killed by Wah Ching gang member Chieu Luong Yang Another shootout between the two gangs occurred in San Marino that led to the deaths of two youths at a San Marino High School graduation party in June After an investigation by the authorities police claimed that when the Asian Boyz gang members arrived at the party they noticed that Wah Ching gang members were there prompting them to leave and return with weapons At least nine gang members were arrested and police seized five weapons from homes searched in conjunction with the arrests The shootouts between the two gangs were called Summer Madness by the Asian Boyz gang and resulted in at least 42 deaths on both sides 20 19 On June 2 2007 Anh Duoc Nguyen a member of Monterey Park Side Wah Ching shot at five people in Westminster s Bowling Green Park severely injuring one The shootout was believed to be motivated by the fact that one of the victims changed his Myspace page bio to read garden gang 21 Organization EditThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed December 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Wah Ching s main structure consists of one main boss under the union and various factions called sides who have leaders or lung tao dragon head or dai lao older brother who work together to organize their syndicates with the sole purpose of making money The number of members in each side can vary anywhere from a few dozen to a couple thousand and the total number of sides is believed to be around 10 22 Southern California Sides Edit Chinatown San Francisco Wah Ching members moved to Los Angeles and founded Wah Ching in the Los Angeles area in the mid 1960s In the early and mid 1990s the four original sides branches where founded by four top ranking Los Angeles Wah Ching members Sonny Side SS 23 One of the four original sides Sonny the founder was also one of the first followers of Joe Young that formed his own side Ken Side KS 23 One of the four original sides Ken was the first Vietnamese Chinese to become a triad head and also one of the first recruits of Joe Young Paul Side PS 23 One of the four original sides P Side is located in the Greater Los Angeles area and is known for generating most of their income through legal means Paul Side was founded by Paul A following Joe Young and starting his own side Taiwanese Side TS 23 Taiwanese JS23 One of the four original sides Taiwanese Side founded by members of the original Wah Ching members from San Francisco The migration from San Francisco with Joe Young formed Taiwanese Side Monterey Park Side MP Side MP 23 Located in Monterey Park MP Side is infamous for its narcotics sales and involvement in mass shootings The Monterey park side was founded by a split between Paul Side One side stayed Paul Side while the other was formed as Monterey park side Alhambra Side A Side AS 23 Located in Alhambra A Side was founded by members from San Francisco Side which later renamed to Alhambra Side after members left the San Francisco Side Ocean Side OS 23 Although a relatively new side Ocean Side has gained a reputation for being violent and committing an abundant number of crimes Ocean Side was founded by ocean hence the name ocean side and was a close ally of sunny side Flip Side FS 23 A side of the Wah Ching composed mainly of Filipinos Flip Side was believed to be the side of Wah Ching that was affiliated the with Bloods The four original sides Ken Side Paul Side T Side and Sonny Side have a close relationship with one another and high ranking members Known Northern California Sides Edit 510 side EO 23 Located in East Oakland this side was founded by OG members of Wah Ching and some Hop Sing Boys The gang became infamous for its ruthlessness after requiring newly initiated members to 23 mark a rival gang member This initiation required one to beat a rival gang member either to death or to the point of unconsciousness then to take a knife and carve a phrase such as Wah Ching or Property of EO 23 onto the victims chest or forehead Jackson Side Insane Side Dragon Tribe Tokyo Boyz JS 23 Founded by members of Alhambra Side and Monterey Park Side who went back to San Francisco to reestablish the gang s presence When it was founded Jackson Side had no more than 100 members Recently Jackson Side Wah Ching has been more commonly known as Insane Side Wah Ching due to the Wah Ching s rivalry with the similarly named Jackson Street Boys as well as the gang s habit for gruesome crimes such as 23 marking Jackson Side Wah Ching gang members are also recognized Chinese Playground Boys 70 Side X7 23 A defunct side of the Wah Ching that was located on Alameda IslandKnown murders of Wah Ching members Edit Since 1969 to 1991 there have been five murders associated with Chinatown Wah Ching gang Here is the chronology of violence Harry Quan or Kwan 鴨仔 14 shot March 9 1972 March 9 1972 when Harry Quan or Kwan was shot from a car with a 32 caliber automatic as he stood with a group of youths in front of 815 Stockton Street location of the Police Athletic League Harry The Professor Ng 伍冉明 60 shot March 13 1972 Harry Ng murdered in his Kung Fu studio March 13 1972 is believed to have been a courier between the Wah Chings and a mysterious person in Hong Kong known only by a code name Ng gunned down on a Monday had airline reservations for Hong Kong the following Saturday The 60 year old Ng The Professor police say was mentor of the Wah Ching thugs teaching them extortion tactics Poole Leong 亞宝 22 shot June 13 1972 On the night of June 13 1972 Poole Leong a Wah Ching member was shot to death on the balcony of his apartment in the Ping Yuen housing project in the 800 block of Pacific Avenue just off Grant Avenue While talking on the telephone Leong was approached by two Chinese youths One produced a 25 caliber automatic and fire Anton Wong 黃俊 24 shot May 24 1973 Former leader of the Wah Chings Anton Wong murdered in broad daylight May 23 at Powell and Jackson Streets Wayne Fung 19 shot August 12 1973 On the night of August 12 at a service station at 19th Avenue and Irving Street where he was employed Wayne Fung was killed by seven bullets from a 38 caliber automatic The gunman an Asian youth fired the shots and ran to a waiting car parked on 18th Avenue witnesses said Fung 19 was a member of the Wah Ching Danny Wong Ah Pai 亞排 April 1991 the leader of Wah Ching was shot and killed gunmen pulled an alleged Wah Ching kingpin from his car and shot him to death only minutes after he left a mah jongg game in the basement of a Chinatown Tong building Law enforcement sources say the murder was related to a struggle between Wong s gang and the Wo Hop To Triad which was attempting to unify control over Asian organized crime in Northern California at the time 3 hitman from Seattle Chinatown order by Peter Chong References Edit Chinese Subculture and Criminality Non traditional Crime Groups in America May 23 1990 a b c d e f Report on Asian Organized Crime U S Department of Justice February 1988 a b c Life and Violent Death of Tony Young SCMP November 17 2017 Retrieved April 16 2019 a b c Gang leaders to plead guilty San Gabriel Valley Tribune October 12 2006 NCJR Report on Asian Organized Crime Chinatown gang feud ignited one of SF s worst mass homicides Greg Kamiya San Francisco Chronicle July 8 2016 The Tongs of Chinatown Michael Zelenko foundsf org Los Angeles Gangs and Hate Crimes Archived 2017 07 30 at the Wayback Machine Police Law Enforcement Magazine February 29 2008 Reppin 4 life The Formation and Racialization of Vietnamese American Youth Gangs in Southern California Kevin D Lam 1997 Twice Burned Matt Isaacs SF Weekly June 14 2000 The New International and Asian Organized Crime U S Senate Homeland Security Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations December 1992 Reputed Asian Gang Chief Takes Fifth Los Angeles Times November 6 1991 Chapter 4 Hock Sair Woey The Chinese Underworld Make First Arrest in Golden Dragon Massacre of 1977 UPI March 24 1978 People v Yu 1983 143 Cal App 3d 358 191 Cal Rptr 859 Court of Appeals of California Retrieved February 10 2014 a b He s Haunted by a Reputation Gangs Alleged crime boss Tony Young asserts that he is just a businessman Police say he has been mentioned in federal mob investigations since an 84 extortion arrest Los Angeles Times August 15 1993 Retrieved October 18 2021 Isaacs Matt June 14 2000 Twice Burned San Francisco Weekly Quittner Joshua June 5 1995 THE HOTTEST SOFTWARE IN TOWN Time Archived from the original on October 22 2007 a b Multi Agency Effort to Bring Two Violent Gang members to Justice lapdonline org Retrieved February 14 2015 Torres Viki August 19 1994 Officials Link Gang Rivalry to Party Slayings Los Angeles Times Retrieved February 14 2015 WAH CHING GANGSTER ANH DUOC NGUYEN LEARNS HIS FATE R Scott Moxley January 12 2012 Retrieved December 12 2020 Asian Boyz Gang vs Wah Ching Gang in Los Angeles Asian Boyz Gang Documentary gangland May 21 2010 Archived from the original on May 8 2020 Retrieved February 16 2019 External links EditLee Bill CHINESE PLAYGROUND A MEMOIR Reference to pool hall shooting https web archive org web 20070124185611 http www usdoj gov usao cac pr2002 013 html http www askmen com top 10 entertainment top 10 notorious gangs 8 html http www streetgangs com billboard viewtopic php t 2585 http www brockmorris com btigers https www sfchronicle com crime article Chinatown gang feud ignited one of SF s worst 8348992 php https www scmp com magazines post magazine long reads article 2111953 life and violent death chinatown hong kong born https www ncjrs gov pdffiles1 Digitization 147409NCJRS pdf https www nytimes com 1977 09 12 archives san francisco ambush called chinese gang revenge html https www whittierdailynews com 2010 09 22 18 arrested in operation targeting san gabriel valley asian gang https sfnewspaperman blogspot com 2009 11 chinatown murders html Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Wah Ching amp oldid 1124387072, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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