fbpx
Wikipedia

Violin Concerto (Beethoven)

March 15, 2023

The Violin Concerto in D major, Op. 61, was written by Ludwig van Beethoven in 1806. Its first performance by Franz Clement was unsuccessful and for some decades the work languished in obscurity, until revived in 1844 by the then 12-year-old violinist Joseph Joachim with the orchestra of the London Philharmonic Society conducted by Felix Mendelssohn. Joachim would later claim it to be the "greatest" German violin concerto.[1] Since then it has become one of the best-known and regularly performed violin concertos.

Violin Concerto
by Ludwig van Beethoven
KeyD major
Opus61(a)
PeriodClassical period-Romantic period (transitional)
GenreViolin concerto
Composed1806 (1806)
DedicationFranz Clement
MovementsThree
Premiere
Date23 December 1806 (1806-12-23)
LocationTheater an der Wien, Vienna
PerformersFranz Clement
For Beethoven's early violin concerto, see Violin Concerto in C (Beethoven).

Genesis

Beethoven had previously written a number of pieces for violin and orchestra. At some point in 1790–2, before his musical maturity, he began a Violin Concerto in C, of which only a fragment of the first movement survives. Whether the work, or even the first movement, had ever been completed is not known.[2] In any event, it was neither performed nor published. Later in the 1790s, Beethoven had completed two Romances for violin – first the Romance in F and later the Romance in G.[3]

These works show a strong influence from the French school of violin playing, exemplified by violinists such as Giovanni Battista Viotti, Pierre Rode and Rodolphe Kreutzer. The two Romances, for instance, are in a similar style to slow movements of concerti by Viotti.[4] This influence can also be seen in the D major Concerto; the 'martial' opening with the beat of the timpani follows the style of French music at the time, while the prevalence of figures in broken sixths and broken octaves closely resembles elements of compositions by Kreutzer and Viotti.[5]

Performance history

Beethoven wrote the concerto for his colleague Franz Clement, a leading violinist of the day, who had earlier given him helpful advice on his opera Fidelio. The work was premiered on 23 December 1806 in the Theater an der Wien in Vienna, the occasion being a benefit concert for Clement. The first printed edition (1808) was dedicated to Stephan von Breuning.

It is believed that Beethoven finished the solo part so late that Clement had to sight-read part of his performance.[6] Perhaps to express his annoyance, or to show what he could do when he had time to prepare, Clement is said to have interrupted the concerto between the first and second movements with a solo composition of his own, played on one string of the violin held upside down;[6] however, other sources claim that he did play such a piece but only at the end of the performance.[7]

The premiere was not a success, and the concerto was little performed in the following decades.

The work was revived in 1844, well after Beethoven's death, with a performance by the then 12-year-old violinist Joseph Joachim with the orchestra of the London Philharmonic Society conducted by Felix Mendelssohn. Ever since, it has been one of the most important works of the violin concerto repertoire, and is frequently performed and recorded today.

Performance practice

 
Performance by US Marine Chamber Orchestra
I. Allegro ma non troppo
II. Larghetto
III. Rondo, allegro
Problems playing these files? See media help.

It has been said that not only in this piece, but generally, "Recordings demonstrate that ... it was the practice in the early twentieth century to vary the tempo considerably within a movement,"[8] and that in the concerto, there is "often one big trough (slowing?) in the central G major passage."[9]

Structure

The work is in three movements:

  1. Allegro ma non troppo (D major)
  2. Larghetto (G major)
  3. Rondo. Allegro (D major)

It is scored, in addition to the solo violin, for flute, two oboes, two clarinets in A, two bassoons, two Natural horns, two Natural trumpets, timpani, and strings.

1. Allegro ma non troppo

The movement starts with four beats on the timpani and leads into a theme played by the oboes, clarinets and bassoons. The strings enter with a non-diatonic D# that leads into a V7 chord. The clarinets and bassoons play another theme. This is suddenly interrupted by a louder section in B-flat major. This leads into a theme in D major and later in the parallel minor. The soloist enters with a V7 chord in octaves. This movement is about 21 minutes long.

2. Larghetto

This movement is in G major. It is about 10 minutes long.

3. Rondo. Allegro

This movement starts without pause from the second movement. It begins with the famous "hunting horn" theme. There is a section in G minor. After the cadenza, it ends with a typical V-I cadence. This movement is about 10 minutes long.

Cadenzas

Cadenzas for the work have been written by several notable violinists, including Joachim. The cadenzas by Fritz Kreisler are probably most often employed. More recently, composer Alfred Schnittke provided controversial cadenzas with a characteristically 20th-century style; violinist Gidon Kremer has recorded the concerto with the Schnittke cadenzas.[10] New klezmer-inspired cadenzas written by Montreal-based klezmer clarinetist and composer Airat Ichmouratov for Alexandre Da Costa in 2011 have been recorded by the Taipei Symphony Orchestra for Warner Classics.[11]

The following violinists and composers have written cadenzas:[12][13]

Alternative versions

Perhaps due to the Violin Concerto's lack of success at its premiere, and at the request of Muzio Clementi, Beethoven revised it in a version for piano and orchestra, which was later published as Op. 61a. For this version, which is present as a sketch in the Violin Concerto's autograph alongside revisions to the solo part,[14] Beethoven wrote a lengthy first movement cadenza which features the orchestra's timpanist along with the solo pianist. This and the cadenzas for the other movements were later arranged for the violin (and timpani) by Rudolf Kolisch, Max Rostal, Ottokar Nováček, Christian Tetzlaff and Wolfgang Schneiderhan. Gidon Kremer, on his recording with Nikolaus Harnoncourt, adapts these cadenzas for violin, timpani and piano, although the piano does not play in any other parts of the recording. Patricia Kopatchinskaja adapted the cadenza of the first movement for two violins, celli and timpani, for the other movements for violin. Seiji Ozawa also wrote an arrangement for piano.[citation needed] More recently, it has been arranged as a concerto for clarinet and orchestra by Mikhail Pletnev.[15] Robert Bockmühl (1820/21–1881) arranged the solo violin part for cello & played it as a Cello Concerto; Gary Karr played Bockmühl's arrangement on a double-bass tuned in fifths as a double bass concerto.[citation needed]

Recordings

The first known recording of Beethoven's violin concerto was made in 1925 for Polydor by violinist Josef Wolfsthal, with Hans Thierfelder conducting the Berlin Staatsoper Orchestra[citation needed]. Hundreds of recordings have been made since, among which the following have received awards and outstanding reviews:

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ Steinberg, Michael. . San Francisco Symphony. Archived from the original on 7 November 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
  2. ^ Stowell 1998, pp. 4–5.
  3. ^ The Romances were published in the opposite order, the first-composed being published second, becoming "Romance No. 2"
  4. ^ Stowell 1998, p. 14.
  5. ^ Stowell 1994, pp. 16–19.
  6. ^ a b Eulenburg 2007, preface, p. 3.
  7. ^ Steinberg, Michael (1998). The Concerto: A Listener's Guide. Oxford University Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-19-510330-4.
  8. ^ Philip 1994, p. 196.
  9. ^ Philip 1994, p. 198.
  10. ^ "Review – Beethoven: Violin Concerto / Kremer, Marriner, ASMF". ArkivMusic.com. 2010-04-22. Retrieved 2014-01-01.
  11. ^ "Alexandre Da Costa , Violin Concerto". warnerclassics.com. 1 August 2013. Archived from the original on 24 November 2015. Retrieved 2015-08-07.
  12. ^ Berginc 2010
  13. ^ Wulfhorst 2010
  14. ^ Ludwig van Beethoven. Konzert für Violine & Orchester D-dur Opus 61. [Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Wien, Mus. Hs. 17.538] Edited, with commentary (in German) by Franz Grasberger. Graz, 1979.
  15. ^ Fenech, Gerald (October 2000). "Review – Beethoven Violin Concerto for Clarinet". MusicWeb.com. Retrieved 2014-01-01.

Bibliography

  • Beethoven, Ludwig van: Concerto for Violin and orchestra in D major, op. 61. Score. Eulenburg 2007. EAS 130
  • Beethoven, Ludwig van: Konzert für Violine & Orchester D-dur Opus 61. (Facsimile edition of autograph full score) Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Wien, Mus. Hs. 17.538. Edited, with commentary (in German) by Franz Grasberger. Graz, 1979.
  • Berginc, Milan (2010). (PDF) (Thesis). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2014-01-01.
  • Philip, Robert. "Traditional habits of performance in early-twentieth-century recordings of Beethoven", in Stowell, ed. (1994), pp. 195–204.
  • Stowell, Robin, ed. (1994). Performing Beethoven. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (ten essays by various authors)
  • Stowell, Robin (1998). Beethoven Violin Concerto. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Wulfhorst, Martin (2010). "A Comprehensive Catalogue of Cadenzas for Beethoven's Violin Concerto op. 61". Retrieved 2014-01-01.

External links

March 15, 2023
violin, concerto, beethoven, violin, concerto, major, written, ludwig, beethoven, 1806, first, performance, franz, clement, unsuccessful, some, decades, work, languished, obscurity, until, revived, 1844, then, year, violinist, joseph, joachim, with, orchestra,. The Violin Concerto in D major Op 61 was written by Ludwig van Beethoven in 1806 Its first performance by Franz Clement was unsuccessful and for some decades the work languished in obscurity until revived in 1844 by the then 12 year old violinist Joseph Joachim with the orchestra of the London Philharmonic Society conducted by Felix Mendelssohn Joachim would later claim it to be the greatest German violin concerto 1 Since then it has become one of the best known and regularly performed violin concertos Violin Concertoby Ludwig van BeethovenKeyD majorOpus61 a PeriodClassical period Romantic period transitional GenreViolin concertoComposed1806 1806 DedicationFranz ClementMovementsThreePremiereDate23 December 1806 1806 12 23 LocationTheater an der Wien ViennaPerformersFranz ClementFor Beethoven s early violin concerto see Violin Concerto in C Beethoven Contents 1 Genesis 2 Performance history 3 Performance practice 4 Structure 4 1 1 Allegro ma non troppo 4 2 2 Larghetto 4 3 3 Rondo Allegro 4 4 Cadenzas 5 Alternative versions 6 Recordings 7 References 8 External linksGenesis EditBeethoven had previously written a number of pieces for violin and orchestra At some point in 1790 2 before his musical maturity he began a Violin Concerto in C of which only a fragment of the first movement survives Whether the work or even the first movement had ever been completed is not known 2 In any event it was neither performed nor published Later in the 1790s Beethoven had completed two Romances for violin first the Romance in F and later the Romance in G 3 These works show a strong influence from the French school of violin playing exemplified by violinists such as Giovanni Battista Viotti Pierre Rode and Rodolphe Kreutzer The two Romances for instance are in a similar style to slow movements of concerti by Viotti 4 This influence can also be seen in the D major Concerto the martial opening with the beat of the timpani follows the style of French music at the time while the prevalence of figures in broken sixths and broken octaves closely resembles elements of compositions by Kreutzer and Viotti 5 Performance history EditBeethoven wrote the concerto for his colleague Franz Clement a leading violinist of the day who had earlier given him helpful advice on his opera Fidelio The work was premiered on 23 December 1806 in the Theater an der Wien in Vienna the occasion being a benefit concert for Clement The first printed edition 1808 was dedicated to Stephan von Breuning It is believed that Beethoven finished the solo part so late that Clement had to sight read part of his performance 6 Perhaps to express his annoyance or to show what he could do when he had time to prepare Clement is said to have interrupted the concerto between the first and second movements with a solo composition of his own played on one string of the violin held upside down 6 however other sources claim that he did play such a piece but only at the end of the performance 7 The premiere was not a success and the concerto was little performed in the following decades The work was revived in 1844 well after Beethoven s death with a performance by the then 12 year old violinist Joseph Joachim with the orchestra of the London Philharmonic Society conducted by Felix Mendelssohn Ever since it has been one of the most important works of the violin concerto repertoire and is frequently performed and recorded today Performance practice Edit Performance by US Marine Chamber Orchestra I Allegro ma non troppo source source II Larghetto source source III Rondo allegro source source Problems playing these files See media help It has been said that not only in this piece but generally Recordings demonstrate that it was the practice in the early twentieth century to vary the tempo considerably within a movement 8 and that in the concerto there is often one big trough slowing in the central G major passage 9 Structure EditThe work is in three movements Allegro ma non troppo D major Larghetto G major Rondo Allegro D major It is scored in addition to the solo violin for flute two oboes two clarinets in A two bassoons two Natural horns two Natural trumpets timpani and strings 1 Allegro ma non troppo Edit The movement starts with four beats on the timpani and leads into a theme played by the oboes clarinets and bassoons The strings enter with a non diatonic D that leads into a V7 chord The clarinets and bassoons play another theme This is suddenly interrupted by a louder section in B flat major This leads into a theme in D major and later in the parallel minor The soloist enters with a V7 chord in octaves This movement is about 21 minutes long 2 Larghetto Edit This movement is in G major It is about 10 minutes long 3 Rondo Allegro Edit This movement starts without pause from the second movement It begins with the famous hunting horn theme There is a section in G minor After the cadenza it ends with a typical V I cadence This movement is about 10 minutes long Cadenzas Edit Cadenzas for the work have been written by several notable violinists including Joachim The cadenzas by Fritz Kreisler are probably most often employed More recently composer Alfred Schnittke provided controversial cadenzas with a characteristically 20th century style violinist Gidon Kremer has recorded the concerto with the Schnittke cadenzas 10 New klezmer inspired cadenzas written by Montreal based klezmer clarinetist and composer Airat Ichmouratov for Alexandre Da Costa in 2011 have been recorded by the Taipei Symphony Orchestra for Warner Classics 11 The following violinists and composers have written cadenzas 12 13 Leopold Auer Joshua Bell Ferruccio Busoni Stephanie Chase Ferdinand David Jakob Dont Isaak Dunayevsky Mischa Elman Carl Flesch Joseph Hellmesberger Sr Jeno Hubay Joseph Joachim Patricia Kopatchinskaja Fritz Kreisler Christiaan Kriens Airat Ichmouratov Ferdinand Laub Hubert Leonard Nathan Milstein Bernhard Molique Miron Polyakin Manuel Quiroga Camille Saint Saens Wolfgang Schneiderhan Alfred Schnittke Sayaka Shoji Odon Singer Louis Spohr Maxim Vengerov Henri Vieuxtemps Henryk Wieniawski August Wilhelmj Eugene YsayeAlternative versions EditPerhaps due to the Violin Concerto s lack of success at its premiere and at the request of Muzio Clementi Beethoven revised it in a version for piano and orchestra which was later published as Op 61a For this version which is present as a sketch in the Violin Concerto s autograph alongside revisions to the solo part 14 Beethoven wrote a lengthy first movement cadenza which features the orchestra s timpanist along with the solo pianist This and the cadenzas for the other movements were later arranged for the violin and timpani by Rudolf Kolisch Max Rostal Ottokar Novacek Christian Tetzlaff and Wolfgang Schneiderhan Gidon Kremer on his recording with Nikolaus Harnoncourt adapts these cadenzas for violin timpani and piano although the piano does not play in any other parts of the recording Patricia Kopatchinskaja adapted the cadenza of the first movement for two violins celli and timpani for the other movements for violin Seiji Ozawa also wrote an arrangement for piano citation needed More recently it has been arranged as a concerto for clarinet and orchestra by Mikhail Pletnev 15 Robert Bockmuhl 1820 21 1881 arranged the solo violin part for cello amp played it as a Cello Concerto Gary Karr played Bockmuhl s arrangement on a double bass tuned in fifths as a double bass concerto citation needed Recordings EditThe first known recording of Beethoven s violin concerto was made in 1925 for Polydor by violinist Josef Wolfsthal with Hans Thierfelder conducting the Berlin Staatsoper Orchestra citation needed Hundreds of recordings have been made since among which the following have received awards and outstanding reviews 1947 Yehudi Menuhin Lucerne Festival Orchestra Wilhelm Furtwangler 1953 Wolfgang Schneiderhan Berlin Philharmonic Eugen Jochum Deutsche Grammophon Rosette by the Penguin Guide 1954 David Oistrakh with Sixten Ehrling cond the Stockholm Festival Orchestra in Stockholm over 10 11 June 1954 Testament CD David Oistrakh Beethoven amp Sibelius 1994 1955 Jascha Heifetz Boston Symphony Orchestra Charles Munch RCA Victor Mid price choice by BBC Radio 3 Building a Library September 2003 1957 Ida Haendel Czech Philharmonic Karel Ancerl Suraphon 14 May 2010 1959 Isaac Stern New York Philharmonic Leonard Bernstein Sony Unique cadenza in last movement 1974 Arthur Grumiaux Concertgebouw Orchestra Colin Davis Philips 4 star by the Penguin Guide 1980 Anne Sophie Mutter Berlin Philharmoniker Herbert von Karajan Deutsche Grammophon 1980 Itzhak Perlman Philharmonia Orchestra Carlo Maria Giulini EMI Gramophone Award 1981 1997 Thomas Zehetmair Orchestra of the Eighteenth Century Frans Bruggen Philips First choice by BBC Radio 3 Building a Library September 2003 1999 Hilary Hahn Baltimore Symphony Orchestra David Zinman Sony Classical 2006 Isabelle Faust Prague Philharmonia Jiri Belohlavek Harmonia Mundi First choice by BBC Radio 3 Building a Library April 2011 Diapason d Or by Diapason April 2011 2009 Patricia Kopatchinskaja Orchestre des Champs Elysees Philippe Herreweghe Naive BBC Music Magazine Award 2010 orchestral category 2011 Isabelle Faust Orchestra Mozart Claudio Abbado Harmonia Mundi Disc of the Month by Gramophone March 2012 Disc of the Month by BBC Music Magazine April 2012 Diapason d Or Arte by Diapason d Or and Arte Gramophone Award 2012 Preis der deutschen Schallplattenkritik Echo Klassik 2012 2020 Daniel Lozakovich Munchner Philharmoniker Valery Gergiev Deutsche Grammophon Cadenza Kleisler 2020 2022 Vilde Frang Pekka Kuusisto Deutsche Kammerphilharmonie Bremen Parlophone Records 2022References EditFootnotes Steinberg Michael Bruch Concerto No 1 in G Minor for Violin and Orchestra Opus 26 San Francisco Symphony Archived from the original on 7 November 2014 Retrieved 6 December 2017 Stowell 1998 pp 4 5 The Romances were published in the opposite order the first composed being published second becoming Romance No 2 Stowell 1998 p 14 Stowell 1994 pp 16 19 a b Eulenburg 2007 preface p 3 Steinberg Michael 1998 The Concerto A Listener s Guide Oxford University Press p 81 ISBN 978 0 19 510330 4 Philip 1994 p 196 Philip 1994 p 198 Review Beethoven Violin Concerto Kremer Marriner ASMF ArkivMusic com 2010 04 22 Retrieved 2014 01 01 Alexandre Da Costa Violin Concerto warnerclassics com 1 August 2013 Archived from the original on 24 November 2015 Retrieved 2015 08 07 Berginc 2010 Wulfhorst 2010 Ludwig van Beethoven Konzert fur Violine amp Orchester D dur Opus 61 Osterreichische Nationalbibliothek Wien Mus Hs 17 538 Edited with commentary in German by Franz Grasberger Graz 1979 Fenech Gerald October 2000 Review Beethoven Violin Concerto for Clarinet MusicWeb com Retrieved 2014 01 01 Bibliography Beethoven Ludwig van Concerto for Violin and orchestra in D major op 61 Score Eulenburg 2007 EAS 130 Beethoven Ludwig van Konzert fur Violine amp Orchester D dur Opus 61 Facsimile edition of autograph full score Osterreichische Nationalbibliothek Wien Mus Hs 17 538 Edited with commentary in German by Franz Grasberger Graz 1979 Berginc Milan 2010 Beethoven s Violin Concerto and Cadenzas of Beethoven s Violin Concerto Op 61 PDF Thesis Archived from the original PDF on 2016 03 05 Retrieved 2014 01 01 Philip Robert Traditional habits of performance in early twentieth century recordings of Beethoven in Stowell ed 1994 pp 195 204 Stowell Robin ed 1994 Performing Beethoven Cambridge Cambridge University Press ten essays by various authors Stowell Robin 1998 Beethoven Violin Concerto Cambridge Cambridge University Press Wulfhorst Martin 2010 A Comprehensive Catalogue of Cadenzas for Beethoven s Violin Concerto op 61 Retrieved 2014 01 01 External links EditViolin Concerto Scores at the International Music Score Library Project Complete performances from the Internet Archive Portal Classical music Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Violin Concerto Beethoven amp oldid 1137227676, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.