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Plantaginaceae

January 31, 2023

Not to be confused with Platanaceae.

Plantaginaceae, the plantain family, is a large, diverse family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales that includes common flowers such as snapdragon and foxglove. It is unrelated to the banana-like fruit also called "plantain." In older classifications, Plantaginaceae was the only family of the order Plantaginales, but numerous phylogenetic studies, summarized by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, have demonstrated that this taxon should be included within Lamiales.

Plantaginaceae
Scoparia dulcis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Plantaginaceae
Juss.[1]
Type genus
Plantago
Tribes
  • Angelonieae
  • Antirrhineae
  • Callitricheae
  • Cheloneae
  • Digitalideae
  • Globularieae
  • Gratioleae
  • Hemiphragmeae
  • Plantagineae
  • Russelieae
  • Sibthorpieae
  • Veroniceae
Synonyms[2]
  • Antirrhinaceae Pers.
  • Aragoaceae D.Don
  • Callitrichaceae Link nom. cons.
  • Chelonaceae Martinov
  • Digitalaceae Martinov
  • Ellisiophyllaceae Honda
  • Globulariaceae DC. nom. cons.
  • Gratiolaceae Martinov
  • Hippuridaceae Vest nom. cons.
  • Littorellaceae Gray
  • Psylliaceae Horan.
  • Sibthorpiaceae D.Don
  • Veronicaceae Cassel

Overview

The plantain family as traditionally circumscribed consisted of only three genera: Bougueria, Littorella, and Plantago. However phylogenetic research has indicated that Plantaginaceae sensu stricto (in the strict sense) were nested within Scrophulariaceae (but forming a group that did not include the type genus of that family, Scrophularia). Although Veronicaceae (1782) is the oldest family name for this group, Plantaginaceae (1789) is a conserved name under the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) and thus has priority over any earlier family name for a family including Plantago. Furthermore, the ICBN does not consider family names published before 1789 to be names eligible for conservation, thus ruling out Veronicaceae. The name Antirrhinaceae has been proposed for conservation over Plantaginaceae. In the meantime, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group has accepted the name Plantaginaceae. However, Olmstead (2003)[3] chose to use the name Veronicaceae, a later synonym.

A group of genera including Lindernia has now been segregated[4][5] as the family Linderniaceae,[6] which is recognized by Haston et al. 2007 (also known as LAPG II) as "Post-APG II family".

Plantaginaceae sensu lato (in the broad sense) are a diverse, cosmopolitan family, occurring mostly in temperate zones. The group consists of herbs, shrubs and also a few aquatic plants with roots (such as the genus Callitriche). As the family is so diverse, its circumscription is difficult to establish.[4]

The leaves are spiral to opposite and simple to compound. Unusual in Lamiales is the absence of vertical partitions in the heads of the glandular hairs.

The structure and form of the flowers is variable. Some genera are 4-merous (i.e., with 4 sepals and 4 petals), such as Aragoa (but this one has 5 sepals); others are 5- to 8-merous, such as Sibthorpia. The flowers of most genera are polysymmetric. The corolla is often two-lipped. In some taxa, the androecium is formed before the corolla.

The fruit is a capsule that dehisces through the partitions between the cells.[7]

Genera

The enlarged Plantaginaceae consists of 94 genera and about 1,900 species.[8] The largest genus is Veronica, with about 450 species. Veronica also includes the genera Hebe, Parahebe and Synthyris, formerly often treated as distinct. All genera of Plantaginaceae were formerly included in Scrophulariaceae except where otherwise stated.

Tribe Angelonieae
Tribe Antirrhineae
Tribe Callitricheae
Tribe Cheloneae
Tribe Digitalideae
Tribe Globularieae
Tribe Gratioleae
Tribe Hemiphragmeae
Tribe Plantagineae
Tribe Russelieae
Tribe Sibthorpieae
Tribe Veroniceae

Although GRIN includes Lafuentea Lag. in the tribe Antirrhineae,[10] in the phylogenetic analysis of Fernández-Mazuecos et al. (2013)[22] it was a sister to the Antirrhineae, as also noted by Albach (2005).[4] For the time being it should be considered an outgroup.

Excluded genera

References

  1. ^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III" (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. Retrieved 2013-07-06.
  2. ^ . Germplasm Resources Information Network. 2003-01-17. Archived from the original on 2011-07-04. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
  3. ^ Olmstead, Richard G. (2002). "Whatever happened to the Scrophulariaceae?" (PDF). Fremontia. 30: 13–22.
  4. ^ a b c Albach, D. C.; Meudt, H. M.; Oxelman, B. (2005). "Piecing together the "new" Plantaginaceae". American Journal of Botany. 92 (2): 297–315. doi:10.3732/ajb.92.2.297. PMID 21652407.
  5. ^ Oxelman, B.; Kornhall, P.; Olmstead, R. G.; Bremer, B. (2005). "Further disintegration of Scrophulariaceae". Taxon. 54 (2): 411–425. doi:10.2307/25065369. JSTOR 25065369.
  6. ^ Rahmanzadeh, R.; Müller, K.; Fischer, E.; Bartels, D.; Borsch, T. (2005). "The Linderniaceae and Gratiolaceae are further lineages distinct from the Scrophulariaceae (Lamiales)". Plant Biology. 7 (1): 67–78. doi:10.1055/s-2004-830444. PMID 15666207.
  7. ^ Haston, E., Richardson, J. E., Stevens, P. F., Chase, M. W., Harris, D. J. (2007). "A linear sequence of Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II families". Taxon. 56 (1): 7–12. doi:10.2307/25065731. JSTOR 25065731.
  8. ^ Christenhusz, M. J. M.; Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. 261 (3): 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1.
  9. ^ . Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
  10. ^ a b "GRIN Genera of Plantaginaceae tribe Antirrhineae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
  11. ^ . Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
  12. ^ Crosswhite, Frank S.; Kawano, Shoichi (1970). "Pennellianthus (Scrophulariaceae)--A New Genus of Japan and USSR". The American Midland Naturalist. pp. 358–367. doi:10.2307/2423949. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  13. ^ . Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
  14. ^ . Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
  15. ^ . Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
  16. ^ . Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
  17. ^ . Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
  18. ^ . Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
  19. ^ . Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
  20. ^ . Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
  21. ^ . Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
  22. ^ Fernández-Mazuecos, Mario; Blanco-Pastor, José Luis; Vargas, Pablo (February 2013). "A Phylogeny of Toadflaxes (Linaria Mill.) Based on Nuclear Internal Transcribed Spacer Sequences: Systematic and Evolutionary Consequences". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 174 (2): 234–249. doi:10.1086/668790. JSTOR 10.1086/668790. S2CID 85302392.
  23. ^ . Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from the original on 2004-11-18. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
  • Olmstead, R. G., dePamphilis, C. W., Wolfe, A. D., Young, N. D., Elisons, W. J. & Reeves P. A. (2001). "Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae". American Journal of Botany. 88 (2): 348–361. doi:10.2307/2657024. JSTOR 2657024. PMID 11222255.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Bibliography

  • Vargas P, JA Rosselló, R Oyama, J Güemes. 2004 Molecular evidence for naturalness of genera in the tribe Antirrhineae (Scrophulariaceae) and three independent evolutionary lineages from the New World and the Old. Plant Syst Evol 249:151–172.

External links

  •   Media related to Plantaginaceae at Wikimedia Commons
  •   Data related to Plantaginaceae at Wikispecies
  • Treatment of Plantaginaceae in MOBOT

January 31, 2023
plantaginaceae, confused, with, platanaceae, plantain, family, large, diverse, family, flowering, plants, order, lamiales, that, includes, common, flowers, such, snapdragon, foxglove, unrelated, banana, like, fruit, also, called, plantain, older, classificatio. Not to be confused with Platanaceae Plantaginaceae the plantain family is a large diverse family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales that includes common flowers such as snapdragon and foxglove It is unrelated to the banana like fruit also called plantain In older classifications Plantaginaceae was the only family of the order Plantaginales but numerous phylogenetic studies summarized by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group have demonstrated that this taxon should be included within Lamiales PlantaginaceaeScoparia dulcisScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsClade AsteridsOrder LamialesFamily PlantaginaceaeJuss 1 Type genusPlantagoL TribesAngelonieae Antirrhineae Callitricheae Cheloneae Digitalideae Globularieae Gratioleae Hemiphragmeae Plantagineae Russelieae Sibthorpieae VeroniceaeSynonyms 2 Antirrhinaceae Pers Aragoaceae D Don Callitrichaceae Link nom cons Chelonaceae Martinov Digitalaceae Martinov Ellisiophyllaceae Honda Globulariaceae DC nom cons Gratiolaceae Martinov Hippuridaceae Vest nom cons Littorellaceae Gray Psylliaceae Horan Sibthorpiaceae D Don Veronicaceae Cassel Contents 1 Overview 2 Genera 2 1 Excluded genera 3 References 4 Bibliography 5 External linksOverview EditThe plantain family as traditionally circumscribed consisted of only three genera Bougueria Littorella and Plantago However phylogenetic research has indicated that Plantaginaceae sensu stricto in the strict sense were nested within Scrophulariaceae but forming a group that did not include the type genus of that family Scrophularia Although Veronicaceae 1782 is the oldest family name for this group Plantaginaceae 1789 is a conserved name under the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature ICBN and thus has priority over any earlier family name for a family including Plantago Furthermore the ICBN does not consider family names published before 1789 to be names eligible for conservation thus ruling out Veronicaceae The name Antirrhinaceae has been proposed for conservation over Plantaginaceae In the meantime the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group has accepted the name Plantaginaceae However Olmstead 2003 3 chose to use the name Veronicaceae a later synonym A group of genera including Lindernia has now been segregated 4 5 as the family Linderniaceae 6 which is recognized by Haston et al 2007 also known as LAPG II as Post APG II family Plantaginaceae sensu lato in the broad sense are a diverse cosmopolitan family occurring mostly in temperate zones The group consists of herbs shrubs and also a few aquatic plants with roots such as the genus Callitriche As the family is so diverse its circumscription is difficult to establish 4 The leaves are spiral to opposite and simple to compound Unusual in Lamiales is the absence of vertical partitions in the heads of the glandular hairs The structure and form of the flowers is variable Some genera are 4 merous i e with 4 sepals and 4 petals such as Aragoa but this one has 5 sepals others are 5 to 8 merous such as Sibthorpia The flowers of most genera are polysymmetric The corolla is often two lipped In some taxa the androecium is formed before the corolla The fruit is a capsule that dehisces through the partitions between the cells 7 Genera Edit Bacopa monnieri in Hyderabad India Matourea azurea in Kerala The enlarged Plantaginaceae consists of 94 genera and about 1 900 species 8 The largest genus is Veronica with about 450 species Veronica also includes the genera Hebe Parahebe and Synthyris formerly often treated as distinct All genera of Plantaginaceae were formerly included in Scrophulariaceae except where otherwise stated Tribe AngelonieaeAngelonia Humb amp Bonpl Basistemon Turcz Melosperma Benth Monopera Barringer Monttea Gay Ourisia Comm ex Juss 9 Tribe AntirrhineaeAcanthorrhinum Rothm Albraunia Speta Anarrhinum Desf Antirrhinum L Asarina Mill Chaenorhinum DC Rchb Cymbalaria Hill Epixiphium Engelm ex A Gray Munz Galvezia Dombey ex Juss Gambelia Nutt Holmgrenanthe Elisens Holzneria Speta Howelliella Rothm Kickxia Dumort Linaria Mill Lophospermum D Don Mabrya Elisens Maurandya Ortega Misopates Raf Mohavea A Gray Neogaerrhinum Rothm Nuttallanthus D A Sutton Pseudomisopates Guemes Pseudorontium A Gray Rothm Rhodochiton Zucc ex Otto amp A Dietr Sairocarpus D A Sutton Schweinfurthia A Braun 10 Tribe CallitricheaeCallitriche L Hippuris L 11 Tribe CheloneaeBrookea Benth Chelone L Chionophila Benth Collinsia Nutt Keckiella Straw Nothochelone A Gray Straw Pennellianthus Crosswh 12 Penstemon Schmidel Tonella Nutt ex A Gray Uroskinnera Lindl 13 Tribe DigitalideaeDigitalis L Erinus L 14 Tribe GlobularieaeCampylanthus Roth Globularia L Poskea Vatke 15 Tribe GratioleaeAdenosma R Br Bacopa Aubl Benjaminia Mart ex Benj Boelckea Rossow Capraria L Cheilophyllum Pennell ex Britton Conobea Aubl Darcya B L Turner amp C C Cowan Deinostema T Yamaz Dizygostemon Benth Radlk ex Wettst Dopatrium Buch Ham ex Benth Fonkia Phil Geochorda Cham amp Schltdl Gratiola L Hydranthelium Kunth Hydrotriche Zucc Ildefonsia Gardner Leucospora Nutt Limnophila R Br Maeviella Rossow Matourea Aubl Mecardonia Ruiz amp Pav Otacanthus Lindl Philcoxia P Taylor amp V C Souza Schistophragma Benth ex Endl Schizosepala G M Barroso Scoparia L Sophronanthe Bentham Stemodia L Tetraulacium Turcz 16 Tribe HemiphragmeaeHemiphragma Wall 17 Tribe PlantagineaeAragoa Kunth Littorella P J Bergius Plantago L 18 Tribe RusselieaeRusselia Jacq Tetranema Benth 19 Tribe SibthorpieaeEllisiophyllum Maxim Sibthorpia L 20 Tribe VeroniceaeChionohebe B G Briggs amp Ehrend Detzneria Schltr ex Diels Hebe Comm ex Juss Kashmiria D Y Hong Lagotis Gaertn Neopicrorhiza D Y Hong Paederota L Parahebe W R B Oliv Picrorhiza Royle ex Benth Scrofella Maxim Synthyris Benth Veronica L Veronicastrum Heist ex Fabr Wulfenia Jacq Wulfeniopsis D Y Hong 21 Although GRIN includes Lafuentea Lag in the tribe Antirrhineae 10 in the phylogenetic analysis of Fernandez Mazuecos et al 2013 22 it was a sister to the Antirrhineae as also noted by Albach 2005 4 For the time being it should be considered an outgroup Excluded genera Edit Artanema D Don Linderniaceae Bryodes Benth Phrymaceae Bythophyton Hook f Phrymaceae Chamaegigas Dinter ex Heil Linderniaceae Craterostigma Hochst Linderniaceae Dintera Stapf Phrymaceae Encopella Pennell Phrymaceae Legazpia Blanco Linderniaceae Limosella L Scrophulariaceae Lindenbergia Lehm Orobanchaceae Lindernia All Linderniaceae Micranthemum Michx Linderniaceae Microcarpaea R Br Phrymaceae Picria Lour Linderniaceae Psammetes Hepper Phrymaceae Rehmannia Libosch ex Fisch amp C A Mey Orobanchaceae Torenia L Linderniaceae 23 References Edit Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2009 An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants APG III PDF Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161 2 105 121 doi 10 1111 j 1095 8339 2009 00996 x Retrieved 2013 07 06 Family Plantaginaceae Juss nom cons Germplasm Resources Information Network 2003 01 17 Archived from the original on 2011 07 04 Retrieved 2011 04 28 Olmstead Richard G 2002 Whatever happened to the Scrophulariaceae PDF Fremontia 30 13 22 a b c Albach D C Meudt H M Oxelman B 2005 Piecing together the new Plantaginaceae American Journal of Botany 92 2 297 315 doi 10 3732 ajb 92 2 297 PMID 21652407 Oxelman B Kornhall P Olmstead R G Bremer B 2005 Further disintegration of Scrophulariaceae Taxon 54 2 411 425 doi 10 2307 25065369 JSTOR 25065369 Rahmanzadeh R Muller K Fischer E Bartels D Borsch T 2005 The Linderniaceae and Gratiolaceae are further lineages distinct from the Scrophulariaceae Lamiales Plant Biology 7 1 67 78 doi 10 1055 s 2004 830444 PMID 15666207 Haston E Richardson J E Stevens P F Chase M W Harris D J 2007 A linear sequence of Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II families Taxon 56 1 7 12 doi 10 2307 25065731 JSTOR 25065731 Christenhusz M J M Byng J W 2016 The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase Phytotaxa 261 3 201 217 doi 10 11646 phytotaxa 261 3 1 GRIN Genera of Plantaginaceae tribe Angelonieae Germplasm Resources Information Network Archived from the original on 2015 09 24 Retrieved 2011 04 28 a b GRIN Genera of Plantaginaceae tribe Antirrhineae Germplasm Resources Information Network Retrieved 2011 04 28 GRIN Genera of Plantaginaceae tribe Callitricheae Germplasm Resources Information Network Archived from the original on 2015 09 24 Retrieved 2011 04 28 Crosswhite Frank S Kawano Shoichi 1970 Pennellianthus Scrophulariaceae A New Genus of Japan and USSR The American Midland Naturalist pp 358 367 doi 10 2307 2423949 Retrieved 11 November 2021 GRIN Genera of Plantaginaceae tribe Cheloneae Germplasm Resources Information Network Archived from the original on 2015 09 24 Retrieved 2011 04 28 GRIN Genera of Plantaginaceae tribe Digitalideae Germplasm Resources Information Network Archived from the original on 2015 09 24 Retrieved 2011 04 28 GRIN Genera of Plantaginaceae tribe Globularieae Germplasm Resources Information Network Archived from the original on 2015 09 24 Retrieved 2011 04 28 GRIN Genera of Plantaginaceae tribe Gratioleae Germplasm Resources Information Network Archived from the original on 2015 09 24 Retrieved 2011 04 28 GRIN Genera of Plantaginaceae tribe Hemiphragmeae Germplasm Resources Information Network Archived from the original on 2015 09 24 Retrieved 2011 04 28 GRIN Genera of Plantaginaceae tribe Plantagineae Germplasm Resources Information Network Archived from the original on 2015 09 24 Retrieved 2011 04 28 GRIN Genera of Plantaginaceae tribe Russelieae Germplasm Resources Information Network Archived from the original on 2015 09 24 Retrieved 2011 04 28 GRIN Genera of Plantaginaceae tribe Sipthorpieae Germplasm Resources Information Network Archived from the original on 2015 09 24 Retrieved 2011 04 28 GRIN Genera of Plantaginaceae tribe Veroniceae Germplasm Resources Information Network Archived from the original on 2015 09 24 Retrieved 2011 04 28 Fernandez Mazuecos Mario Blanco Pastor Jose Luis Vargas Pablo February 2013 A Phylogeny of Toadflaxes Linaria Mill Based on Nuclear Internal Transcribed Spacer Sequences Systematic and Evolutionary Consequences International Journal of Plant Sciences 174 2 234 249 doi 10 1086 668790 JSTOR 10 1086 668790 S2CID 85302392 GRIN genera sometimes placed in Plantaginaceae Germplasm Resources Information Network Archived from the original on 2004 11 18 Retrieved 2011 04 28 Olmstead R G dePamphilis C W Wolfe A D Young N D Elisons W J amp Reeves P A 2001 Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae American Journal of Botany 88 2 348 361 doi 10 2307 2657024 JSTOR 2657024 PMID 11222255 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Bibliography EditVargas P JA Rossello R Oyama J Guemes 2004 Molecular evidence for naturalness of genera in the tribe Antirrhineae Scrophulariaceae and three independent evolutionary lineages from the New World and the Old Plant Syst Evol 249 151 172 External links Edit Media related to Plantaginaceae at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Plantaginaceae at Wikispecies Treatment of Plantaginaceae in MOBOT Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Plantaginaceae amp oldid 1136402089, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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