Urban consolidation describes the policy of constraining further development and population growth to within the boundaries of preexisting urban areas rather than expanding outward into suburban areas. Urban consolidation seeks to increase the population density of a given urban area by expanding upward, redeveloping preexisting buildings and lots, and constructing new facilities in available spaces. It is theorized that discouraging urban sprawl and encouraging further development of housing units in preexisting urban areas will lead to a net gain in social and economic prosperity (e.g. more accessible public transportation, more efficient use of public utilities, and increased affordability of housing).[1]
A major feature of modern urban consolidation practices is the incorporation of urban green space and open space areas. In higher density environments, incorporating natural settings into the landscape design can have positive impacts, such as increased happiness, decreased stress, and a reduction in maintenance costs.[2] There are broadly three kinds of urban consolidation: Market-led consolidation of existing residential areas involves residential redevelopment of established dwellings as well as non-residential land and buildings at higher densities than the metropolitan average. Transit-oriented development involves high-density residential and mixed-use buildings within walkable precincts around public transport nodes, often referred to as activity centres. The third approach is to require that all new development on the urban fringe of existing metropolitan areas is at higher densities than the current average for those cities.
The term "urban consolidation" first appears in social science and urban planning literature around the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Much of the existing literature on urban consolidation comes from Australia; some of the world's first government-official urban consolidation policies were enacted in Sydney and Melbourne to increase construction of higher-density terrace housing in the late 19th century.[3] Throughout the 20th century, implementation of urban consolidation policies appears to come in 'waves', separated by population surges stemming from major events like World War I and II. Urban consolidation policies began to appear in the United States around the same time, with one of the earliest examples being a proposal for the consolidation of railroad lines in Iowa and Minnesota to increase the capacity and efficiency of existing passenger and freight traffic.[4]
Limits of urban consolidationedit
Although urban consolidation policies may have many positive social, economic, and environmental effects, there are limits to the extent of its benefits. Efficiency is a key feature of urban consolidation, but the aspect of infrastructure capacity is often overlooked. As a city's infrastructure is used by an increasing number of people, the systems must be upgraded and retrofitted, a process which can cost hundreds of millions of dollars. Falling under this category of 'capacity' are common features of civilization, such as roads, drainage systems, and open spaces. Roads in areas with urban consolidation policies are often overburdened with increased intercity traffic in addition to the preexisting suburban commuter traffic, and this problem is not always easily solved with transit-oriented development. Drainage systems are severely impacted by higher populations, potentially leading to increased flooding and pollutant runoff. Open spaces in high-density urban areas often conflict with urban consolidation policies; residents of high-density areas require a significantly higher amount of open space, but this would limit development of consolidation-oriented housing and transportation.[5]
Terminologyedit
Brownfield site: land suspected or known to be contaminated by pollutants from previous industrial and commercial businesses. Urban consolidation policies seek to restore these abandoned spaces into parks and wildlife habitats, sometimes in an effort to make green spaces more accessible to inner city residents.[6]
Greenfield site: undeveloped and unpolluted land located in a rural or urban area. Urban consolidation aims to develop these areas for retail business, manufacturing, public services, and housing.[7]
Housing affordability: the price level at which people can purchase or lease houses and apartments while maintaining a sufficient income flow to fulfill basic needs. Urban consolidation policies have been successful at increasing population density through more generally affordable housing.[8]
Transit-oriented development: the development of public transportation with a core goal of maximizing the number of urban business, residential, and recreational spaces. Replacing car-oriented infrastructure with public transportation and making pedestrian activity a priority is key to increasing and optimizing urban density.[9]
^Shaw, B. J.; Houghton, D. S. (1991-06-01). "Urban Consolidation: Beyond the Rhetoric". Urban Policy and Research. 9 (2): 85–91. doi:10.1080/08111149108551463. ISSN 0811-1146.
^Byrne, Jason; Sipe, Neil (March 2010). "Green and open space planning for urban consolidation – A review of the literature and best practice". Urban Research Program. 11: 1–39 – via Griffith Research Online.
^Troy, Patrick Nicol (1996-01-01). The perils of urban consolidation : a discussion of Australian housing and urban development policies. Federation Press. ISBN9781862872110. OCLC 35570982.
^Richard H. Zeitlan, "Prairie du Chien: Urban Consolidation and Decline, 1858-1930," July, 1980, unpublished report for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul, p. 8.
^Searle, Glen (2004-01-01). "The limits to urban consolidation". Australian Planner. 41 (1): 42–48. doi:10.1080/07293682.2004.9982332. ISSN 0729-3682. S2CID 111321636.
^Byrne, Jason; Kendrick, Megan; Sroaf, David (2007-04-01). "The Park Made of Oil: Towards a Historical Political Ecology of the Kenneth Hahn State Recreation Area". Local Environment. 12 (2): 153–181. doi:10.1080/13549830601161830. hdl:10072/17079. ISSN 1354-9839. S2CID 145346479.
^Baird, Marian (2001-05-01). "Greenfield sites: Purpose, potential and pitfalls". Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources. 39 (2): 66–82. doi:10.1177/103841110103900205. ISSN 1038-4111.
^Yates, Judith (2001-12-01). "The rhetoric and reality of housing choice: The role of urban consolidation". Urban Policy and Research. 19 (4): 491–527. doi:10.1080/08111140108727895. ISSN 0811-1146. S2CID 153981498.
^"What is TOD? - Institute for Transportation and Development Policy". Institute for Transportation and Development Policy. Retrieved 2017-05-04.
January 01, 1970
urban, consolidation, describes, policy, constraining, further, development, population, growth, within, boundaries, preexisting, urban, areas, rather, than, expanding, outward, into, suburban, areas, seeks, increase, population, density, given, urban, area, e. Urban consolidation describes the policy of constraining further development and population growth to within the boundaries of preexisting urban areas rather than expanding outward into suburban areas Urban consolidation seeks to increase the population density of a given urban area by expanding upward redeveloping preexisting buildings and lots and constructing new facilities in available spaces It is theorized that discouraging urban sprawl and encouraging further development of housing units in preexisting urban areas will lead to a net gain in social and economic prosperity e g more accessible public transportation more efficient use of public utilities and increased affordability of housing 1 A major feature of modern urban consolidation practices is the incorporation of urban green space and open space areas In higher density environments incorporating natural settings into the landscape design can have positive impacts such as increased happiness decreased stress and a reduction in maintenance costs 2 There are broadly three kinds of urban consolidation Market led consolidation of existing residential areas involves residential redevelopment of established dwellings as well as non residential land and buildings at higher densities than the metropolitan average Transit oriented development involves high density residential and mixed use buildings within walkable precincts around public transport nodes often referred to as activity centres The third approach is to require that all new development on the urban fringe of existing metropolitan areas is at higher densities than the current average for those cities Contents 1 History 2 Limits of urban consolidation 3 Terminology 4 See also 5 ReferencesHistory editThe term urban consolidation first appears in social science and urban planning literature around the late 19th and early 20th centuries Much of the existing literature on urban consolidation comes from Australia some of the world s first government official urban consolidation policies were enacted in Sydney and Melbourne to increase construction of higher density terrace housing in the late 19th century 3 Throughout the 20th century implementation of urban consolidation policies appears to come in waves separated by population surges stemming from major events like World War I and II Urban consolidation policies began to appear in the United States around the same time with one of the earliest examples being a proposal for the consolidation of railroad lines in Iowa and Minnesota to increase the capacity and efficiency of existing passenger and freight traffic 4 Limits of urban consolidation editAlthough urban consolidation policies may have many positive social economic and environmental effects there are limits to the extent of its benefits Efficiency is a key feature of urban consolidation but the aspect of infrastructure capacity is often overlooked As a city s infrastructure is used by an increasing number of people the systems must be upgraded and retrofitted a process which can cost hundreds of millions of dollars Falling under this category of capacity are common features of civilization such as roads drainage systems and open spaces Roads in areas with urban consolidation policies are often overburdened with increased intercity traffic in addition to the preexisting suburban commuter traffic and this problem is not always easily solved with transit oriented development Drainage systems are severely impacted by higher populations potentially leading to increased flooding and pollutant runoff Open spaces in high density urban areas often conflict with urban consolidation policies residents of high density areas require a significantly higher amount of open space but this would limit development of consolidation oriented housing and transportation 5 Terminology editBrownfield site land suspected or known to be contaminated by pollutants from previous industrial and commercial businesses Urban consolidation policies seek to restore these abandoned spaces into parks and wildlife habitats sometimes in an effort to make green spaces more accessible to inner city residents 6 Greenfield site undeveloped and unpolluted land located in a rural or urban area Urban consolidation aims to develop these areas for retail business manufacturing public services and housing 7 Housing affordability the price level at which people can purchase or lease houses and apartments while maintaining a sufficient income flow to fulfill basic needs Urban consolidation policies have been successful at increasing population density through more generally affordable housing 8 Transit oriented development the development of public transportation with a core goal of maximizing the number of urban business residential and recreational spaces Replacing car oriented infrastructure with public transportation and making pedestrian activity a priority is key to increasing and optimizing urban density 9 See also editActivity centre Automobile dependency Charles Marohn Circles of Sustainability Compact city Green belt London Plan Medium density housing Melbourne 2030 Mixed use development New Urbanism Sustainable development Transit oriented development Urban growth boundaryReferences edit Shaw B J Houghton D S 1991 06 01 Urban Consolidation Beyond the Rhetoric Urban Policy and Research 9 2 85 91 doi 10 1080 08111149108551463 ISSN 0811 1146 Byrne Jason Sipe Neil March 2010 Green and open space planning for urban consolidation A review of the literature and best practice Urban Research Program 11 1 39 via Griffith Research Online Troy Patrick Nicol 1996 01 01 The perils of urban consolidation a discussion of Australian housing and urban development policies Federation Press ISBN 9781862872110 OCLC 35570982 Richard H Zeitlan Prairie du Chien Urban Consolidation and Decline 1858 1930 July 1980 unpublished report for U S Army Corps of Engineers St Paul p 8 Searle Glen 2004 01 01 The limits to urban consolidation Australian Planner 41 1 42 48 doi 10 1080 07293682 2004 9982332 ISSN 0729 3682 S2CID 111321636 Byrne Jason Kendrick Megan Sroaf David 2007 04 01 The Park Made of Oil Towards a Historical Political Ecology of the Kenneth Hahn State Recreation Area Local Environment 12 2 153 181 doi 10 1080 13549830601161830 hdl 10072 17079 ISSN 1354 9839 S2CID 145346479 Baird Marian 2001 05 01 Greenfield sites Purpose potential and pitfalls Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources 39 2 66 82 doi 10 1177 103841110103900205 ISSN 1038 4111 Yates Judith 2001 12 01 The rhetoric and reality of housing choice The role of urban consolidation Urban Policy and Research 19 4 491 527 doi 10 1080 08111140108727895 ISSN 0811 1146 S2CID 153981498 What is TOD Institute for Transportation and Development Policy Institute for Transportation and Development Policy Retrieved 2017 05 04 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Urban consolidation amp oldid 1146204591, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
