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Wikipedia

Universal background check

March 03, 2023

This article is about background checks for private sales of firearms in the United States. For background checks in general, see Background check.

Proposals for universal background checks would require almost all firearms transactions in the United States to be recorded and go through the National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS), closing what is sometimes called the private sale exemption. Universal background checks are not required by U.S. federal law, but at least 22 states and the District of Columbia currently require background checks for at least some private sales of firearms.

Desert Eagle .44 Magnum, private sale

Background

Main article: Gun show loophole

Federal law requires background checks (through the National Instant Criminal Background Check System) only for guns sold through licensed firearm dealers, which account for 78% of all gun sales in the United States. This figure was published in a 2017 study by the Annals of Internal Medicine which, using a 2015 survey, found that 22% of recent gun transfers (purchased and nonpurchased) were completed without a background check.[1] The authors noted that while this number was less than in years past, it nonetheless indicates that millions of American adults are able to obtain firearms without background checks.[1] The current federal law allows people not "engaged in the business" of selling firearms to sell firearms without a license or records. A 2008 report from the Coalition to Stop Gun Violence (CSGV) stated that the National Instant Criminal Background Check System had prevented over 1.4 million felons and other prohibited persons from purchasing firearms in the years between 1994-2005.[2] According to the CSGV, the law also has a prohibitive effect, that deters illegal purchases.

In November 1998, President Bill Clinton directed the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury and the U.S. Attorney General (A.G.) to provide recommendations concerning the fact that 25 percent or more of sellers at gun shows are not required to run background checks on potential buyers. This was called the gun show loophole.[3]: 3, 12 [4][5]: 27  Two months later, Gun Shows: Brady Checks and Crime Gun Traces was released.[3] The Secretary and the A.G. made seven recommendations, including expanding the definition of "gun show," and reviewing the definition of "engaged in the business".

After the Columbine High School massacre in April 1999, gun shows and background checks became a focus of national debate.[6][7][8] In May, the executive vice president of the National Rifle Association (NRA) told the House Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime, "We think it is reasonable to provide mandatory, instant criminal background checks for every sale at every gun show."[9]: 118  Those concerned about the shows believed they were a source of illegally trafficked firearms.[10][nb 1] Efforts to reverse a key feature of the Firearm Owners Protection Act (FOPA) by requiring criminal background checks and purchase records on private sales at gun shows, which had become prolific in the U.S. since the law's passage in 1986, were unsuccessful.[11][12]

Private sale exemption

In the August 5, 2010, issue of The New England Journal of Medicine, researchers Garen J. Wintemute, Anthony A. Braga, and David M. Kennedy, wrote that gun shows account for only a fraction of all U.S. gun sales and that a more effective strategy would be to make all private-party gun sales go through the screening and record-keeping processes that FFL dealers are required to do.[13] Their report concluded:

Drawbacks with respect to expense and inconvenience notwithstanding, 83% of self-reported gun owners and 87% of the general population endorsed regulation for all private-party gun sales in a 2008 poll that was conducted for the advocacy organization Mayors Against Illegal Guns. Gun owners gave stronger support to this all-inclusive approach than to a gun-show-only proposal in a 2009 poll conducted for the same organization. Either proposal would face tough sledding on Capitol Hill. It would therefore seem preferable to move forward with the version that is most likely to reduce the rates of firearm-related violence.[13]

Following the December 14, 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School massacre, there were numerous calls for universal background checks[14][15][16] to close what is now referred to as the "private sale loophole."[17][18][19] In an essay published in 2013, Wintemute said that comprehensive background checks that included private sales would result in a simple, fair framework for retail firearms commerce.[20]: 103  In February 2014, researchers at the Johns Hopkins Center for Gun Policy and Research reported that after the 2007 repeal in Missouri of a long-standing law that required all handgun buyers to pass a background check there was a 23 percent increase in firearms homicides.[21]

A 2012 study published in the journal Injury Prevention found that nearly 80% of all firearms used for criminal purposes are obtained through transfers from unlicensed dealers, which are not required to conduct background checks in a majority of states due to the private sale exemption.[22] A 2016 survey of federal and state prison inmates by the Bureau of Justice Statistics found that among prisoners who possessed a gun during their offense, 10.1% obtained the gun through a retail source (7.5% gun shop/store, 1.6% pawn shop, 0.8% gun show, and 0.4% from a plea market); 25.3% obtained the gun from an individual (family member, friend, or other, whether purchased, traded, borrowed, or received as a gift); 43.2% obtained the gun off the street or through the underground market (such as "markets for stolen goods, middlemen for stolen goods, criminals or criminal enterprises" or people involved in the illegal drug trade); 6.4% obtained the gun through theft; and 17.4% obtained the gun from another source.[23]

In 2017, a study by researchers from Northeastern University and the Harvard School of Public Health showed that 22% of American gun owners who had obtained a gun in the previous two years did not undergo a background check before doing so.[24]

Public opinion

Universal background checks enjoy high levels of public support; a 2016 representative survey found 86% of registered voters in the United States supported the measure.[25] Five national polls conducted in 2015 show high levels of support for "expanded background checks for gun purchases," with rates varying (93% and 89% support in two Quinnipiac University surveys, 92% support in a CBS/New York Times survey, 86% support in a Gallup survey, 85% support in a Pew Research Center survey).[26] A 2015 survey found that more than 90% of Americans supported universal background checks, and that, on average, Americans thought they would be more effective than any other gun policy.[27] There is evidence that many Americans incorrectly think that universal background checks are required by federal law; a 2016 survey found that 41% of Americans believed this to be the case. The same survey found that 77% of Americans supported universal background checks, while only 53% supported stricter gun laws. Based on this data, the authors concluded that "this difference might be attributable to poor awareness of the limitations of existing laws."[28]

In 2015, large majorities of American adults, both Republicans (79%) and Democrats (88%), supported background checks for private sales and at gun shows, according to a Pew Research Center survey.[29] In 2017, strong majorities of American adults, both gun owners (77%) and non-gun owners (87%), supported background checks for private sales and at gun shows, according to a Pew Research Center survey with an error attributable to sampling of +/- 2.8% at the 95% level of confidence.[30] In 2018, after the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting in Parkland, Florida, nearly all Americans supported universal background checks.[31][32] 88% of registered voters supported universal background checks, according to a Politico/Morning Consult poll with a margin of error +/- 2%.[31] 94% of American voters supported universal background checks, according to a Quinnipiac University Polling Institute poll with a margin of error of +/- 3.4%.[32]

A July 2019 poll by NPR found that 89% of respondents supported background checks for all gun purchases at gun shows or other private sales.[33] An overwhelming majority of Republicans (84%) and Democrats (96%) indicated their support, suggesting there is bipartisan popular consensus on the broad topic in the public.[34]

Opposition

Gun rights groups such as the National Rifle Association and National Shooting Sports Foundation oppose universal background check proposals.[35][36] Opponents of universal background checks argue that existing gun laws are sufficient; that the government does not prosecute enough of the attempted ineligible buyers who are turned away by the current system; that background checks are an invasion of privacy; and that "transfer" might be defined too broadly.[37] Opponents also maintain that universal background checks would not stop crime[37][38] and assert that the only way to properly enforce a universal system would be to require a registration database.[38] Gun-rights advocate and author John Lott argues that universal background checks prevent poorer Americans from acquiring guns. Lott said that, as of December 2015, background checks added an effective cost of $80 (New York), $60 (Washington state), or $200 (Washington, D.C.) to transferring a firearm. Lott argues that universal background checks are an effective tax on guns and can prevent less affluent Americans from purchasing them, and that this disproportionately affects poor minorities who live in high-crime urban areas.[39]

Some local counties have adopted Second Amendment sanctuary resolutions in opposition to universal background check laws.[40][41]

Effectiveness

Studies

Universal background check laws were associated with a 14.9% reduction in overall homicides, according to a 2019 study by medical researchers including Michael Siegel of the Boston University School of Public Health and David Hemenway of the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health published by the Journal of General Internal Medicine. The study authors wrote that "further research is necessary to determine whether these associations are causal ones".[42]

An October 2018 study conducted by the Violence Prevention Research Program (VPRP) at UC Davis and the Center for Gun Policy and Research at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health found no change in firearm homicide or suicide rates in the ten years following California's 1991 implementation of comprehensive background checks. The study's control group used firearm and non-firearm mortality data for 32 states that did not implement major firearm policies during the period from 1981-2000. In the study period, firearm suicide rates were 10.9 percent lower in California but a similar decrease in non-firearm suicide was also observed. The study found no net difference between firearm-related homicide rates before and during the study period. The study authors identified a number of possible reasons for the null finding, including inadequate reporting of criminal records or other disqualifying information to background-check databases (especially pre-2000); a failure by sellers to conduct the background check as required by law; and the small number of persons affected by the California law.[43]

Another study by the VPRP found that comprehensive background check policies led to increased background checks in Delaware, but not in Colorado or Washington. Non-compliance with the policy may explain the lack of an increase in the latter two states.[44]

A study published in July 2018 found no association between firearm homicide and suicide rates and the repeal of comprehensive background check laws in two states. The study compared rates from synthetic control groups to rates in Indiana from 1981 to 2008 and in Tennessee from 1994 to 2008. Rates from the two states' study periods were within the range of natural variability. The study also concluded that in order to understand whether comprehensive background checks generally reduce firearm deaths, more evidence from other states is needed.[45]

A study published in June 2018 in the Journal of Urban Health by authors affiliated with the Violence Prevention Research Program (VPRP) at UC Davis and the Center for Gun Policy and Research at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health found comprehensive background check (CBC) laws not tied to a permit-to-purchase law were associated with an increase in firearm homicide rates but not non-firearm homicide rates.[46] The authors of the study noted, however, that they have "identified no plausible theory to explain how requiring a prospective firearm purchaser to undergo a background check would result in increased homicide rates."[46] In attempting to explain the unexpected results, the researchers proposed an endogenous relationship such that states passing the CBC-only laws were doing so in response to already rising firearm homicide rates.[46]

A 2016 study published in The Lancet attempted to measure the impact that 25 different state laws had on overall firearm-related mortality, and it found that universal background checks had the strongest overall impact.[47] Additionally, the researchers' projection of a federally implemented universal background check policy predicted that national firearm mortality could drop from 10.35 deaths per 100,000 people to 4.46 deaths per 100,000 people.[47] A 2015 study published in the American Journal of Public Health found that a Connecticut law (enacted in 1995) requiring handgun buyers to undergo a background check (in order to obtain a required permit) "was associated with a 40 percent decline in gun homicides and a 15 percent drop in suicides" during the law's first ten years in effect.[48] A 2014 study published in the Journal of Urban Health found that the 2007 repeal of a "permit-to-purchase" handgun law in Missouri (including the repeal of a background-check requirement) was associated with a 23% increase in the firearm homicide rate and a 15% increase in the murder rate, translating "to increases of between 55 and 63 homicides per year in Missouri."[49] The study controlled for other variables that might affect homicides, including "changes in rates of unemployment, poverty, incarceration, burglary, law enforcement officers per capita, and the presence of four other types of state laws."[49] A 2013 study published in the JAMA Internal Medicine analyzed various types of firearm legislation across the U.S. from 2007-2010 and firearm-related deaths across all 50 states, and concluded that stronger background checks were associated with lower overall firearm fatality rates.[50]

Scholarly surveys

In a survey published by the New York Times in January 2017, a panel of 32 scholars of criminology, public health, and law rated universal background checks as the most effective policy to prevent gun deaths, ranking it #1 of 29 possible gun-related policies (7.3 on a 10-point effectiveness scale).[51] In a subsequent expert survey published in October 2017 on policies to curb mass shooting deaths specifically, the expert panel ranked universal checks for gun buyers and universal checks for ammunition buyers as 6.6 and 6.5 (on a 10-point effectiveness scale), respectively, ranking them as the fifth- and sixth-most effective of 20 gun-policy proposals.[52]

A survey by Arthur Berg, Gary Mauser, and John Lott, published in the winter 2019-2020 edition of the Cato Institute quarterly Regulation, asked respondents (38 criminologists, 32 economists, and 50 public health researchers who had published an empirical study on firearms in a peer-reviewed journal) to rank the effects of 33 firearms policies (20 policies in the New York Times in 2017, plus 8 additional policies that would loosen gun regulation, and 5 additional restrictive policies) on reducing murder rates and mass shootings. (Berg, Mauser, and Lott asked about "murder rates" rather than gun homicides because they made the assumption that stricter gun laws would not affect the homicide rate.) Respondents ranked universal background checks 13th and 14th for reducing the murder rate and reducing mass shootings, respectively. Public health researchers were substantially likelier than economists and criminologists to rate universal background checks as effective.[53]

Implications for mental health counseling

Universal background check laws, which require that a background check be conducted before any gun transfer, may apply to temporary removals of guns from the home of suicidal individuals. Some clinicians have reported that these laws have created confusion about whether a gun transfer would be legal, and therefore made it more difficult for them to counsel their patients.[54]

States with universal background check laws

See also: Gun show loophole § States requiring background checks for private sales

As 2022, 21 states and District of Columbia require background checks for at least some private sales of firearms; of these, 16 states and the District of Columbia require background checks for all gun sales.[55]

Jurisdiction Summary from Giffords Law Center[55]
California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, Virginia, Vermont, Washington, and the District of Columbia "Generally require universal background checks at the point of sale for all sales of all classes of firearms, whether they are purchased from a licensed dealer or an unlicensed seller."[55] New Mexico and Virginia law includes an exemption for "transfers that are not made for a fee or other remuneration."[55]
Pennsylvania Requires background checks at the point of sale for handguns, but not for long guns.[55]
Hawaii, Illinois, and Massachusetts "Require all firearm purchasers to obtain a permit, issued after a background check, in order to buy any firearm" (this requirement is in lieu of a point-of-sale background check, although Illinois does requires a point-of-sale background check for all purchasers at gun shows.[55]
New Jersey "Requires firearm purchasers to both obtain a permit to purchase a firearm and, if the purchase is from an unlicensed seller, conduct the transaction through a federally-licensed firearms dealer."[55]
Michigan, Nebraska, and North Carolina "Permit and background check requirement for handgun purchases but not long-gun purchases."[55]

In Maine, a 2016 referendum to require background checks on private sales failed after a closely fought campaign, with "yes" gaining 48.2% of the vote and "no" gaining 52.8% of the vote.[56][57] In 2014, a referendum in Washington state to require background checks on private sales (Initiative Measure No. 594) passed,[55] with "yes" gaining 59.3% of the vote and "no" gaining 40.7% of the vote.[58]

Notes

  1. ^ A report released in 2009, 10 years after Columbine, discussed the role that gun shows play in trafficking to Mexico.[5]

References

  1. ^ a b Matthew Miller, MD, ScD; Lisa Hepburn, PhD; Deborah Azrael, PhD (2017). "Firearm Acquisition Without Background Checks". Annals of Internal Medicine. 166 (4): 233–239. doi:10.7326/M16-1590. PMID 28055050. S2CID 31958298. Retrieved February 20, 2017.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  2. ^ (PDF). Coalition to Stop Gun Violence & Educational Fund to Stop Gun Violence. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-11-27.
  3. ^ a b U.S. Department of the Treasury, U.S. Department of Justice (January 1999). "Gun Shows: Brady Checks and Crime Gun Traces" (PDF). atf.gov. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF). Retrieved June 27, 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  4. ^ "Gun Show undercover" (PDF). October 2009. p. 11. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
  5. ^ a b "Firearms Trafficking: U.S. Efforts to Combat Arms Trafficking to Mexico Face Planning and Coordination Challenges" (PDF). gao.gov. United States Government Accountability Office (GAO). June 2009. GAO-09-709. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
  6. ^ "The debate on gun policies in U.S. and midwest newspapers". Berkeley Media Studies Group. January 1, 2000.
  7. ^ National Conference of State Legislatures (June 1, 2000). "Colorado After Columbine The Gun Debate". The Free Library by Farlex. Gale Group.
  8. ^ (PDF). Americans for Gun Safety Foundation. April 1, 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  9. ^ LaPierre, Wayne (May 27, 1999). "Statement of Wayne LaPierre, Executive Vice President, National Rifle Association at Pending Firearms Legislation and the Administration's Enforcement of Current Gun Laws: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Crime of the Committee of the Judiciary of the House of Representatives One Hundred Sixth Congress First Session". commdocs.house.gov. Washington, D.C. Retrieved July 4, 2014. No loopholes anywhere for anyone.
  10. ^ (PDF). Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF). June 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 31, 2003.
  11. ^ Olinger, David (February 13, 2000). "Dealers live for gun shows". Denverpost.com. Retrieved January 29, 2015.
  12. ^ Baum, Dan (June 8, 2000). "What I saw at the gun show". rollingstone.com. Retrieved January 30, 2015.
  13. ^ a b Wintemute, Garen J.; Braga, Anthony A.; Kennedy, David M. (August 5, 2010). "Private-Party Gun Sales, Regulation, and Public Safety". The New England Journal of Medicine. Massachusetts Medical Society. 363 (6): 508–511. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1006326. PMID 20592291. S2CID 40954102. Published online at nejm.org on June 30, 2010.
  14. ^ Hartfield, Elizabeth (December 24, 2012). "In Gun Control Debate, Arguments for Tougher Background Checks, Better State Reporting". ABC News Internet Ventures. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
  15. ^ Sullum, Jacob (January 11, 2013). "4 Questions About 'Universal Background Checks' for Gun Purchases". Reason.com (Blog). Reason Foundation. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
  16. ^ More universal sources:
    • Avlon, John (January 12, 2013). "Gun debate still rages after Sandy Hook slaughter". The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
    • Sullivan, Cheryl (January 12, 2013). "Gun debate 101: Time for 'universal' background checks on buyers?". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
    • Martinez, Michael (January 28, 2013). "'Universal background check:' What does it mean?". Cable News Network. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
  17. ^ Fisher, Kristin (December 15, 2011). . WUSA9. Archived from the original on February 8, 2015. Retrieved February 7, 2015. These Internet sales really are the new gun shows.
  18. ^ Shapiro, Eliza (November 29, 2012). "Gun-Control Lobby Targets Obama, Demands Reform". Daily Beast.
  19. ^ More private sale loophole sources:
    • Kirkham, Chris (December 21, 2012). "Private Gun Sale Loophole Creates Invisible Firearms Market, Prompts Calls For Reform". The Huffington Post.
    • "Universal Background Checks & the Private Sale Loophole Policy Summary". Smart Gun Laws. Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence. August 21, 2013. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
    • Taylor, Marisa (December 22, 2014). "Gun law loophole could have provided Brinsley's murder weapon, say experts". Al Jazeera America. Through something known as the private sale loophole, he could have purchased the firearm in the private market at a gun show or out of someone's trunk.
    • Dobbs, Taylor (January 16, 2015). "Gun Rights Group Slams Proposed Legislation". Vermont Public Radio.
  20. ^ Wintemute, Garen J. (2013). "Comprehensive Background Checks for Firearm Sales: Evidence from Gun Shows". In Webster, Daniel W.; Vernick, Jon S. (eds.). Reducing Gun Violence in America. JHU Press. pp. 95–107. ISBN 978-1-4214-1110-1. OCLC 823897002.
  21. ^ Webster, Daniel (February 18, 2014). "ID Check Repeal Prompts Spike In Murders, Study Finds". All Things Considered (Interview). Interviewed by Audie Cornish. NPR. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
  22. ^ Vittes, Katherine A.; Vernick, Jon S.; Webster, Daniel W. (2012). "Legal status and source of offenders' firearms in states with the least stringent criteria for gun ownership". Injury Prevention. 19 (1): 26–31. doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2011-040290. ISSN 1475-5785. PMID 22729164.
  23. ^ Mariel, Alper (May 27, 2022). "Source and Use of Firearms Involved in Crimes: Survey of Prison Inmates, 2016" (PDF). bjs.ojp.gov. p. 7. Retrieved May 27, 2022.
  24. ^ Miller, M; Hepburn, L; Azrael, D (3 January 2017). "Firearm Acquisition Without Background Checks: Results of a National Survey". Annals of Internal Medicine. 166 (4): 233–239. doi:10.7326/M16-1590. PMID 28055050.
  25. ^ Bui, Quotrung; Sanger-Katz, Margot (January 10, 2017). "How to Prevent Gun Deaths? Where Experts and the Public Agree". The New York Times. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
  26. ^ Carroll, Lauren (5 January 2016). "Laura Ingraham wrongly says claim that 90% support for gun background checks has been debunked". Politifact. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
  27. ^ Sorenson, Susan B. (October 2015). "Assessing views about gun violence reduction policy: A look at type of violence and expected effectiveness". Preventive Medicine. 79: 50–54. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.04.025. PMID 25952054.
  28. ^ Aronow, Peter M; Miller, Benjamin T (January 2016). "Policy misperceptions and support for gun control legislation". The Lancet. 387 (10015): 223. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00042-8. PMID 26842292.
  29. ^ Fingerhut, Hannah (January 5, 2016). "5 facts about guns in the United States". Pew Research Center. Retrieved March 29, 2018.
  30. ^ Parker, Kim; Menasce Horowitz, Juliana; Igielnik, Ruth; Oliphant, Baxter; Brown, Anna (June 22, 2017). "America's Complex Relationship With Guns". Pew Research Center. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
  31. ^ a b Shepard, Steven (February 28, 2018). "Gun control support surges in polls". Politico. Retrieved March 19, 2018. Eighty-eight percent support requiring background checks on all gun sales.
  32. ^ a b "Poll Release May 22, 2019". Quinnipiac University Polling Institute. May 22, 2019. Retrieved September 3, 2019. 94 Percent Back Universal Gun Background Checks
  33. ^ Montanaro, Domenico (10 August 2019). "Americans Largely Support Gun Restrictions To 'Do Something' About Gun Violence". NPR.org. Retrieved 2020-12-09.
  34. ^ "Poll: Americans Not Sold On Trump — Or Democrats". NPR.org. Retrieved 2020-12-09.
  35. ^ Tom Hamburger & Josh Dawsey, "Trump tells NRA chief that universal background checks are off the table", Washington Post (August 20, 2019).
  36. ^ Brendan J. Lyons & Dan Freedman, "Cuomo, 11 other Democratic governors urge tighter gun regulations", Olean Times Herald (September 10, 2019).
  37. ^ a b Good, Chris (April 10, 2013). "The Case Against Gun Background Checks". ABC News Internet Ventures. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
  38. ^ a b G&A online editors (May 28, 2013). "NRA Members: Universal Background Checks 'Not a Solution'". Guns & Ammo. Intermedia Outdoors. Retrieved June 30, 2014.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  39. ^ Lott, John (2015-12-03). "Mass Shootings and Gun Control". National Review.
  40. ^ "Daily Bulletin: Students Prep the Next Round of School Walkouts for Gun Reform". The Trace. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
  41. ^ "New Mexico governor enacts expanded gun background checks". Las Cruces Sun-News. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
  42. ^ Siegel, Michael; Pahn, Molly; Xuan, Ziming; Fleegler, Eric; Hemenway, David (March 28, 2019). "The Impact of State Firearm Laws on Homicide and Suicide Deaths in the USA, 1991–2016: a Panel Study". Journal of General Internal Medicine. 34 (10): 2021–2028. doi:10.1007/s11606-019-04922-x. PMC 6816623. PMID 30924089.
  43. ^ Castillo-Carniglia, Alvaro; Kagawa, Rose M.C.; Cerdá, Magdalena; Crifasi, Cassandra; Vernick, Jon S; Webster, Daniel W; Wintemute, Garen J. (2019). "California's comprehensive background check and misdemeanor violence prohibition policies and firearm mortality". Annals of Epidemiology. 30: 50–56. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2018.10.001. PMID 30744830. S2CID 73451154.
  44. ^ Wintemute, Garen J.; Cerdá, Magdalena; Vernick, Jon S.; Webster, Daniel W.; Kagawa, Rose M. C.; Castillo-Carniglia, Alvaro (2018-12-01). "Comprehensive background check policy and firearm background checks in three US states". Injury Prevention. 24 (6): 431–436. doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2017-042475. ISSN 1353-8047. PMID 28986427.
  45. ^ Kagawa, Rose M.C.; Castillo-Carniglia, Alvaro; Vernick, Jon S.; Webster, Daniel W.; Crifasi, Cassandra; Rudolph, Kara E.; Cerdá, Magdalena; Shev, Aaron; Wintemute, Garen J. (2018). "Repeal of Comprehensive Background Check Policies and Firearm Homicide and Suicide". Epidemiology. 29 (4): 494–502. doi:10.1097/EDE.0000000000000838. PMID 29613872. S2CID 4594013.
  46. ^ a b c Crifasi, C.K., Merrill-Francis, M., McCourt, A. et al. "Association between Firearm Laws and Homicide in Urban Counties." J Urban Health (2018) 95: 383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-018-0273-3
  47. ^ a b Kalesan, Bindu; Mobily, Matthew E; Keiser, Olivia; Fagan, Jeffrey A; Galea, Sandro (2016-04-30). "Firearm legislation and firearm mortality in the USA: a cross-sectional, state-level study". The Lancet. 387 (10030): 1847–1855. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01026-0. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 26972843. S2CID 21415884.
  48. ^ Rudolph, Kara E.; Stuart, Elizabeth A.; Vernick, Jon S.; Webster, Daniel W. (2015). "Association Between Connecticut's Permit-to-Purchase Handgun Law and Homicides". American Journal of Public Health. 105 (8): e49–e54. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302703. PMC 4504296. PMID 26066959.
  49. ^ a b Webster, Daniel; Kercher Crifasi, Cassandra; Vernick, Jon S. (2014). "Effects of the repeal of Missouri's handgun purchaser licensing law on homicides". Journal of Urban Health. 91 (2): 293–302. doi:10.1007/s11524-014-9865-8. PMC 3978146. PMID 24604521.
  50. ^ Fleegler, Eric W.; Lee, Lois K.; Monuteaux, Michael C.; Hemenway, David; Mannix, Rebekah (2013-05-13). "Firearm Legislation and Firearm-Related Fatalities in the United States". JAMA Internal Medicine. 173 (9): 732–40. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.1286. ISSN 2168-6106. PMID 23467753.
  51. ^ Quoctrung Bui & Margot Sanger-Katz (January 10, 2017). "How to Prevent Gun Deaths? Where Experts and the Public Agree". New York Times.
  52. ^ Margot Sanger-Katz & Quoctrung Bui. (October 5, 2017). "Experts poll on reducing mass shooting deaths". New York Times.
  53. ^ Lott, John R. and Berg, MD, Arthur and Mauser, Gary A., Expert Views on Gun Laws, Regulation (Winter 2019-2020).
  54. ^ McCourt, AD; Vernick, JS; Betz, ME; Brandspigel, S; Runyan, CW (1 January 2017). "Temporary Transfer of Firearms From the Home to Prevent Suicide: Legal Obstacles and Recommendations". JAMA Internal Medicine. 177 (1): 96–101. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.5704. PMID 27842186.
  55. ^ a b c d e f g h i Universal Background Checks, Giffords Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence (accessed June 12, 2022).
  56. ^ Kevin Miller, "Proposed expansion of gun background checks defeated", Portland Press Herald (November 8, 2016).
  57. ^ "November 8, 2016 Referendum Election: Official Results", Maine Department of the Secretary of State, Bureau of Corporations, Elections & Commissions.
  58. ^ "November 4, 2014 General Election Results: Initiative Measure No. 594: Concerns background checks for firearm sales and transfers", Washington Secretary of State.

Further reading

  • Editorial board (February 18, 2014). "Missouri study shows why we need universal gun background checks". Chicago Sun-Times. Sun-Times Media. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
  • Krouse, William J. (March 1, 2013). "Gun Control Proposals in the 113th Congress: Universal Background Checks, Gun Trafficking, and Military Style Firearms" (PDF). U.S. Department of State. Retrieved February 17, 2015.

March 03, 2023
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This article is about background checks for private sales of firearms in the United States For background checks in general see Background check Proposals for universal background checks would require almost all firearms transactions in the United States to be recorded and go through the National Instant Criminal Background Check System NICS closing what is sometimes called the private sale exemption Universal background checks are not required by U S federal law but at least 22 states and the District of Columbia currently require background checks for at least some private sales of firearms Desert Eagle 44 Magnum private sale Contents 1 Background 2 Private sale exemption 3 Public opinion 4 Opposition 5 Effectiveness 5 1 Studies 5 2 Scholarly surveys 6 Implications for mental health counseling 7 States with universal background check laws 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further readingBackground EditMain article Gun show loophole Federal law requires background checks through the National Instant Criminal Background Check System only for guns sold through licensed firearm dealers which account for 78 of all gun sales in the United States This figure was published in a 2017 study by the Annals of Internal Medicine which using a 2015 survey found that 22 of recent gun transfers purchased and nonpurchased were completed without a background check 1 The authors noted that while this number was less than in years past it nonetheless indicates that millions of American adults are able to obtain firearms without background checks 1 The current federal law allows people not engaged in the business of selling firearms to sell firearms without a license or records A 2008 report from the Coalition to Stop Gun Violence CSGV stated that the National Instant Criminal Background Check System had prevented over 1 4 million felons and other prohibited persons from purchasing firearms in the years between 1994 2005 2 According to the CSGV the law also has a prohibitive effect that deters illegal purchases In November 1998 President Bill Clinton directed the U S Secretary of the Treasury and the U S Attorney General A G to provide recommendations concerning the fact that 25 percent or more of sellers at gun shows are not required to run background checks on potential buyers This was called the gun show loophole 3 3 12 4 5 27 Two months later Gun Shows Brady Checks and Crime Gun Traces was released 3 The Secretary and the A G made seven recommendations including expanding the definition of gun show and reviewing the definition of engaged in the business After the Columbine High School massacre in April 1999 gun shows and background checks became a focus of national debate 6 7 8 In May the executive vice president of the National Rifle Association NRA told the House Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime We think it is reasonable to provide mandatory instant criminal background checks for every sale at every gun show 9 118 Those concerned about the shows believed they were a source of illegally trafficked firearms 10 nb 1 Efforts to reverse a key feature of the Firearm Owners Protection Act FOPA by requiring criminal background checks and purchase records on private sales at gun shows which had become prolific in the U S since the law s passage in 1986 were unsuccessful 11 12 Private sale exemption EditIn the August 5 2010 issue of The New England Journal of Medicine researchers Garen J Wintemute Anthony A Braga and David M Kennedy wrote that gun shows account for only a fraction of all U S gun sales and that a more effective strategy would be to make all private party gun sales go through the screening and record keeping processes that FFL dealers are required to do 13 Their report concluded Drawbacks with respect to expense and inconvenience notwithstanding 83 of self reported gun owners and 87 of the general population endorsed regulation for all private party gun sales in a 2008 poll that was conducted for the advocacy organization Mayors Against Illegal Guns Gun owners gave stronger support to this all inclusive approach than to a gun show only proposal in a 2009 poll conducted for the same organization Either proposal would face tough sledding on Capitol Hill It would therefore seem preferable to move forward with the version that is most likely to reduce the rates of firearm related violence 13 Following the December 14 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School massacre there were numerous calls for universal background checks 14 15 16 to close what is now referred to as the private sale loophole 17 18 19 In an essay published in 2013 Wintemute said that comprehensive background checks that included private sales would result in a simple fair framework for retail firearms commerce 20 103 In February 2014 researchers at the Johns Hopkins Center for Gun Policy and Research reported that after the 2007 repeal in Missouri of a long standing law that required all handgun buyers to pass a background check there was a 23 percent increase in firearms homicides 21 A 2012 study published in the journal Injury Prevention found that nearly 80 of all firearms used for criminal purposes are obtained through transfers from unlicensed dealers which are not required to conduct background checks in a majority of states due to the private sale exemption 22 A 2016 survey of federal and state prison inmates by the Bureau of Justice Statistics found that among prisoners who possessed a gun during their offense 10 1 obtained the gun through a retail source 7 5 gun shop store 1 6 pawn shop 0 8 gun show and 0 4 from a plea market 25 3 obtained the gun from an individual family member friend or other whether purchased traded borrowed or received as a gift 43 2 obtained the gun off the street or through the underground market such as markets for stolen goods middlemen for stolen goods criminals or criminal enterprises or people involved in the illegal drug trade 6 4 obtained the gun through theft and 17 4 obtained the gun from another source 23 In 2017 a study by researchers from Northeastern University and the Harvard School of Public Health showed that 22 of American gun owners who had obtained a gun in the previous two years did not undergo a background check before doing so 24 Public opinion EditUniversal background checks enjoy high levels of public support a 2016 representative survey found 86 of registered voters in the United States supported the measure 25 Five national polls conducted in 2015 show high levels of support for expanded background checks for gun purchases with rates varying 93 and 89 support in two Quinnipiac University surveys 92 support in a CBS New York Times survey 86 support in a Gallup survey 85 support in a Pew Research Center survey 26 A 2015 survey found that more than 90 of Americans supported universal background checks and that on average Americans thought they would be more effective than any other gun policy 27 There is evidence that many Americans incorrectly think that universal background checks are required by federal law a 2016 survey found that 41 of Americans believed this to be the case The same survey found that 77 of Americans supported universal background checks while only 53 supported stricter gun laws Based on this data the authors concluded that this difference might be attributable to poor awareness of the limitations of existing laws 28 In 2015 large majorities of American adults both Republicans 79 and Democrats 88 supported background checks for private sales and at gun shows according to a Pew Research Center survey 29 In 2017 strong majorities of American adults both gun owners 77 and non gun owners 87 supported background checks for private sales and at gun shows according to a Pew Research Center survey with an error attributable to sampling of 2 8 at the 95 level of confidence 30 In 2018 after the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting in Parkland Florida nearly all Americans supported universal background checks 31 32 88 of registered voters supported universal background checks according to a Politico Morning Consult poll with a margin of error 2 31 94 of American voters supported universal background checks according to a Quinnipiac University Polling Institute poll with a margin of error of 3 4 32 A July 2019 poll by NPR found that 89 of respondents supported background checks for all gun purchases at gun shows or other private sales 33 An overwhelming majority of Republicans 84 and Democrats 96 indicated their support suggesting there is bipartisan popular consensus on the broad topic in the public 34 Opposition EditGun rights groups such as the National Rifle Association and National Shooting Sports Foundation oppose universal background check proposals 35 36 Opponents of universal background checks argue that existing gun laws are sufficient that the government does not prosecute enough of the attempted ineligible buyers who are turned away by the current system that background checks are an invasion of privacy and that transfer might be defined too broadly 37 Opponents also maintain that universal background checks would not stop crime 37 38 and assert that the only way to properly enforce a universal system would be to require a registration database 38 Gun rights advocate and author John Lott argues that universal background checks prevent poorer Americans from acquiring guns Lott said that as of December 2015 background checks added an effective cost of 80 New York 60 Washington state or 200 Washington D C to transferring a firearm Lott argues that universal background checks are an effective tax on guns and can prevent less affluent Americans from purchasing them and that this disproportionately affects poor minorities who live in high crime urban areas 39 Some local counties have adopted Second Amendment sanctuary resolutions in opposition to universal background check laws 40 41 Effectiveness EditStudies Edit Universal background check laws were associated with a 14 9 reduction in overall homicides according to a 2019 study by medical researchers including Michael Siegel of the Boston University School of Public Health and David Hemenway of the Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health published by the Journal of General Internal Medicine The study authors wrote that further research is necessary to determine whether these associations are causal ones 42 An October 2018 study conducted by the Violence Prevention Research Program VPRP at UC Davis and the Center for Gun Policy and Research at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health found no change in firearm homicide or suicide rates in the ten years following California s 1991 implementation of comprehensive background checks The study s control group used firearm and non firearm mortality data for 32 states that did not implement major firearm policies during the period from 1981 2000 In the study period firearm suicide rates were 10 9 percent lower in California but a similar decrease in non firearm suicide was also observed The study found no net difference between firearm related homicide rates before and during the study period The study authors identified a number of possible reasons for the null finding including inadequate reporting of criminal records or other disqualifying information to background check databases especially pre 2000 a failure by sellers to conduct the background check as required by law and the small number of persons affected by the California law 43 Another study by the VPRP found that comprehensive background check policies led to increased background checks in Delaware but not in Colorado or Washington Non compliance with the policy may explain the lack of an increase in the latter two states 44 A study published in July 2018 found no association between firearm homicide and suicide rates and the repeal of comprehensive background check laws in two states The study compared rates from synthetic control groups to rates in Indiana from 1981 to 2008 and in Tennessee from 1994 to 2008 Rates from the two states study periods were within the range of natural variability The study also concluded that in order to understand whether comprehensive background checks generally reduce firearm deaths more evidence from other states is needed 45 A study published in June 2018 in the Journal of Urban Health by authors affiliated with the Violence Prevention Research Program VPRP at UC Davis and the Center for Gun Policy and Research at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health found comprehensive background check CBC laws not tied to a permit to purchase law were associated with an increase in firearm homicide rates but not non firearm homicide rates 46 The authors of the study noted however that they have identified no plausible theory to explain how requiring a prospective firearm purchaser to undergo a background check would result in increased homicide rates 46 In attempting to explain the unexpected results the researchers proposed an endogenous relationship such that states passing the CBC only laws were doing so in response to already rising firearm homicide rates 46 A 2016 study published in The Lancet attempted to measure the impact that 25 different state laws had on overall firearm related mortality and it found that universal background checks had the strongest overall impact 47 Additionally the researchers projection of a federally implemented universal background check policy predicted that national firearm mortality could drop from 10 35 deaths per 100 000 people to 4 46 deaths per 100 000 people 47 A 2015 study published in the American Journal of Public Health found that a Connecticut law enacted in 1995 requiring handgun buyers to undergo a background check in order to obtain a required permit was associated with a 40 percent decline in gun homicides and a 15 percent drop in suicides during the law s first ten years in effect 48 A 2014 study published in the Journal of Urban Health found that the 2007 repeal of a permit to purchase handgun law in Missouri including the repeal of a background check requirement was associated with a 23 increase in the firearm homicide rate and a 15 increase in the murder rate translating to increases of between 55 and 63 homicides per year in Missouri 49 The study controlled for other variables that might affect homicides including changes in rates of unemployment poverty incarceration burglary law enforcement officers per capita and the presence of four other types of state laws 49 A 2013 study published in the JAMA Internal Medicine analyzed various types of firearm legislation across the U S from 2007 2010 and firearm related deaths across all 50 states and concluded that stronger background checks were associated with lower overall firearm fatality rates 50 Scholarly surveys Edit In a survey published by the New York Times in January 2017 a panel of 32 scholars of criminology public health and law rated universal background checks as the most effective policy to prevent gun deaths ranking it 1 of 29 possible gun related policies 7 3 on a 10 point effectiveness scale 51 In a subsequent expert survey published in October 2017 on policies to curb mass shooting deaths specifically the expert panel ranked universal checks for gun buyers and universal checks for ammunition buyers as 6 6 and 6 5 on a 10 point effectiveness scale respectively ranking them as the fifth and sixth most effective of 20 gun policy proposals 52 A survey by Arthur Berg Gary Mauser and John Lott published in the winter 2019 2020 edition of the Cato Institute quarterly Regulation asked respondents 38 criminologists 32 economists and 50 public health researchers who had published an empirical study on firearms in a peer reviewed journal to rank the effects of 33 firearms policies 20 policies in the New York Times in 2017 plus 8 additional policies that would loosen gun regulation and 5 additional restrictive policies on reducing murder rates and mass shootings Berg Mauser and Lott asked about murder rates rather than gun homicides because they made the assumption that stricter gun laws would not affect the homicide rate Respondents ranked universal background checks 13th and 14th for reducing the murder rate and reducing mass shootings respectively Public health researchers were substantially likelier than economists and criminologists to rate universal background checks as effective 53 Implications for mental health counseling EditUniversal background check laws which require that a background check be conducted before any gun transfer may apply to temporary removals of guns from the home of suicidal individuals Some clinicians have reported that these laws have created confusion about whether a gun transfer would be legal and therefore made it more difficult for them to counsel their patients 54 States with universal background check laws EditSee also Gun show loophole States requiring background checks for private sales As 2022 21 states and District of Columbia require background checks for at least some private sales of firearms of these 16 states and the District of Columbia require background checks for all gun sales 55 Jurisdiction Summary from Giffords Law Center 55 California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Maryland Nevada New Jersey New Mexico New York Oregon Rhode Island Virginia Vermont Washington and the District of Columbia Generally require universal background checks at the point of sale for all sales of all classes of firearms whether they are purchased from a licensed dealer or an unlicensed seller 55 New Mexico and Virginia law includes an exemption for transfers that are not made for a fee or other remuneration 55 Pennsylvania Requires background checks at the point of sale for handguns but not for long guns 55 Hawaii Illinois and Massachusetts Require all firearm purchasers to obtain a permit issued after a background check in order to buy any firearm this requirement is in lieu of a point of sale background check although Illinois does requires a point of sale background check for all purchasers at gun shows 55 New Jersey Requires firearm purchasers to both obtain a permit to purchase a firearm and if the purchase is from an unlicensed seller conduct the transaction through a federally licensed firearms dealer 55 Michigan Nebraska and North Carolina Permit and background check requirement for handgun purchases but not long gun purchases 55 In Maine a 2016 referendum to require background checks on private sales failed after a closely fought campaign with yes gaining 48 2 of the vote and no gaining 52 8 of the vote 56 57 In 2014 a referendum in Washington state to require background checks on private sales Initiative Measure No 594 passed 55 with yes gaining 59 3 of the vote and no gaining 40 7 of the vote 58 Notes Edit A report released in 2009 10 years after Columbine discussed the role that gun shows play in trafficking to Mexico 5 References Edit a b Matthew Miller MD ScD Lisa Hepburn PhD Deborah Azrael PhD 2017 Firearm Acquisition Without Background Checks Annals of Internal Medicine 166 4 233 239 doi 10 7326 M16 1590 PMID 28055050 S2CID 31958298 Retrieved February 20 2017 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint uses authors parameter link America s Gun Shows Open Markets for Criminals PDF Coalition to Stop Gun Violence amp Educational Fund to Stop Gun Violence 2008 Archived from the original PDF on 2008 11 27 a b U S Department of the Treasury U S Department of Justice January 1999 Gun Shows Brady Checks and Crime Gun Traces PDF atf gov Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco and Firearms ATF Retrieved June 27 2014 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint uses authors parameter link Gun Show undercover PDF October 2009 p 11 Retrieved June 26 2014 a b Firearms Trafficking U S Efforts to Combat Arms Trafficking to Mexico Face Planning and Coordination Challenges PDF gao gov United States Government Accountability Office GAO June 2009 GAO 09 709 Retrieved June 27 2014 The debate on gun policies in U S and midwest newspapers Berkeley Media Studies Group January 1 2000 National Conference of State Legislatures June 1 2000 Colorado After Columbine The Gun Debate The Free Library by Farlex Gale Group No Questions Asked Background Checks Gun Shows and Crime PDF Americans for Gun Safety Foundation April 1 2001 Archived from the original PDF on March 4 2016 Retrieved January 28 2015 LaPierre Wayne May 27 1999 Statement of Wayne LaPierre Executive Vice President National Rifle Association at Pending Firearms Legislation and the Administration s Enforcement of Current Gun Laws Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Crime of the Committee of the Judiciary of the House of Representatives One Hundred Sixth Congress First Session commdocs house gov Washington D C Retrieved July 4 2014 No loopholes anywhere for anyone Following the Gun Enforcing Federal Laws Against Firearms Traffickers PDF Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco Firearms and Explosives ATF June 2000 Archived from the original PDF on March 31 2003 Olinger David February 13 2000 Dealers live for gun shows Denverpost com Retrieved January 29 2015 Baum Dan June 8 2000 What I saw at the gun show rollingstone com Retrieved January 30 2015 a b Wintemute Garen J Braga Anthony A Kennedy David M August 5 2010 Private Party Gun Sales Regulation and Public Safety The New England Journal of Medicine Massachusetts Medical Society 363 6 508 511 doi 10 1056 NEJMp1006326 PMID 20592291 S2CID 40954102 Published online at nejm org on June 30 2010 Hartfield Elizabeth December 24 2012 In Gun Control Debate Arguments for Tougher Background Checks Better State Reporting ABC News Internet Ventures Retrieved June 27 2014 Sullum Jacob January 11 2013 4 Questions About Universal Background Checks for Gun Purchases Reason com Blog Reason Foundation Retrieved June 27 2014 More universal sources Avlon John January 12 2013 Gun debate still rages after Sandy Hook slaughter The Telegraph Telegraph Media Group Retrieved June 27 2014 Sullivan Cheryl January 12 2013 Gun debate 101 Time for universal background checks on buyers Christian Science Monitor Retrieved June 27 2014 Martinez Michael January 28 2013 Universal background check What does it mean Cable News Network Retrieved June 27 2014 Fisher Kristin December 15 2011 Illegal Internet Gun Sales are Soaring in Virginia WUSA9 Archived from the original on February 8 2015 Retrieved February 7 2015 These Internet sales really are the new gun shows Shapiro Eliza November 29 2012 Gun Control Lobby Targets Obama Demands Reform Daily Beast More private sale loophole sources Kirkham Chris December 21 2012 Private Gun Sale Loophole Creates Invisible Firearms Market Prompts Calls For Reform The Huffington Post Universal Background Checks amp the Private Sale Loophole Policy Summary Smart Gun Laws Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence August 21 2013 Retrieved January 28 2015 Taylor Marisa December 22 2014 Gun law loophole could have provided Brinsley s murder weapon say experts Al Jazeera America Through something known as the private sale loophole he could have purchased the firearm in the private market at a gun show or out of someone s trunk Dobbs Taylor January 16 2015 Gun Rights Group Slams Proposed Legislation Vermont Public Radio Wintemute Garen J 2013 Comprehensive Background Checks for Firearm Sales Evidence from Gun Shows In Webster Daniel W Vernick Jon S eds Reducing Gun Violence in America JHU Press pp 95 107 ISBN 978 1 4214 1110 1 OCLC 823897002 Webster Daniel February 18 2014 ID Check Repeal Prompts Spike In Murders Study Finds All Things Considered Interview Interviewed by Audie Cornish NPR Retrieved June 30 2014 Vittes Katherine A Vernick Jon S Webster Daniel W 2012 Legal status and source of offenders firearms in states with the least stringent criteria for gun ownership Injury Prevention 19 1 26 31 doi 10 1136 injuryprev 2011 040290 ISSN 1475 5785 PMID 22729164 Mariel Alper May 27 2022 Source and Use of Firearms Involved in Crimes Survey of Prison Inmates 2016 PDF bjs ojp gov p 7 Retrieved May 27 2022 Miller M Hepburn L Azrael D 3 January 2017 Firearm Acquisition Without Background Checks Results of a National Survey Annals of Internal Medicine 166 4 233 239 doi 10 7326 M16 1590 PMID 28055050 Bui Quotrung Sanger Katz Margot January 10 2017 How to Prevent Gun Deaths Where Experts and the Public Agree The New York Times Retrieved August 23 2019 Carroll Lauren 5 January 2016 Laura Ingraham wrongly says claim that 90 support for gun background checks has been debunked Politifact Retrieved 7 January 2016 Sorenson Susan B October 2015 Assessing views about gun violence reduction policy A look at type of violence and expected effectiveness Preventive Medicine 79 50 54 doi 10 1016 j ypmed 2015 04 025 PMID 25952054 Aronow Peter M Miller Benjamin T January 2016 Policy misperceptions and support for gun control legislation The Lancet 387 10015 223 doi 10 1016 S0140 6736 16 00042 8 PMID 26842292 Fingerhut Hannah January 5 2016 5 facts about guns in the United States Pew Research Center Retrieved March 29 2018 Parker Kim Menasce Horowitz Juliana Igielnik Ruth Oliphant Baxter Brown Anna June 22 2017 America s Complex Relationship With Guns Pew Research Center Retrieved March 24 2018 a b Shepard Steven February 28 2018 Gun control support surges in polls Politico Retrieved March 19 2018 Eighty eight percent support requiring background checks on all gun sales a b Poll Release May 22 2019 Quinnipiac University Polling Institute May 22 2019 Retrieved September 3 2019 94 Percent Back Universal Gun Background Checks Montanaro Domenico 10 August 2019 Americans Largely Support Gun Restrictions To Do Something About Gun Violence NPR org Retrieved 2020 12 09 Poll Americans Not Sold On Trump Or Democrats NPR org Retrieved 2020 12 09 Tom Hamburger amp Josh Dawsey Trump tells NRA chief that universal background checks are off the table Washington Post August 20 2019 Brendan J Lyons amp Dan Freedman Cuomo 11 other Democratic governors urge tighter gun regulations Olean Times Herald September 10 2019 a b Good Chris April 10 2013 The Case Against Gun Background Checks ABC News Internet Ventures Retrieved June 30 2014 a b G amp A online editors May 28 2013 NRA Members Universal Background Checks Not a Solution Guns amp Ammo Intermedia Outdoors Retrieved June 30 2014 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint uses authors parameter link Lott John 2015 12 03 Mass Shootings and Gun Control National Review Daily Bulletin Students Prep the Next Round of School Walkouts for Gun Reform The Trace Retrieved 2019 03 09 New Mexico governor enacts expanded gun background checks Las Cruces Sun News Retrieved 2019 03 09 Siegel Michael Pahn Molly Xuan Ziming Fleegler Eric Hemenway David March 28 2019 The Impact of State Firearm Laws on Homicide and Suicide Deaths in the USA 1991 2016 a Panel Study Journal of General Internal Medicine 34 10 2021 2028 doi 10 1007 s11606 019 04922 x PMC 6816623 PMID 30924089 Castillo Carniglia Alvaro Kagawa Rose M C Cerda Magdalena Crifasi Cassandra Vernick Jon S Webster Daniel W Wintemute Garen J 2019 California s comprehensive background check and misdemeanor violence prohibition policies and firearm mortality Annals of Epidemiology 30 50 56 doi 10 1016 j annepidem 2018 10 001 PMID 30744830 S2CID 73451154 Wintemute Garen J Cerda Magdalena Vernick Jon S Webster Daniel W Kagawa Rose M C Castillo Carniglia Alvaro 2018 12 01 Comprehensive background check policy and firearm background checks in three US states Injury Prevention 24 6 431 436 doi 10 1136 injuryprev 2017 042475 ISSN 1353 8047 PMID 28986427 Kagawa Rose M C Castillo Carniglia Alvaro Vernick Jon S Webster Daniel W Crifasi Cassandra Rudolph Kara E Cerda Magdalena Shev Aaron Wintemute Garen J 2018 Repeal of Comprehensive Background Check Policies and Firearm Homicide and Suicide Epidemiology 29 4 494 502 doi 10 1097 EDE 0000000000000838 PMID 29613872 S2CID 4594013 a b c Crifasi C K Merrill Francis M McCourt A et al Association between Firearm Laws and Homicide in Urban Counties J Urban Health 2018 95 383 https doi org 10 1007 s11524 018 0273 3 a b Kalesan Bindu Mobily Matthew E Keiser Olivia Fagan Jeffrey A Galea Sandro 2016 04 30 Firearm legislation and firearm mortality in the USA a cross sectional state level study The Lancet 387 10030 1847 1855 doi 10 1016 S0140 6736 15 01026 0 ISSN 0140 6736 PMID 26972843 S2CID 21415884 Rudolph Kara E Stuart Elizabeth A Vernick Jon S Webster Daniel W 2015 Association Between Connecticut s Permit to Purchase Handgun Law and Homicides American Journal of Public Health 105 8 e49 e54 doi 10 2105 AJPH 2015 302703 PMC 4504296 PMID 26066959 a b Webster Daniel Kercher Crifasi Cassandra Vernick Jon S 2014 Effects of the repeal of Missouri s handgun purchaser licensing law on homicides Journal of Urban Health 91 2 293 302 doi 10 1007 s11524 014 9865 8 PMC 3978146 PMID 24604521 Fleegler Eric W Lee Lois K Monuteaux Michael C Hemenway David Mannix Rebekah 2013 05 13 Firearm Legislation and Firearm Related Fatalities in the United States JAMA Internal Medicine 173 9 732 40 doi 10 1001 jamainternmed 2013 1286 ISSN 2168 6106 PMID 23467753 Quoctrung Bui amp Margot Sanger Katz January 10 2017 How to Prevent Gun Deaths Where Experts and the Public Agree New York Times Margot Sanger Katz amp Quoctrung Bui October 5 2017 Experts poll on reducing mass shooting deaths New York Times Lott John R and Berg MD Arthur and Mauser Gary A Expert Views on Gun Laws Regulation Winter 2019 2020 McCourt AD Vernick JS Betz ME Brandspigel S Runyan CW 1 January 2017 Temporary Transfer of Firearms From the Home to Prevent Suicide Legal Obstacles and Recommendations JAMA Internal Medicine 177 1 96 101 doi 10 1001 jamainternmed 2016 5704 PMID 27842186 a b c d e f g h i Universal Background Checks Giffords Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence accessed June 12 2022 Kevin Miller Proposed expansion of gun background checks defeated Portland Press Herald November 8 2016 November 8 2016 Referendum Election Official Results Maine Department of the Secretary of State Bureau of Corporations Elections amp Commissions November 4 2014 General Election Results Initiative Measure No 594 Concerns background checks for firearm sales and transfers Washington Secretary of State Further reading EditEditorial board February 18 2014 Missouri study shows why we need universal gun background checks Chicago Sun Times Sun Times Media Retrieved June 30 2014 Krouse William J March 1 2013 Gun Control Proposals in the 113th Congress Universal Background Checks Gun Trafficking and Military Style Firearms PDF U S Department of State Retrieved February 17 2015 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Universal background check amp oldid 1115347127, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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