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Wikipedia

Tupi–Guarani languages

January 10, 2023

Tupi–Guarani (pronunciation (help·info)) is the most widely distributed subfamily of the Tupian languages of South America. It consists of about fifty languages, including Guarani and Old Tupi.

Tupi–Guarani
Geographic
distribution		Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, French Guiana, Paraguay, Peru
Linguistic classificationTupian
  • Tupi–Guarani
Subdivisions
Glottologtupi1276
Tupi–Guarani (medium pink), other Tupian (violet), and probable range c. 1500 (pink-grey)

The words petunia, jaguar, piranha, ipecac, tapioca, jacaranda, anhinga, carioca, and capoeira are of Tupi–Guarani origin.[citation needed]

Classification

Rodrigues & Cabral (2012)

Rodrigues & Cabral (2012) propose eight branches of Tupí–Guaraní:

*Cabral argues that Kokama/Omagua is a mixed language, and so not directly classifiable, though most of its basic vocabulary is Tupi–Guarani.

**Not listed in Rodrigues & Cabral (2012)

Karipuna language (Amapá) may be spurious.

Sound changes from Proto-Tupi-Guarani (PTG) defining each of the 8 Tupi-Guarani groups as listed by Rodrigues & Cabral (2002):[1]

Group PTG final consonants PTG *tʃ PTG *pw PTG *pj PTG *j
1 lost *tʃ > tʃ, ts, s; *ts > h, zero *pw > kw, k *pj > tʃ, ʃ
2 lost *tʃ, *ts merged as ts, s *pw > kw, k *pj preserved
3 preserved *tʃ, *ts merged as ts, s *pw preserved *pj preserved
4 preserved (with some modifications) *tʃ, *ts merged as h *pw > kw *pj > tʃ, ts *j > tʃ, ts, s, z
5 preserved *tʃ, *ts merged as h, zero *pw > ɸ *pj > s *j > dʒ
6 preserved *tʃ, *ts merged as h *pw > kw (Parintintín, Apiaká);
*pw > ɣw, ɣ (Tupí-Kawahíb)		 *pj preserved *j preserved
7 preserved *tʃ, *ts merged as h, zero *pw > hw, h *pj > ts *j preserved
8 partially lost *tʃ, *ts merged as h, zero *pw > kw *pj > s *j preserved

Michael, et al. (2015)

Michael, et al. (2015) propose the following classification for the Tupi-Guarani languages.

Tupí-Guaraní

O'Hagan et al. (2014,[2][3]2019) proposes that Proto-Tupi-Guarani was spoken in the region of the lower Tocantins and Xingu Rivers, just to the south of Marajó Island in eastern Pará State, Brazil. Proto-Omagua-Kokama then expanded up the Amazon River, Proto-Tupinambá expanded south along the Atlantic coast, and the Southern branch expanded up along the Tocantins/Araguaia River towards the Paraná River basin.

Jolkesky (2016)

See also: Tupian languages § Jolkesky (2016)

Below is an internal classification of Tupi-Guarani by Jolkesky (2016), which is largely based on Michael, et al. (2015):[4]

(† = extinct)

Tupi-Guarani branch

Ferraz and Reichert (2021)

The following is an approximation of the results of a computational phylogenetic study of the Tupí-Guaraní languages by Ferraz and Reichert (2021).[5][6]

Tupí-Guaraní
  • Guajá–Tenetehara
    • Guajá; Tembé, Guajajara
  • Guaraní
    • Warazu
    • Xetá
    • Guayaki; Tapiete, Chiriguano
    • Guaraní; Kaiowá, Mbyá
    • Guarayo; Sirionó, Yuki
  • Tupi
    • Tupinambá; Nheengatu, Ka'apor (Urubu-Kaapor)
  • Northern
    • Kamayura; Anambé, Araweté
    • Avá–Wayampí?
      • Avá-Canoeiro
      • Wayampí Jarí; Emerillon, Wayampí
  • Central
    • Asurini Xingu
    • Akwawa–Tapirapé
      • Apiaká; Suruí; Tapirapé; Parakanã, Asurini
    • Kawahib
      • Kayabi
      • Parintintin, Tenharim
      • Amondava, Urueuwauwau

Varieties

Below is a list of Tupi–Guarani language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.[7]

Tupi–Guarani language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968)
Tupi (Abañeénga) dialects
  • Tamoyo - once spoken from the Cabo de São Tomé to Angra dos Reis, state of Rio de Janeiro. (Unattested.)
  • Ararape - once spoken on the Paraíba do Sul River in the state of Rio de Janeiro. (Unattested.)
  • Temimino - once spoken on the coast of the state of Espirito Santo. (Unattested.)
  • Tupiniquin / Margaya - once spoken on the coast from Espirito Santo as far as Camamu, state of Bahia.
  • Tupinamba - formerly spoken on the coast from Camamu as far as the mouth of the São Francisco River, later on the coast in the state of Maranhão.
  • Tupina - once spoken in the interior of the state of Bahia. (Unattested.)
  • Caeté / Caité - once spoken on the coast from the mouth of the São Francisco River to the mouth of the Paraíba do Norte River. (Unattested.)
  • Amoipira / Anaupira - once spoken in the interior of the state of Bahia, from Cabrobó to the mouth of the Grande River. (Unattested.)
  • Abaete - once spoken in Bahia on the Abaeté River. (Unattested.)
  • Maromomi - dialect spoken at the old mission of São Barnabé, Rio de Janeiro. (Unattested.)
  • Potiguara / Petigare - dialect once spoken on the coast from the mouth of the Paraíba do Norte River to the mouth of the Parnaiba River, now spoken by a few families in the Baía da Traição, state of Paraíba.
  • Viatan - once spoken in the interior of the states of Pernambuco, but the exact location not recorded. (Unattested.)
  • Tobajara / Miarigois - once spoken in the interior of the state of Ceará on the Camocim River. (Unattested.)
  • Cahicahi / Caicaze / Caicai - once spoken on the lower course of the Itapecurú River, state of Maranhão. (Unattested.)
  • Jaguaribára - once spoken at the mouth of the Jaguaribare River, state of Ceará. (Unattested.)
  • Tupinambarana - once spoken on the island of the same name on the Amazon River. (Unattested.)
  • Nhengahiba / Ingahiva - once spoken in the southern part of Marajó Island, Pará. (Unattested.)
  • Nheéngatu / Niangatú / Lingua Geral - a language spoken by the mixed population on both banks of the Amazon River and in the past century used in intertribal and commercial relations.
Guarani (Karani, Abañéem) dialects
  • Chandri / Yarri - once spoken on the Martín García Island and in the Martín Chico region, Argentina, and on the coast near San Lázaro, Paraguay. (Unattested.)
  • Topare - once spoken near San Gabriel, Uruguay. (Unattested.)
  • Cariú / Carijó - once spoken in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from Porto Alegre to Antonina, state of Paraná and in the Serra do Mar.
  • Arachane / Arechane - once spoken around the Lagoa dos Patos, Rio Grande do Sul. (Unattested.)
  • Itatin - originally spoken south of the Apa River, Paraguay, now by a few families on the Brilhante River, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. (Unattested.)
  • Bituruna - once spoken on the São Antonio River, Peixe River, and Chopim River in the state of Paraná, Brazil. (Unattested.)
  • Tape - extinct dialect from the Serra Geral, state of Rio Grande do Sul (Unattested.)
  • Apapocúva - originally spoken on the Dourados River and Amambaí River, state of Mato Grosso, later on the Itaparé River, state of São Paulo, now extinct.
  • Tañyguá - originally spoken on the Dourados River, Mato Grosso, later on the Aguapeí River, state of São Paulo, now extinct. (Unattested.)
  • Oguaíva - originally spoken in Mato Grosso, later on the Paranapanema River, state of São Paulo. (Unattested.)
  • Kainguá / Painguá / Montese - language affined to Guaraní, spoken on the Jejuy River, Paraguay, and on the Aracaí River and Igatimí River, state of Paraná. Dialects are:
    • Baticola - once spoken in the Serra Amambaí, state of Mato Grosso. (Unattested.)
    • Paiguasú - spoken on the Curupaiña River, Mato Grosso. (Unattested.)
    • Avahuguai - spoken on the Dourados River, Mato Grosso. (Unattested.)
    • Yvytyiguá - spoken in the Serra do Diabo, Mato Grosso. (Unattested.)
    • Apiteré - spoken between the São Joaquim River and Amambaí River, Mato Grosso. (Unattested.)
    • Tembecua - spoken by the neighbors of the Ivitiigúa (Yvytyigua) tribe.
    • Chiripá - spoken on the Acaray River, Paraguay; and at the mouth of the Iguasú River, Argentina.
    • Mbyhá / Jeguaká Tenondé / Bwihá / Caiua / Cahygua - spoken on the Monday River, Paraguay.
  • Canoiero / Aba / Tiäbezä - spoken on both banks of the Tocantins River, in the central part of Bananal Island and at the mouth of the Crixás River and Peixe River, state of Goiás.
Guaranized languages
  • Shetá / Aré / Yvaparé - once spoken in the interior of the state of Paraná on the Ivaí River, now extinct.
  • Serra dos Dourados (tribe with unknown name) - in the Serra dos Dourados, state of Paraná.
  • Guayaquí / Acé - spoken by a tribe in the Cordillera de Villa Rica, Paraguay.
  • Notobotocudo / Pihtadyouai - language of an extinct tribe that lived at the sources of the Uruguai River and Iguasú River, state of Santa Catarina.
Kamayurá group
  • Kamayurá / Camayura - spoken by a small tribe on the Ferro River in the Xingú basin, state of Mato Grosso.
  • Awití / Auetö / Aweti - spoken in the same region on the Culiseú River, Mato Grosso.
  • Arawiné - little known language from the 7 de setembro River, state of Mato Grosso.
Tapirapé group
  • Tapirapé - spoken on the Tapirapé River and Naja River, Mato Grosso.
  • Ampaneá - extinct language once spoken at the sources of the Tapirapé River, state of Mato Grosso. (Unattested.)
Northern group
Pará group
  • Camboca - extinct language once spoken between the mouths of the Tocantins River and Jacundá River. (Unattested.)
  • Apehou - once spoken at the mouth of the Xingú River. (Unattested.)
  • Aratú - once spoken at the mouth of the Curuá River. (Unattested.)
  • Mapua - once spoken on Marajó Island on the Mapuá River. (Unattested.)
  • Anajá - once spoken on Marajó Island on the Anajás River. (Unattested.)
  • Camarapim - once spoken at the mouth of the Pacajá River. (Unattested.)
  • Uanapú - once spoken on the Anapú River. (Unattested.)
  • Coaní - once spoken at the mouth of the Xingú River. (Unattested.)
  • Mamayaná - once spoken to the south of the mouth of the Anapú River. (Unattested.)
  • Pacajá - once spoken between the Pacajá River and Anapú River.
  • Jacunda - once spoken on the Jacundá River. (Villa Real 1848, p. 432, only two words.)
  • Parakanã - spoken between the Tocantins River and Pacajá River by an almost unknown tribe.
  • Anambé - once spoken on the left bank of the Tocantins River near Rebojo de Guariba, now extinct.
  • Caranbú - spoken by the unknown neighbors of the Anambé tribe. (Unattested.)
  • Tapirauha / Cupelobo / Kupẽ-rob / Jandiaí - spoken by only a few individuals on the Igarapé do Bacurí and west of the Cachoeira de Itaboca.
  • Anta - once spoken by the neighbors of the Tapirauha tribe. (Unattested.)
  • Tacayuna - once spoken on the Tacaiuna River. (Unattested.)
  • Asurini - spoken by the totally unknown tribe that lived between the upper course of the Xingú River, and the Freso River and Pacajá River. (Unattested.)
  • Mudzyetíre - a Cayapó name for an unknown Tupi tribe that lived on the Igarapé Sororosinho. (Unattested.)
  • Tacuñapé / Eidum / Péua - extinct language once spoken on the Iriri River and Novo River. (only a few words.)
  • Tacumandícai / Caras Pretas - language of a very little known tribe that lived on the lower course of the Xingú River.
  • Jauari - extinct language once spoken on the Vermelho River and Araguaia River. (Unattested.)
  • Zapucaya - once spoken between the Amazon and Paraná do Urariá Rivers. (Unattested.)
  • Tapajó - once spoken at the mouth of the Tapajós River (cf. Amazonas group). (Unattested.)
  • Auacachi - once spoken at the mouth of the Auacachi River. (Unattested.)
  • Papateruana - once spoken in a part of Tupinambarana Island on the Amazon River. (Unattested.)
Guiana group
  • Oyampi / Wayapí / Guayapi - originally spoken on the lower course of the Xingú River, later on the Oiapoque River in the territory of Amapá, in French Guiana, now on the Maroni River.
  • Tamacom - extinct language once spoken on the middle course of the Jarí River and at the sources of the Maracá River, Pará. (Unattested.)
  • Cusari / Coussani - once spoken on the upper course of the Araguarí River, territory of Amapá. (Unattested.)
  • Paikipiranga / Parixi - spoken at the sources of the Maracá River, Pará.
  • Calayua - once spoken at the sources of the Inipucú River, Pará. (Unattested.)
  • Apama - spoken by a few individuals on the Maecurú River, Pará. (Unattested.)
  • Emerillon / Teko / Emereñon / Marêyo - spoken by only a few families on the Approuague River, Camopi River, Inini River, Coureni River, and Araoua River, French Guiana.
  • Caripuna / Calipurn - language spoken on the Curipi River, Pará, by the mixed population of diverse origin. (Unattested.)
Southern group
  • Apiacá - originally spoken between the Arinos River and Juruena River, now on the São Manoel River and Ronuro River, and on the upper course of the Tapajós River, Mato Grosso.
  • Tapañuna - language of a very little known tribe that lived between the Tapanhuna River and Peixe River, state of Mato Grosso. (Unattested.)
  • Timaóna - language of an unknown tribe from the Peixe River. (Unattested.)
  • Raipé-Sisi / Aipé-Chichi - once spoken between the Arinos River and São Manoel River. (Unattested.)
  • Makirí - spoken at the mouth of the São Manoel River.
  • Pariuaia - spoken at the sources of the Barati River. (Unattested.)
  • Kayabí / Parua - spoken on the lower course of the Verde River and on the Paranatina River.
  • Kawahyb / Cabahyba / Kawahíwa - originally spoken in the tropical forests west of the upper course of the Tocantins River, later on the Ji-Paraná River and Marmelos River, Pará.
  • Dialects:
  • Parintintin / Nakazetí / Itoehebe - spoken between the Madeira River and Maiçí River, Pará.
  • Wiraféd / Tupi do rio Machado - spoken on the Machado River.
  • Pauaté - once spoken at the sources of the Zinho River. (Unattested.)
  • Paranawát - spoken at the mouth of the Muqui River. (Unattested.)
  • Mialat - spoken on the middle course of the Machado River. (Unattested.)
  • Takwatíp / Tacuatepe - spoken at the confluence of the Ji-Paraná River and Pimenta Bueno River.
  • Tukumaféd - spoken on the middle course of the Machado River. (Unattested.)
  • Ipoteuate - spoken on the Ji-Paraná River. (Unattested.)
  • Apairandé - spoken between the Ji-Paraná River and Maiçí River. (Unattested.)
  • Jabotiféd - spoken on a tributary of the Machado River, east of the Ipoteuate tribe. (Unattested.)
  • Dawahib / Bocas Pretas - spoken on the Anarí River, Rondônia.
  • Jaguarúb - spoken south of the Paranawát tribe. (Unattested.)
  • Hamno - spoken in the same region as Jaguarúb. (Unattested.)
  • Sanenäre - spoken in the same region as Jaguarúb, but exact location uncertain. (Unattested.)
  • Majubim - spoken at the confluence of the Pimenta Bueno River and Ji-Paraná River. (Unattested.)
  • Catuquinarú - language of a Tupinized Katukina tribe, spoken on the Embira River, Amazonas.
Amazonas group
  • Omagua / Campeua / Carari - originally spoken along the Amazon River between the mouth of the Juruá River and the mouth of the Napo River, now in only a few villages.
  • Yurimagua / Yoriman - once spoken along the Amazon River from the mouth of the Jutaí River to the mouth, of the Purus River, now spoken by only a few of the mixed population in the city of Yurimaguas, Peru. (Unattested.)
  • Aizuare - once spoken from the mouth of the Juruá River to the mouth of the Japura River. (Unattested.)
  • Ibanoma / Bonama - spoken on the right bank of the Amazon River from the mouth of the Purus River to the mouth of the Juruá River; now totally extinct. (Unattested.)
  • Tapajó - once spoken at the mouth of the Tapajós River (cf. Pará group). (Unattested.)
  • Awakachi - once spoken at the mouth of the Auacachi River. (Unattested.)
  • Papateruana - once spoken in a part of the Tupinambarana Island on the Amazon River. (Unattested.)
  • Paguana - once spoken along the Amazon River from the mouth of the Cafua River to the mouth of the Tefé River. (Unattested.)
  • Cocama - language spoken on a great lagoon on the left bank of the Ucayali River and near the city of Nauta, Peru.
  • Cocamilla - spoken on the lower course of the Huallaga River, Peru. (Tessmann 1930, p. 82.)
  • Yeté - once spoken on the Tiputini River, Loreto province, Peru. (Unattested.)
  • Jibitaona - once spoken near the city of Santiago de las Montañas, Peru. (Unattested.)
Chiriguano group
  • Chiriguano / Camba - spoken in the Bolivian Andes in the Serranía de Aguarugue and in the western part of the Bolivian Chaco, in Sara Province and on the upper course of the Bermejo River. Now only in the Carandaiti Valley and around Tarabuco.
  • Guarayo - spoken at the sources of the Blanco River and on the San Miguel River, now in the missions of Yotaú, San Pablo, and Yaguarú, province of Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
  • Pauserna / Moperecoa / Warádu-nëe - originally spoken on the Paragúa River and Tarbo River, Bolivia, now by only a few individuals on the Verde River, a tributary of the Guaporé River, Mato Grosso.
  • Tapieté / Kurukwá / Yanaygua / Parapiti - spoken on the upper course of the Pilcomayo River and on the Parapití River, Paraguayan Chaco
  • Izozo / Chané - spoken on the Itiyuro River in the Campo y Durán and on the Parepetí River, Chaco.
  • Siriono / Chori - language of a very primitive tribe in central Bolivia, especially in the tropical forests on the Ichillo River and Grande River, between the Blanco River and Yapacaní River, between the Ivari River and Quimore River, between the upper course of the Ivari River and Grande River, between the Piray River and Itonama River, and between the Beni River and Mamoré River.
  • Dialects:
  • Tirinié - spoken on the Mamoré River.
  • Ñeozé - spoken on the Grande River and Mamoré River.
  • Yandé - spoken on the Mamoré River. (Unattested.)
  • Jora - once spoken around the Laguna Jorá near the city of Baures.
Mawé group
  • Mawé / Mauhé / Mague - originally spoken on the Tapajós Mataura River, Maué-assú River, Arapiuns River, Arichi River, and Tracuá River, in the state of Pará, now on the Uaicurapá River.
  • Arapiyú / Aripuana - once spoken at the mouth of the Arapiuns River. (Unattested.)
  • Andirá - once spoken south of Tupinambarana Island on the Amazon River. (Unattested.)
  • Igapuitariara - once spoken at the sources of the Curauaí River. (Unattested.)
  • Curiato - once spoken at the mouth of the Maricauá River. (Unattested.)
  • Sapupé / Sacopé - once spoken on the Bararatí River. (Unattested.)
  • Maraguá - extinct language once spoken on the right bank of the Amazon River, south of the Condurí tribe. (Unattested.)

Proto-language

Proto-Tupi–Guarani
Reconstruction ofTupi–Guarani languages
Reconstructed
ancestors
See also: Proto-Tupian

Schleicher (1998)

The following reconstructions of Proto-Tupi-Guarani are from Schleicher (1998):[8]

Proto-Tupi–Guarani reconstructions by Schleicher (1998)
no. gloss Proto-Tupi-Guarani notes
1 fruit *ʔá; *ɨʔβa
2 hair *ʔáβ
3 lie down *ʔáβ/*ʔáw
4 to stand *ʔám
5 to sit *ʔapɨk
6 tie up *ʔapɨtĩ
7 fall (human) *ʔár
8 say *ʔé
9 other, companion *ʔirũ
10 tree *ʔɨ́β
11 canoe *ʔɨčár
12 swim *ʔɨtáβ
13 they *ʔŋã
14 dig *ʔók
15 eat (trans.) *ʔú
16 3rd person *aʔé
17 seed *aʔɨ̃y
18 person *aβá
19 corn *aβatí
20 bad *aíβ
21 sharp *aimbé
22 man *akʷaimbaʔé < *kuyãʔĩ-mbaʔé ?
23 head *akáŋ
24 humid, wet *akɨ́m
25 hot *-akúβ
26 rain *amán
27 other *amõ
28 far *amõ-ité
29 old man, grandfather *amõy
30 no *anĩ
31 this *áŋ
32 back *apé
33 road *apé ~ *peé
34 burn *apɨ́
35 nose *apũy
36 root *apó
37 short *apoʔá/*apuʔá
38 round *apuʔá
39 day *ár
40 walk *atá
41 fire *(t)atá
42 smoke *(t)atá-tíŋ
43 mountain *atɨ́r
44 horn *atĩ
45 tooth *-ãy
46 push *(mbo)ayán
47 parrot *ayurú
48 fly *βeβé
49 float *βeβúy
50 crack, split *βók
51 swell *βúr
52 float *βúr
53 cord *čám
54 play, amuse *-čaráy
55 worm *čeβoʔí
56 wash *čéy
57 mother *čɨ́
58 clean *čɨ́β
59 rub *čɨ́β
60 smooth *čɨ́m
61 run (water) *čɨrɨ́
62 pull off *čók
63 to bite *čuʔú
64 black *čún
65 not *eʔɨ́m
66 scratch *eʔɨ̃y
67 belly *eβék
68 eye *ečá
69 to pull *ekɨ́y
70 to live *ekó
71 wife *embi-rekó
72 you *endé
73 saliva *endɨ
74 hear *endúβ
75 knee *enɨpɨʔã
76 call *enõy
77 see *epʸák
78 name *-ér
79 much *-etá
80 leg *etɨmã
81 smell *-etún
82 stone *itá
83 I *iye, *iče
84 water *ɨ́
85 lake *ɨ-upá
86 sand *ɨʔɨtíŋ
87 drink *ɨʔú
88 earth *ɨβɨ́
89 sky *ɨβák
90 cloud *ɨβák-tíŋ
91 tree *ɨβɨrá
92 wind *ɨβɨtú
93 belly *ié
94 domestic animal *(e)ɨmbá
95 bark *ɨpé
96 night *ɨpɨtún
97 bow *ɨrapár/*ɨβɨrapár
98 dust, powder *-ɨtiʔmbór
99 know *kʷaáβ
100 sun *kʷár
101 scrubland, forest *kaʔá
102 grass, weeds *kaʔapiʔí
103 monkey *kaʔí
104 suck *kaʔmbú
105 fat *káβ
106 breast *kám
107 bone *káŋ
108 scrape *karãy
109 eat (intrans.) *karú
110 good *katú
111 get burned *káy
112 sleep *kér
113 dirty *kɨʔá
114 louse *kɨβ
115 knife *kɨčé
116 fear *čɨkɨyé
117 green *(a)kɨr
118 fat *(pi)kɨr
119 clean *kɨtíŋ-ʔók
120 to cut *kɨtĩ/*kɨti
121 tongue *kũ
122 this *ko
123 ashes *kočúβ
124 sand *kuʔí
125 back *kupé
126 boy *kurumĩ
127 bore, perforate *kutúk
128 fall (object) *kúy
129 woman *kuyã
130 manioc plant *mandí
131 die *manõ
132 why *mbaʔé
133 sing *mbaraká
134 sew *mboβúk/*mboβɨk
135 few *mbočapɨr
136 throw *(mbo)mbór
137 snake *mbóy
138 dust *-mbukú
139 give *meʔéŋ
140 child *membɨr
141 husband *mén
142 animal *miyár
143 two *mokõy
144 recount *mombeʔú
145 ear *nambí
146 beat *nupã
147 flesh *oʔó
148 green *oβɨ́
149 leaf *óβ
150 house *ók
151 we (exclusive) *ore
152 all *páβ
153 (re)count *papár
154 river *paranã
155 one *pé
156 you all *pẽẽ
157 wing *pepó
158 tobacco *petɨ́m
159 blow *peyú
160 rub *pín
161 skin *pír
162 fish *pirá
163 bark *pirér
164 child *ptáŋ/*mitáŋ
165 foot *pɨ́
166 liver *pɨʔá
167 new *pɨčačú
168 catch *pɨčɨ́k
169 wide *pɨpír
170 suck *pɨtér
171 breath *pɨtú
172 hand *pó/*mbó
173 thin *poʔí
174 fingernail *po-apẽ
175 twist *poán < *poayán ?
176 heavy *počɨ́y
177 sing, dance *poračéy
178 chest *potiʔá
179 flower *potɨ́r
180 clean *potuká < *po-kutuk ?
181 laugh *puká
182 long *pukú
183 tie (up) *pʷár
184 cure *pʷeráβ
185 cold *roʔɨ́
186 swell *rurúk
187 ashes *tanimbúk < *tatá imbúk ?
188 tapir *tapiʔír
189 white *tíŋ
190 nose *tĩ
191 pull *-tɨ́k
192 father *túβ
193 big *tuβiyáβ
194 old *tuyá
195 arrow *uʔɨ́β
196 leg *úβ
197 egg *upiʔá
198 come *úr
199 blood *uwɨ́
200 tail *uwáy
201 old (woman) *waiwĩ
202 red *-wáŋ
203 vomit *weʔén
204 bird *wɨrá
205 ax *yɨ́
206 jaguar *yaʔwár
207 moon *yačɨ́
208 star *yačɨ-tatá
209 crocodile *yakaré
210 run *yán
211 we (inclusive) *yande
212 tighten *(mbo)yár
213 to play *-yarú
214 laugh *yáy
215 speak *yeʔéŋ
216 return, come back *ye-βɨ́r
217 grass, weeds *yuʔũ
218 yellow *yúβ
219 rotten *yúk
220 kill *yuká
221 yellow *yukɨrɨ́
222 salt *yukɨ́r
223 neck *yúr
224 mouth *yurú

Lemle (1971)

The following reconstructions of Proto-Tupi-Guarani are from Lemle (1971):[9]

Proto-Tupi–Guarani reconstructions by Lemle (1971)
no. gloss Proto-Tupi-Guarani
1 to, in *pɨpe
2 accident *memwã
3 sharp *aemee
4 water *ɨ
5 some *amõ
6 align, braid *pẽ
7 yellow *yub
8 tie *apɨtĩ
9 tie *pwar
10 walk *ata
11 tapir *tapiʔir
12 tightten *momyk
13 squeeze *pɨcɨk
14 that *pe
15 bow *ɨbɨrapar
16 tree *ʔɨb
17 wing *pepo
18 grandfather *amõy
19 fat *kab
20 lard *yanɨ
21 stomach, liver *pɨʔa
22 stomach *ɨe
23 stomach *ebek
24 hit *nupã
25 drink *ɨʔu
26 animal *eɨmab
27 mouth *yuru
28 float *bebɨy
29 good *katu
30 white *tiŋ
31 play *yemocaray
32 hole *kwar
33 head *akaŋ
34 hair *ʔab
35 fall *ʔar
36 path *pe, *ape
37 field *yũ
38 canoe *ɨar
39 grass *kapiʔi
40 meat *oʔo
41 house *ok
42 bark *pe
43 corn drink *kawĩ
44 dig *ɨbɨkoy
45 dig *yoʔok
46 basket *karamemwã
47 sky *ɨbak
48 call *enõy
49 full *por
50 smell *etun
51 horn *atĩ
52 horn *ʔak
53 suck *pɨter
54 rain *aman
55 ashes *tanimuk
56 coati *kwati
57 snake *moy
58 scratch *eʔɨ̃y
59 eat *ʔu
60 companion, brother *ʔirũ
61 long *puku
62 string *cam
63 flow *cɨrɨk
64 cut *kɨtĩ
65 back *ape
66 back *kupe
67 sew *mobɨk, *mobɨbɨk
68 grow *akakuwab
69 give *meʔeŋ
70 finger *pwã
71 lie *ʔab
72 tooth *ãy
73 draw *kwatiar
74 day *ar
75 two *mokõy
76 sleep *ker
77 he *aʔe
78 push *moayan
79 rub *pin
80 rub *kɨtɨk
81 wife *emireko
82 stand *puʔam
83 star *yacɨtata
84 I *(i)ce
85 knife *kɨce
86 speak *yeʔeŋ
87 full *ʔɨtarõ
88 thin *poʔi
89 arrow *uʔɨb
90 flower *potɨr, *ɨbotɨr
91 fire *tata
92 leaf *ob
93 cold *roʔɨ, *roʔɨca
94 fruit *ʔa
95 smoke *tatatiŋ, *catatiŋ
96 tobacco *petɨm
97 pierce *kutuk
98 claw *pɨcãpẽ
99 like *ʔarõ
100 large *tubicab
101 man *aba
102 island *ɨpaʔũ
103 swell *bubur
104 swell *ruru
105 space *paʔũ
106 go *co
107 alligator *yakare
108 knee *enɨpɨʔã
109 throw *momor
110 lake *ɨpab, *ɨupab
111 wash *yocey, *ey, *c-ey, *yac-ay
112 tongue *ape-kũ, *kũ
113 smooth *cɨm
114 far *-mɨrɨb
115 moon *yacɨ
116 monkey *kaʔi
117 ax *yɨ
118 mother *cɨ
119 command *pway
120 manioc *maniʔok
121 hand *po
122 left hand *acu
123 husband *men
124 kill *yuka
125 woods *kaʔa
126 bad *aib, *aɨb
127 boy *kunumĩ
128 corn *abati
129 wet *akɨm
130 bite *cuʔu
131 die *manõ
132 hill *ɨbɨtɨr, *ɨbɨʔam (+ -usu)
133 move *mɨ̃y
134 many *eta, *c-eta
135 woman *kuyã
136 variety of bird *mɨtũ
137 swim *ɨtab
138 nose, beak *tĩ
139 night *pɨtun
140 night *pɨca
141 name *er
142 we (excl.) *ore
143 we (incl.) *yane
144 new *pɨcacu
145 cloud *ɨbatiŋ
146 hollow *ɨbɨ̃y
147 eye *eca
148 jaguar *yawar
149 ear *nami
150 bone *kaŋ, *kaŋ-wer
151 hear *enub
152 egg *upiʔa
153 father *ub
154 pan *yaʔẽ
155 pan *yaẽpopo
156 parrot *ayuru
157 pass *pwan
158 bird *wɨra
159 stick *ɨbɨra
160 foot *pɨ
161 rock *ita
162 chest *potiʔa
163 breast *kam
164 fish *pira
165 skin *pir, *piruer
166 feather *ab, *c-ab, *c-a-wer
167 leg *etɨmã
168 heavy *pocɨy
169 neck *ayur
170 person *akwa
171 louse *kɨb
172 variety of gnat *piʔũ
173 past tense *pwer
174 black *un, *c-un
175 black, dark *picun
176 burn *kay
177 burn *apɨ
178 hot *akub
179 tail *uway
180 split *mobok, *bok
181 root *apo
182 scrape *karãy
183 round *apuʔa
184 breathe *pɨtu
185 river *paranã
186 laugh *puka
187 know *kuwaab
188 sat *yukɨr
189 saliva *enɨ
190 blood *uwɨ
191 heal *pwerab
192 dry *kaŋ
193 seed *aʔɨ̃y
194 sit *apɨk
195 sun *kwaracɨ
196 blow *peyu
197 dirty *kɨʔa
198 dirty *ipib
199 bamboo *takwar
200 fear *cɨkɨye
201 land *ɨbɨ
202 all *pab
203 three *mocapɨr
204 intestines *ɨʔe
205 one *oyepeteĩ
206 fingernail *pwã-pẽ
207 wind *ɨbɨtu
208 see *epyak
209 green *obɨ
210 worm *ceboʔi
211 red *waŋ
212 red *piraŋ
213 red *pɨtaŋ
214 pour *(ʔ)ẽ
215 come *ur
216 live *eko, *ekobe
217 ffly *bebe
218 you (sing.) *ne, *ene
219 you (pl.) *pe- -ẽ
220 vomit *weʔen
221 mad *irõ

See also

References

  1. ^ Rodrigues, A. D.; Cabral, A. S. A. C. Revendo a classificação interna da família Tupí-Guaraní. In: CABRAL, A. S. A. C., RODRIGUES, A. D. (Orgs.). Línguas indígenas brasileiras: fonologia, gramática e história. Tomo I. Belém: UFPA/EDUFPA, p. 327-337, 2002.
  2. ^ O'Hagan, Zachary (with Keith Bartolomei, Natalia Chousou-Polydouri, Emily Clem, Erin Donnelly and Lev Michael). 2014. A Computational-phylogenetic Classification of Tupí-Guaraní and its Geographical Spread. Language Variation and Change, October 20, Chicago.
  3. ^ O’Hagan, Zachary; Chousou-Polydouri, Natalia; Michael, Lev (2019). "Phylogenetic classification supports a Northeastern Amazonian Proto-Tupí-Guaraní Homeland". LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas. 19: e019018. doi:10.20396/liames.v19i0.8655791. ISSN 2177-7160.
  4. ^ Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília.
  5. ^ Ferraz Gerardi, Fabrício; Reichert, Stanislav (2021). "The Tupí-Guaraní language family". Diachronica. John Benjamins Publishing Company. 38 (2): 151–188. doi:10.1075/dia.18032.fer. ISSN 0176-4225.
  6. ^ Ferraz Gerardi, F., & Reichert, S. (2020). CLDF dataset derived from Gerardi and Reichert's "The Tupí-Guaraní Language Family: A Phylogenetic Classification" from 2020 (v1.0.1) [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.4094642
  7. ^ Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
  8. ^ Schleicher, Charles Owen. 1998. Comparative And Internal Reconstrution of the Tupi-Guarani Language Family. Doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin - Madison.
  9. ^ Lemle, Miriam. 1971. Internal classification of the Tupi-Guarani linguistic family. In David Bendor-Samuel (ed.), Tupi studies I, 107-129. Norman: Summer Institute of Linguistics of the University of Oklahoma.

Bibliography

  • Michael, Lev, Natalia Chousou-Polydouri, Keith Bartolomei, Erin Donnelly, Vivian Wauters, Sérgio Meira, Zachary O'Hagan. 2015. A Bayesian Phylogenetic Classification of Tupí-Guaraní. LIAMES 15(2):193-221.
  • O'Hagan, Zachary, Natalia Chousou-Polydouri, Lev Michael. 2019. Phylogenetic classification supports a Northeastern Amazonian Proto-Tupí-Guaraní homeland. LIAMES, Campinas, SP, v. 19, 1-29, e019018, 2019. doi:10.20396/liames.v19i0.8655791.
  • Michael, Lev; Chousou-Polydouri, Natalia (2020). "Computational phylogenetics and the classification of South American languages" (PDF). Language and Linguistics Compass. 13 (12). doi:10.1111/lnc3.12358.

Further reading

  • Gerardi, Fabrício Ferraz; Reichert, Stanislav. "The Tupí-Guaraní language family: A phylogenetic classification". In: Diachronica. Available online: 01 February 2021. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.18032.fer]

External links

 
Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix:Proto-Tupi-Guarani reconstructions
  • Swadesh lists of Tupi–Guarani basic vocabulary words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)
  • Publications by Lev Michael

January 10, 2023
tupi, guarani, languages, this, article, expanded, with, text, translated, from, corresponding, article, portuguese, november, 2020, click, show, important, translation, instructions, view, machine, translated, version, portuguese, article, machine, translatio. This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Portuguese November 2020 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the Portuguese article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 1 441 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Portuguese Wikipedia article at pt Linguas tupi guaranis see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated pt Linguas tupi guaranis to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation Tupi Guarani pronunciation help info is the most widely distributed subfamily of the Tupian languages of South America It consists of about fifty languages including Guarani and Old Tupi Tupi GuaraniGeographicdistributionArgentina Brazil Bolivia French Guiana Paraguay PeruLinguistic classificationTupianTupi GuaraniSubdivisionsGuarani Guarayu Tupi Teneteharan Kawahib Kamayura Xingu NorthernGlottologtupi1276Tupi Guarani medium pink other Tupian violet and probable range c 1500 pink grey The words petunia jaguar piranha ipecac tapioca jacaranda anhinga carioca and capoeira are of Tupi Guarani origin citation needed Contents 1 Classification 1 1 Rodrigues amp Cabral 2012 1 2 Michael et al 2015 1 3 Jolkesky 2016 1 4 Ferraz and Reichert 2021 2 Varieties 3 Proto language 3 1 Schleicher 1998 3 2 Lemle 1971 4 See also 5 References 5 1 Bibliography 6 Further reading 7 External linksClassification EditRodrigues amp Cabral 2012 Edit Rodrigues amp Cabral 2012 propose eight branches of Tupi Guarani Guarani Group I Guarayu Group II Guarayu Pauserna Siriono dialects Yuqui Jora Tupi Group III Old Tupi lingua franca dialect Tupi Austral Tupinamba dialects Nheengatu a k a Lingua Geral as lingua franca and Potiguara Cocama Omagua Tupinikin Tenetehara Group IV Akwawa dialects Asurini Surui do Para Parakana Ava Canoeiro Tapirape Tenetehara dialects Guajajara Tembe Turiwara Kawahib Group VI Apiaca Kawahib numerous varieties incl Piripkura Diahoi Kayabi Karipuna Uru Pa In Kamayura Group VII Xingu Group VIIIa Anambe of Cairari Amanaye Xingu Asurini Arawete Aura Ararandewara Northern Tupi Guarani Group VIIIb Anambe of Ehrenreich Emerillon Guaja Wayampi Zo e Takunyape Urubu Kaapor Wayampipuku Cabral argues that Kokama Omagua is a mixed language and so not directly classifiable though most of its basic vocabulary is Tupi Guarani Not listed in Rodrigues amp Cabral 2012 Karipuna language Amapa may be spurious Sound changes from Proto Tupi Guarani PTG defining each of the 8 Tupi Guarani groups as listed by Rodrigues amp Cabral 2002 1 Group PTG final consonants PTG tʃ PTG pw PTG pj PTG j1 lost tʃ gt tʃ ts s ts gt h zero pw gt kw k pj gt tʃ ʃ2 lost tʃ ts merged as ts s pw gt kw k pj preserved3 preserved tʃ ts merged as ts s pw preserved pj preserved4 preserved with some modifications tʃ ts merged as h pw gt kw pj gt tʃ ts j gt tʃ ts s z5 preserved tʃ ts merged as h zero pw gt ɸ pj gt s j gt dʒ6 preserved tʃ ts merged as h pw gt kw Parintintin Apiaka pw gt ɣw ɣ Tupi Kawahib pj preserved j preserved7 preserved tʃ ts merged as h zero pw gt hw h pj gt ts j preserved8 partially lost tʃ ts merged as h zero pw gt kw pj gt s j preservedMichael et al 2015 Edit Michael et al 2015 propose the following classification for the Tupi Guarani languages Tupi GuaraniKamaiura 600 speakers Nuclear Tupi Guarani Northern Guaja 280 speakers Ka apor 800 speakers Ava Canoeiro 14 speakers Central branch Anambe Arawete Anambe 6 speakers Arawete 280 speakers Xingu Asurini 120 speakers branch Tocantins Asurini Parakana 700 1 500 speakers Tapirape 560 speakers Peripheral Wayampi Emerillon Wayampi 1 200 speakers Emerillon 400 speakers Kayabi Parintintin Kayabi 1 000 speakers Kagwahiva 870 speakers Diasporic Tembe 13 000 speakers Diasporic core branch Tupi Omagua Kokama Omagua 10 speakers Cocama 250 speakers Tupinamba Nheengatu 19 000 speakers Southern Siriono Yuki 500 speakers Guarayu Pauserna Guarayu 5 900 speakers Guaranian Ache 910 speakers Mbya Paraguay Guarani 4 85 million speakers branch Xeta Kaiowa Nandeva Kaiwa 18 000 speakers Ava Guarani 16 000 speakers Tapiete Chiriguano Chiriguano 51 000 speakers O Hagan et al 2014 2 3 2019 proposes that Proto Tupi Guarani was spoken in the region of the lower Tocantins and Xingu Rivers just to the south of Marajo Island in eastern Para State Brazil Proto Omagua Kokama then expanded up the Amazon River Proto Tupinamba expanded south along the Atlantic coast and the Southern branch expanded up along the Tocantins Araguaia River towards the Parana River basin Jolkesky 2016 Edit See also Tupian languages Jolkesky 2016 Below is an internal classification of Tupi Guarani by Jolkesky 2016 which is largely based on Michael et al 2015 4 extinct Tupi Guarani branchKamayura Kamayura Kaapor Ava Ava Canoeiro Ava Canoeiro Kaapor Anambe Aura Guaja Takunape Urubu Kaapor Akwawa Arawete Akwawa Tapirape Akwawa Asurini do Tocantins Parakana Surui Tupi Guarani Tapirape Tapirape Arawete Asurini Arawete Amanaye Anambe Ararandewara Arawete Asurini do Xingu Asurini do Xingu Nuclear Tupi Guarani Tenetehara Guajajara Tembe Turiwara Kawahib Kayabi Apiaka Apiaka Juma Juma Kayabi Kayabi Kawahib Amondawa Karipuna Tupi Parintintin Piripkura Tukumanfed Uruewauwau Wirafed Diasporic Tupi Guarani Guarani Guarayu Siriono Guarayu Guarayu Pauserna Siriono Siriono Jora Yuki Guarani Ache Ache Guarani Guarani Classical Chiriguano Chiripa Central Guarani Paraguaio Western Guarani Boliviano Tapiete Eastern Kayowa Mbya Nandeva Pai Tavytera Sheta Tupinamba Kokama Kokama Omagua Kokama Kokamilla Omagua Tupi Tupi Tupi Austral Tupinamba Nhengatu Tupinamba Wayampi Emerillon Wayampi Zo eFerraz and Reichert 2021 Edit The following is an approximation of the results of a computational phylogenetic study of the Tupi Guarani languages by Ferraz and Reichert 2021 5 6 Tupi GuaraniGuaja Tenetehara Guaja Tembe Guajajara Guarani Warazu Xeta Guayaki Tapiete Chiriguano Guarani Kaiowa Mbya Guarayo Siriono Yuki Tupi Tupinamba Nheengatu Ka apor Urubu Kaapor Northern Kamayura Anambe Arawete Ava Wayampi Ava Canoeiro Wayampi Jari Emerillon Wayampi Central Asurini Xingu Akwawa Tapirape Apiaka Surui Tapirape Parakana Asurini Kawahib Kayabi Parintintin Tenharim Amondava UrueuwauwauVarieties EditBelow is a list of Tupi Guarani language varieties listed by Loukotka 1968 including names of unattested varieties 7 Tupi Guarani language varieties listed by Loukotka 1968 Tupi Abaneenga dialectsTamoyo once spoken from the Cabo de Sao Tome to Angra dos Reis state of Rio de Janeiro Unattested Ararape once spoken on the Paraiba do Sul River in the state of Rio de Janeiro Unattested Temimino once spoken on the coast of the state of Espirito Santo Unattested Tupiniquin Margaya once spoken on the coast from Espirito Santo as far as Camamu state of Bahia Tupinamba formerly spoken on the coast from Camamu as far as the mouth of the Sao Francisco River later on the coast in the state of Maranhao Tupina once spoken in the interior of the state of Bahia Unattested Caete Caite once spoken on the coast from the mouth of the Sao Francisco River to the mouth of the Paraiba do Norte River Unattested Amoipira Anaupira once spoken in the interior of the state of Bahia from Cabrobo to the mouth of the Grande River Unattested Abaete once spoken in Bahia on the Abaete River Unattested Maromomi dialect spoken at the old mission of Sao Barnabe Rio de Janeiro Unattested Potiguara Petigare dialect once spoken on the coast from the mouth of the Paraiba do Norte River to the mouth of the Parnaiba River now spoken by a few families in the Baia da Traicao state of Paraiba Viatan once spoken in the interior of the states of Pernambuco but the exact location not recorded Unattested Tobajara Miarigois once spoken in the interior of the state of Ceara on the Camocim River Unattested Cahicahi Caicaze Caicai once spoken on the lower course of the Itapecuru River state of Maranhao Unattested Jaguaribara once spoken at the mouth of the Jaguaribare River state of Ceara Unattested Tupinambarana once spoken on the island of the same name on the Amazon River Unattested Nhengahiba Ingahiva once spoken in the southern part of Marajo Island Para Unattested Nheengatu Niangatu Lingua Geral a language spoken by the mixed population on both banks of the Amazon River and in the past century used in intertribal and commercial relations Guarani Karani Abaneem dialectsChandri Yarri once spoken on the Martin Garcia Island and in the Martin Chico region Argentina and on the coast near San Lazaro Paraguay Unattested Topare once spoken near San Gabriel Uruguay Unattested Cariu Carijo once spoken in the state of Rio Grande do Sul Brazil from Porto Alegre to Antonina state of Parana and in the Serra do Mar Arachane Arechane once spoken around the Lagoa dos Patos Rio Grande do Sul Unattested Itatin originally spoken south of the Apa River Paraguay now by a few families on the Brilhante River state of Mato Grosso Brazil Unattested Bituruna once spoken on the Sao Antonio River Peixe River and Chopim River in the state of Parana Brazil Unattested Tape extinct dialect from the Serra Geral state of Rio Grande do Sul Unattested Apapocuva originally spoken on the Dourados River and Amambai River state of Mato Grosso later on the Itapare River state of Sao Paulo now extinct Tanygua originally spoken on the Dourados River Mato Grosso later on the Aguapei River state of Sao Paulo now extinct Unattested Oguaiva originally spoken in Mato Grosso later on the Paranapanema River state of Sao Paulo Unattested Kaingua Paingua Montese language affined to Guarani spoken on the Jejuy River Paraguay and on the Aracai River and Igatimi River state of Parana Dialects are Baticola once spoken in the Serra Amambai state of Mato Grosso Unattested Paiguasu spoken on the Curupaina River Mato Grosso Unattested Avahuguai spoken on the Dourados River Mato Grosso Unattested Yvytyigua spoken in the Serra do Diabo Mato Grosso Unattested Apitere spoken between the Sao Joaquim River and Amambai River Mato Grosso Unattested Tembecua spoken by the neighbors of the Ivitiigua Yvytyigua tribe Chiripa spoken on the Acaray River Paraguay and at the mouth of the Iguasu River Argentina Mbyha Jeguaka Tenonde Bwiha Caiua Cahygua spoken on the Monday River Paraguay Canoiero Aba Tiabeza spoken on both banks of the Tocantins River in the central part of Bananal Island and at the mouth of the Crixas River and Peixe River state of Goias Guaranized languagesSheta Are Yvapare once spoken in the interior of the state of Parana on the Ivai River now extinct Serra dos Dourados tribe with unknown name in the Serra dos Dourados state of Parana Guayaqui Ace spoken by a tribe in the Cordillera de Villa Rica Paraguay Notobotocudo Pihtadyouai language of an extinct tribe that lived at the sources of the Uruguai River and Iguasu River state of Santa Catarina Kamayura groupKamayura Camayura spoken by a small tribe on the Ferro River in the Xingu basin state of Mato Grosso Awiti Aueto Aweti spoken in the same region on the Culiseu River Mato Grosso Arawine little known language from the 7 de setembro River state of Mato Grosso Tapirape groupTapirape spoken on the Tapirape River and Naja River Mato Grosso Ampanea extinct language once spoken at the sources of the Tapirape River state of Mato Grosso Unattested Northern groupTenetehara language with two dialects Guajajara originally spoken at the sources of the Itapecuru River and Mearim River now on the Grajau River and Pindare River state of Maranhao Tembe originally spoken on the upper course of the Pindare River now on the Capiro River and Acara Pequeno River state of Maranhao Guaja Guaxara Wazaizara Ayaya spoken between the Capim River and the lower course of the Gurupi River Maranhao Manaje Ararandeuara spoken at the sources of the Bujaru River and on the Moju River and Ararandeua River state of Maranhao Manoxo Amanaye extinct language once spoken on the lower course of the Mearim River near Sao Bento Maranhao Unattested Turiwara Turiguara spoken originally on the Turi River now on the Acara Grande River Kaapor Urubu Gaviao spoken by the tribe of beautiful feather workers who lived on the Gurupi River Guama River and Turiassu River Maranhao Pocheti once spoken on the Araguaia River and Moju River Unattested Para groupCamboca extinct language once spoken between the mouths of the Tocantins River and Jacunda River Unattested Apehou once spoken at the mouth of the Xingu River Unattested Aratu once spoken at the mouth of the Curua River Unattested Mapua once spoken on Marajo Island on the Mapua River Unattested Anaja once spoken on Marajo Island on the Anajas River Unattested Camarapim once spoken at the mouth of the Pacaja River Unattested Uanapu once spoken on the Anapu River Unattested Coani once spoken at the mouth of the Xingu River Unattested Mamayana once spoken to the south of the mouth of the Anapu River Unattested Pacaja once spoken between the Pacaja River and Anapu River Jacunda once spoken on the Jacunda River Villa Real 1848 p 432 only two words Parakana spoken between the Tocantins River and Pacaja River by an almost unknown tribe Anambe once spoken on the left bank of the Tocantins River near Rebojo de Guariba now extinct Caranbu spoken by the unknown neighbors of the Anambe tribe Unattested Tapirauha Cupelobo Kupẽ rob Jandiai spoken by only a few individuals on the Igarape do Bacuri and west of the Cachoeira de Itaboca Anta once spoken by the neighbors of the Tapirauha tribe Unattested Tacayuna once spoken on the Tacaiuna River Unattested Asurini spoken by the totally unknown tribe that lived between the upper course of the Xingu River and the Freso River and Pacaja River Unattested Mudzyetire a Cayapo name for an unknown Tupi tribe that lived on the Igarape Sororosinho Unattested Tacunape Eidum Peua extinct language once spoken on the Iriri River and Novo River only a few words Tacumandicai Caras Pretas language of a very little known tribe that lived on the lower course of the Xingu River Jauari extinct language once spoken on the Vermelho River and Araguaia River Unattested Zapucaya once spoken between the Amazon and Parana do Uraria Rivers Unattested Tapajo once spoken at the mouth of the Tapajos River cf Amazonas group Unattested Auacachi once spoken at the mouth of the Auacachi River Unattested Papateruana once spoken in a part of Tupinambarana Island on the Amazon River Unattested Guiana groupOyampi Wayapi Guayapi originally spoken on the lower course of the Xingu River later on the Oiapoque River in the territory of Amapa in French Guiana now on the Maroni River Tamacom extinct language once spoken on the middle course of the Jari River and at the sources of the Maraca River Para Unattested Cusari Coussani once spoken on the upper course of the Araguari River territory of Amapa Unattested Paikipiranga Parixi spoken at the sources of the Maraca River Para Calayua once spoken at the sources of the Inipucu River Para Unattested Apama spoken by a few individuals on the Maecuru River Para Unattested Emerillon Teko Emerenon Mareyo spoken by only a few families on the Approuague River Camopi River Inini River Coureni River and Araoua River French Guiana Caripuna Calipurn language spoken on the Curipi River Para by the mixed population of diverse origin Unattested Southern groupApiaca originally spoken between the Arinos River and Juruena River now on the Sao Manoel River and Ronuro River and on the upper course of the Tapajos River Mato Grosso Tapanuna language of a very little known tribe that lived between the Tapanhuna River and Peixe River state of Mato Grosso Unattested Timaona language of an unknown tribe from the Peixe River Unattested Raipe Sisi Aipe Chichi once spoken between the Arinos River and Sao Manoel River Unattested Makiri spoken at the mouth of the Sao Manoel River Pariuaia spoken at the sources of the Barati River Unattested Kayabi Parua spoken on the lower course of the Verde River and on the Paranatina River Kawahyb Cabahyba Kawahiwa originally spoken in the tropical forests west of the upper course of the Tocantins River later on the Ji Parana River and Marmelos River Para Dialects Parintintin Nakazeti Itoehebe spoken between the Madeira River and Maici River Para Wirafed Tupi do rio Machado spoken on the Machado River Pauate once spoken at the sources of the Zinho River Unattested Paranawat spoken at the mouth of the Muqui River Unattested Mialat spoken on the middle course of the Machado River Unattested Takwatip Tacuatepe spoken at the confluence of the Ji Parana River and Pimenta Bueno River Tukumafed spoken on the middle course of the Machado River Unattested Ipoteuate spoken on the Ji Parana River Unattested Apairande spoken between the Ji Parana River and Maici River Unattested Jabotifed spoken on a tributary of the Machado River east of the Ipoteuate tribe Unattested Dawahib Bocas Pretas spoken on the Anari River Rondonia Jaguarub spoken south of the Paranawat tribe Unattested Hamno spoken in the same region as Jaguarub Unattested Sanenare spoken in the same region as Jaguarub but exact location uncertain Unattested Majubim spoken at the confluence of the Pimenta Bueno River and Ji Parana River Unattested Catuquinaru language of a Tupinized Katukina tribe spoken on the Embira River Amazonas Amazonas groupOmagua Campeua Carari originally spoken along the Amazon River between the mouth of the Jurua River and the mouth of the Napo River now in only a few villages Yurimagua Yoriman once spoken along the Amazon River from the mouth of the Jutai River to the mouth of the Purus River now spoken by only a few of the mixed population in the city of Yurimaguas Peru Unattested Aizuare once spoken from the mouth of the Jurua River to the mouth of the Japura River Unattested Ibanoma Bonama spoken on the right bank of the Amazon River from the mouth of the Purus River to the mouth of the Jurua River now totally extinct Unattested Tapajo once spoken at the mouth of the Tapajos River cf Para group Unattested Awakachi once spoken at the mouth of the Auacachi River Unattested Papateruana once spoken in a part of the Tupinambarana Island on the Amazon River Unattested Paguana once spoken along the Amazon River from the mouth of the Cafua River to the mouth of the Tefe River Unattested Cocama language spoken on a great lagoon on the left bank of the Ucayali River and near the city of Nauta Peru Cocamilla spoken on the lower course of the Huallaga River Peru Tessmann 1930 p 82 Yete once spoken on the Tiputini River Loreto province Peru Unattested Jibitaona once spoken near the city of Santiago de las Montanas Peru Unattested Chiriguano groupChiriguano Camba spoken in the Bolivian Andes in the Serrania de Aguarugue and in the western part of the Bolivian Chaco in Sara Province and on the upper course of the Bermejo River Now only in the Carandaiti Valley and around Tarabuco Guarayo spoken at the sources of the Blanco River and on the San Miguel River now in the missions of Yotau San Pablo and Yaguaru province of Santa Cruz Bolivia Pauserna Moperecoa Waradu nee originally spoken on the Paragua River and Tarbo River Bolivia now by only a few individuals on the Verde River a tributary of the Guapore River Mato Grosso Tapiete Kurukwa Yanaygua Parapiti spoken on the upper course of the Pilcomayo River and on the Parapiti River Paraguayan Chaco Izozo Chane spoken on the Itiyuro River in the Campo y Duran and on the Parepeti River Chaco Siriono Chori language of a very primitive tribe in central Bolivia especially in the tropical forests on the Ichillo River and Grande River between the Blanco River and Yapacani River between the Ivari River and Quimore River between the upper course of the Ivari River and Grande River between the Piray River and Itonama River and between the Beni River and Mamore River Dialects Tirinie spoken on the Mamore River Neoze spoken on the Grande River and Mamore River Yande spoken on the Mamore River Unattested Jora once spoken around the Laguna Jora near the city of Baures Mawe groupMawe Mauhe Mague originally spoken on the Tapajos Mataura River Maue assu River Arapiuns River Arichi River and Tracua River in the state of Para now on the Uaicurapa River Arapiyu Aripuana once spoken at the mouth of the Arapiuns River Unattested Andira once spoken south of Tupinambarana Island on the Amazon River Unattested Igapuitariara once spoken at the sources of the Curauai River Unattested Curiato once spoken at the mouth of the Maricaua River Unattested Sapupe Sacope once spoken on the Bararati River Unattested Maragua extinct language once spoken on the right bank of the Amazon River south of the Conduri tribe Unattested Proto language EditProto Tupi GuaraniReconstruction ofTupi Guarani languagesReconstructedancestorsProto Tupian Proto Maweti GuaraniSee also Proto Tupian Schleicher 1998 Edit The following reconstructions of Proto Tupi Guarani are from Schleicher 1998 8 Proto Tupi Guarani reconstructions by Schleicher 1998 no gloss Proto Tupi Guarani notes1 fruit ʔa ɨʔba2 hair ʔab3 lie down ʔab ʔaw4 to stand ʔam5 to sit ʔapɨk6 tie up ʔapɨtĩ7 fall human ʔar8 say ʔe9 other companion ʔirũ10 tree ʔɨ b11 canoe ʔɨcar12 swim ʔɨtab13 they ʔŋa14 dig ʔok15 eat trans ʔu16 3rd person aʔe17 seed aʔɨ y18 person aba19 corn abati20 bad aib21 sharp aimbe22 man akʷaimbaʔe lt kuyaʔĩ mbaʔe 23 head akaŋ24 humid wet akɨ m25 hot akub26 rain aman27 other amo28 far amo ite29 old man grandfather amoy30 no anĩ31 this aŋ32 back ape33 road ape pee34 burn apɨ 35 nose apũy36 root apo37 short apoʔa apuʔa38 round apuʔa39 day ar40 walk ata41 fire t ata42 smoke t ata tiŋ43 mountain atɨ r44 horn atĩ45 tooth ay46 push mbo ayan47 parrot ayuru48 fly bebe49 float bebuy50 crack split bok51 swell bur52 float bur53 cord cam54 play amuse caray55 worm ceboʔi56 wash cey57 mother cɨ 58 clean cɨ b59 rub cɨ b60 smooth cɨ m61 run water cɨrɨ 62 pull off cok63 to bite cuʔu64 black cun65 not eʔɨ m66 scratch eʔɨ y67 belly ebek68 eye eca69 to pull ekɨ y70 to live eko71 wife embi reko72 you ende73 saliva endɨ74 hear endub75 knee enɨpɨʔa76 call enoy77 see epʸak78 name er79 much eta80 leg etɨma81 smell etun82 stone ita83 I iye ice84 water ɨ 85 lake ɨ upa86 sand ɨʔɨtiŋ87 drink ɨʔu88 earth ɨbɨ 89 sky ɨbak90 cloud ɨbak tiŋ91 tree ɨbɨra92 wind ɨbɨtu93 belly ie94 domestic animal e ɨmba95 bark ɨpe96 night ɨpɨtun97 bow ɨrapar ɨbɨrapar98 dust powder ɨtiʔmbor99 know kʷaab100 sun kʷar101 scrubland forest kaʔa102 grass weeds kaʔapiʔi103 monkey kaʔi104 suck kaʔmbu105 fat kab106 breast kam107 bone kaŋ108 scrape karay109 eat intrans karu110 good katu111 get burned kay112 sleep ker113 dirty kɨʔa114 louse kɨb115 knife kɨce116 fear cɨkɨye117 green a kɨr118 fat pi kɨr119 clean kɨtiŋ ʔok120 to cut kɨtĩ kɨti121 tongue kũ122 this ko123 ashes kocub124 sand kuʔi125 back kupe126 boy kurumĩ127 bore perforate kutuk128 fall object kuy129 woman kuya130 manioc plant mandi131 die mano132 why mbaʔe133 sing mbaraka134 sew mbobuk mbobɨk135 few mbocapɨr136 throw mbo mbor137 snake mboy138 dust mbuku139 give meʔeŋ140 child membɨr141 husband men142 animal miyar143 two mokoy144 recount mombeʔu145 ear nambi146 beat nupa147 flesh oʔo148 green obɨ 149 leaf ob150 house ok151 we exclusive ore152 all pab153 re count papar154 river parana155 one pe156 you all pẽẽ157 wing pepo158 tobacco petɨ m159 blow peyu160 rub pin161 skin pir162 fish pira163 bark pirer164 child ptaŋ mitaŋ165 foot pɨ 166 liver pɨʔa167 new pɨcacu168 catch pɨcɨ k169 wide pɨpir170 suck pɨter171 breath pɨtu172 hand po mbo173 thin poʔi174 fingernail po apẽ175 twist poan lt poayan 176 heavy pocɨ y177 sing dance poracey178 chest potiʔa179 flower potɨ r180 clean potuka lt po kutuk 181 laugh puka182 long puku183 tie up pʷar184 cure pʷerab185 cold roʔɨ 186 swell ruruk187 ashes tanimbuk lt tata imbuk 188 tapir tapiʔir189 white tiŋ190 nose tĩ191 pull tɨ k192 father tub193 big tubiyab194 old tuya195 arrow uʔɨ b196 leg ub197 egg upiʔa198 come ur199 blood uwɨ 200 tail uway201 old woman waiwĩ202 red waŋ203 vomit weʔen204 bird wɨra205 ax yɨ 206 jaguar yaʔwar207 moon yacɨ 208 star yacɨ tata209 crocodile yakare210 run yan211 we inclusive yande212 tighten mbo yar213 to play yaru214 laugh yay215 speak yeʔeŋ216 return come back ye bɨ r217 grass weeds yuʔũ218 yellow yub219 rotten yuk220 kill yuka221 yellow yukɨrɨ 222 salt yukɨ r223 neck yur224 mouth yuru Lemle 1971 Edit The following reconstructions of Proto Tupi Guarani are from Lemle 1971 9 Proto Tupi Guarani reconstructions by Lemle 1971 no gloss Proto Tupi Guarani1 to in pɨpe2 accident memwa3 sharp aemee4 water ɨ5 some amo6 align braid pẽ7 yellow yub8 tie apɨtĩ9 tie pwar10 walk ata11 tapir tapiʔir12 tightten momyk13 squeeze pɨcɨk14 that pe15 bow ɨbɨrapar16 tree ʔɨb17 wing pepo18 grandfather amoy19 fat kab20 lard yanɨ21 stomach liver pɨʔa22 stomach ɨe23 stomach ebek24 hit nupa25 drink ɨʔu26 animal eɨmab27 mouth yuru28 float bebɨy29 good katu30 white tiŋ31 play yemocaray32 hole kwar33 head akaŋ34 hair ʔab35 fall ʔar36 path pe ape37 field yũ38 canoe ɨar39 grass kapiʔi40 meat oʔo41 house ok42 bark pe43 corn drink kawĩ44 dig ɨbɨkoy45 dig yoʔok46 basket karamemwa47 sky ɨbak48 call enoy49 full por50 smell etun51 horn atĩ52 horn ʔak53 suck pɨter54 rain aman55 ashes tanimuk56 coati kwati57 snake moy58 scratch eʔɨ y59 eat ʔu60 companion brother ʔirũ61 long puku62 string cam63 flow cɨrɨk64 cut kɨtĩ65 back ape66 back kupe67 sew mobɨk mobɨbɨk68 grow akakuwab69 give meʔeŋ70 finger pwa71 lie ʔab72 tooth ay73 draw kwatiar74 day ar75 two mokoy76 sleep ker77 he aʔe78 push moayan79 rub pin80 rub kɨtɨk81 wife emireko82 stand puʔam83 star yacɨtata84 I i ce85 knife kɨce86 speak yeʔeŋ87 full ʔɨtaro88 thin poʔi89 arrow uʔɨb90 flower potɨr ɨbotɨr91 fire tata92 leaf ob93 cold roʔɨ roʔɨca94 fruit ʔa95 smoke tatatiŋ catatiŋ96 tobacco petɨm97 pierce kutuk98 claw pɨcapẽ99 like ʔaro100 large tubicab101 man aba102 island ɨpaʔũ103 swell bubur104 swell ruru105 space paʔũ106 go co107 alligator yakare108 knee enɨpɨʔa109 throw momor110 lake ɨpab ɨupab111 wash yocey ey c ey yac ay112 tongue ape kũ kũ113 smooth cɨm114 far mɨrɨb115 moon yacɨ116 monkey kaʔi117 ax yɨ118 mother cɨ119 command pway120 manioc maniʔok121 hand po122 left hand acu123 husband men124 kill yuka125 woods kaʔa126 bad aib aɨb127 boy kunumĩ128 corn abati129 wet akɨm130 bite cuʔu131 die mano132 hill ɨbɨtɨr ɨbɨʔam usu 133 move mɨ y134 many eta c eta135 woman kuya136 variety of bird mɨtũ137 swim ɨtab138 nose beak tĩ139 night pɨtun140 night pɨca141 name er142 we excl ore143 we incl yane144 new pɨcacu145 cloud ɨbatiŋ146 hollow ɨbɨ y147 eye eca148 jaguar yawar149 ear nami150 bone kaŋ kaŋ wer151 hear enub152 egg upiʔa153 father ub154 pan yaʔẽ155 pan yaẽpopo156 parrot ayuru157 pass pwan158 bird wɨra159 stick ɨbɨra160 foot pɨ161 rock ita162 chest potiʔa163 breast kam164 fish pira165 skin pir piruer166 feather ab c ab c a wer167 leg etɨma168 heavy pocɨy169 neck ayur170 person akwa171 louse kɨb172 variety of gnat piʔũ173 past tense pwer174 black un c un175 black dark picun176 burn kay177 burn apɨ178 hot akub179 tail uway180 split mobok bok181 root apo182 scrape karay183 round apuʔa184 breathe pɨtu185 river parana186 laugh puka187 know kuwaab188 sat yukɨr189 saliva enɨ190 blood uwɨ191 heal pwerab192 dry kaŋ193 seed aʔɨ y194 sit apɨk195 sun kwaracɨ196 blow peyu197 dirty kɨʔa198 dirty ipib199 bamboo takwar200 fear cɨkɨye201 land ɨbɨ202 all pab203 three mocapɨr204 intestines ɨʔe205 one oyepeteĩ206 fingernail pwa pẽ207 wind ɨbɨtu208 see epyak209 green obɨ210 worm ceboʔi211 red waŋ212 red piraŋ213 red pɨtaŋ214 pour ʔ ẽ215 come ur216 live eko ekobe217 ffly bebe218 you sing ne ene219 you pl pe ẽ220 vomit weʔen221 mad iroSee also EditTupi people Tupinamba Guarani people Urubu Kaapor Sign LanguageReferences Edit Rodrigues A D Cabral A S A C Revendo a classificacao interna da familia Tupi Guarani In CABRAL A S A C RODRIGUES A D Orgs Linguas indigenas brasileiras fonologia gramatica e historia Tomo I Belem UFPA EDUFPA p 327 337 2002 O Hagan Zachary with Keith Bartolomei Natalia Chousou Polydouri Emily Clem Erin Donnelly and Lev Michael 2014 A Computational phylogenetic Classification of Tupi Guarani and its Geographical Spread Language Variation and Change October 20 Chicago O Hagan Zachary Chousou Polydouri Natalia Michael Lev 2019 Phylogenetic classification supports a Northeastern Amazonian Proto Tupi Guarani Homeland LIAMES Linguas Indigenas Americanas 19 e019018 doi 10 20396 liames v19i0 8655791 ISSN 2177 7160 Jolkesky Marcelo Pinho De Valhery 2016 Estudo arqueo ecolinguistico das terras tropicais sul americanas Ph D dissertation University of Brasilia Ferraz Gerardi Fabricio Reichert Stanislav 2021 The Tupi Guarani language family Diachronica John Benjamins Publishing Company 38 2 151 188 doi 10 1075 dia 18032 fer ISSN 0176 4225 Ferraz Gerardi F amp Reichert S 2020 CLDF dataset derived from Gerardi and Reichert s The Tupi Guarani Language Family A Phylogenetic Classification from 2020 v1 0 1 Data set Zenodo doi 10 5281 zenodo 4094642 Loukotka Cestmir 1968 Classification of South American Indian languages Los Angeles UCLA Latin American Center Schleicher Charles Owen 1998 Comparative And Internal Reconstrution of the Tupi Guarani Language Family Doctoral dissertation University of Wisconsin Madison Lemle Miriam 1971 Internal classification of the Tupi Guarani linguistic family In David Bendor Samuel ed Tupi studies I 107 129 Norman Summer Institute of Linguistics of the University of Oklahoma Bibliography Edit Michael Lev Natalia Chousou Polydouri Keith Bartolomei Erin Donnelly Vivian Wauters Sergio Meira Zachary O Hagan 2015 A Bayesian Phylogenetic Classification of Tupi Guarani LIAMES 15 2 193 221 O Hagan Zachary Natalia Chousou Polydouri Lev Michael 2019 Phylogenetic classification supports a Northeastern Amazonian Proto Tupi Guarani homeland LIAMES Campinas SP v 19 1 29 e019018 2019 doi 10 20396 liames v19i0 8655791 Michael Lev Chousou Polydouri Natalia 2020 Computational phylogenetics and the classification of South American languages PDF Language and Linguistics Compass 13 12 doi 10 1111 lnc3 12358 Further reading EditGerardi Fabricio Ferraz Reichert Stanislav The Tupi Guarani language family A phylogenetic classification In Diachronica Available online 01 February 2021 DOI https doi org 10 1075 dia 18032 fer External links Edit Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix Proto Tupi Guarani reconstructions Swadesh lists of Tupi Guarani basic vocabulary words from Wiktionary s Swadesh list appendix Publications by Lev Michael Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tupi Guarani languages amp oldid 1131240847, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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