"Timbé language" redirects here. Not to be confused with the Timbe language of Papua New Guinea.
Tenetehára is a Tupi–Guarani language spoken in the state of Maranhão in Brazil. Sociolinguistically, it is two languages, each spoken by the Guajajara and the Tembé people, though these are mutually intelligible. Tembé was spoken by less than a quarter of its ethnic population of 820 in 2000; Guajajara, on the other hand, is more robust, being spoken by two-thirds of its 20,000 people.
Tenetehára speakers were first contacted in 1615 by a French expedition in the margins of the Pindaré river. They clashed against slaver raids until Jesuit missions were set up among them (1653-1755). After the Jesuits were expelled from Brazil, the various Tenetehára groups went back to a life with very limited contact with the settler society.
At the end of the 19th century the members of the community started to be employed as collectors of natural resources. After some abuse by white settlers in their vicinity, in 1901 the Guajajara group revolted against a nearby Capuchin missions and expelled them from their land. They have been in continuous conflict with clandestine loggers and illegal settlements in their land.
Phonetics and phonologyedit
Tenetehára has a total of 21 phonemes: 14 consonants and 7 vowels. Each of the consonantal phonemes occurs as the initial C in CV and CVC syllables, while each of the vowels occurs as the nucleus in the four syllable patterns. Any phoneme of the class /t k m n ŋ w z r/ may occur in the syllable and word final C position, while /p kw c ŋw ' h/ are limited in their distribution in that they do not occur in the final C position. Similarly, /ŋ ŋw/ have a somewhat limited distribution in that they never occur word-initially.[2]
/s/ can have an allophone of [ts], and can also be heard as [tʃ] before front vowels.
/d/ can have three allophones [z, ʒ, dʒ], and can be heard as [j] when before a consonant or in word-final position.
Vowels in the Tembé dialect
Front
Central
Back
High
i
ɨ
u
Mid
e
ə
o
Low
a
/e, ɔ/ can have short allophones [ɛ, ɔ].
Syntaxedit
Tenetehára has a verb-subject-object word order. Verbs are marked with person prefixes that reference the subject of the clause:
u-suka
3-kill
Zezin
Zezin
arapuha
deer
u-suka Zezin arapuha
3-kill Zezin deer
"Zezin killed a deer."
There are three verb classes, corresponding to transitive, intransitive and stative verbs. Each of these has a different set of verbal prefixes to mark the subject.
Even though it is a verb-initial language, Tenetehára has postpositions instead of prepositions, as would be expected cross-linguistically:
o-ho
3-go
Zezin
Zezin
ko
field
pe
to
o-ho Zezin ko pe
3-go Zezin field to
"Zezin goes to the field."
A small group of adverbial words, that relate the sentence to its context, can appear in the first position in the clause, followed by the verb and the rest of the sentence.[2]
aipo
maybe
o-ho
3-go
ko
field
pe
to
aipo o-ho ko pe
maybe 3-go field to
"Maybe he went to the field."
Referencesedit
^ abGuajajara at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) Tembé at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ abDavid Bendor-Samuel (1969). Gramática Pedagógica da Língua Guajajara. Associação Internacional de Linguística SIL – Brasil. OCLC 896408604.
^Bendor-Samuel, David (1972). Hierarchical structures in Guajajara.
^Bonfim Duarte, Fabio (2007). Ordem de constituintes e movimiento em Tembé: Minimalismo e Anti-Simetria. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.
External linksedit
Lev, Michael; Stark, Tammy; Chang, Will (2012). "Phonological inventory of Guajajára". The South American Phonological Inventory Database (version 1.1.3 ed.). Berkeley: University of California: Survey of California and Other Indian Languages Digital Resource.
Lev, Michael; Stark, Tammy; Chang, Will (2012). "Phonological inventory of Tembé". The South American Phonological Inventory Database (version 1.1.3 ed.). Berkeley: University of California: Survey of California and Other Indian Languages Digital Resource.
November 23, 2023
tenetehara, language, timbé, language, redirects, here, confused, with, timbe, language, papua, guinea, tenetehára, tupi, guarani, language, spoken, state, maranhão, brazil, sociolinguistically, languages, each, spoken, guajajara, tembé, people, though, these,. Timbe language redirects here Not to be confused with the Timbe language of Papua New Guinea Tenetehara is a Tupi Guarani language spoken in the state of Maranhao in Brazil Sociolinguistically it is two languages each spoken by the Guajajara and the Tembe people though these are mutually intelligible Tembe was spoken by less than a quarter of its ethnic population of 820 in 2000 Guajajara on the other hand is more robust being spoken by two thirds of its 20 000 people TeneteharaGuajajaraNative toBrazilRegionMaranhaoEthnicity19 500 Guajajara 2006 820 Tembe 1999 60 Turiwara 1998 1 Native speakers13 000 2006 1 Language familyTupian Tupi GuaraniTenetehara branchTeneteharaLanguage codesISO 639 3Either a href https iso639 3 sil org code gub class extiw title iso639 3 gub gub a Guajajara a href https iso639 3 sil org code tqb class extiw title iso639 3 tqb tqb a TembeGlottologtemb1276ELPGuajajaraTembe Contents 1 History 2 Phonetics and phonology 2 1 Tembe 3 Syntax 4 References 5 External linksHistory editTenetehara speakers were first contacted in 1615 by a French expedition in the margins of the Pindare river They clashed against slaver raids until Jesuit missions were set up among them 1653 1755 After the Jesuits were expelled from Brazil the various Tenetehara groups went back to a life with very limited contact with the settler society At the end of the 19th century the members of the community started to be employed as collectors of natural resources After some abuse by white settlers in their vicinity in 1901 the Guajajara group revolted against a nearby Capuchin missions and expelled them from their land They have been in continuous conflict with clandestine loggers and illegal settlements in their land Phonetics and phonology editTenetehara has a total of 21 phonemes 14 consonants and 7 vowels Each of the consonantal phonemes occurs as the initial C in CV and CVC syllables while each of the vowels occurs as the nucleus in the four syllable patterns Any phoneme of the class t k m n ŋ w z r may occur in the syllable and word final C position while p kw c ŋw h are limited in their distribution in that they do not occur in the final C position Similarly ŋ ŋw have a somewhat limited distribution in that they never occur word initially 2 Consonants in Tenetehara 3 Bilabial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Labial velar GlottalStop p t k kʷ ʔAffricate tsFricative z hFlap ɾNasal m n ŋ ŋʷApproximant j w ts is heard as tʃ before close front vowels z is heard as j before a consonant or in word final position Vowels in Tenetehara Front Central BackHigh i ɨ uMid ɛ e ɔLow a i e can be heard as ɪ ɐ before ŋ or in coda position Tembe edit Consonants in the Tembe dialect 4 Bilabial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Labial velar GlottalStop plain p t k kʷ ʔvoiced dFricative s hFlap ɾNasal m n ŋ ŋʷApproximant j w s can have an allophone of ts and can also be heard as tʃ before front vowels d can have three allophones z ʒ dʒ and can be heard as j when before a consonant or in word final position Vowels in the Tembe dialect Front Central BackHigh i ɨ uMid e e oLow a e ɔ can have short allophones ɛ ɔ Syntax editTenetehara has a verb subject object word order Verbs are marked with person prefixes that reference the subject of the clause u suka3 killZezinZezinarapuhadeeru suka Zezin arapuha3 kill Zezin deer Zezin killed a deer There are three verb classes corresponding to transitive intransitive and stative verbs Each of these has a different set of verbal prefixes to mark the subject Even though it is a verb initial language Tenetehara has postpositions instead of prepositions as would be expected cross linguistically o ho3 goZezinZezinkofieldpetoo ho Zezin ko pe3 go Zezin field to Zezin goes to the field A small group of adverbial words that relate the sentence to its context can appear in the first position in the clause followed by the verb and the rest of the sentence 2 aipomaybeo ho3 gokofieldpetoaipo o ho ko pemaybe 3 go field to Maybe he went to the field References edit a b Guajajara at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required Tembe at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required a b David Bendor Samuel 1969 Gramatica Pedagogica da Lingua Guajajara Associacao Internacional de Linguistica SIL Brasil OCLC 896408604 Bendor Samuel David 1972 Hierarchical structures in Guajajara Bonfim Duarte Fabio 2007 Ordem de constituintes e movimiento em Tembe Minimalismo e Anti Simetria Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais External links editLev Michael Stark Tammy Chang Will 2012 Phonological inventory of Guajajara The South American Phonological Inventory Database version 1 1 3 ed Berkeley University of California Survey of California and Other Indian Languages Digital Resource Lev Michael Stark Tammy Chang Will 2012 Phonological inventory of Tembe The South American Phonological Inventory Database version 1 1 3 ed Berkeley University of California Survey of California and Other Indian Languages Digital Resource Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tenetehara language amp oldid 1046741956, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
