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Convention of Peking

December 07, 2023

"Treaty of Peking" redirects here. For the 1887 treaty signed by the Qing dynasty of China and Kingdom of Portugal, see Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking.

The Convention of Peking or First Convention of Peking is an agreement comprising three distinct treaties concluded between the Qing dynasty of China and Great Britain, France, and the Russian Empire in 1860. In China, they are regarded as among the unequal treaties.

Convention of Peking
Signing of the treaty by Lord Elgin and Prince Gong
Traditional Chinese北京條約
Simplified Chinese北京条约
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinBěijīng Tiáoyuē
Hakka
RomanizationBet5gin1 Tiau2yok5
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutpingbak1 ging1 tiu4 joek3

Background

On 18 October 1860, at the culmination of the Second Opium War, the British and French troops entered the Forbidden City in Beijing. Following the decisive defeat of the Chinese, Prince Gong was compelled to sign two treaties on behalf of the Qing government with Lord Elgin and Baron Gros, who represented Britain and France respectively.[1] Although Russia had not been a belligerent, Prince Gong also signed a treaty with Nikolay Ignatyev.

The original plan was to burn down the Forbidden City as punishment for the mistreatment of Anglo-French prisoners by Qing officials. Because doing so would jeopardize the treaty signing, the plan shifted to burning the Old Summer Palace and Summer Palace instead.[1] The treaties with France and Britain were signed in the Ministry of Rites building immediately south of the Forbidden City on 24 October 1860.[2]

Terms

 
Prince Gong, photographed by Felice Beato, 2 November 1860, just days after he signed the treaty on 24 October 1860.

In the convention, the Xianfeng Emperor ratified the Treaty of Tientsin (1858).

In 1860, the area known as Kowloon was originally negotiated for lease in March, but in few months' time, the Convention of Peking ended the lease, and ceded the land formally to the British on 24 October.[3]

Article 6 of the Convention between China and the United Kingdom stipulated that China was to cede the part of Kowloon Peninsula south of present-day Boundary Street, Kowloon, and Hong Kong (including Stonecutters Island) in perpetuity to Britain.[4]

Article 6 of the Convention between China and France stipulated that "the religious and charitable establishments which were confiscated from Christians during the persecutions of which they were victims shall be returned to their owners through the French Minister in China".[5]

Manchuria

The treaty also confirmed the cession of the entirety of what is now known as Outer Manchuria to the Russian Empire, a total of 400,000 square kilometers,[6] with Russia achieving the strategic goal of sealing off Chinese access to the Sea of Japan. It granted Russia the right to the Ussuri krai, a part of the modern day Primorye, the territory that corresponded with the ancient Manchu province of East Tartary. See Treaty of Aigun (1858), Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) and Sino-Russian border conflicts.[citation needed]

In addition to ceding territory that had been ruled by the Qing dynasty, the treaty also ceded territory under Korean jurisdiction, notably the island (by that time and currently a peninsula at the southernmost end of Primorsky Krai) of Noktundo. This was not known to the Koreans until the 1880s (20 or so years after the signing of the treaty, to which Korea was not a party), at which point it became a matter of official protest as the Koreans asserted that the Qing had no authority to cede Noktundo to Russia.

Aftermath

 
Plaque in Chengde Mountain Resort marking the 1860 treaty as a "national humiliation" for China.

Kowloon

The governments of the United Kingdom and the People's Republic of China (PRC) concluded the Sino-British Joint Declaration on the Question of Hong Kong in 1984, under which the sovereignty of the leased territories, together with Hong Kong Island, ceded under the Treaty of Nanking (1842), and Kowloon Peninsula (south of Boundary Street), was to be transferred to the PRC on 1 July 1997.

Noktundo

The status of Noktundo, which had been under Korean jurisdiction from the turn of the 17th century but was (unbeknownst to the Koreans until the 1880s) ceded to Russia in the treaty, remains formally unresolved, as only one of two Korean jurisdictions/governments have accepted a border agreement with Russia.[7] North Korea and the USSR signed a border treaty in 1985 officially certifying the Russian-North Korean border as running through the center of the Tumen River[8] which left the now-peninsula of Noktundo on the Russian side of the border. This agreement is not recognized by South Korea, which has since demanded Noktundo's return to Korean jurisdiction (ostensibly this would be North Korean jurisdiction, with the expectation of unified Korean control after an eventual Korean reunification).[9]

Original copies

An original copy of the convention is located in the National Palace Museum in Taiwan.[10]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Harris, David. Van Slyke, Lyman P. [2000] (2000). Of Battle and Beauty: Felice Beato's Photographs of China. University of California Press. ISBN 0-89951-100-7
  2. ^ Naquin, Susan. [2000] (2000). Peking: Temples and City Life, 1400-1900. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-21991-0
  3. ^ Endacott, G. B.; Carroll, John M. (2005) [1962]. A biographical sketch-book of early Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 978-962-209-742-1.
  4. ^ Hong Kong Government Gazette - "Convention of Peace Between Her Majesty and the Emperor of China, signed at Peking, October 24th, 1860" (PDF), Hong Kong: Hong Kong Government, 1860 [15th December], p. 270 Article IV. With the view of law and order in and about the harbour of Hong-kong, His Imperial Majesty the Emperor of China agrees to cede to Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, and to Her Heirs and Successors, to have and to hold as a dependency of Her Britannic Majesty's Colony of Hongkong, that portion of the township of Cowloon, in the province of Kwang-Tung, of which a lease was granted in perpetuity to Harry Smith Parkes, Esquire, Companion of the Bath, a Member of the Allied Commission at Canton, on behalf of Her Britannic Majesty's Government, by Lau Tsung-kwang, Governor-General of the two Kwang.
  5. ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "The Church in China" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  6. ^ Ghosh, S.K. (1977). "SINO-SOVIET BORDER TALKS". India Quarterly. 33 (1): 57–61. Retrieved 28 September 2023.
  7. ^ Kang, Hyungwon. "[Visual History of Korea] Do or die naval battles defined Adm. Yi Sun-sin as hero". Korean Herald. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  8. ^ Информация о международных соглашениях July 8, 2015, at the Wayback Machine (Information on international agreements)
  9. ^ Проблема острова Ноктундо в средствах массовой информации Южной Кореи [The problem of the Noktundo island in the media in South Korea] (in Russian). ru.apircenter.org. from the original on 10 September 2013. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  10. ^ http://www.npm.gov.tw/exh100/diplomatic/page_en02.html Republic of China's Diplomatic Archives (English)

Further reading

  • Cole, Herbert M. "Origins of the French Protectorate over Catholic Missions in China." American Journal of International Law 34.3 (1940): 473–491.

External links

 
Russian Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Пекинский договор (1860)
  • Full text of the Convention of Peking between China and the United Kingdom 3 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  • Full text of the Convention of Peking between China and France 5 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  • Full text of the Convention of Peking between China and Russia 1 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine

December 07, 2023
convention, peking, treaty, peking, redirects, here, 1887, treaty, signed, qing, dynasty, china, kingdom, portugal, sino, portuguese, treaty, peking, first, agreement, comprising, three, distinct, treaties, concluded, between, qing, dynasty, china, great, brit. Treaty of Peking redirects here For the 1887 treaty signed by the Qing dynasty of China and Kingdom of Portugal see Sino Portuguese Treaty of Peking The Convention of Peking or First Convention of Peking is an agreement comprising three distinct treaties concluded between the Qing dynasty of China and Great Britain France and the Russian Empire in 1860 In China they are regarded as among the unequal treaties Convention of PekingSigning of the treaty by Lord Elgin and Prince GongTraditional Chinese北京條約Simplified Chinese北京条约TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinBeijing TiaoyueHakkaRomanizationBet5gin1 Tiau2yok5Yue CantoneseJyutpingbak1 ging1 tiu4 joek3 Contents 1 Background 2 Terms 2 1 Manchuria 3 Aftermath 3 1 Kowloon 3 2 Noktundo 4 Original copies 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksBackgroundOn 18 October 1860 at the culmination of the Second Opium War the British and French troops entered the Forbidden City in Beijing Following the decisive defeat of the Chinese Prince Gong was compelled to sign two treaties on behalf of the Qing government with Lord Elgin and Baron Gros who represented Britain and France respectively 1 Although Russia had not been a belligerent Prince Gong also signed a treaty with Nikolay Ignatyev The original plan was to burn down the Forbidden City as punishment for the mistreatment of Anglo French prisoners by Qing officials Because doing so would jeopardize the treaty signing the plan shifted to burning the Old Summer Palace and Summer Palace instead 1 The treaties with France and Britain were signed in the Ministry of Rites building immediately south of the Forbidden City on 24 October 1860 2 Terms nbsp Prince Gong photographed by Felice Beato 2 November 1860 just days after he signed the treaty on 24 October 1860 In the convention the Xianfeng Emperor ratified the Treaty of Tientsin 1858 In 1860 the area known as Kowloon was originally negotiated for lease in March but in few months time the Convention of Peking ended the lease and ceded the land formally to the British on 24 October 3 Article 6 of the Convention between China and the United Kingdom stipulated that China was to cede the part of Kowloon Peninsula south of present day Boundary Street Kowloon and Hong Kong including Stonecutters Island in perpetuity to Britain 4 Article 6 of the Convention between China and France stipulated that the religious and charitable establishments which were confiscated from Christians during the persecutions of which they were victims shall be returned to their owners through the French Minister in China 5 Manchuria The treaty also confirmed the cession of the entirety of what is now known as Outer Manchuria to the Russian Empire a total of 400 000 square kilometers 6 with Russia achieving the strategic goal of sealing off Chinese access to the Sea of Japan It granted Russia the right to the Ussuri krai a part of the modern day Primorye the territory that corresponded with the ancient Manchu province of East Tartary See Treaty of Aigun 1858 Treaty of Nerchinsk 1689 and Sino Russian border conflicts citation needed In addition to ceding territory that had been ruled by the Qing dynasty the treaty also ceded territory under Korean jurisdiction notably the island by that time and currently a peninsula at the southernmost end of Primorsky Krai of Noktundo This was not known to the Koreans until the 1880s 20 or so years after the signing of the treaty to which Korea was not a party at which point it became a matter of official protest as the Koreans asserted that the Qing had no authority to cede Noktundo to Russia Aftermath nbsp Plaque in Chengde Mountain Resort marking the 1860 treaty as a national humiliation for China Kowloon The governments of the United Kingdom and the People s Republic of China PRC concluded the Sino British Joint Declaration on the Question of Hong Kong in 1984 under which the sovereignty of the leased territories together with Hong Kong Island ceded under the Treaty of Nanking 1842 and Kowloon Peninsula south of Boundary Street was to be transferred to the PRC on 1 July 1997 Noktundo The status of Noktundo which had been under Korean jurisdiction from the turn of the 17th century but was unbeknownst to the Koreans until the 1880s ceded to Russia in the treaty remains formally unresolved as only one of two Korean jurisdictions governments have accepted a border agreement with Russia 7 North Korea and the USSR signed a border treaty in 1985 officially certifying the Russian North Korean border as running through the center of the Tumen River 8 which left the now peninsula of Noktundo on the Russian side of the border This agreement is not recognized by South Korea which has since demanded Noktundo s return to Korean jurisdiction ostensibly this would be North Korean jurisdiction with the expectation of unified Korean control after an eventual Korean reunification 9 Original copiesAn original copy of the convention is located in the National Palace Museum in Taiwan 10 See alsoSecond Convention of Peking History of Hong Kong Western imperialism in AsiaReferences a b Harris David Van Slyke Lyman P 2000 2000 Of Battle and Beauty Felice Beato s Photographs of China University of California Press ISBN 0 89951 100 7 Naquin Susan 2000 2000 Peking Temples and City Life 1400 1900 University of California Press ISBN 0 520 21991 0 Endacott G B Carroll John M 2005 1962 A biographical sketch book of early Hong Kong Hong Kong University Press ISBN 978 962 209 742 1 Hong Kong Government Gazette Convention of Peace Between Her Majesty and the Emperor of China signed at Peking October 24th 1860 PDF Hong Kong Hong Kong Government 1860 15th December p 270 Article IV With the view of law and order in and about the harbour of Hong kong His Imperial Majesty the Emperor of China agrees to cede to Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain and Ireland and to Her Heirs and Successors to have and to hold as a dependency of Her Britannic Majesty s Colony of Hongkong that portion of the township of Cowloon in the province of Kwang Tung of which a lease was granted in perpetuity to Harry Smith Parkes Esquire Companion of the Bath a Member of the Allied Commission at Canton on behalf of Her Britannic Majesty s Government by Lau Tsung kwang Governor General of the two Kwang Herbermann Charles ed 1913 The Church in China Catholic Encyclopedia New York Robert Appleton Company Ghosh S K 1977 SINO SOVIET BORDER TALKS India Quarterly 33 1 57 61 Retrieved 28 September 2023 Kang Hyungwon Visual History of Korea Do or die naval battles defined Adm Yi Sun sin as hero Korean Herald Retrieved 24 November 2023 Informaciya o mezhdunarodnyh soglasheniyah Archived July 8 2015 at the Wayback Machine Information on international agreements Problema ostrova Noktundo v sredstvah massovoj informacii Yuzhnoj Korei The problem of the Noktundo island in the media in South Korea in Russian ru apircenter org Archived from the original on 10 September 2013 Retrieved 30 June 2015 http www npm gov tw exh100 diplomatic page en02 html Republic of China s Diplomatic Archives English Further readingCole Herbert M Origins of the French Protectorate over Catholic Missions in China American Journal of International Law 34 3 1940 473 491 External links nbsp Russian Wikisource has original text related to this article Pekinskij dogovor 1860 A timeline of the history of Hong Kong from 1840 to 1999 Full text of the Convention of Peking between China and the United Kingdom Archived 3 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine Full text of the Convention of Peking between China and France Archived 5 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Full text of the Convention of Peking between China and Russia Archived 1 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Convention of Peking amp oldid 1186649234, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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