Tigranocerta (Greek: Τιγρανόκερτα, Tigranόkerta; Tigranakert; Armenian: Տիգրանակերտ), also called Cholimma or Chlomaron in antiquity, was a city and the capital of the Armenian Kingdom between 77 and 69 BCE. It bore the name of Tigranes the Great, who founded the city in the first century BC. There is so far no common agreement on the precise location of Tigranakert; it was either near present-day Silvan, Arzan (Arzn, in the Armenian province of Arzanene or Aghdznik),[2] east of Diyarbakır, Turkey, or in the valley of the Garzan river mentioned by T. A. Sinclair.[3][4] It was one of four cities in historic Armenia named Tigranakert. The others were in Nakhichevan, Artsakh and Utik, the 4 cities being in the old Armenian provinces Aldznik, Goghtn, Utik, Artsakh.[5]
To create this city, Tigranes forced many people out of their homes to make up the population.[6] Armenia at this time had expanded east to the Caspian Sea, west to central Cappadocia, and south towards Judea, advancing as far as the regions surrounding what is now the Krak des Chevaliers.
The city's markets were filled with traders and merchants doing business from all over the ancient world. Tigranocerta quickly became a very important commercial, as well as cultural center of the Near East. The magnificent theater that was established by the Great King, of which he was an avid devotee, conducted dramas and comedies mostly played by Greek as well as Armenian actors. Plutarch wrote that Tigranocerta was "a rich and beautiful city where every common man and every man of rank studied to adorn it".[7] The Hellenistic culture during the Artaxiad dynasty had a strong influence and the Greek language was in fact the official language of the court. Tigranes had divided Greater Armenia – the nucleus of the Empire – into four major strategic regions or viceroyalties.
After the plunder, which included the destruction of statues and temples, the city was set ablaze. An abundant quantity of gold and silver was carried off to Rome as war booty. Lucullus took most of the gold and silver from the melted-down statues, pots, cups and other valuable metals and precious stones. During the pillage most of the city's inhabitants fled to the countryside. The newly established theater building was also destroyed in the fire. The great city would never recover from this devastating destruction.[9]
During Pompey the Great's 'conquests of the east', Tigranocerta was retaken briefly by Rome, but was lost when Tigranes the Great was given parts of his kingdom back after his initial surrender to Pompey for the cost of 6,000 talents (an indemnity paid to Rome over an uncertain period). It was again taken by the Romans under Corbulo, during the Roman–Parthian War of 58–63.[10]
During late antiquity Tigranokert was commonly referred to as Chlomaron, which was either another name or the name of a more significant settlement near the ancient one. In 587 during the reign of emperor Maurice, Chlomaron and much of Armenia came under Roman administration after the Romans defeated the Sassanid Persian Empire at the Battle of the Blarathon.
During the Ottoman period, Armenians referred to the city of Diyarbekir as Dikranagerd (Western Armenian pronunciation of Tigranakert).[11]
^ abHovhannisian, P. (1985). "Տիգրանակերտ [Tigranakert]". Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia Vol. 11 (in Armenian). Yerevan: Armenian Encyclopedia. p. 697.
^See Thomas A. Sinclair, "The Site of Tigranocerta. I," Revue des Études Arméniennes 25 (1994-95): pp. 183-254; idem, "The Site of Tigranocerta. II," Revue des Études Arméniennes 26 (1996-97): 51-117.
^Sinclair, T. A. (1989-12-31). Eastern Turkey: An Architectural & Archaeological Survey, Volume III. Pindar Press. p. 297. ISBN978-0-907132-34-9.
^Atkinson, Kenneth (2016-09-22). A History of the Hasmonean State: Josephus and Beyond. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 297. ISBN978-0-567-66903-2.
^Karapetian, Samvel (2001). Armenian Cultural Monuments in the Region of Karabakh. Yerevan: "Gitutiun" Publishing House of National Academy of Sciences of Armenia. p. 213. ISBN9785808004689. The data of records referring to these four towns, all of which were called Tigranakert and differed only by provinces, were often confused, if the name of the province; Aldznik, Goghtn, Utik or Artsakh...
^Goldsworthy, Adrian. In the Name of Rome: The Men Who Won The Roman Empire, 2nd Ed.. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2003.
^Hovannisian, Richard G. (2006). Armenian Tigranakert/Diarbekir and Edessa/Urfa. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers. p. 2. ISBN9781568591537. The city that later generations of Armenians would call Dikranagerd was actually ancient Amid or Amida (now Diarbekir or Diyarbakir), a great walled city with seventy-two towers...
Hakobyan, Hayk (2007). "Հին Հայաստանի մայրաքաղաք Տիգրանակերտը [The Capital of Ancient Armenia Tigranakert]". Patma-Banasirakan Handes (in Armenian) (3): 3–29.
Schmitt, R.; Bailey, H. W. (1986). "Armenia and Iran iv. Iranian influences in Armenian Language". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 4. pp. 445–465.
External linksedit
Ancient and premodern Armenia
"Armenia's 12 Capital Cities" Exhibition Opened in Paris
tigranocerta, greek, Τιγρανόκερτα, tigranόkerta, tigranakert, armenian, Տիգրանակերտ, also, called, cholimma, chlomaron, antiquity, city, capital, armenian, kingdom, between, bore, name, tigranes, great, founded, city, first, century, there, common, agreement, . Tigranocerta Greek Tigranokerta Tigranokerta Tigranakert Armenian Տիգրանակերտ also called Cholimma or Chlomaron in antiquity was a city and the capital of the Armenian Kingdom between 77 and 69 BCE It bore the name of Tigranes the Great who founded the city in the first century BC There is so far no common agreement on the precise location of Tigranakert it was either near present day Silvan Arzan Arzn in the Armenian province of Arzanene or Aghdznik 2 east of Diyarbakir Turkey or in the valley of the Garzan river mentioned by T A Sinclair 3 4 It was one of four cities in historic Armenia named Tigranakert The others were in Nakhichevan Artsakh and Utik the 4 cities being in the old Armenian provinces Aldznik Goghtn Utik Artsakh 5 TigranocertaKingdom of ArmeniaLocationArzanene Province Kingdom of Armenia near Diyarbakir Turkey HistoryBuilderTigranes the GreatFounded83 78 BC 1 PeriodsHellenistic period 1 History editTo create this city Tigranes forced many people out of their homes to make up the population 6 Armenia at this time had expanded east to the Caspian Sea west to central Cappadocia and south towards Judea advancing as far as the regions surrounding what is now the Krak des Chevaliers The city s markets were filled with traders and merchants doing business from all over the ancient world Tigranocerta quickly became a very important commercial as well as cultural center of the Near East The magnificent theater that was established by the Great King of which he was an avid devotee conducted dramas and comedies mostly played by Greek as well as Armenian actors Plutarch wrote that Tigranocerta was a rich and beautiful city where every common man and every man of rank studied to adorn it 7 The Hellenistic culture during the Artaxiad dynasty had a strong influence and the Greek language was in fact the official language of the court Tigranes had divided Greater Armenia the nucleus of the Empire into four major strategic regions or viceroyalties A Roman force under Lucius Licinius Lucullus defeated Tigranes at the Battle of Tigranocerta nearby in 69 BC and afterwards sacked the city sending many of the people back to their original homes 8 After the plunder which included the destruction of statues and temples the city was set ablaze An abundant quantity of gold and silver was carried off to Rome as war booty Lucullus took most of the gold and silver from the melted down statues pots cups and other valuable metals and precious stones During the pillage most of the city s inhabitants fled to the countryside The newly established theater building was also destroyed in the fire The great city would never recover from this devastating destruction 9 During Pompey the Great s conquests of the east Tigranocerta was retaken briefly by Rome but was lost when Tigranes the Great was given parts of his kingdom back after his initial surrender to Pompey for the cost of 6 000 talents an indemnity paid to Rome over an uncertain period It was again taken by the Romans under Corbulo during the Roman Parthian War of 58 63 10 During late antiquity Tigranokert was commonly referred to as Chlomaron which was either another name or the name of a more significant settlement near the ancient one In 587 during the reign of emperor Maurice Chlomaron and much of Armenia came under Roman administration after the Romans defeated the Sassanid Persian Empire at the Battle of the Blarathon During the Ottoman period Armenians referred to the city of Diyarbekir as Dikranagerd Western Armenian pronunciation of Tigranakert 11 See also editBattle of TigranocertaReferences edit a b Hovhannisian P 1985 Տիգրանակերտ Tigranakert Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia Vol 11 in Armenian Yerevan Armenian Encyclopedia p 697 See Thomas A Sinclair The Site of Tigranocerta I Revue des Etudes Armeniennes 25 1994 95 pp 183 254 idem The Site of Tigranocerta II Revue des Etudes Armeniennes 26 1996 97 51 117 Sinclair T A 1989 12 31 Eastern Turkey An Architectural amp Archaeological Survey Volume III Pindar Press p 297 ISBN 978 0 907132 34 9 Atkinson Kenneth 2016 09 22 A History of the Hasmonean State Josephus and Beyond Bloomsbury Publishing p 297 ISBN 978 0 567 66903 2 Karapetian Samvel 2001 Armenian Cultural Monuments in the Region of Karabakh Yerevan Gitutiun Publishing House of National Academy of Sciences of Armenia p 213 ISBN 9785808004689 The data of records referring to these four towns all of which were called Tigranakert and differed only by provinces were often confused if the name of the province Aldznik Goghtn Utik or Artsakh Cassius Dio Roman History 36 2 3 Plutarch Life of Lucullus 26 2 Holmes T Rice Tigranocerta Journal of Roman Studies 7 1917 pp 120 38 Plutarch Life of Lucullus 29 3 Goldsworthy Adrian In the Name of Rome The Men Who Won The Roman Empire 2nd Ed London Weidenfeld amp Nicolson 2003 Hovannisian Richard G 2006 Armenian Tigranakert Diarbekir and Edessa Urfa Costa Mesa California Mazda Publishers p 2 ISBN 9781568591537 The city that later generations of Armenians would call Dikranagerd was actually ancient Amid or Amida now Diarbekir or Diyarbakir a great walled city with seventy two towers Bibliography editKhachatryan J D Hakobyan N F 2010 Տիգրանակերտ մայրաքաղաքը Capital City of Tigranakert Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri in Armenian Yerevan Armenian Academy of Sciences 424 432 ISSN 0320 8117 Hakobyan Hayk 2007 Հին Հայաստանի մայրաքաղաք Տիգրանակերտը The Capital of Ancient Armenia Tigranakert Patma Banasirakan Handes in Armenian 3 3 29 Schmitt R Bailey H W 1986 Armenia and Iran iv Iranian influences in Armenian Language Encyclopaedia Iranica Vol II Fasc 4 pp 445 465 External links editAncient and premodern Armenia Armenia s 12 Capital Cities Exhibition Opened in Paris 38 08 32 N 41 00 05 E 38 1422 N 41 0014 E 38 1422 41 0014 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tigranocerta amp oldid 1175761181, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
