Nickel(II) hydroxide is the inorganic compound with the formula Ni(OH)2. It is an apple-green solid that dissolves with decomposition in ammonia and amines and is attacked by acids. It is electroactive, being converted to the Ni(III) oxy-hydroxide, leading to widespread applications in rechargeable batteries.[6]
Nickel(II) hydroxide has two well-characterized polymorphs, α and β. The α structure consists of Ni(OH)2 layers with intercalated anions or water.[7][8] The β form adopts a hexagonal close-packed structure of Ni2+ and OH− ions.[7][8] In the presence of water, the α polymorph typically recrystallizes to the β form.[7][9] In addition to the α and β polymorphs, several γ nickel hydroxides have been described, distinguished by crystal structures with much larger inter-sheet distances.[7]
The mineral form of Ni(OH)2, theophrastite, was first identified in the Vermion region of northern Greece, in 1980. It is found naturally as a translucent emerald-green crystal formed in thin sheets near the boundaries of idocrase or chlorite crystals.[10] A nickel-magnesium variant of the mineral, (Ni,Mg)(OH)2 had been previously discovered at Hagdale on the island of Unst in Scotland.[11]
Reactions
Nickel(II) hydroxide is frequently used in electrical car batteries.[8] Specifically, Ni(OH)2 readily oxidizes to nickel oxyhydroxide, NiOOH, in combination with a reduction reaction, often of a metal hydride (reaction 1 and 2).[12][13]
Reaction 1Ni(OH)2 + OH− → NiO(OH) + H2O + e−
Reaction 2M + H2O + e− → MH + OH−
Net Reaction (in H2O) Ni(OH)2 + M → NiOOH + MH
Of the two polymorphs, α-Ni(OH)2 has a higher theoretical capacity and thus is generally considered to be preferable in electrochemical applications. However, it transforms to β-Ni(OH)2 in alkaline solutions, leading to many investigations into the possibility of stabilized α-Ni(OH)2 electrodes for industrial applications.[9]
Synthesis
The synthesis entails treating aqueous solutions of nickel(II) salts with potassium hydroxide.[14]
Toxicity
The Ni2+ ion is a known carcinogen. Toxicity and related safety concerns have driven research into increasing the energy density of Ni(OH)2 electrodes, such as the addition of calcium or cobalt hydroxides.[6]
^CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (84 ed.). CRC press. 2003. pp. 4–71. ISBN0849304849.
^John Rumble (June 18, 2018). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (99 ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–189. ISBN978-1138561632.
^Enoki, Toshiaki; Tsujikawa, Ikuji (1975). "Magnetic Behaviours of a Random Magnet, NipMg(1-p)(OH2)". Journal of the Physical Society of Japan. 39 (2): 317. Bibcode:1975JPSJ...39..317E. doi:10.1143/JPSJ.39.317.
^ abZumdahl, Steven S. (2009). Chemical Principles (6 ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company. p. A22. ISBN978-0-618-94690-7.
^ abChen, J.; Bradhurst, D.H.; Dou, S.X.; Liu, H.K. (1999). "Nickel Hydroxide as an Active Material for the Positive Electrode in Rechargeable Alkaline Batteries". Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 146 (10): 3606–3612. Bibcode:1999JElS..146.3606C. doi:10.1149/1.1392522. S2CID 33058220.
^ abcdOliva, P.; Leonardi, J.; Laurent, J.F. (1982). "Review of the structure and the electrochemistry of nickel hydroxides and oxy-hydroxides". Journal of Power Sources. 8 (2): 229–255. Bibcode:1982JPS.....8..229O. doi:10.1016/0378-7753(82)80057-8.
^ abcJeevanandam, P.; Koltypin, Y.; Gedanken, A. (2001). "Synthesis of Nanosized α-Nickel Hydroxide by a Sonochemical Method". Nano Letters. 1 (5): 263–266. Bibcode:2001NanoL...1..263J. doi:10.1021/nl010003p.
^ abShukla, A.K.; Kumar, V.G.; Munichandriah, N. (1994). "Stabilized α-Ni(OH)2 as Electrode Material for Alkaline Secondary Cells". Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 141 (11): 2956–2959. Bibcode:1994JElS..141.2956V. doi:10.1149/1.2059264.
^Marcopoulos, T.; Economou, M. (1980). "Theophrastite, Ni(OH)2, a new mineral from northern Greece" (PDF). American Mineralogist. 66: 1020–1021.
^Livingston, A.; Bish, D. L. (1982). "On the new mineral theophrastite, a nickel hydroxide, from Unst, Shetland, Scotland" (PDF). Mineralogical Magazine. 46 (338): 1. Bibcode:1982MinM...46....1L. doi:10.1180/minmag.1982.046.338.01. S2CID 8381523.
^Ovshinsky, S.R.; Fetcenko, M.A.; Ross, J. (1993). "A nickel metal hydride battery for electric vehicles". Science. 260 (5105): 176–181. Bibcode:1993Sci...260..176O. doi:10.1126/science.260.5105.176. PMID 17807176. S2CID 9523468.
^Young, Kwo (2016). Nickel Metal Hydride Batteries. MDPI. doi:10.3390/books978-3-03842-303-4. ISBN978-3-03842-303-4.
^Glemser, O. (1963) "Nickel(II) Hydroxide" in ""Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed. G. Brauer (ed.), Academic Press, NY. Vol. 1. p. 1549.
January 31, 2023
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Nickel II hydroxide is the inorganic compound with the formula Ni OH 2 It is an apple green solid that dissolves with decomposition in ammonia and amines and is attacked by acids It is electroactive being converted to the Ni III oxy hydroxide leading to widespread applications in rechargeable batteries 6 Nickel II hydroxide NamesIUPAC name Nickel II hydroxideOther names Nickel hydroxide TheophrastiteIdentifiersCAS Number 12054 48 7 Y36897 37 7 monohydrate N3D model JSmol Interactive imageChemSpider 55452 YECHA InfoCard 100 031 813EC Number 235 008 5PubChem CID 61534RTECS number QR648000UNII L8UW92NW6J YCompTox Dashboard EPA DTXSID90274011InChI InChI 1S Ni 2H2O h 2 1H2 q 2 p 2 YKey BFDHFSHZJLFAMC UHFFFAOYSA L YInChI 1 Ni 2H2O h 2 1H2 q 2 p 2Key BFDHFSHZJLFAMC NUQVWONBAJSMILES Ni 2 OH OH PropertiesChemical formula Ni OH 2Molar mass 92 724 g mol anhydrous 110 72 g mol monohydrate Appearance green crystalsDensity 4 10 g cm3Melting point 230 C 446 F 503 K anhydrous decomposes Solubility in water 0 0015 g L 1 Solubility product Ksp 5 48 10 16 2 Magnetic susceptibility x 4500 0 10 6 cm3 molStructure 3 Crystal structure hexagonal hP3Space group P3 m1 No 164Lattice constant a 0 3117 nm b 0 3117 nm c 0 4595 nma 90 b 90 g 120 ThermochemistryStd molarentropy S 298 79 J mol 1 K 1 4 Std enthalpy offormation DfH 298 538 kJ mol 1 4 HazardsGHS labelling 5 PictogramsSignal word DangerHazard statements H302 H315 H317 H332 H334 H341 H350 H360 H372Precautionary statements P201 P260 P280 P284 P405 P501Lethal dose or concentration LD LC LD50 median dose 1515 mg kg oral rat Safety data sheet SDS External SDSExcept where otherwise noted data are given for materials in their standard state at 25 C 77 F 100 kPa N verify what is Y N Infobox references The test tube in the middle contains a precipitate of nickel II hydroxide Contents 1 Properties 2 Reactions 3 Synthesis 4 Toxicity 5 See also 6 ReferencesProperties EditNickel II hydroxide has two well characterized polymorphs a and b The a structure consists of Ni OH 2 layers with intercalated anions or water 7 8 The b form adopts a hexagonal close packed structure of Ni2 and OH ions 7 8 In the presence of water the a polymorph typically recrystallizes to the b form 7 9 In addition to the a and b polymorphs several g nickel hydroxides have been described distinguished by crystal structures with much larger inter sheet distances 7 The mineral form of Ni OH 2 theophrastite was first identified in the Vermion region of northern Greece in 1980 It is found naturally as a translucent emerald green crystal formed in thin sheets near the boundaries of idocrase or chlorite crystals 10 A nickel magnesium variant of the mineral Ni Mg OH 2 had been previously discovered at Hagdale on the island of Unst in Scotland 11 Reactions EditNickel II hydroxide is frequently used in electrical car batteries 8 Specifically Ni OH 2 readily oxidizes to nickel oxyhydroxide NiOOH in combination with a reduction reaction often of a metal hydride reaction 1 and 2 12 13 Reaction 1 Ni OH 2 OH NiO OH H2O e Reaction 2 M H2O e MH OH Net Reaction in H2O Ni OH 2 M NiOOH MHOf the two polymorphs a Ni OH 2 has a higher theoretical capacity and thus is generally considered to be preferable in electrochemical applications However it transforms to b Ni OH 2 in alkaline solutions leading to many investigations into the possibility of stabilized a Ni OH 2 electrodes for industrial applications 9 Synthesis EditThe synthesis entails treating aqueous solutions of nickel II salts with potassium hydroxide 14 Toxicity EditThe Ni2 ion is a known carcinogen Toxicity and related safety concerns have driven research into increasing the energy density of Ni OH 2 electrodes such as the addition of calcium or cobalt hydroxides 6 See also EditList of minerals named after people Nickel cadmium battery Nickel hydrogen battery Nickel metal hydride battery Nickel iron batteryReferences Edit CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 84 ed CRC press 2003 pp 4 71 ISBN 0849304849 John Rumble June 18 2018 CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 99 ed CRC Press pp 5 189 ISBN 978 1138561632 Enoki Toshiaki Tsujikawa Ikuji 1975 Magnetic Behaviours of a Random Magnet NipMg 1 p OH2 Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 39 2 317 Bibcode 1975JPSJ 39 317E doi 10 1143 JPSJ 39 317 a b Zumdahl Steven S 2009 Chemical Principles 6 ed Houghton Mifflin Company p A22 ISBN 978 0 618 94690 7 Nickel Hydroxide American Elements Retrieved 2018 08 30 a b Chen J Bradhurst D H Dou S X Liu H K 1999 Nickel Hydroxide as an Active Material for the Positive Electrode in Rechargeable Alkaline Batteries Journal of the Electrochemical Society 146 10 3606 3612 Bibcode 1999JElS 146 3606C doi 10 1149 1 1392522 S2CID 33058220 a b c d Oliva P Leonardi J Laurent J F 1982 Review of the structure and the electrochemistry of nickel hydroxides and oxy hydroxides Journal of Power Sources 8 2 229 255 Bibcode 1982JPS 8 229O doi 10 1016 0378 7753 82 80057 8 a b c Jeevanandam P Koltypin Y Gedanken A 2001 Synthesis of Nanosized a Nickel Hydroxide by a Sonochemical Method Nano Letters 1 5 263 266 Bibcode 2001NanoL 1 263J doi 10 1021 nl010003p a b Shukla A K Kumar V G Munichandriah N 1994 Stabilized a Ni OH 2 as Electrode Material for Alkaline Secondary Cells Journal of the Electrochemical Society 141 11 2956 2959 Bibcode 1994JElS 141 2956V doi 10 1149 1 2059264 Marcopoulos T Economou M 1980 Theophrastite Ni OH 2 a new mineral from northern Greece PDF American Mineralogist 66 1020 1021 Livingston A Bish D L 1982 On the new mineral theophrastite a nickel hydroxide from Unst Shetland Scotland PDF Mineralogical Magazine 46 338 1 Bibcode 1982MinM 46 1L doi 10 1180 minmag 1982 046 338 01 S2CID 8381523 Ovshinsky S R Fetcenko M A Ross J 1993 A nickel metal hydride battery for electric vehicles Science 260 5105 176 181 Bibcode 1993Sci 260 176O doi 10 1126 science 260 5105 176 PMID 17807176 S2CID 9523468 Young Kwo 2016 Nickel Metal Hydride Batteries MDPI doi 10 3390 books978 3 03842 303 4 ISBN 978 3 03842 303 4 Glemser O 1963 Nickel II Hydroxide in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry 2nd ed G Brauer ed Academic Press NY Vol 1 p 1549 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Nickel II hydroxide amp oldid 1124088163, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
