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That

January 19, 2024

For the mode in northern Indian or Hindustani music, see Thaat.

That is an English language word used for several grammatical purposes. These include use as an adjective, conjunction, pronoun, adverb, and intensifier; it has distance from the speaker, as opposed to words like this. The word did not originally exist in Old English, and its concept was represented by þe. Once it came into being, it was spelt as þæt (among others, such as þet), taking the role of the modern that. It also took on the role of the modern word what, though this has since changed, and that has recently replaced some usage of the modern which. Pronunciation of the word varies according to its role within a sentence, with two main varieties (a strong and a weak form), though there are also regional differences, such as where the /ð/ sound is substituted instead by a /d/ in English spoken in Cameroon.

Modern usage edit

The word that serves several grammatical purposes. Owing to its wide versatility in usage, the writer Joseph Addison named it "that jacksprat" in 1771, and gave this example of a grammatically correct sentence: "That that I say is this: that that that that gentleman has advanced, is not that, that he should have proved."[1] That can be used as a demonstrative pronoun, demonstrative adjective, conjunction, relative word, and an intensifier.[1]

  • That as a demonstrative pronoun refers to a specific object being discussed, such as in "that is a cat";[2] the word is a distal demonstrative pronoun, as opposed to proximal, because there is distance between the speaker and the object being discussed (as opposed to words such as this, where there is a relative sense of closeness).[3]
  • When used as a demonstrative adjective, that describes which specific object is being discussed; for example, in the phrase "that spotted dog is Fido", that specifies which particular dog is Fido among all spotted dogs.[4]
  • In its usage as a conjunction, it connects clauses together, such as in "I know that Peter is right".[5] In sentences with several clauses, that is also used as a discriminator to differentiate between subjects of a clause.[6]
  • As a relative pronoun, that introduces restrictive clauses, such as in "the different factors that are fundamental and specific to particular features"; in a study of medical science journals in Britain leading up to 2004, it was found that that had been largely replaced by the word which when used in this context,[7] while writing that is increasingly formal—ranging from verse to fiction to nonfiction—finds that usage decreasing as wh- words (interrogatives) relatively increase.[8]
  • That is used as a relative adverb, such as in "it doesn't cost that much".[9] When used in this way, that requires inferences be drawn by the listener to determine the meaning of the speaker.[9]
  • The word also intensifies elements of a sentence, similar in function to the word so, such as when one says "I was that ill ... I couldn't even stand up."[9] But just as in its use as a relative adverb, that as an intensifier is best understood when the addressee infers meaning from its usage.[9] In the example given, that intensifies and refers to a possible view already held by the addressee (whether the speaker was not seriously ill), even though the speaker does not explicitly confirm or intensify this previously-held belief.[9]

Historical usage edit

 
Grave of Shakespeare

In Old English, that did not exist, and was only represented by þe.[10] It originated in the north of England sometime before the 1200s and spread around the country in the thirteenth century; it then rapidly became the dominant demonstrative pronoun.[11] Before the writings of Ælfric of Eynsham, þæt was normally regularized as þe in writing, but by the time Ælfric lived, þæt was common.[12] As a pronoun, þæt was widely used in Old English, though it was later replaced by wh- words.[10] Where þe had only stood in for subjects of a clause, þæt instead took on the role of both a subject and an object,[13] and when þe and þæt were both used, þæt was always relative in orientation.[14] The symbol ꝥ ( ) was used as an abbreviation, before it was phased out by the Romantic þt.[15] Similarly, yͭ was a ligature to represent that,[16] as seen in the gravestone of William Shakespeare: "Bleste be yͤ man yͭ spares thes stones".[17] In Middle English, þe was entirely replaced by þat (among other representations), before again being replaced by the modern that.[10] Among all relative markers in the English language, including who, which, whose, and what, that—through its ancient form of þæt—appears to be the oldest.[11]

In Old English translations of Latin (but only sparsely in original Old English texts), the phrase þæt an is frequently used—typically meaning "only"—but its origins and characteristics are not well-understood.[18] Frequently, the construction of þæt an was in the original Latin, which referred then to a following clause.[19] The use of þæt an was for cases in which there was exclusivity (to distinguish between general and specific objects), but translators also used it in situations where exclusivity was already given through other syntactical elements of the sentence.[20] In these texts, þæt seems to be used pleonastically (redundantly), and it began to be used as an independent adverb.[21] In the context of weather events, þæt was never used, such as in the example sentence þæt rigneð (translated as "that rains").[22]

Similarly, for several centuries in Old English and early Middle English texts, the phrase onmang þæt (translated as "among that") persisted.[23] In the hundreds of years of its existence, it was used infrequently, though the usage was stable.[24] Even in Old English, usage of hwile ("while") was much more commonplace, with its frequency some six times as large as onmang þæt in a surveyed corpus.[25] Onmang þæt experienced grammaticalisation (turning a word into a grammatical marker),[25] and as a result of its low usage, possibly underwent a period of specialization, where it competed with other grammaticalised phrases.[26]

After verbs such as said, and more generally in introducing a dependent clause, contemporary English grammar allows the speaker to either include that or to omit it.[27] This construction—as in "I suspect (that) he is right"—is called the zero form when that is not used.[27] While there has been some analysis of the relative frequency of Old and Middle English usage of the zero form, these studies are of limited value, since they rely on unique text corpora, failing to give a general view of its usage.[28] In the late period of Middle English, the linguist Norihiko Otsu determined, the zero form was generally as popular as the form in which that is included.[29] The zero form was common in documents closely relating to speech, such as sermons, suggesting spoken English often omitted that in these contexts.[30]

Pronunciation edit

That has several pronunciations. While in received pronunciation, it is pronounced either as /ðət/or /ðæt/, in Cameroonian English, for example, the /ð/ is alveolarised as /d/, resulting in a pronunciation of /dat/.[31] The weak and strong forms (the two of received pronunciation) of that vary according to their grammatical roles, with one as a demonstrative and the other as an anaphoric (referencing adverb).[32] In this way, /ðæt/ represents a determining pronoun (such as in "what is that?"), while /ðət/ is a subordinating word (as in "I think that it's a mistake").[33]

See also edit

References edit

Citations edit

  1. ^ a b Cheshire 1995, p. 370.
  2. ^ Weinstein 1974, p. 180.
  3. ^ Pavesi 2013, p. 105.
  4. ^ Reimer 1991, pp. 194–195, 201.
  5. ^ Mańczak 1973, p. 58.
  6. ^ Otsu 2002b, p. 226.
  7. ^ Sonoda 2004, p. 1.
  8. ^ Van den Eynden Morpeth 1999, p. 121.
  9. ^ a b c d e Cheshire 1995, p. 378.
  10. ^ a b c Suárez 2012, p. 80.
  11. ^ a b Cheshire, Adger & Fox 2013.
  12. ^ Morris 1868, p. ix.
  13. ^ Suárez 2012, p. 89.
  14. ^ Seppänen 2004, p. 73.
  15. ^ Honkapohja 2019, pp. 60–61.
  16. ^ Sutherland 2020, p. vii.
  17. ^ Bovilsky 2011, p. 292.
  18. ^ Rissanen 1967, p. 409.
  19. ^ Rissanen 1967, p. 412.
  20. ^ Rissanen 1967, p. 425.
  21. ^ Rissanen 1967, p. 417.
  22. ^ Naya 1995, p. 28.
  23. ^ Nykiel 2018, pp. 575, 586.
  24. ^ Nykiel 2018, p. 575.
  25. ^ a b Nykiel 2018, p. 586.
  26. ^ Nykiel 2018, p. 588.
  27. ^ a b Otsu 2002a, p. 225.
  28. ^ Otsu 2002a, pp. 225–226.
  29. ^ Otsu 2002a, p. 227.
  30. ^ Otsu 2002a, p. 232.
  31. ^ Ngefac 2005, p. 44.
  32. ^ Poussa 1997, p. 691.
  33. ^ Cornish 2018, p. 438.

Works cited edit

  • Bovilsky, Lara (2011). "Early modern ecostudies: From the Florentine Codex to Shakespeare (review)". Shakespeare Quarterly. 62 (2): 292–295. doi:10.1353/shq.2011.0017. S2CID 191566397.
  • Cheshire, Jenny (March 1995). "That jacksprat: An interactional perspective on English that". Journal of Pragmatics. 25 (3): 369–393. doi:10.1016/0378-2166(95)00032-1.
  • Cheshire, Jenny; Adger, David; Fox, Sue (March 2013). "Relative who and the actuation problem". Lingua. 126: 51–77. doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2012.11.014.
  • Cornish, Francis (November 2018). "Revisiting the system of English relative clauses: Structure, semantics, discourse functionality" (PDF). English Language and Linguistics. 22 (3): 431–456. doi:10.1017/S136067431700003X. S2CID 125481529.
  • Honkapohja, Alpo (2019). "Anchorites and abbreviations: A corpus study of abbreviations of Germanic and Romance lexicon in the Ancrene Wisse". In Stenroos, Merja; Mäkinen, Martti; Thengs, Kjetil Vikhamar; Traxel, Oliver Martin (eds.). Current explorations in Middle English. Berlin: Peter Lang. ISBN 9783631784730.
  • Mańczak, Witold (1973). "The use and omission of the conjunction that". Linguistics. 11 (95): 51–58. doi:10.1515/ling.1973.11.95.51. S2CID 144204069.
  • Morris, Richard (1868). Old English homilies and homiletic treatises (Sawles Warde, and þe Wohunge of Ure Lauerd: Ureisuns of Ure Louerd and of Ure Lefdi, &c.) of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. London: Early English Text Society.
  • Naya, Belén Méndez (1995). "'Hit' AND 'ðæt' anticipating subject clauses in OE: True syntactic equivalents?". Neuphilologische Mitteilungen. 96 (1): 23–37. ISSN 0028-3754. JSTOR 43346052.
  • Ngefac, Aloysius (2005). "Homophones and heterophones in Cameroon English". Alizés: Revue angliciste de la Réunion: 39–53.
  • Nykiel, Jerzy (November 2018). "Onmang Þaet – Incipient grammaticalisation in Old and Middle English". Transactions of the Philological Society. 116 (3): 574–593. doi:10.1111/1467-968X.12140. S2CID 149971418.
  • Pavesi, Maria (2013). "This and that in the language of film dubbing: A corpus-based analysis". Meta: Journal des traducteurs. 58 (1): 103–133. doi:10.7202/1023812ar.
  • Reimer, Marga (1991). "Demonstratives, demonstrations, and demonstrata". Philosophical Studies. 63 (2): 187–202. doi:10.1007/BF00381687. ISSN 0031-8116. JSTOR 4320229. S2CID 170148319.
  • Rissanen, Matti (1967). "Old English þæt an 'only'". Neuphilologische Mitteilungen. 68 (4): 409–428. ISSN 0028-3754. JSTOR 43342366.
  • Seppänen, Aimo (May 2004). "The Old English relative þe". English Language and Linguistics. 8 (1): 71–102. doi:10.1017/S136067430400125X. S2CID 122524683.
  • Sonoda, Kenji (2004). "The restrictive relative pronouns that and which in BrE". Bulletin of the School of Allied Medical Sciences Nagasaki University. 17 (2): 1–4.
  • Suárez, Cristina (1 January 2012). "The consolidation of þat as an invariable relativizer in the history of English". Nordic Journal of English Studies. 11 (1): 79. doi:10.35360/njes.256.
  • Sutherland, Kristina Regan (2020). Conduct and carnival: Domestic soft power in early modern comedies (PhD). University of Georgia.
  • Otsu, Norihiko (2002a). "On the absence of the conjunction that in late Middle English". In Saito, Toshio; Nakamura, Junsaku; Yamazaki, Shunji (eds.). English corpus linguistics in Japan. Amsterdam: Rodopi. ISBN 9789042013698.
  • Otsu, Norihiko (November 2002b). "On the presence or absence of the conjunction þæt in Old English, with special reference to dependent sentences containing a gif-clause". English Language and Linguistics. 6 (2): 225–238. doi:10.1017/S1360674302000217. S2CID 120420972.
  • Poussa, Patricia (1997). "Derivation of it from Þat in eastern dialects of British English". In Hickey, Raymond; Puppel, Stanislav (eds.). Language history and linguistic modelling. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Van den Eynden Morpeth, Nadine (1999). "Jack Sprat that and the humble wh- relatives: Reconstructing social contexts by means of commercial CD-ROMS". In Tops, Guy A.J.; Devriendt, Betty; Geukens, Steven (eds.). Thinking English Grammar To Honour Xavier Dekeyser, Professor Emeritus. Peeters. ISBN 9789042907638.
  • Weinstein, Scott (1974). "Truth and demonstratives". Noûs. 8 (2): 179–184. doi:10.2307/2214785. ISSN 0029-4624. JSTOR 2214785.

External links edit

  •   The dictionary definition of those at Wiktionary

January 19, 2024
that, mode, northern, indian, hindustani, music, thaat, english, language, word, used, several, grammatical, purposes, these, include, adjective, conjunction, pronoun, adverb, intensifier, distance, from, speaker, opposed, words, like, this, word, originally, . For the mode in northern Indian or Hindustani music see Thaat That is an English language word used for several grammatical purposes These include use as an adjective conjunction pronoun adverb and intensifier it has distance from the speaker as opposed to words like this The word did not originally exist in Old English and its concept was represented by the Once it came into being it was spelt as thaet among others such as thet taking the role of the modern that It also took on the role of the modern word what though this has since changed and that has recently replaced some usage of the modern which Pronunciation of the word varies according to its role within a sentence with two main varieties a strong and a weak form though there are also regional differences such as where the d sound is substituted instead by a d in English spoken in Cameroon Contents 1 Modern usage 2 Historical usage 3 Pronunciation 4 See also 5 References 5 1 Citations 5 2 Works cited 6 External linksModern usage editThe word that serves several grammatical purposes Owing to its wide versatility in usage the writer Joseph Addison named it that jacksprat in 1771 and gave this example of a grammatically correct sentence That that I say is this that that that that gentleman has advanced is not that that he should have proved 1 That can be used as a demonstrative pronoun demonstrative adjective conjunction relative word and an intensifier 1 That as a demonstrative pronoun refers to a specific object being discussed such as in that is a cat 2 the word is a distal demonstrative pronoun as opposed to proximal because there is distance between the speaker and the object being discussed as opposed to words such as this where there is a relative sense of closeness 3 When used as a demonstrative adjective that describes which specific object is being discussed for example in the phrase that spotted dog is Fido that specifies which particular dog is Fido among all spotted dogs 4 In its usage as a conjunction it connects clauses together such as in I know that Peter is right 5 In sentences with several clauses that is also used as a discriminator to differentiate between subjects of a clause 6 As a relative pronoun that introduces restrictive clauses such as in the different factors that are fundamental and specific to particular features in a study of medical science journals in Britain leading up to 2004 it was found that that had been largely replaced by the word which when used in this context 7 while writing that is increasingly formal ranging from verse to fiction to nonfiction finds that usage decreasing as wh words interrogatives relatively increase 8 That is used as a relative adverb such as in it doesn t cost that much 9 When used in this way that requires inferences be drawn by the listener to determine the meaning of the speaker 9 The word also intensifies elements of a sentence similar in function to the word so such as when one says I was that ill I couldn t even stand up 9 But just as in its use as a relative adverb that as an intensifier is best understood when the addressee infers meaning from its usage 9 In the example given that intensifies and refers to a possible view already held by the addressee whether the speaker was not seriously ill even though the speaker does not explicitly confirm or intensify this previously held belief 9 Historical usage edit nbsp Grave of ShakespeareIn Old English that did not exist and was only represented by the 10 It originated in the north of England sometime before the 1200s and spread around the country in the thirteenth century it then rapidly became the dominant demonstrative pronoun 11 Before the writings of AElfric of Eynsham thaet was normally regularized as the in writing but by the time AElfric lived thaet was common 12 As a pronoun thaet was widely used in Old English though it was later replaced by wh words 10 Where the had only stood in for subjects of a clause thaet instead took on the role of both a subject and an object 13 and when the and thaet were both used thaet was always relative in orientation 14 The symbol ꝥ nbsp was used as an abbreviation before it was phased out by the Romantic tht 15 Similarly y was a ligature to represent that 16 as seen in the gravestone of William Shakespeare Bleste be y man y spares thes stones 17 In Middle English the was entirely replaced by that among other representations before again being replaced by the modern that 10 Among all relative markers in the English language including who which whose and what that through its ancient form of thaet appears to be the oldest 11 In Old English translations of Latin but only sparsely in original Old English texts the phrase thaet an is frequently used typically meaning only but its origins and characteristics are not well understood 18 Frequently the construction of thaet an was in the original Latin which referred then to a following clause 19 The use of thaet an was for cases in which there was exclusivity to distinguish between general and specific objects but translators also used it in situations where exclusivity was already given through other syntactical elements of the sentence 20 In these texts thaet seems to be used pleonastically redundantly and it began to be used as an independent adverb 21 In the context of weather events thaet was never used such as in the example sentence thaet rigned translated as that rains 22 Similarly for several centuries in Old English and early Middle English texts the phrase onmang thaet translated as among that persisted 23 In the hundreds of years of its existence it was used infrequently though the usage was stable 24 Even in Old English usage of hwile while was much more commonplace with its frequency some six times as large as onmang thaet in a surveyed corpus 25 Onmang thaet experienced grammaticalisation turning a word into a grammatical marker 25 and as a result of its low usage possibly underwent a period of specialization where it competed with other grammaticalised phrases 26 After verbs such as said and more generally in introducing a dependent clause contemporary English grammar allows the speaker to either include that or to omit it 27 This construction as in I suspect that he is right is called the zero form when that is not used 27 While there has been some analysis of the relative frequency of Old and Middle English usage of the zero form these studies are of limited value since they rely on unique text corpora failing to give a general view of its usage 28 In the late period of Middle English the linguist Norihiko Otsu determined the zero form was generally as popular as the form in which that is included 29 The zero form was common in documents closely relating to speech such as sermons suggesting spoken English often omitted that in these contexts 30 Pronunciation editThat has several pronunciations While in received pronunciation it is pronounced either as d e t or d ae t in Cameroonian English for example the d is alveolarised as d resulting in a pronunciation of dat 31 The weak and strong forms the two of received pronunciation of that vary according to their grammatical roles with one as a demonstrative and the other as an anaphoric referencing adverb 32 In this way daet represents a determining pronoun such as in what is that while det is a subordinating word as in I think that it s a mistake 33 See also editDependent statement DeixisReferences editCitations edit a b Cheshire 1995 p 370 Weinstein 1974 p 180 Pavesi 2013 p 105 Reimer 1991 pp 194 195 201 Manczak 1973 p 58 Otsu 2002b p 226 Sonoda 2004 p 1 Van den Eynden Morpeth 1999 p 121 a b c d e Cheshire 1995 p 378 a b c Suarez 2012 p 80 a b Cheshire Adger amp Fox 2013 Morris 1868 p ix Suarez 2012 p 89 Seppanen 2004 p 73 Honkapohja 2019 pp 60 61 Sutherland 2020 p vii Bovilsky 2011 p 292 Rissanen 1967 p 409 Rissanen 1967 p 412 Rissanen 1967 p 425 Rissanen 1967 p 417 Naya 1995 p 28 Nykiel 2018 pp 575 586 Nykiel 2018 p 575 a b Nykiel 2018 p 586 Nykiel 2018 p 588 a b Otsu 2002a p 225 Otsu 2002a pp 225 226 Otsu 2002a p 227 Otsu 2002a p 232 Ngefac 2005 p 44 Poussa 1997 p 691 Cornish 2018 p 438 Works cited edit Bovilsky Lara 2011 Early modern ecostudies From the Florentine Codex to Shakespeare review Shakespeare Quarterly 62 2 292 295 doi 10 1353 shq 2011 0017 S2CID 191566397 Cheshire Jenny March 1995 That jacksprat An interactional perspective on English that Journal of Pragmatics 25 3 369 393 doi 10 1016 0378 2166 95 00032 1 Cheshire Jenny Adger David Fox Sue March 2013 Relative who and the actuation problem Lingua 126 51 77 doi 10 1016 j lingua 2012 11 014 Cornish Francis November 2018 Revisiting the system of English relative clauses Structure semantics discourse functionality PDF English Language and Linguistics 22 3 431 456 doi 10 1017 S136067431700003X S2CID 125481529 Honkapohja Alpo 2019 Anchorites and abbreviations A corpus study of abbreviations of Germanic and Romance lexicon in the Ancrene Wisse In Stenroos Merja Makinen Martti Thengs Kjetil Vikhamar Traxel Oliver Martin eds Current explorations in Middle English Berlin Peter Lang ISBN 9783631784730 Manczak Witold 1973 The use and omission of the conjunction that Linguistics 11 95 51 58 doi 10 1515 ling 1973 11 95 51 S2CID 144204069 Morris Richard 1868 Old English homilies and homiletic treatises Sawles Warde and the Wohunge of Ure Lauerd Ureisuns of Ure Louerd and of Ure Lefdi amp c of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries London Early English Text Society Naya Belen Mendez 1995 Hit AND daet anticipating subject clauses in OE True syntactic equivalents Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 96 1 23 37 ISSN 0028 3754 JSTOR 43346052 Ngefac Aloysius 2005 Homophones and heterophones in Cameroon English Alizes Revue angliciste de la Reunion 39 53 Nykiel Jerzy November 2018 Onmang THaet Incipient grammaticalisation in Old and Middle English Transactions of the Philological Society 116 3 574 593 doi 10 1111 1467 968X 12140 S2CID 149971418 Pavesi Maria 2013 This and that in the language of film dubbing A corpus based analysis Meta Journal des traducteurs 58 1 103 133 doi 10 7202 1023812ar Reimer Marga 1991 Demonstratives demonstrations and demonstrata Philosophical Studies 63 2 187 202 doi 10 1007 BF00381687 ISSN 0031 8116 JSTOR 4320229 S2CID 170148319 Rissanen Matti 1967 Old English thaet an only Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 68 4 409 428 ISSN 0028 3754 JSTOR 43342366 Seppanen Aimo May 2004 The Old English relative the English Language and Linguistics 8 1 71 102 doi 10 1017 S136067430400125X S2CID 122524683 Sonoda Kenji 2004 The restrictive relative pronouns that and which in BrE Bulletin of the School of Allied Medical Sciences Nagasaki University 17 2 1 4 Suarez Cristina 1 January 2012 The consolidation of that as an invariable relativizer in the history of English Nordic Journal of English Studies 11 1 79 doi 10 35360 njes 256 Sutherland Kristina Regan 2020 Conduct and carnival Domestic soft power in early modern comedies PhD University of Georgia Otsu Norihiko 2002a On the absence of the conjunction that in late Middle English In Saito Toshio Nakamura Junsaku Yamazaki Shunji eds English corpus linguistics in Japan Amsterdam Rodopi ISBN 9789042013698 Otsu Norihiko November 2002b On the presence or absence of the conjunction thaet in Old English with special reference to dependent sentences containing a gif clause English Language and Linguistics 6 2 225 238 doi 10 1017 S1360674302000217 S2CID 120420972 Poussa Patricia 1997 Derivation of it from THat in eastern dialects of British English In Hickey Raymond Puppel Stanislav eds Language history and linguistic modelling Berlin Mouton de Gruyter Van den Eynden Morpeth Nadine 1999 Jack Sprat that and the humble wh relatives Reconstructing social contexts by means of commercial CD ROMS In Tops Guy A J Devriendt Betty Geukens Steven eds Thinking English Grammar To Honour Xavier Dekeyser Professor Emeritus Peeters ISBN 9789042907638 Weinstein Scott 1974 Truth and demonstratives Nous 8 2 179 184 doi 10 2307 2214785 ISSN 0029 4624 JSTOR 2214785 External links edit nbsp The dictionary definition of those at Wiktionary Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title That amp oldid 1193950129, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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