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Wikipedia

Terry Fox

January 10, 2023

This article is about the Canadian athlete. For other uses, see Terry Fox (disambiguation).

Terrance Stanley Fox CC OD (July 28, 1958 – June 28, 1981) was a Canadian athlete, humanitarian, and cancer research activist. In 1980, with one leg having been amputated due to cancer, he embarked on an east-to-west cross-Canada run to raise money and awareness for cancer research. Although the spread of his cancer eventually forced him to end his quest after 143 days and 5,373 kilometres (3,339 mi), and ultimately cost him his life, his efforts resulted in a lasting, worldwide legacy. The annual Terry Fox Run, first held in 1981, has grown to involve millions of participants in over 60 countries and is now the world's largest one-day fundraiser for cancer research; over C$850 million has been raised in his name as of September 2022.[1]

Terry Fox

CC OD
Terry Fox in Toronto during his Marathon of Hope cross-country run (July 1980)
Born
Terrance Stanley Fox

(1958-07-28)July 28, 1958
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
DiedJune 28, 1981(1981-06-28) (aged 22)
New Westminster, British Columbia, Canada
Cause of deathMetastatic osteosarcoma
EducationSimon Fraser University
Known forMarathon of Hope
TitleCompanion of the Order of Canada

Fox was a distance runner and basketball player for his Port Coquitlam high school, now named after him, and Simon Fraser University. His right leg was amputated in 1977 after he was diagnosed with osteosarcoma, though he continued to run using an artificial leg. He also played wheelchair basketball in Vancouver, winning three national championships.

In 1980, he began the Marathon of Hope, a cross-country run to raise money for cancer research. He hoped to raise one dollar from each of Canada's 24 million people. He began with little fanfare from St John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, in April and ran the equivalent of a full marathon every day. Fox had become a national star by the time he reached Ontario; he made numerous public appearances with businessmen, athletes, and politicians in his efforts to raise money. He was forced to end his run outside Thunder Bay when the cancer spread to his lungs. His hopes of overcoming the disease and completing his run ended when he died nine months later.

Fox was the youngest person named a Companion of the Order of Canada and won the 1980 Lou Marsh Award as the nation's top sportsman. He was named Canada's Newsmaker of the Year in both 1980 and 1981 by The Canadian Press. Considered a national hero, he has had many buildings, statues, roads, and parks named in his honour across the country.

Early life and cancer

Terry Fox was born on July 28, 1958, in Winnipeg, Manitoba, to Rolland and Betty Fox. Rolland was a switchman for the Canadian National Railway.[2] Fox had an elder brother, Fred, a younger brother, Darrell, and a younger sister, Judith.[3] Fox's maternal grandmother is Métis and Fox's younger brother Darrell has official Métis status.[4]

His family moved to Surrey, British Columbia, in 1966, then settled in Port Coquitlam in 1968.[3] His parents were dedicated to their family, and his mother was especially protective of her children; it was through her that Fox developed his stubborn dedication to whatever task he committed to do.[5] His father recalled that Fox was extremely competitive, noting that he hated to lose so much that he would continue at any activity until he succeeded.[6] Fox attempted to join his school's basketball team, though struggled because of his height. His coach suggested that Fox try cross-country running, which Fox did as he wanted to impress his coach.[7][8][9] Fox continued to improve on his basketball skills, and in grade 12 he won his high school's athlete of the year award.[3] Fox was unsure whether he wanted to go to university, but Fox's mother convinced him to enrol at Simon Fraser University. He studied kinesiology with the intention of becoming a physical education teacher.[10] He was also a member of the junior varsity basketball team.[3]

 
Fox's favorite prosthetic leg that he used during his Marathon of Hope

On November 12, 1976, Fox was driving to the family home in Port Coquitlam when he was distracted by nearby bridge construction and crashed into the back of a pickup truck. Fox injured his right knee in the crash and felt pain in December, but chose to ignore it until the end of basketball season.[11] By March 1977, the pain had intensified and he went to a hospital, where he was diagnosed with osteosarcoma, a form of cancer that often starts near the knees.[3] Fox believed his car accident weakened his knee and left it vulnerable to the disease, though his doctors argued there was no connection.[12] He was told that his leg had to be amputated, he would require chemotherapy treatment, and that recent medical advances meant he had a 50-percent chance of survival. Fox learned that two years before, the figure would have been only 15 percent; the improvement in survival rates impressed on him the value of cancer research.[13] With the help of an artificial leg, Fox was walking three weeks after the amputation.[3] Doctors were impressed with Fox's positive outlook, stating it contributed to his rapid recovery.[14] Fox endured sixteen months of chemotherapy and found the time he spent in the British Columbia Cancer Control Agency facility difficult as he watched fellow cancer patients suffer and die from the disease.[15]

In the summer of 1977, Rick Hansen, working with the Canadian Wheelchair Sports Association, invited Fox to try out for his wheelchair basketball team.[16] Although he was undergoing chemotherapy treatments at the time, Fox's energy impressed Hansen.[3] Less than two months after learning how to play the sport, Fox was named a member of the team for the national championship in Edmonton.[17] He won three national titles with the team,[3] and was named an all-star by the North American Wheelchair Basketball Association in 1980.[18]

Marathon of Hope

 
Terry Fox statue in Beacon Hill Park, Victoria, British Columbia

The night before his cancer surgery, Fox had been given an article about Dick Traum, the first amputee to complete the New York City Marathon.[3] The article inspired him; he embarked on a 14-month training program, telling his family he planned to compete in a marathon himself.[2] In private, he devised a more extensive plan. His hospital experiences had made Fox angry at how little money was dedicated to cancer research. He intended to run the length of Canada in the hope of increasing cancer awareness, a goal he initially divulged only to his friend Douglas Alward.[19]

Fox ran with an unusual gait, as he was required to hop-step on his good leg due to the extra time the springs in his artificial leg required to reset after each step.[20] He found the training painful as the additional pressure he had to place on both his good leg and his stump led to bone bruises, blisters and intense pain. Fox found that after about 20 minutes of each run, he crossed a pain threshold and the run became easier.[21]

On September 2, 1979, Fox competed in a 17-mile (27 km) road race in Prince George. He finished in last place, ten minutes behind his closest competitor, but his effort was met with tears and applause from the other participants.[3] Following the marathon, he revealed his full plan to his family.[22] His mother discouraged him, angering Fox, though she later came to support the project. She recalled, "He said, 'I thought you'd be one of the first persons to believe in me.' And I wasn't. I was the first person who let him down".[23] Fox initially hoped to raise $1 million,[23] then $10 million, but later sought to raise $1 for each of Canada's 24 million citizens.[24]

Preparation

On October 15, 1979, Fox sent a letter to the Canadian Cancer Society in which he announced his goal and appealed for funding. He stated that he would "conquer" his disability, and promised to complete his run, even if he had to "crawl every last mile". Explaining why he wanted to raise money for research, Fox described his personal experience of cancer treatment:

I soon realized that that would only be half my quest, for as I went through the 16 months of the physically and emotionally draining ordeal of chemotherapy, I was rudely awakened by the feelings that surrounded and coursed through the cancer clinic. There were faces with the brave smiles, and the ones who had given up smiling. There were feelings of hopeful denial, and the feelings of despair. My quest would not be a selfish one. I could not leave knowing these faces and feelings would still exist, even though I would be set free from mine. Somewhere the hurting must stop....and I was determined to take myself to the limit for this cause.[25]

The Cancer Society was skeptical of his success but agreed to support Fox once he had acquired sponsors and requested he get a medical certificate from a heart specialist stating that he was fit to attempt the run. Fox was diagnosed with left ventricular hypertrophy – an enlarged heart – a condition commonly associated with athletes. Doctors warned Fox of the potential risks he faced, though they did not consider his condition a significant concern. They endorsed his participation when he promised that he would stop immediately if he began to experience any heart problems.[26]

A second letter was sent to several corporations seeking donations for a vehicle and running shoes, and to cover the other costs of the run.[27] Fox sent other letters asking for grants to buy a running leg.[27] The Ford Motor Company donated a camper van,[5] while Imperial Oil contributed fuel, and Adidas his running shoes.[28] Fox turned away any company that requested he endorse their products and refused any donation that carried conditions, as he insisted that nobody was to profit from his run.[5]

Start of the marathon

 
Fox's path across eastern Canada. He began at St. John's on the east coast and ran west.

The Marathon began on April 12, 1980, when Fox dipped his right leg in the Atlantic Ocean near St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, and filled two large bottles with ocean water. He intended to keep one as a souvenir and pour the other into the Pacific Ocean upon completing his journey at Victoria, British Columbia.[24] Fox was supported on his run by Doug Alward, who drove the van and cooked meals.[28]

Fox was met with gale-force winds, heavy rain, and a snowstorm in the first days of his run.[2] He was initially disappointed with the reception he received but was heartened upon arriving in Channel-Port aux Basques, Newfoundland and Labrador, where the town's 10,000 residents presented him with a donation of over $10,000.[28] Throughout the trip, Fox frequently expressed his anger and frustration to those he saw as impeding the run, and he fought regularly with Alward. When they reached Nova Scotia, they were barely on speaking terms, and it was arranged for Fox's brother Darrell, then 17, to join them as a buffer.[23]

Fox left the Maritimes on June 10 and faced new challenges upon entering Quebec due to his group's inability to speak French[29] and drivers who continually forced him off the road.[30] Fox arrived in Montreal on June 22, one-third of the way through his 8,000-kilometre (5,000 mi) journey, having collected over $200,000 in donations.[20] Fox's run caught the attention of Isadore Sharp, the founder and CEO of Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts, who lost a son to melanoma in 1978 just a year after Terry's diagnosis.[31] Sharp gave food and accommodation at his hotels to Fox's team. When Fox was discouraged because so few people were making donations, Sharp pledged $2 a mile and persuaded close to 1,000 other corporations to do the same.[32] Fox was convinced by the Canadian Cancer Society that arriving in Ottawa for Canada Day would aid fundraising efforts, so he remained in Montreal for a few extra days.[30]

Ontario and marathon's end

 
The Terry Fox Monument in Thunder Bay

Fox crossed into Ontario on the last Saturday in June, and he was met by a brass band and thousands of residents who lined the streets to cheer him on, while the Ontario Provincial Police gave him an escort throughout the province.[33] Despite the sweltering heat of summer, he continued to run 26 miles (42 km) per day.[29] On his arrival in Ottawa, Fox met Governor General Ed Schreyer, Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, and was the guest of honour at numerous sporting events in the city.[33] In front of 16,000 fans, he performed a ceremonial kickoff at a Canadian Football League game and was given a standing ovation. Fox's journal reflected his growing excitement at the reception he had received.[34]

On July 11, Fox arrived in Toronto where a crowd of 10,000 people met Fox, who was to be honoured in Nathan Phillips Square.[35] As he ran to the square, he was joined on the road by many people, including National Hockey League star Darryl Sittler, who presented Fox with his 1980 All-Star Game jersey. The Cancer Society estimated it collected $100,000 in donations that day alone.[3] That evening he threw the ceremonial first pitch at Exhibition Stadium preceding a baseball game between the Toronto Blue Jays and the Cleveland Indians. As he continued through southern Ontario, he was met by Hockey Hall of Famer Bobby Orr who presented him with a cheque for $25,000. Fox considered meeting Orr the highlight of his journey.[3]

As Fox's fame grew, the Cancer Society scheduled him to attend more functions and give more speeches.[36] Fox attempted to accommodate any request that he believed would raise money, no matter how far out of his way it took him.[37] He bristled, however, at what he felt were media intrusions into his personal life, for example when the Toronto Star reported that he had gone on a date.[38] Fox was left unsure whom he could trust in the media after negative articles began to emerge, including one by The Globe and Mail that highlighted tensions with his brother Darrell and claimed he was running because he held a grudge against a doctor who had misdiagnosed his condition, allegations he referred to as "trash".[39][40]

The physical demands of running a marathon every day took their toll on Fox's body. Apart from the rest days in Montreal taken at the request of the Cancer Society, he refused to take a day off, even on his 22nd birthday.[41] He frequently had shin splints and an inflamed knee. He developed cysts on his stump and experienced dizzy spells.[42] At one point, he had a soreness in his ankle that would not go away. Although he feared he had developed a stress fracture, he ran for three more days before seeking medical attention, and was then relieved to learn it was tendonitis and could be treated with painkillers.[43] Fox rejected calls for him to seek regular medical checkups,[44] and dismissed suggestions he was risking his future health.[39] By late August Fox described that he was exhausted before he began the day's run.[45] On September 1, outside Thunder Bay, he was forced to stop briefly after he had an intense coughing fit and experienced pains in his chest. He resumed running as the crowds along the highway shouted out their encouragement.[46] A few miles later, short of breath and with continued chest pain, he asked Alward to drive him to a hospital.[47] The next day, Fox held a tearful press conference during which he announced that his cancer had returned and spread to his lungs. He was forced to end his run after 143 days and 5,373 kilometres (3,339 mi).[48] Fox refused offers to complete the run in his stead, stating that he wanted to complete his marathon himself.[3]

National response

 
Terry Fox statue in Ottawa, Ontario

Fox had raised $1.7 million (equivalent to $5 million in 2021) when he was forced to abandon the Marathon.[49] A week after his run ended, the CTV Television Network organized a nationwide telethon in support of Fox and the Canadian Cancer Society.[50] Supported by Canadian and international celebrities, the five-hour event raised $10.5 million (equivalent to $34 million in 2021).[3] Among the donations were $1 million each by the governments of British Columbia and Ontario, the former to create a new research institute to be founded in Fox's name and the latter an endowment given to the Ontario Cancer Treatment and Research Foundation.[51] Donations continued throughout the winter, and by April over $23 million had been raised (equivalent to $66 million in 2021).[52]

Supporters and well-wishers from around the world inundated Fox with letters and tokens of support. At one point, he was receiving more mail than the rest of Port Coquitlam combined.[53] Such was his fame that one letter addressed simply to "Terry Fox, Canada" was successfully delivered.[54]

In September 1980, Fox was invested in a special ceremony as a Companion of the Order of Canada; he was the youngest person to be so honoured.[55][56] The Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia named him to the Order of the Dogwood, the province's highest award.[57] Canada's Sports Hall of Fame commissioned a permanent exhibit,[58] and Fox was named the winner of the Lou Marsh Award for 1980 as the nation's top athlete.[59] He was named Canada's 1980 Newsmaker of the Year. The Ottawa Citizen described the national response to his marathon as "one of the most powerful outpourings of emotion and generosity in Canada's history".[60]

Illness and death

In the following months, Fox received multiple chemotherapy treatments, but the disease continued to spread.[61] As his condition worsened, Canadians hoped for a miracle and Pope John Paul II sent a telegram saying that he was praying for Fox.[62] Doctors turned to experimental interferon treatments, though their effectiveness against osteogenic sarcoma was unknown.[63] He had an adverse reaction to his first treatment,[64] but continued the program after a period of rest.[65]

Fox was re-admitted to the Royal Columbian Hospital in New Westminster on June 19, 1981, with chest congestion and developed pneumonia.[66] He fell into a coma and died at 4:35 a.m. PDT on June 28, 1981.[67][68] The Government of Canada ordered flags across the country lowered to half mast, an unprecedented honour that was usually reserved for statesmen.[69] Addressing the House of Commons, Trudeau said, "It occurs very rarely in the life of a nation that the courageous spirit of one person unites all people in the celebration of his life and in the mourning of his death ... We do not think of him as one who was defeated by misfortune but as one who inspired us with the example of the triumph of the human spirit over adversity".[70]

His funeral in Port Coquitlam was attended by 40 relatives and 200 guests,[70] and broadcast on national television. Hundreds of communities across Canada also held memorial services,[71] a public memorial service was held on Parliament Hill in Ottawa,[72] and Canadians again overwhelmed Cancer Society offices with donations.[73] Fox is buried at Port Coquitlam Municipal Cemetery.[74]

Legacy

 
Participants of the 2007 Terry Fox Run in Milan, Italy

Fox remains a prominent figure in Canadian folklore. His determination united the nation; people from all walks of life lent their support to his run and his memory inspires pride in all regions of the country.[75] A 1999 national survey named him as Canada's greatest hero,[76] and he finished second to Tommy Douglas in the 2004 Canadian Broadcasting Corporation program The Greatest Canadian.[77] Fox's heroic status has been attributed to his image as an ordinary person attempting a remarkable and inspirational feat.[78][79] Others have argued that Fox's greatness derives from his audacious vision, his determined pursuit of his goal, his ability to overcome challenges such as his lack of experience and the very loneliness of his venture.[78][80] As Fox's advocate on The Greatest Canadian, media personality Sook-Yin Lee compared him to a classic hero, Phidippides, the runner who delivered the news of the Battle of Marathon before dying, and asserted that Fox "embodies the most cherished Canadian values: compassion, commitment, perseverance". She highlighted the juxtaposition between his celebrity, brought about by the unforgettable image he created, and his rejection of the trappings of that celebrity.[81] Typically amongst Canadian icons, Fox is an unconventional hero, admired but not without flaws.[82] An obituary in the Canadian Family Physician emphasized his humanity and noted that his anger – at his diagnosis, at press misrepresentations and at those he saw as encroaching on his independence – spoke against ascribing sainthood for Fox, and thus placed his achievements within the reach of all.[78]

Views on Fox's disability

Fox refused to regard himself as disabled,[83] and would not allow anyone to pity him, telling a Toronto radio station that he found life more "rewarding and challenging" since he had lost his leg.[78] His feat helped redefine Canadian views of disability and the inclusion of disabled people in society.[84][85] Fox's actions increased the visibility of people with disabilities,[85][86] and influenced the attitudes of those with disabilities by showing disability portrayed in a positive light.[85] Rick Hansen commented that the run challenged society to focus on ability rather than disability, writing, "What was perceived as a limitation became a great opportunity. People with disabilities started looking at things differently. They came away with huge pride".[87]

The narrative surrounding Fox has been critiqued as illustrating the media's focus on stereotyped portrayals of the heroic and extraordinary achievements of people with disabilities, rather than more mundane accomplishments.[88][89][90] Actor Alan Toy noted "Sure, it raised money for cancer research and sure it showed the human capacity for achievement. But a lot of disabled people are made to feel like failures if they haven't done something extraordinary. They may be bankers or factory workers – proof enough of their usefulness to society. Do we have to be 'supercrips' in order to be valid? And if we're not super, are we invalid?"[88] The media's idealization of Fox has also been critiqued for emphasizing an individualistic approach to illness and disability, in which the body is a machine to be mastered, rather than the social model of disability where societal attitudes and barriers to inclusion play a prominent role in determining who is disabled.[91][92]

Terry Fox Run

Main article: Terry Fox Run

During Fox's marathon, Sharp proposed an annual fundraising run in Fox's name; Fox agreed, but insisted that the runs be non-competitive and include any who wanted to participate.[93] Sharp faced opposition to the project: the Cancer Society feared that a fall run would detract from its traditional April campaigns, while other charities believed that an additional fundraiser would leave less money for their causes.[94] Sharp persisted, and he, the Four Seasons Hotels and the Fox family organized the first Terry Fox Run on September 13, 1981.[93]

Over 300,000 people took part and raised $3.5 million in the first Terry Fox Run.[95] Schools across Canada were urged to join the second run, held on September 19, 1982.[96] School participation has continued since, evolving into the National School Run Day.[97] The runs, which raised over $20 million in their first six years,[94] grew into an international event as over one million people in 60 countries took part in 1999, raising $15 million that year alone.[98] By the Terry Fox Run's 25th anniversary, more than three million people were taking part annually. Grants from the Terry Fox Foundation, which organizes the runs, have helped Canadian scientists make numerous advances in cancer research.[99] The Terry Fox Run is the world's largest one-day fundraiser for cancer research,[100] and over $850 million has been raised in his name as of May 2022.[101]

Honours

Main article: List of monuments and memorials to Terry Fox
 
Memorial erected outside Thunder Bay on the Trans-Canada Highway near the spot where Fox was forced to end his marathon.

The physical memorials in Canada named after Fox include:[102]

Shortly after his death, Fox was named the Newsmaker of the Year for 1981,[111] and Canada Post announced the production of a commemorative stamp in 1981, bypassing its traditionally held position that stamps honouring people should not be created until ten years after their deaths.[112] British rock star Rod Stewart was so moved by the Marathon of Hope that he was inspired to write and dedicate the song "Never Give Up on a Dream" – found on his 1981 album Tonight I'm Yours – to Fox. Stewart also called his 1981–1982 tour of Canada the "Terry Fox Tour".[113] In 1982 the groundwork was laid for the Terry Fox Canadian Youth Centre, a residential hostel in Ottawa for high school students to come from across Canada to spend a week learning about the country. It was set up by the Canadian Unity Council;[114] the programme later became known as Encounters with Canada[115] and the building was renamed the Historica Canada Centre.

In 2012, Fox was inducted into the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame in the Builder category in recognition of his public service in the name of research fundraising.[116]

The Terry Fox Hall of Fame was established in 1994 to recognize individuals that have made contributions that improved the quality of life of disabled people.[106][117] The Terry Fox Laboratory research centre was established in Vancouver to conduct leading edge research into the causes and potential cures for cancer.

In 2005, the Royal Canadian Mint issued a special dollar coin designed by Stanley Witten to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the Marathon of Hope.[118][119] It was their first regular circulation coin to feature a Canadian.[120]

In 2008, Fox was named a National Historic Person of Canada, a recognition given by the Canadian government to those persons who are considered to have played a nationally significant role in the history of the country. Fox's designation was due to his status as an "enduring icon", his personal qualities, and for the manner in which the Marathon of Hope had captivated the country and resonated deeply with Canadians.[121]

Fox's mother, Betty Fox, was one of eight people to carry the Olympic Flag into BC Place Stadium at the opening ceremonies of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver.[122] The games saw the Terry Fox Award bestowed on Olympic athletes who embodied Fox's characteristics of determination and humility in the face of adversity.[123]

Beginning in 2015, Manitoba designated the first Monday in August, formerly known as Civic Holiday, as Terry Fox Day.[124]

On September 13, 2020, Google celebrated Fox with a Google Doodle.[125]

Films

Fox's story was dramatized in the 1983 biographical film The Terry Fox Story. Produced by Home Box Office, the film aired as a television movie in the United States and had a theatrical run in Canada.[126] The film starred amputee actor Eric Fryer and Robert Duvall, and was the first film made exclusively for pay television.[127] The movie received mixed but generally positive reviews,[126] but was criticized by Fox's family over how it portrayed his temper.[128] The Terry Fox Story was nominated for eight Genie Awards, and won five, including Best Picture and Best Actor.[129]

Rock musician Ian Thomas had written and recorded a song in response to Fox's story, "Runner", which ended up being included in the film. It also was covered by Manfred Mann's Earth Band, reaching 22 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1984.

A second movie, titled Terry, focused on the Marathon of Hope, was produced by the CTV Television Network in 2005. Fox was portrayed by Shawn Ashmore. He is not an amputee; digital editing was used to superimpose a prosthesis over his real leg. The film was endorsed by Fox's family, and portrayed his attitude more positively than the first movie.[128] Canadian National Basketball Association star Steve Nash, who himself was inspired by Fox when he was a child, directed a 2010 documentary Into the Wind, which aired on ESPN as part of its 30 for 30 series.[130][131]

Steve Fonyo and Rick Hansen

Fox was not the first person to attempt to run across Canada. Mark Kent crossed the country in 1974 as he raised money for the Canadian team at the 1976 Summer Olympics.[2][132] While he lived, Fox refused to let anyone else complete the Marathon of Hope, having promised to finish it himself once he recovered.[93] Steve Fonyo, an 18-year-old with the same form of cancer and who also had a leg amputated, sought in 1984 to duplicate Fox's run, calling his effort the "Journey for Lives".[133] After leaving St. John's on March 31, Fonyo reached the point where Fox was forced to end his marathon at the end of November,[134] and completed the transcontinental run on May 29, 1985.[135] The Journey for Lives raised over $13 million for cancer research.[136]

Canadian Paralympic athlete Rick Hansen, who had recruited Fox to play on his wheelchair basketball team in 1977, was similarly inspired by the Marathon of Hope.[137] Hansen, who first considered circumnavigating the globe in his wheelchair in 1974, began the Man in Motion World Tour in 1985 with the goal of raising $10 million towards research into spinal cord injuries.[138] As Fonyo had, Hansen paused at the spot Fox's run ended to honour the late runner.[103] Hansen completed his world tour in May 1987 after 792 days and 40,073 kilometres (24,900 mi);[139] he travelled through 34 countries and raised over $26 million.[140]

Currency

Fox is one of eight candidate finalists for having his portrait on the future $5 polymer banknotes in Canada.[141]

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ "The Terry Fox Foundation asks Canadians to Join us for our "biggest try ever" for Cancer Research". The Terry Fox Foundation. April 12, 2021. Retrieved September 23, 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d Scrivener, Leslie (April 28, 1980). "Terry's running for the cancer society". Montreal Gazette. p. 21. Retrieved February 25, 2010.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n . CBC. Archived from the original on July 4, 2008. Retrieved February 25, 2010.
  4. ^ Bailey, Ian (January 6, 2017). "A marathon of genealogy". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved January 7, 2018.
  5. ^ a b c Scrivener, 2000, pp. 13–14.
  6. ^ Inwood, Damian (September 18, 2005). "Terry Fox: 25 years; Celebrating his dream: a 12-page special section honouring the 25th Annual Terry Fox Run". Vancouver Province.
  7. ^ . Terryfox.org. Archived from the original on April 4, 2016. Retrieved March 16, 2017.
  8. ^ Rod Mickleburgh. "Remembering Terry Fox". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved March 16, 2017.
  9. ^ Scrivener, 2000, p. 18.
  10. ^ Scrivener, 2000, p. 23.
  11. ^ Scrivener, 2000, p. 25.
  12. ^ Scrivener, 2000, p. 27.
  13. ^ Scrivener, 2000, p. 30.
  14. ^ Scrivener, 2000, p. 35.
  15. ^ Scrivener, 2000, pp. 37–38.
  16. ^ Edwards, Peter (January 3, 1987). "Man in Motion set to honour pal Terry Fox". Toronto Star. p. A13.
  17. ^ Scrivener, 2000, p. 45.
  18. ^ Scrivener, 2000, p. 47.
  19. ^ Scrivener, 2000, p. 58.
  20. ^ a b "Runner wants to cross nation on one leg". Montreal Gazette. June 23, 1980. p. 1. Retrieved February 26, 2010.
  21. ^ Scrivener, 2000, p. 57.
  22. ^ Coupland, 2005, p. 29.
  23. ^ a b c MacQueen, Ken (April 4, 2005). "25th anniversary of Terry Fox's Marathon of Hope". Maclean's Magazine. Historica-Dominion Institute of Canada. Retrieved September 6, 2015.
  24. ^ a b "Terry Fox's legacy of hope". CBC. June 27, 2006. Retrieved February 25, 2010.
  25. ^ Cosentino, Frank (1990). Not bad, eh?: great moments in Canadian sports history. General Store Publishing House. pp. 63–64. ISBN 978-0-919431-29-4.
  26. ^ Scrivener, 2000, pp. 69–70.
  27. ^ a b Scrivener, 2000, p. 63.
  28. ^ a b c Murphy, 2005, p. 33.
  29. ^ a b Scrivener, 2000, p. 232.
  30. ^ a b Scrivener, 2000, p. 97.
  31. ^ Sandra Martin, Obituary October 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine: Betty Fox kept Marathon of Hope pure and Terry Fox's legacy alive, The Globe and Mail, Friday June 17, 2011
  32. ^ Martin, Obituary: Betty Fox kept Marathon of Hope Pure..., The Globe and Mail, Friday June 17, 2011
  33. ^ a b Murphy, 2005, p. 34.
  34. ^ Scrivener, 2000, p. 118.
  35. ^ "Terry Fox's legacy lives on three decades after death". CTV News. June 28, 2011. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  36. ^ Scrivener, 2000, p. 123.
  37. ^ Coupland, 2005, p. 91.
  38. ^ Scrivener, 2000, p. 130.
  39. ^ a b Scrivener, 2000, p. 144.
  40. ^ Johnson, Arthur (August 15, 1980). "Runner bears grudge against pain of illness in marathon of hope". The Globe and Mail.
  41. ^ Scrivener, 2000, p. 138.
  42. ^ Coupland, 2005, p. 47.
  43. ^ Scrivener, 2000, p. 147.
  44. ^ Harper, Tim (July 30, 1980). "Medical check 'stupid', cancer marathoner scoffs". Ottawa Citizen. p. 1. Retrieved February 28, 2010.
  45. ^ Scrivener, 2000, p. 150.
  46. ^ Scrivener, 2000, pp. 153–154.
  47. ^ Scrivener, 2000, p. 155.
  48. ^ "Terry Fox's legacy of hope". CBC News Online. June 27, 2006. p. 1. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
  49. ^ Scrivener, 2000, p. 163.
  50. ^ "TV show raises $9 million for cancer". Montreal Gazette. September 8, 1980. p. 1. Retrieved February 28, 2010.
  51. ^ Scrivener, 2000, p. 168.
  52. ^ "Fox's dream raised $23.4 million". Tri-City Herald. April 12, 1981. p. 44.
  53. ^ "Terry Fox receives mountains of mail". Ottawa Citizen. December 24, 1980. p. 8. Retrieved February 28, 2010.
  54. ^ "Fan mail: To 'Terry Fox, Canada'". Spokane Daily Chronicle. December 26, 1980. p. 6. Retrieved February 28, 2010.
  55. ^ "Canada Honors One-legged Cancer Runner". Spokane Daily Chronicle. September 20, 1980.
  56. ^ "Terry Fox to get Order of Canada". Montreal Gazette. September 16, 1980. p. 1. Retrieved February 28, 2010.
  57. ^ "B. C. will give award to native son Terry Fox". Montreal Gazette. October 18, 1980. p. 28. Retrieved February 28, 2010.
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Bibliography

  • Scrivener, Leslie (September 1, 2000). Terry Fox: His Story. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 978-0-7710-8019-7.
  • Coupland, Douglas (2005). Terry. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. ISBN 978-1-55365-113-0.
  • Murphy, Angela (June 30, 2005). Great Canadians. Canada: Folklore Publishing. ISBN 978-1-894864-46-6.
  • Druick, Zoë; Rak, Julie; Kotsopoulos, Aspa (August 1, 2008). "Canadian Idols? CBC's The Greatest Canadian as Celebrity History". Programming Reality. Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN 978-1-55458-010-1.

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January 10, 2023
terry, this, article, about, canadian, athlete, other, uses, disambiguation, terrance, stanley, july, 1958, june, 1981, canadian, athlete, humanitarian, cancer, research, activist, 1980, with, having, been, amputated, cancer, embarked, east, west, cross, canad. This article is about the Canadian athlete For other uses see Terry Fox disambiguation Terrance Stanley Fox CC OD July 28 1958 June 28 1981 was a Canadian athlete humanitarian and cancer research activist In 1980 with one leg having been amputated due to cancer he embarked on an east to west cross Canada run to raise money and awareness for cancer research Although the spread of his cancer eventually forced him to end his quest after 143 days and 5 373 kilometres 3 339 mi and ultimately cost him his life his efforts resulted in a lasting worldwide legacy The annual Terry Fox Run first held in 1981 has grown to involve millions of participants in over 60 countries and is now the world s largest one day fundraiser for cancer research over C 850 million has been raised in his name as of September 2022 1 Terry FoxCC ODTerry Fox in Toronto during his Marathon of Hope cross country run July 1980 BornTerrance Stanley Fox 1958 07 28 July 28 1958Winnipeg Manitoba CanadaDiedJune 28 1981 1981 06 28 aged 22 New Westminster British Columbia CanadaCause of deathMetastatic osteosarcomaEducationSimon Fraser UniversityKnown forMarathon of HopeTitleCompanion of the Order of CanadaFox was a distance runner and basketball player for his Port Coquitlam high school now named after him and Simon Fraser University His right leg was amputated in 1977 after he was diagnosed with osteosarcoma though he continued to run using an artificial leg He also played wheelchair basketball in Vancouver winning three national championships In 1980 he began the Marathon of Hope a cross country run to raise money for cancer research He hoped to raise one dollar from each of Canada s 24 million people He began with little fanfare from St John s Newfoundland and Labrador in April and ran the equivalent of a full marathon every day Fox had become a national star by the time he reached Ontario he made numerous public appearances with businessmen athletes and politicians in his efforts to raise money He was forced to end his run outside Thunder Bay when the cancer spread to his lungs His hopes of overcoming the disease and completing his run ended when he died nine months later Fox was the youngest person named a Companion of the Order of Canada and won the 1980 Lou Marsh Award as the nation s top sportsman He was named Canada s Newsmaker of the Year in both 1980 and 1981 by The Canadian Press Considered a national hero he has had many buildings statues roads and parks named in his honour across the country Contents 1 Early life and cancer 2 Marathon of Hope 2 1 Preparation 2 2 Start of the marathon 2 3 Ontario and marathon s end 2 4 National response 3 Illness and death 4 Legacy 4 1 Views on Fox s disability 4 2 Terry Fox Run 4 3 Honours 4 4 Films 4 5 Steve Fonyo and Rick Hansen 4 6 Currency 5 See also 6 References 6 1 Citations 6 2 Bibliography 7 External linksEarly life and cancerTerry Fox was born on July 28 1958 in Winnipeg Manitoba to Rolland and Betty Fox Rolland was a switchman for the Canadian National Railway 2 Fox had an elder brother Fred a younger brother Darrell and a younger sister Judith 3 Fox s maternal grandmother is Metis and Fox s younger brother Darrell has official Metis status 4 His family moved to Surrey British Columbia in 1966 then settled in Port Coquitlam in 1968 3 His parents were dedicated to their family and his mother was especially protective of her children it was through her that Fox developed his stubborn dedication to whatever task he committed to do 5 His father recalled that Fox was extremely competitive noting that he hated to lose so much that he would continue at any activity until he succeeded 6 Fox attempted to join his school s basketball team though struggled because of his height His coach suggested that Fox try cross country running which Fox did as he wanted to impress his coach 7 8 9 Fox continued to improve on his basketball skills and in grade 12 he won his high school s athlete of the year award 3 Fox was unsure whether he wanted to go to university but Fox s mother convinced him to enrol at Simon Fraser University He studied kinesiology with the intention of becoming a physical education teacher 10 He was also a member of the junior varsity basketball team 3 Fox s favorite prosthetic leg that he used during his Marathon of Hope On November 12 1976 Fox was driving to the family home in Port Coquitlam when he was distracted by nearby bridge construction and crashed into the back of a pickup truck Fox injured his right knee in the crash and felt pain in December but chose to ignore it until the end of basketball season 11 By March 1977 the pain had intensified and he went to a hospital where he was diagnosed with osteosarcoma a form of cancer that often starts near the knees 3 Fox believed his car accident weakened his knee and left it vulnerable to the disease though his doctors argued there was no connection 12 He was told that his leg had to be amputated he would require chemotherapy treatment and that recent medical advances meant he had a 50 percent chance of survival Fox learned that two years before the figure would have been only 15 percent the improvement in survival rates impressed on him the value of cancer research 13 With the help of an artificial leg Fox was walking three weeks after the amputation 3 Doctors were impressed with Fox s positive outlook stating it contributed to his rapid recovery 14 Fox endured sixteen months of chemotherapy and found the time he spent in the British Columbia Cancer Control Agency facility difficult as he watched fellow cancer patients suffer and die from the disease 15 In the summer of 1977 Rick Hansen working with the Canadian Wheelchair Sports Association invited Fox to try out for his wheelchair basketball team 16 Although he was undergoing chemotherapy treatments at the time Fox s energy impressed Hansen 3 Less than two months after learning how to play the sport Fox was named a member of the team for the national championship in Edmonton 17 He won three national titles with the team 3 and was named an all star by the North American Wheelchair Basketball Association in 1980 18 Marathon of Hope Terry Fox statue in Beacon Hill Park Victoria British Columbia The night before his cancer surgery Fox had been given an article about Dick Traum the first amputee to complete the New York City Marathon 3 The article inspired him he embarked on a 14 month training program telling his family he planned to compete in a marathon himself 2 In private he devised a more extensive plan His hospital experiences had made Fox angry at how little money was dedicated to cancer research He intended to run the length of Canada in the hope of increasing cancer awareness a goal he initially divulged only to his friend Douglas Alward 19 Fox ran with an unusual gait as he was required to hop step on his good leg due to the extra time the springs in his artificial leg required to reset after each step 20 He found the training painful as the additional pressure he had to place on both his good leg and his stump led to bone bruises blisters and intense pain Fox found that after about 20 minutes of each run he crossed a pain threshold and the run became easier 21 On September 2 1979 Fox competed in a 17 mile 27 km road race in Prince George He finished in last place ten minutes behind his closest competitor but his effort was met with tears and applause from the other participants 3 Following the marathon he revealed his full plan to his family 22 His mother discouraged him angering Fox though she later came to support the project She recalled He said I thought you d be one of the first persons to believe in me And I wasn t I was the first person who let him down 23 Fox initially hoped to raise 1 million 23 then 10 million but later sought to raise 1 for each of Canada s 24 million citizens 24 PreparationOn October 15 1979 Fox sent a letter to the Canadian Cancer Society in which he announced his goal and appealed for funding He stated that he would conquer his disability and promised to complete his run even if he had to crawl every last mile Explaining why he wanted to raise money for research Fox described his personal experience of cancer treatment I soon realized that that would only be half my quest for as I went through the 16 months of the physically and emotionally draining ordeal of chemotherapy I was rudely awakened by the feelings that surrounded and coursed through the cancer clinic There were faces with the brave smiles and the ones who had given up smiling There were feelings of hopeful denial and the feelings of despair My quest would not be a selfish one I could not leave knowing these faces and feelings would still exist even though I would be set free from mine Somewhere the hurting must stop and I was determined to take myself to the limit for this cause 25 The Cancer Society was skeptical of his success but agreed to support Fox once he had acquired sponsors and requested he get a medical certificate from a heart specialist stating that he was fit to attempt the run Fox was diagnosed with left ventricular hypertrophy an enlarged heart a condition commonly associated with athletes Doctors warned Fox of the potential risks he faced though they did not consider his condition a significant concern They endorsed his participation when he promised that he would stop immediately if he began to experience any heart problems 26 A second letter was sent to several corporations seeking donations for a vehicle and running shoes and to cover the other costs of the run 27 Fox sent other letters asking for grants to buy a running leg 27 The Ford Motor Company donated a camper van 5 while Imperial Oil contributed fuel and Adidas his running shoes 28 Fox turned away any company that requested he endorse their products and refused any donation that carried conditions as he insisted that nobody was to profit from his run 5 Start of the marathon Fox s path across eastern Canada He began at St John s on the east coast and ran west The Marathon began on April 12 1980 when Fox dipped his right leg in the Atlantic Ocean near St John s Newfoundland and Labrador and filled two large bottles with ocean water He intended to keep one as a souvenir and pour the other into the Pacific Ocean upon completing his journey at Victoria British Columbia 24 Fox was supported on his run by Doug Alward who drove the van and cooked meals 28 Fox was met with gale force winds heavy rain and a snowstorm in the first days of his run 2 He was initially disappointed with the reception he received but was heartened upon arriving in Channel Port aux Basques Newfoundland and Labrador where the town s 10 000 residents presented him with a donation of over 10 000 28 Throughout the trip Fox frequently expressed his anger and frustration to those he saw as impeding the run and he fought regularly with Alward When they reached Nova Scotia they were barely on speaking terms and it was arranged for Fox s brother Darrell then 17 to join them as a buffer 23 Fox left the Maritimes on June 10 and faced new challenges upon entering Quebec due to his group s inability to speak French 29 and drivers who continually forced him off the road 30 Fox arrived in Montreal on June 22 one third of the way through his 8 000 kilometre 5 000 mi journey having collected over 200 000 in donations 20 Fox s run caught the attention of Isadore Sharp the founder and CEO of Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts who lost a son to melanoma in 1978 just a year after Terry s diagnosis 31 Sharp gave food and accommodation at his hotels to Fox s team When Fox was discouraged because so few people were making donations Sharp pledged 2 a mile and persuaded close to 1 000 other corporations to do the same 32 Fox was convinced by the Canadian Cancer Society that arriving in Ottawa for Canada Day would aid fundraising efforts so he remained in Montreal for a few extra days 30 Ontario and marathon s end The Terry Fox Monument in Thunder Bay Fox crossed into Ontario on the last Saturday in June and he was met by a brass band and thousands of residents who lined the streets to cheer him on while the Ontario Provincial Police gave him an escort throughout the province 33 Despite the sweltering heat of summer he continued to run 26 miles 42 km per day 29 On his arrival in Ottawa Fox met Governor General Ed Schreyer Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau and was the guest of honour at numerous sporting events in the city 33 In front of 16 000 fans he performed a ceremonial kickoff at a Canadian Football League game and was given a standing ovation Fox s journal reflected his growing excitement at the reception he had received 34 On July 11 Fox arrived in Toronto where a crowd of 10 000 people met Fox who was to be honoured in Nathan Phillips Square 35 As he ran to the square he was joined on the road by many people including National Hockey League star Darryl Sittler who presented Fox with his 1980 All Star Game jersey The Cancer Society estimated it collected 100 000 in donations that day alone 3 That evening he threw the ceremonial first pitch at Exhibition Stadium preceding a baseball game between the Toronto Blue Jays and the Cleveland Indians As he continued through southern Ontario he was met by Hockey Hall of Famer Bobby Orr who presented him with a cheque for 25 000 Fox considered meeting Orr the highlight of his journey 3 As Fox s fame grew the Cancer Society scheduled him to attend more functions and give more speeches 36 Fox attempted to accommodate any request that he believed would raise money no matter how far out of his way it took him 37 He bristled however at what he felt were media intrusions into his personal life for example when the Toronto Star reported that he had gone on a date 38 Fox was left unsure whom he could trust in the media after negative articles began to emerge including one by The Globe and Mail that highlighted tensions with his brother Darrell and claimed he was running because he held a grudge against a doctor who had misdiagnosed his condition allegations he referred to as trash 39 40 The physical demands of running a marathon every day took their toll on Fox s body Apart from the rest days in Montreal taken at the request of the Cancer Society he refused to take a day off even on his 22nd birthday 41 He frequently had shin splints and an inflamed knee He developed cysts on his stump and experienced dizzy spells 42 At one point he had a soreness in his ankle that would not go away Although he feared he had developed a stress fracture he ran for three more days before seeking medical attention and was then relieved to learn it was tendonitis and could be treated with painkillers 43 Fox rejected calls for him to seek regular medical checkups 44 and dismissed suggestions he was risking his future health 39 By late August Fox described that he was exhausted before he began the day s run 45 On September 1 outside Thunder Bay he was forced to stop briefly after he had an intense coughing fit and experienced pains in his chest He resumed running as the crowds along the highway shouted out their encouragement 46 A few miles later short of breath and with continued chest pain he asked Alward to drive him to a hospital 47 The next day Fox held a tearful press conference during which he announced that his cancer had returned and spread to his lungs He was forced to end his run after 143 days and 5 373 kilometres 3 339 mi 48 Fox refused offers to complete the run in his stead stating that he wanted to complete his marathon himself 3 National response Terry Fox statue in Ottawa Ontario Fox had raised 1 7 million equivalent to 5 million in 2021 when he was forced to abandon the Marathon 49 A week after his run ended the CTV Television Network organized a nationwide telethon in support of Fox and the Canadian Cancer Society 50 Supported by Canadian and international celebrities the five hour event raised 10 5 million equivalent to 34 million in 2021 3 Among the donations were 1 million each by the governments of British Columbia and Ontario the former to create a new research institute to be founded in Fox s name and the latter an endowment given to the Ontario Cancer Treatment and Research Foundation 51 Donations continued throughout the winter and by April over 23 million had been raised equivalent to 66 million in 2021 52 Supporters and well wishers from around the world inundated Fox with letters and tokens of support At one point he was receiving more mail than the rest of Port Coquitlam combined 53 Such was his fame that one letter addressed simply to Terry Fox Canada was successfully delivered 54 In September 1980 Fox was invested in a special ceremony as a Companion of the Order of Canada he was the youngest person to be so honoured 55 56 The Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia named him to the Order of the Dogwood the province s highest award 57 Canada s Sports Hall of Fame commissioned a permanent exhibit 58 and Fox was named the winner of the Lou Marsh Award for 1980 as the nation s top athlete 59 He was named Canada s 1980 Newsmaker of the Year The Ottawa Citizen described the national response to his marathon as one of the most powerful outpourings of emotion and generosity in Canada s history 60 Illness and deathIn the following months Fox received multiple chemotherapy treatments but the disease continued to spread 61 As his condition worsened Canadians hoped for a miracle and Pope John Paul II sent a telegram saying that he was praying for Fox 62 Doctors turned to experimental interferon treatments though their effectiveness against osteogenic sarcoma was unknown 63 He had an adverse reaction to his first treatment 64 but continued the program after a period of rest 65 Fox was re admitted to the Royal Columbian Hospital in New Westminster on June 19 1981 with chest congestion and developed pneumonia 66 He fell into a coma and died at 4 35 a m PDT on June 28 1981 67 68 The Government of Canada ordered flags across the country lowered to half mast an unprecedented honour that was usually reserved for statesmen 69 Addressing the House of Commons Trudeau said It occurs very rarely in the life of a nation that the courageous spirit of one person unites all people in the celebration of his life and in the mourning of his death We do not think of him as one who was defeated by misfortune but as one who inspired us with the example of the triumph of the human spirit over adversity 70 His funeral in Port Coquitlam was attended by 40 relatives and 200 guests 70 and broadcast on national television Hundreds of communities across Canada also held memorial services 71 a public memorial service was held on Parliament Hill in Ottawa 72 and Canadians again overwhelmed Cancer Society offices with donations 73 Fox is buried at Port Coquitlam Municipal Cemetery 74 Legacy Participants of the 2007 Terry Fox Run in Milan Italy Fox remains a prominent figure in Canadian folklore His determination united the nation people from all walks of life lent their support to his run and his memory inspires pride in all regions of the country 75 A 1999 national survey named him as Canada s greatest hero 76 and he finished second to Tommy Douglas in the 2004 Canadian Broadcasting Corporation program The Greatest Canadian 77 Fox s heroic status has been attributed to his image as an ordinary person attempting a remarkable and inspirational feat 78 79 Others have argued that Fox s greatness derives from his audacious vision his determined pursuit of his goal his ability to overcome challenges such as his lack of experience and the very loneliness of his venture 78 80 As Fox s advocate on The Greatest Canadian media personality Sook Yin Lee compared him to a classic hero Phidippides the runner who delivered the news of the Battle of Marathon before dying and asserted that Fox embodies the most cherished Canadian values compassion commitment perseverance She highlighted the juxtaposition between his celebrity brought about by the unforgettable image he created and his rejection of the trappings of that celebrity 81 Typically amongst Canadian icons Fox is an unconventional hero admired but not without flaws 82 An obituary in the Canadian Family Physician emphasized his humanity and noted that his anger at his diagnosis at press misrepresentations and at those he saw as encroaching on his independence spoke against ascribing sainthood for Fox and thus placed his achievements within the reach of all 78 Views on Fox s disability Fox refused to regard himself as disabled 83 and would not allow anyone to pity him telling a Toronto radio station that he found life more rewarding and challenging since he had lost his leg 78 His feat helped redefine Canadian views of disability and the inclusion of disabled people in society 84 85 Fox s actions increased the visibility of people with disabilities 85 86 and influenced the attitudes of those with disabilities by showing disability portrayed in a positive light 85 Rick Hansen commented that the run challenged society to focus on ability rather than disability writing What was perceived as a limitation became a great opportunity People with disabilities started looking at things differently They came away with huge pride 87 The narrative surrounding Fox has been critiqued as illustrating the media s focus on stereotyped portrayals of the heroic and extraordinary achievements of people with disabilities rather than more mundane accomplishments 88 89 90 Actor Alan Toy noted Sure it raised money for cancer research and sure it showed the human capacity for achievement But a lot of disabled people are made to feel like failures if they haven t done something extraordinary They may be bankers or factory workers proof enough of their usefulness to society Do we have to be supercrips in order to be valid And if we re not super are we invalid 88 The media s idealization of Fox has also been critiqued for emphasizing an individualistic approach to illness and disability in which the body is a machine to be mastered rather than the social model of disability where societal attitudes and barriers to inclusion play a prominent role in determining who is disabled 91 92 Terry Fox Run Main article Terry Fox Run During Fox s marathon Sharp proposed an annual fundraising run in Fox s name Fox agreed but insisted that the runs be non competitive and include any who wanted to participate 93 Sharp faced opposition to the project the Cancer Society feared that a fall run would detract from its traditional April campaigns while other charities believed that an additional fundraiser would leave less money for their causes 94 Sharp persisted and he the Four Seasons Hotels and the Fox family organized the first Terry Fox Run on September 13 1981 93 Over 300 000 people took part and raised 3 5 million in the first Terry Fox Run 95 Schools across Canada were urged to join the second run held on September 19 1982 96 School participation has continued since evolving into the National School Run Day 97 The runs which raised over 20 million in their first six years 94 grew into an international event as over one million people in 60 countries took part in 1999 raising 15 million that year alone 98 By the Terry Fox Run s 25th anniversary more than three million people were taking part annually Grants from the Terry Fox Foundation which organizes the runs have helped Canadian scientists make numerous advances in cancer research 99 The Terry Fox Run is the world s largest one day fundraiser for cancer research 100 and over 850 million has been raised in his name as of May 2022 update 101 Honours Main article List of monuments and memorials to Terry Fox Memorial erected outside Thunder Bay on the Trans Canada Highway near the spot where Fox was forced to end his marathon The physical memorials in Canada named after Fox include 102 Approximately 32 roads and streets notably Terry Fox Drive Ottawa and the Terry Fox Courage Highway near Thunder Bay near where Fox ended his run and where a statue of him was erected as a monument 103 the Terry Fox Memorial and Lookout 14 schools including a new school in a suburb of Montreal that was renamed Terry Fox Elementary School shortly after he died 104 and the Port Coquitlam high school from which he had graduated which was renamed Terry Fox Secondary School on January 18 1986 105 14 other buildings including many athletic centres and Terry Fox Stadium Ottawa Ontario Terry Fox Station a transitway stop in Ottawa Terry Fox Theatre Port Coquitlam British Columbia the Terry Fox Research Institute and the Terry Fox Laboratory the major research unit of the British Columbia Cancer Agency Seven statues including the Terry Fox Monument in Ottawa which was the genesis of The Path of Heroes a federal government initiative that seeks to honour the people that shaped the nation 106 In 2011 a series of four bronze sculptures of Fox designed by Douglas Coupland and depicting Fox running toward the Pacific Ocean was unveiled at Terry Fox Plaza outside BC Place in downtown Vancouver 107 Nine fitness trails A previously unnamed mountain in the Canadian Rockies in the Selwyn range which was named Mount Terry Fox by the government of British Columbia 108 the area around it is now known as Mount Terry Fox Provincial Park The Terry Fox Fountain of Hope was installed in 1982 on the grounds of Rideau Hall 109 The Canadian Coast Guard icebreaker CCGS Terry Fox which was commissioned in 1983 110 Shortly after his death Fox was named the Newsmaker of the Year for 1981 111 and Canada Post announced the production of a commemorative stamp in 1981 bypassing its traditionally held position that stamps honouring people should not be created until ten years after their deaths 112 British rock star Rod Stewart was so moved by the Marathon of Hope that he was inspired to write and dedicate the song Never Give Up on a Dream found on his 1981 album Tonight I m Yours to Fox Stewart also called his 1981 1982 tour of Canada the Terry Fox Tour 113 In 1982 the groundwork was laid for the Terry Fox Canadian Youth Centre a residential hostel in Ottawa for high school students to come from across Canada to spend a week learning about the country It was set up by the Canadian Unity Council 114 the programme later became known as Encounters with Canada 115 and the building was renamed the Historica Canada Centre In 2012 Fox was inducted into the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame in the Builder category in recognition of his public service in the name of research fundraising 116 The Terry Fox Hall of Fame was established in 1994 to recognize individuals that have made contributions that improved the quality of life of disabled people 106 117 The Terry Fox Laboratory research centre was established in Vancouver to conduct leading edge research into the causes and potential cures for cancer In 2005 the Royal Canadian Mint issued a special dollar coin designed by Stanley Witten to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the Marathon of Hope 118 119 It was their first regular circulation coin to feature a Canadian 120 In 2008 Fox was named a National Historic Person of Canada a recognition given by the Canadian government to those persons who are considered to have played a nationally significant role in the history of the country Fox s designation was due to his status as an enduring icon his personal qualities and for the manner in which the Marathon of Hope had captivated the country and resonated deeply with Canadians 121 Fox s mother Betty Fox was one of eight people to carry the Olympic Flag into BC Place Stadium at the opening ceremonies of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver 122 The games saw the Terry Fox Award bestowed on Olympic athletes who embodied Fox s characteristics of determination and humility in the face of adversity 123 Beginning in 2015 Manitoba designated the first Monday in August formerly known as Civic Holiday as Terry Fox Day 124 On September 13 2020 Google celebrated Fox with a Google Doodle 125 Films Fox s story was dramatized in the 1983 biographical film The Terry Fox Story Produced by Home Box Office the film aired as a television movie in the United States and had a theatrical run in Canada 126 The film starred amputee actor Eric Fryer and Robert Duvall and was the first film made exclusively for pay television 127 The movie received mixed but generally positive reviews 126 but was criticized by Fox s family over how it portrayed his temper 128 The Terry Fox Story was nominated for eight Genie Awards and won five including Best Picture and Best Actor 129 Rock musician Ian Thomas had written and recorded a song in response to Fox s story Runner which ended up being included in the film It also was covered by Manfred Mann s Earth Band reaching 22 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1984 A second movie titled Terry focused on the Marathon of Hope was produced by the CTV Television Network in 2005 Fox was portrayed by Shawn Ashmore He is not an amputee digital editing was used to superimpose a prosthesis over his real leg The film was endorsed by Fox s family and portrayed his attitude more positively than the first movie 128 Canadian National Basketball Association star Steve Nash who himself was inspired by Fox when he was a child directed a 2010 documentary Into the Wind which aired on ESPN as part of its 30 for 30 series 130 131 Steve Fonyo and Rick Hansen Fox was not the first person to attempt to run across Canada Mark Kent crossed the country in 1974 as he raised money for the Canadian team at the 1976 Summer Olympics 2 132 While he lived Fox refused to let anyone else complete the Marathon of Hope having promised to finish it himself once he recovered 93 Steve Fonyo an 18 year old with the same form of cancer and who also had a leg amputated sought in 1984 to duplicate Fox s run calling his effort the Journey for Lives 133 After leaving St John s on March 31 Fonyo reached the point where Fox was forced to end his marathon at the end of November 134 and completed the transcontinental run on May 29 1985 135 The Journey for Lives raised over 13 million for cancer research 136 Canadian Paralympic athlete Rick Hansen who had recruited Fox to play on his wheelchair basketball team in 1977 was similarly inspired by the Marathon of Hope 137 Hansen who first considered circumnavigating the globe in his wheelchair in 1974 began the Man in Motion World Tour in 1985 with the goal of raising 10 million towards research into spinal cord injuries 138 As Fonyo had Hansen paused at the spot Fox s run ended to honour the late runner 103 Hansen completed his world tour in May 1987 after 792 days and 40 073 kilometres 24 900 mi 139 he travelled through 34 countries and raised over 26 million 140 Currency Fox is one of eight candidate finalists for having his portrait on the future 5 polymer banknotes in Canada 141 See also History portal Canada portal Biography portalTerry book ReferencesCitations The Terry Fox Foundation asks Canadians to Join us for our biggest try ever for Cancer Research The Terry Fox Foundation April 12 2021 Retrieved September 23 2022 a b c d Scrivener Leslie April 28 1980 Terry s running for the cancer society Montreal Gazette p 21 Retrieved February 25 2010 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n The Greatest Canadian Terry Fox CBC Archived from the original on July 4 2008 Retrieved February 25 2010 Bailey Ian January 6 2017 A marathon of genealogy The Globe and Mail Retrieved January 7 2018 a b c Scrivener 2000 pp 13 14 Inwood Damian September 18 2005 Terry Fox 25 years Celebrating his dream a 12 page special section honouring the 25th Annual Terry Fox Run Vancouver Province Terry Fox Foundation announces new Board of Directors The Terry Fox Foundation Terryfox org Archived from the original on April 4 2016 Retrieved March 16 2017 Rod Mickleburgh Remembering Terry Fox The Globe and Mail Retrieved March 16 2017 Scrivener 2000 p 18 Scrivener 2000 p 23 Scrivener 2000 p 25 Scrivener 2000 p 27 Scrivener 2000 p 30 Scrivener 2000 p 35 Scrivener 2000 pp 37 38 Edwards Peter January 3 1987 Man in Motion set to honour pal Terry Fox Toronto Star p A13 Scrivener 2000 p 45 Scrivener 2000 p 47 Scrivener 2000 p 58 a b Runner wants to cross nation on one leg Montreal Gazette June 23 1980 p 1 Retrieved February 26 2010 Scrivener 2000 p 57 Coupland 2005 p 29 a b c MacQueen Ken April 4 2005 25th anniversary of Terry Fox s Marathon of Hope Maclean s Magazine Historica Dominion Institute of Canada Retrieved September 6 2015 a b Terry Fox s legacy of hope CBC June 27 2006 Retrieved February 25 2010 Cosentino Frank 1990 Not bad eh great moments in Canadian sports history General Store Publishing House pp 63 64 ISBN 978 0 919431 29 4 Scrivener 2000 pp 69 70 a b Scrivener 2000 p 63 a b c Murphy 2005 p 33 a b Scrivener 2000 p 232 a b Scrivener 2000 p 97 Sandra Martin Obituary Archived October 25 2012 at the Wayback Machine Betty Fox kept Marathon of Hope pure and Terry Fox s legacy alive The Globe and Mail Friday June 17 2011 Martin Obituary Betty Fox kept Marathon of Hope Pure The Globe and Mail Friday June 17 2011 a b Murphy 2005 p 34 Scrivener 2000 p 118 Terry Fox s legacy lives on three decades after death CTV News June 28 2011 Retrieved July 14 2014 Scrivener 2000 p 123 Coupland 2005 p 91 Scrivener 2000 p 130 a b Scrivener 2000 p 144 Johnson Arthur August 15 1980 Runner bears grudge against pain of illness in marathon of hope The Globe and Mail Scrivener 2000 p 138 Coupland 2005 p 47 Scrivener 2000 p 147 Harper Tim July 30 1980 Medical check stupid cancer marathoner scoffs Ottawa Citizen p 1 Retrieved February 28 2010 Scrivener 2000 p 150 Scrivener 2000 pp 153 154 Scrivener 2000 p 155 Terry Fox s legacy of hope CBC News Online June 27 2006 p 1 Retrieved June 16 2010 Scrivener 2000 p 163 TV show raises 9 million for cancer Montreal Gazette September 8 1980 p 1 Retrieved February 28 2010 Scrivener 2000 p 168 Fox s dream raised 23 4 million Tri City Herald April 12 1981 p 44 Terry Fox receives mountains of mail Ottawa Citizen December 24 1980 p 8 Retrieved February 28 2010 Fan mail To Terry Fox Canada Spokane Daily Chronicle December 26 1980 p 6 Retrieved February 28 2010 Canada Honors One legged Cancer Runner Spokane Daily Chronicle September 20 1980 Terry Fox to get Order of Canada Montreal Gazette September 16 1980 p 1 Retrieved February 28 2010 B C will give award to native son Terry Fox Montreal Gazette October 18 1980 p 28 Retrieved February 28 2010 Runner gets award Spokane Spokesman Review February 8 1981 p B4 Retrieved February 28 2010 Courageous Terry Fox captures Lou Marsh Award Montreal Gazette December 18 1980 p 57 Retrieved February 28 2010 MacQueen Ken December 29 1980 Terry Fox His run taught Canadians to hope Ottawa Citizen p 42 Retrieved February 28 2010 Fox s cancer spreads Montreal Gazette January 29 1981 p 1 Retrieved February 28 2010 Pope prays for cancer victim Sarasota Herald Tribune March 7 1981 p 8A Retrieved February 28 2010 Scrivener 2000 p 176 Guard patrols Terry s room Ottawa Citizen February 23 1981 p 8 Retrieved February 28 2010 Fox not doing too well feeling more pain doctor Ottawa Citizen June 23 1981 p 8 Retrieved February 28 2010 Fox s condition worsens Daytona Beach Morning Journal June 23 1981 p 8B Terry Fox dies Ottawa Citizen June 29 1981 p 1 Retrieved February 28 2010 Terry Fox dies CBC Archives Retrieved September 6 2015 Fox succumbs to cancer St Petersburg Evening Independent June 29 1981 p 2C a b Scrivener 2000 p 182 Canada televises funeral of young cancer victim New York Times July 3 1981 Retrieved February 28 2010 Memorial service slated for Hill Ottawa Citizen June 30 1981 p 8 Retrieved February 28 2010 Phones ringing off wall pledging cancer donations Ottawa Citizen June 30 1981 p 8 Retrieved February 28 2010 The legacy of Terry Fox macleans ca April 8 1985 Coupland Douglas July 5 2004 Canada s true hero Maclean s Magazine 58 63 ISSN 0024 9262 About Terry Fox Simon Fraser University Retrieved March 5 2010 The Greatest Canadian CBC Archived from the original on August 1 2008 Retrieved March 5 2010 a b c d McCaffery Margaret Murray Terry August 1981 Terry Fox Heroes Aren t Saints Canadian Family Physician 27 1184 1186 PMC 2306103 PMID 21289776 Rak 2008 p 62 Jubas Kaela Jubas K 2006 Theorizing Gender in Contemporary Canadian Citizenship Lessons Learned from the CBC s Greatest Canadian Contest PDF Canadian Journal of Education 29 2 563 583 doi 10 2307 20054177 JSTOR 20054177 Archived PDF from the original on October 9 2022 Retrieved September 6 2015 Rak 2008 pp 62 63 New William H June 1 1998 Borderlands how we talk about Canada Vancouver UBC Press pp 44 45 ISBN 978 0 7748 0659 6 McMurray Anne June 15 2003 Community health and wellness a socioecological approach St Louis Mosby p 10 ISBN 978 0 7295 3673 8 Terry Fox left a great legacy Kitchener Record April 12 2010 Retrieved April 24 2010 permanent dead link a b c Wheeler Garry David Steadward Robert Daniel Watkinson Elizabeth Jane 2003 Adapted Physical Activity Edmonton Alberta Canada University of Alberta Press pp 36 37 ISBN 978 0 88864 375 9 Brown Roy 1997 Quality of Life for People With Disabilities Models Research and Practice Cheltenham U K Nelson Thornes p 255 ISBN 978 0 7487 3294 4 Scrivener 2000 p 227 a b Nelson Jack A Ross Susan Dente 2003 The invisible cultural group Images of disability Images that injure pictorial stereotypes in the media New York Praeger ISBN 978 0 275 97846 4 Smith Linda C King Gillian A Brown Elizabeth Mills October 2003 Resilience learning from people with disabilities and the turning points in their lives New York Praeger p 81 ISBN 978 0 275 97943 0 Shapiro Joseph P June 22 2011 No Pity People with Disabilities Forging a New Civil Rights Movement Crown Publishing Group pp 16 17 ISBN 978 0 307 79832 9 Seale Clive 2002 Media and health Thousand Oaks Calif Sage p 112 ISBN 978 0 7619 4730 1 Harrison Deborah 1985 The Terry Fox story and the popular media a case study in ideology and illness Canadian Review of Sociology 22 4 496 514 doi 10 1111 j 1755 618X 1985 tb00378 x a b c Scrivener 2000 p 187 a b Scrivener Terry September 13 1987 A millionaire keeps Terry s memory alive Toronto Star p D1 Scrivener Leslie Marathon of Hope The Terry Fox Foundation Archived from the original on April 20 2010 Retrieved March 1 2010 Join Fox run schools urged Montreal Gazette August 17 1982 p A11 Retrieved March 1 2010 Terry Fox Run Largest event in Canadian history Ontario Public School Boards Association March 1 2005 Archived from the original on June 29 2010 Retrieved March 1 2010 Terry Fox s memory goal live on CBC September 19 1999 Retrieved March 1 2010 Canadians celebrate the life of Terry Fox CBC September 17 2005 Retrieved September 6 2015 El Shammaa Dina February 17 2010 Terry Fox never gave up and had positive attitude Gulf News Retrieved March 7 2010 Terry s Story The Terry Fox Foundation Retrieved January 29 2018 Scrivener Leslie April 11 2010 How Terry Fox changed Canada Toronto Star Retrieved April 20 2010 a b Wilkes Jim January 5 1987 Hansen stops to honor Terry s dream of hope Toronto Star p A2 Terry Fox better name for school than Fathers Montreal Gazette November 6 1981 p 3 Retrieved March 3 2010 The Terry Fox story PDF Terry Fox Secondary School Archived from the original PDF on March 8 2010 Retrieved March 3 2010 a b Facts The Terry Fox Foundation Archived from the original on July 11 2010 Retrieved March 5 2010 New Terry Fox memorial unveiled in Vancouver CBC News September 16 2011 Retrieved September 16 2011 Mountain in Rockies named for Terry Fox Ottawa Citizen July 7 1981 p 16 Retrieved March 5 2010 Howell Elizabeth May 11 2012 Rideau Hall grounds to get 2 5M facelift Ottawa Business Journal Archived from the original on September 20 2012 Retrieved July 24 2012 CGCS Terry Fox Fisheries and Oceans Canada Retrieved September 6 2015 Poll again names Fox Canadian of the Year Montreal Gazette December 18 1981 p 13 Krebs Albin Thomas Robert June 27 1981 Canada finds way to honor Terry Fox with a Stamp New York Times Retrieved March 2 2010 Rod Stewart writes a song for Terry Fox Montreal Gazette November 13 1981 p 48 Retrieved March 2 2010 The Canadian Unity Council presents plans for the Terry Fox Canadian Youth Centre Encounters With Canada December 5 2018 Encounters with Canada The Canadian Encyclopedia Retrieved September 11 2021 Terry Fox Canadian Medical Hall of Fame Retrieved September 6 2015 Terry Fox Hall of Fame Canadian Paraplegic Association Archived from the original on July 25 2011 Retrieved April 24 2010 Stan Witten The Terry Fox one dollar Commemorative Circulation Coin In Memory of a Canadian Hero mint ca Archived from the original on June 16 2020 Retrieved March 22 2020 Terry Fox s Marathon of Hope Commemorated on New 1 Coin The Ottawa Citizen March 15 2005 p 6 Dollar coin honours Terry Fox CBC March 14 2005 Retrieved September 6 2015 Fox Terry National Historic Person Directory of Federal Heritage Designations Parks Canada Retrieved July 24 2012 Bartel Kate February 16 2010 Fox I was there in place of Terry Tri City News Archived from the original on April 30 2010 Retrieved March 5 2010 Terry Fox Award to recognize courageous Olympic athlete CBC December 11 2009 Retrieved September 6 2015 Manitoba Terry Fox Day honours memory of famed Winnipeg runner CBC August 3 2015 Retrieved January 27 2016 Celebrating Terry Fox Google September 13 2020 a b More raves than boos for Terry Fox Story Montreal Gazette May 24 1983 p D10 Retrieved March 6 2010 People will remember this Ottawa Citizen September 20 1982 p 37 Retrieved March 6 2010 a b McKay John September 9 2005 Terry Fox A hero s story Maclean s Magazine Archived from the original on October 19 2009 Retrieved March 6 2010 Lawson Michael March 22 1984 Terry Fox Story awarded best picture actor Genies Ottawa Citizen p 93 Retrieved March 6 2010 Nash to make film about Terry Fox Vancouver Sun July 12 2008 Archived from the original on November 9 2012 Retrieved March 6 2010 Into the Wind ESPN Retrieved September 6 2015 Run across Canada with Mark Montreal Gazette September 27 1974 p 4 Retrieved March 3 2010 Amputee will follow Terry Fox Montreal Gazette March 17 1984 p C4 Retrieved March 3 2010 Fonyo passes spot where Terry Fox abandoned his run Montreal Gazette November 30 1984 p B1 Retrieved March 3 2010 14 month Journey for Lives ends today Montreal Gazette May 29 1985 p B1 Retrieved March 3 2010 Kidd Kenneth January 31 2010 Steve Fonyo Out of Order Toronto Star Archived from the original on February 4 2010 Retrieved March 3 2010 Footprints Rick Hansen Historica Dominion Institute of Canada Archived from the original on December 29 2010 Retrieved March 3 2010 Stallings Dianne June 19 1985 Wheelchair marathoner rolls through on tour of the world St Petersburg Times p 1 Hansen s heroic feat Toronto Star May 22 1987 p A18 Kassam Ashifa June 9 2007 Rick Hansen to be inducted into Canada s Walk of Fame Toronto Star Retrieved March 3 2010 Zimonjic Peter November 9 2020 Bank of Canada unveils shortlist of names under consideration for new 5 bill CBC News Retrieved December 18 2020 Bibliography Scrivener Leslie September 1 2000 Terry Fox His Story Toronto McClelland amp Stewart ISBN 978 0 7710 8019 7 Coupland Douglas 2005 Terry Vancouver Douglas amp McIntyre ISBN 978 1 55365 113 0 Murphy Angela June 30 2005 Great Canadians Canada Folklore Publishing ISBN 978 1 894864 46 6 Druick Zoe Rak Julie Kotsopoulos Aspa August 1 2008 Canadian Idols CBC s The Greatest Canadian as Celebrity History Programming Reality Canada Wilfrid Laurier University Press ISBN 978 1 55458 010 1 External linksListen to this article 38 minutes source source This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 29 January 2013 2013 01 29 and does not 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