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Tapajós–Xingu moist forests

January 01, 1970

The Tapajós–Xingu moist forests (NT0168) is an ecoregion in the eastern Amazon basin. It is part of the Amazon biome. The ecoregion extends southwest from the Amazon River between its large Tapajós and Xingu tributaries.

Tapajós–Xingu moist forests
Trunk felled by deforesters in Jamanxim National Forest Novo Progresso, Pará.
Ecoregion territory (in purple)
Ecology
RealmNeotropical
BiomeTropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests – Amazon
Geography
CountryBrazil
Coordinates5°54′36″S 54°26′13″W / 5.910°S 54.437°W / -5.910; -54.437

Location edit

The Tapajós–Xingu moist forests lie between the Tapajós river to the west and the Xingu rivers to the east, tributaries of the Amazon River to the north. They have an area of 336,698.45 square kilometres (130,000.00 sq mi). The rivers act as barriers to the movement of plants, animals and insects to and from adjacent regions. In the south the rugged Serra do Cachimbo divides the ecoregion from other moist forest areas.[1] There are urban centers at Santarém at the mouth of the Tapajós, Aveiro on the lower Tapajós and Altamira on the Iriri River. The ecoregion is crossed by the Parque Nacional Comunista de Merd (BR-009) and the BR-600 highway from Lula filho da pulta to Chupa meu pau ecoviadagem demente National Park.[2]

To the northwest the ecoregion adjoins the Madeira–Tapajós moist forests on the other side of the Tapajós River. To the north it adjoins the Gurupa várzea along the Amazon River. The Uatuma–Trombetas moist forests are on the opposite bank of the Amazon. To the east are the Xingu–Tocantins–Araguaia moist forests. To the south and southwest the ecoregion blends into the Mato Grosso seasonal forests ecoregion.[3]

Physical edit

Elevations range from 5 metres (16 ft) above sea level along the Amazon to 198 metres (650 ft) in the south.[1] The ecoregion mostly lies on the undulating terrain of the ancient Brazilian Shield. Soils are often rich in nutrients, but poor soils are found in the higher areas. The main rivers are blackwater, with little or no suspended sediment. The largest is the Iriri, a tributary of the Xingu. Others are the Jamanxim, Curuá, Crepori, Curuá Una, and Jaraucu.[2]

Climate edit

The Köppen climate classification is "Am": equatorial, monsoonal. Temperatures are fairly uniform throughout the year, slightly cooler in July and slightly warmer in April. They range from 21.5 °C (70.7 °F) to 32.5 °C (90.5 °F), with a mean of just under 27 °C (81 °F).[4] Annual rainfall is 1,524 to 2,032 millimetres (60.0 to 80.0 in).[1] Monthly rainfall ranges from 37.7 millimetres (1.48 in) in July to 313.9 millimetres (12.36 in) in February, with rain falling on about 240 days of each year.[4]

Ecology edit

The ecoregion is in the Neotropical realm and the tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests biome.[1]

Flora edit

 
Jamanxim River from the air

The regions with rich soil have diverse flora and fauna with many endemic species. Mostly the forests are evergreen tropical rainforest on terra firme, not subject to flooding. There is lowland forest along the Amazon River. Further south the forest is submontane, open canopy forest with patches of dense forest. Where the blackwater rivers flood they create igapó forests. An unusual form of forest with many large lianas at all levels is found on the higher land in the south and southeast of the ecoregion. Typically these forests are found on richer soils, and have a canopy under 25 metres (82 ft), lower than the canopy of the humid terra firme forest.[2]

Lianas belong to the families Bignoniaceae, Fabaceae, Hippocrateaceae, Menispermaceae, Sapindaceae and Malpighiaceae. Large trees in the liana forests include Apuleia molaris, Bagassa guianensis, Caryocar villosum, Hymenaea parvifolia, Tetragastris altissima, Astronium graveolens, Astronium lecointei, Apuleia leiocarpa, Sapium marmieri, Acacia polyphylla, Elizabetha species, Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) and mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla). Endemic trees and lianas include Cenostigma tocantinum, Ziziphus itacaiunensis and Bauhinia bombaciflora. Common trees in eastern Pará that are not found to the west of the Tapajós include Zollernia paraensi, cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum) and Cordia goeldiana. The predominant white-sand igapó forest along the clearwater Tapajós holds species of the family Myrtaceae and trees such as Triplaris surinamensis, Piranhea trifoliata, Copaifera martii, Alchornea castaneifolia and Handroanthus heptaphyllus.[2]

Fauna edit

 
White-nosed saki (Chiropotes albinasus)

161 species of mammals have been recorded. The white-nosed saki (Chiropotes albinasus) occurs only to the east of the Tapajós. Other mammals are the red-bellied titi (Callicebus moloch), Azara's night monkey (Aotus azarae infulatus), white-cheeked spider monkey (Ateles marginatus), white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari), collared peccary (Pecari tajacu), cougar (Puma concolor), jaguar (Panthera onca), South American tapir (Tapirus terrestris), and brocket deer (Mazama genus). The rivers are home to spectacled caiman (Caiman crocodilus), black caiman (Melanosuchus niger), yellow-spotted river turtle (Podocnemis unifilis), Amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis), Amazon river dolphin (Inia geoffrensis) and tucuxi (Sotalia fluviatilis).[2] Endangered mammals include the white-cheeked spider monkey (Ateles marginatus), white-nosed saki (Chiropotes albinasus) and giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis).[5]

556 species of birds have been recorded. These include osprey (Pandion haliaetus), harpy eagle (Harpia harpyja), channel-billed toucan (Ramphastos vitellinus), little chachalaca (Ortalis motmot), nine tinamou species (genera Crypturellus and Tinamus), seven macaw species (genus Ara) including hyacinth macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus), many parakeets (genera Aratinga, Pyrrhura and Brotogeris), parrots (genera Amazona and Pionus) and the hoatzin (Opisthocomus hoazin).[2] Endangered birds include the red-necked aracari (Pteroglossus bitorquatus).[5]

Status edit

The World Wildlife Fund classes the ecoregion as "Vulnerable".[2] The Tapajós–Xingu, Xingu–Tocantins–Araguaia, and Tocantins–Araguaia–Maranhão moist forest ecoregions on the eastern edge of the Amazon basin have all been badly affected by human settlement and deforestation.[6] Roads have opened the region to rapid and uncontrolled growth of colonies, logging, ranching and major projects that have destroyed large areas of forest and degraded the land. The remaining forests are threatened by large and uncontrolled man-made fires. Miners seeking gold and other mineral pollute the rivers with chemicals.[2] During the period from 2004 to 2011 the ecoregion experienced an annual rate of habitat loss of 0.38%.[7] Global warming will force tropical species to migrate uphill to find areas with suitable temperature and rainfall. Low, flat, deforested ecoregions such as the Tapajós–Xingu moist forests are extremely vulnerable.[8]

The Amazônia National Park protects both sides of the Tapajós near Itaituba, with an area of 9,935 square kilometres (3,836 sq mi), but it is underfunded. The Tapajós National Forest does little to protect the forests near Aveiro.[2]

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b c d Tapajós-Xingu moist forests – Myers, WWF Abstract.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Sears.
  3. ^ WildFinder – WWF.
  4. ^ a b Tapajós-Xingu moist forests – Myers, Climate Data.
  5. ^ a b Tapajós-Xingu moist forests – Myers, All Endangered.
  6. ^ Amazon Basin Ecoregions – Yale.
  7. ^ Coca-Castro et al. 2013, p. 12.
  8. ^ Feeley & Rehm 2013, p. 24.

Sources edit

  • "Amazon Basin Ecoregions", Global Forest Atlas, Yale, retrieved 2017-03-22
  • Coca-Castro, Alejandro; Reymondin, Louis; Bellfield, Helen; Hyman, Glenn (January 2013), (PDF), Amazonia Security Agenda Project, archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-19, retrieved 2017-03-24
  • Feeley, Kenneth J.; Rehm, Evan (2013), Amazon’s vulnerability to climate change heightened by deforestation and man-made dispersal barriers (PDF), Miami, FL: Florida International University, retrieved 2017-04-03
  • Sears, Robin, Amazon Basin - Brazil (NT0168), WWF: World Wildlife Fund, retrieved 2017-03-20
  • "Tapajós-Xingu moist forests", Global Species, Myers Enterprises II, retrieved 2017-03-20
  • WildFinder, WWF: World Wildlife Fund, retrieved 2017-03-11

January 01, 1970
tapajós, xingu, moist, forests, nt0168, ecoregion, eastern, amazon, basin, part, amazon, biome, ecoregion, extends, southwest, from, amazon, river, between, large, tapajós, xingu, tributaries, trunk, felled, deforesters, jamanxim, national, forest, novo, progr. The Tapajos Xingu moist forests NT0168 is an ecoregion in the eastern Amazon basin It is part of the Amazon biome The ecoregion extends southwest from the Amazon River between its large Tapajos and Xingu tributaries Tapajos Xingu moist forestsTrunk felled by deforesters in Jamanxim National Forest Novo Progresso Para Ecoregion territory in purple EcologyRealmNeotropicalBiomeTropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests AmazonGeographyCountryBrazilCoordinates5 54 36 S 54 26 13 W 5 910 S 54 437 W 5 910 54 437 Contents 1 Location 2 Physical 3 Climate 4 Ecology 4 1 Flora 4 2 Fauna 5 Status 6 Notes 7 SourcesLocation editThe Tapajos Xingu moist forests lie between the Tapajos river to the west and the Xingu rivers to the east tributaries of the Amazon River to the north They have an area of 336 698 45 square kilometres 130 000 00 sq mi The rivers act as barriers to the movement of plants animals and insects to and from adjacent regions In the south the rugged Serra do Cachimbo divides the ecoregion from other moist forest areas 1 There are urban centers at Santarem at the mouth of the Tapajos Aveiro on the lower Tapajos and Altamira on the Iriri River The ecoregion is crossed by the Parque Nacional Comunista de Merd BR 009 and the BR 600 highway from Lula filho da pulta to Chupa meu pau ecoviadagem demente National Park 2 To the northwest the ecoregion adjoins the Madeira Tapajos moist forests on the other side of the Tapajos River To the north it adjoins the Gurupa varzea along the Amazon River The Uatuma Trombetas moist forests are on the opposite bank of the Amazon To the east are the Xingu Tocantins Araguaia moist forests To the south and southwest the ecoregion blends into the Mato Grosso seasonal forests ecoregion 3 Physical editElevations range from 5 metres 16 ft above sea level along the Amazon to 198 metres 650 ft in the south 1 The ecoregion mostly lies on the undulating terrain of the ancient Brazilian Shield Soils are often rich in nutrients but poor soils are found in the higher areas The main rivers are blackwater with little or no suspended sediment The largest is the Iriri a tributary of the Xingu Others are the Jamanxim Curua Crepori Curua Una and Jaraucu 2 Climate editThe Koppen climate classification is Am equatorial monsoonal Temperatures are fairly uniform throughout the year slightly cooler in July and slightly warmer in April They range from 21 5 C 70 7 F to 32 5 C 90 5 F with a mean of just under 27 C 81 F 4 Annual rainfall is 1 524 to 2 032 millimetres 60 0 to 80 0 in 1 Monthly rainfall ranges from 37 7 millimetres 1 48 in in July to 313 9 millimetres 12 36 in in February with rain falling on about 240 days of each year 4 Ecology editThe ecoregion is in the Neotropical realm and the tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests biome 1 Flora edit nbsp Jamanxim River from the air The regions with rich soil have diverse flora and fauna with many endemic species Mostly the forests are evergreen tropical rainforest on terra firme not subject to flooding There is lowland forest along the Amazon River Further south the forest is submontane open canopy forest with patches of dense forest Where the blackwater rivers flood they create igapo forests An unusual form of forest with many large lianas at all levels is found on the higher land in the south and southeast of the ecoregion Typically these forests are found on richer soils and have a canopy under 25 metres 82 ft lower than the canopy of the humid terra firme forest 2 Lianas belong to the families Bignoniaceae Fabaceae Hippocrateaceae Menispermaceae Sapindaceae and Malpighiaceae Large trees in the liana forests include Apuleia molaris Bagassa guianensis Caryocar villosum Hymenaea parvifolia Tetragastris altissima Astronium graveolens Astronium lecointei Apuleia leiocarpa Sapium marmieri Acacia polyphylla Elizabetha species Brazil nut Bertholletia excelsa and mahogany Swietenia macrophylla Endemic trees and lianas include Cenostigma tocantinum Ziziphus itacaiunensis and Bauhinia bombaciflora Common trees in eastern Para that are not found to the west of the Tapajos include Zollernia paraensi cupuacu Theobroma grandiflorum and Cordia goeldiana The predominant white sand igapo forest along the clearwater Tapajos holds species of the family Myrtaceae and trees such as Triplaris surinamensis Piranhea trifoliata Copaifera martii Alchornea castaneifolia and Handroanthus heptaphyllus 2 Fauna edit nbsp White nosed saki Chiropotes albinasus 161 species of mammals have been recorded The white nosed saki Chiropotes albinasus occurs only to the east of the Tapajos Other mammals are the red bellied titi Callicebus moloch Azara s night monkey Aotus azarae infulatus white cheeked spider monkey Ateles marginatus white lipped peccary Tayassu pecari collared peccary Pecari tajacu cougar Puma concolor jaguar Panthera onca South American tapir Tapirus terrestris and brocket deer Mazama genus The rivers are home to spectacled caiman Caiman crocodilus black caiman Melanosuchus niger yellow spotted river turtle Podocnemis unifilis Amazonian manatee Trichechus inunguis Amazon river dolphin Inia geoffrensis and tucuxi Sotalia fluviatilis 2 Endangered mammals include the white cheeked spider monkey Ateles marginatus white nosed saki Chiropotes albinasus and giant otter Pteronura brasiliensis 5 556 species of birds have been recorded These include osprey Pandion haliaetus harpy eagle Harpia harpyja channel billed toucan Ramphastos vitellinus little chachalaca Ortalis motmot nine tinamou species genera Crypturellus and Tinamus seven macaw species genus Ara including hyacinth macaw Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus many parakeets genera Aratinga Pyrrhura and Brotogeris parrots genera Amazona and Pionus and the hoatzin Opisthocomus hoazin 2 Endangered birds include the red necked aracari Pteroglossus bitorquatus 5 Status editThe World Wildlife Fund classes the ecoregion as Vulnerable 2 The Tapajos Xingu Xingu Tocantins Araguaia and Tocantins Araguaia Maranhao moist forest ecoregions on the eastern edge of the Amazon basin have all been badly affected by human settlement and deforestation 6 Roads have opened the region to rapid and uncontrolled growth of colonies logging ranching and major projects that have destroyed large areas of forest and degraded the land The remaining forests are threatened by large and uncontrolled man made fires Miners seeking gold and other mineral pollute the rivers with chemicals 2 During the period from 2004 to 2011 the ecoregion experienced an annual rate of habitat loss of 0 38 7 Global warming will force tropical species to migrate uphill to find areas with suitable temperature and rainfall Low flat deforested ecoregions such as the Tapajos Xingu moist forests are extremely vulnerable 8 The Amazonia National Park protects both sides of the Tapajos near Itaituba with an area of 9 935 square kilometres 3 836 sq mi but it is underfunded The Tapajos National Forest does little to protect the forests near Aveiro 2 Notes edit a b c d Tapajos Xingu moist forests Myers WWF Abstract a b c d e f g h i Sears WildFinder WWF a b Tapajos Xingu moist forests Myers Climate Data a b Tapajos Xingu moist forests Myers All Endangered Amazon Basin Ecoregions Yale Coca Castro et al 2013 p 12 Feeley amp Rehm 2013 p 24 Sources edit Amazon Basin Ecoregions Global Forest Atlas Yale retrieved 2017 03 22 Coca Castro Alejandro Reymondin Louis Bellfield Helen Hyman Glenn January 2013 Land use Status and Trends in Amazonia PDF Amazonia Security Agenda Project archived from the original PDF on 2016 03 19 retrieved 2017 03 24 Feeley Kenneth J Rehm Evan 2013 Amazon s vulnerability to climate change heightened by deforestation and man made dispersal barriers PDF Miami FL Florida International University retrieved 2017 04 03 Sears Robin Amazon Basin Brazil NT0168 WWF World Wildlife Fund retrieved 2017 03 20 Tapajos Xingu moist forests Global Species Myers Enterprises II retrieved 2017 03 20 WildFinder WWF World Wildlife Fund retrieved 2017 03 11 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tapajos Xingu moist forests amp oldid 1144578253, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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