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Synodontis

January 01, 1970

Synodontis is the largest genus of mochokid catfishes. It is the biggest genus within the 10 genera and 190 different species in the family Mochokidae.[1] Synodontis has over 131 different species within the genus.[2] Synodontis are also known as squeakers, due to their ability to make stridulatory sounds through their pectoral fin spines when handled or disturbed.[3] Synodontis make a sound that sounds like squeaking by rubbing their spines together. They do this when they have been frightened or when they become angry.[2] Synodontis may also squeak when they are taken out of the water.[1] These catfish are small- to medium-sized fish[4] with many species exhibiting attractive spotted markings. Some species are also known for naturally swimming belly-up, earning the name upside-down catfish.[3] Some of these species are Synodontis contractus and Synodontis nigriventris. While some of these species are known to swim upside down, another species, Synodontis multipunctatus, is a brood parasitic cuckoo catfish,there are two other species Synodontis petricola and Synodontis grandiops are also called brood parasitic cuckoo catfish.[1]

Synodontis
Temporal range: Early Miocene–Recent
Synodontis njassae
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Siluriformes
Family: Mochokidae
Genus: Synodontis
G. Cuvier, 1816
Type species
Silurus clarias
Synonyms
  • Leiosynodontis Bleeker, 1862
  • Pseudosynodontis Bleeker, 1862

Distribution edit

 
Synodontis petricola

Synodontis is a freshwater catfish that is most commonly found throughout Africa, occurring mostly in Central and West Africa.[1] Synodontis is the most widely distributed mochokidae genus, occurring throughout most of the freshwaters of sub-Saharan Africa and the Nile River system.[3] They can live in freshwaters which can be creeks, ponds, streams, lakes, and rivers.[2] Their distribution is similar to that of cichlid fishes, however, unlike cichlids the majority of their diversity occurs in rivers not lakes.

Evolutionary history edit

Synodontis catfish form a small endemic radiation in Lake Tanganyika,[1][5][6] which includes the non-endemic species S. victoriae. This radiation is thought to have evolved relatively recently (~5.5. Million years ago), having diversified within full lacustrine conditions.[5][6] This is also the case for other endemic Lake Tanganyika lineages such as mastacembelid eels[7] and platythelphusid crabs for example.[8] Lake Tanganyikan Synodontis have also been shown to be Müllerian mimics,[9] and that at least one species (Synodontis multipunctatus) is a brood parasite.[10]

Fossil record edit

The earliest fossils of Synodontis in East African are from the Early Miocene. Many Synodontis fossils are the spines because they are very sturdy and so they are preserved better. The fossils of spines that are found are used to determine the family or genera of the fish but it cannot determine the species. Synodontis species that have survived and are still living can be identified by the shape of their whisker like organs on their heads called barbels, which relate to touch. The can also be identified by the color of their skin, the skull bones, and the number and length of the teeth.[11]

Ecology edit

Synodontis species are omnivorous generalists, feeding on a wide spectrum of different foods and are largely unspecialized. Insects, crustaceans, mollusks, annelids, seeds, and algae have been found in the stomachs of different species of Synodontis.[2] They are bottom-feeders and may be detritivores, some species may also be able to adapt to filter feeding.[4] This allows them to cope with seasonal and habitat changes and gives them a better ability to colonize different habitats.[1] Different Synodontis species have somewhat different growth rates but most of them are fairly similar. Females of a species are generally larger than the males. There is a great increase in growth the first year in both male and female and then the growth slows down as they become older.[12] The form and structure of these fish are very different compared to other fish. The size and shape of the mouth are distinct because of its ventral mouth and these fish usually are triangular or cylindrical when looking at it from the side.[2] Not much is known about the reproduction in these fish. It has been determined that July to October is when they spawn and that they swim in pairs during this spawning time.[2] Species of Synodontis have been noted to reproduce with the flooding period of the rainy season.[4]

Relationship to humans edit

 
Synodontis nigriventris is a popular aquarium fish.

Many Synodontis species are prized ornamental fish in the fishkeeping hobby.[3] While some of the Synodontis species are prized because of their color or behavior, other species are wanted for food. Some of the bigger species in the genus are important food sources for the people in Africa.[1]

Species edit

There are currently 131 recognized species in this genus:[13] Synodontis accounts for about one-quarter of African catfish species.[1] This genus has more members than any other African teleost genus other than Barbus and Haplochromis.[4]

Newer species are listed with references.

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Stephan Koblmüller; Christian Sturmbauer; Erik Verheyen; Axel Meyer & Walter Salzburger (2006). "Mitochondrial phylogeny and phylogeography of East African squeaker catfishes (Siluriformes: Synodontis)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 6: 49. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-6-49. PMC 1543664. PMID 16784525.
  2. ^ a b c d e f John P. Friel & Thomas R. Vigliotta (March 2, 2009). "Mochokidae Jordan 1923: African squeaker and suckermouth catfishes". Tree of Life Web Project. Retrieved December 4, 2012.
  3. ^ a b c d e Friel, John P.; Vigliotta, Thomas R. (2006). "Synodontis acanthoperca, a new species from the Ogôoué River system, Gabon with comments on spiny ornamentation and sexual dimorphism in mochokid catfishes (Siluriformes: Mochokidae)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1125: 45–56.
  4. ^ a b c d Lalèyè, Philippe; Chikou, Antoine; Gnohossou, Pierre; Vandewalle, Pierre; Philippart, Jean Claude; Teugels, Guy (2006). (PDF). Belgian Journal of Zoology. 136 (2): 193–201. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-12-29.
  5. ^ a b Julia J. Day & Mark Wilkinson (2006). "On the origin of the Synodontis catfish species flock from Lake Tanganyika" (PDF). Biology Letters. 2 (4): 548–552. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0532. PMC 1833983. PMID 17148285.
  6. ^ a b J. J. Day; R. Bills & J. P. Friel (2009). "Lacustrine radiations in African Synodontis catfish". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 22 (4): 805–817. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01691.x.
  7. ^ Brown KJ, Rüber L, Bills R, Day JJ (2010). "Mastacembelid eels support Lake Tanganyika as an evolutionary hotspot of diversification". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10: 188. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-188. PMC 2903574. PMID 20565906.
  8. ^ Marijnissen SA, Michel E, Daniels SR, Erpenbeck D, Menken SB, Schram FR (August 2006). "Molecular evidence for recent divergence of Lake Tanganyika endemic crabs (Decapoda: Platythelphusidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 40 (2): 628–34. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.03.025. PMID 16647274.
  9. ^ Wright JJ (February 2011). "Conservative coevolution of Müllerian mimicry in a group of rift lake catfish". Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution. 65 (2): 395–407. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01149.x. PMID 20964683.
  10. ^ Sato T (1986). "A brood parasitic catfish of mouthbrooding cichlid fishes in Lake Tanganyika". Nature. 323 (6083): 58–9. doi:10.1038/323058a0. PMID 3748180.
  11. ^ Pinton A, Fara E, Otero O (January 2006). "Spine anatomy reveals the diversity of catfish through time: a case study of Synodontis (Siluriformes)". Die Naturwissenschaften. 93 (1): 22–6. doi:10.1007/s00114-005-0051-4. PMID 16261332.
  12. ^ H. M. Bishai & Y. B. Abu Gideiri (1965). "Studies on the biology of genus Synodontis at Khartoum". Hydrobiologia. 26 (1–2): 85–97. doi:10.1007/BF00142257.
  13. ^ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2014). Species of Synodontis in FishBase. June 2014 version.
  14. ^ a b c Jeremy J. Wright & Lawrence M. Page (2006). "Taxonomic revision of Lake Tanganyikan Synodontis (Siluriformes: Mochokidae)" (PDF). Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History. 46 (4): 99–154.
  15. ^ Jeremy J. Wright & Lawrence M. Page (2008). "A new species of Synodontis (Siluriformes: Mochokidae) from tributaries of the Kasai River in northern Angola". Copeia. 2008 (2): 294–300. doi:10.1643/CI-07-040.

January 01, 1970
synodontis, largest, genus, mochokid, catfishes, biggest, genus, within, genera, different, species, family, mochokidae, over, different, species, within, genus, also, known, squeakers, their, ability, make, stridulatory, sounds, through, their, pectoral, spin. Synodontis is the largest genus of mochokid catfishes It is the biggest genus within the 10 genera and 190 different species in the family Mochokidae 1 Synodontis has over 131 different species within the genus 2 Synodontis are also known as squeakers due to their ability to make stridulatory sounds through their pectoral fin spines when handled or disturbed 3 Synodontis make a sound that sounds like squeaking by rubbing their spines together They do this when they have been frightened or when they become angry 2 Synodontis may also squeak when they are taken out of the water 1 These catfish are small to medium sized fish 4 with many species exhibiting attractive spotted markings Some species are also known for naturally swimming belly up earning the name upside down catfish 3 Some of these species are Synodontis contractus and Synodontis nigriventris While some of these species are known to swim upside down another species Synodontis multipunctatus is a brood parasitic cuckoo catfish there are two other species Synodontis petricola and Synodontis grandiops are also called brood parasitic cuckoo catfish 1 SynodontisTemporal range Early Miocene Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Synodontis njassae Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Actinopterygii Order Siluriformes Family Mochokidae Genus SynodontisG Cuvier 1816 Type species Silurus clariasLinnaeus 1758 Synonyms Leiosynodontis Bleeker 1862 Pseudosynodontis Bleeker 1862 Contents 1 Distribution 2 Evolutionary history 3 Fossil record 4 Ecology 5 Relationship to humans 6 Species 7 ReferencesDistribution edit nbsp Synodontis petricola Synodontis is a freshwater catfish that is most commonly found throughout Africa occurring mostly in Central and West Africa 1 Synodontis is the most widely distributed mochokidae genus occurring throughout most of the freshwaters of sub Saharan Africa and the Nile River system 3 They can live in freshwaters which can be creeks ponds streams lakes and rivers 2 Their distribution is similar to that of cichlid fishes however unlike cichlids the majority of their diversity occurs in rivers not lakes Evolutionary history editSynodontis catfish form a small endemic radiation in Lake Tanganyika 1 5 6 which includes the non endemic species S victoriae This radiation is thought to have evolved relatively recently 5 5 Million years ago having diversified within full lacustrine conditions 5 6 This is also the case for other endemic Lake Tanganyika lineages such as mastacembelid eels 7 and platythelphusid crabs for example 8 Lake Tanganyikan Synodontis have also been shown to be Mullerian mimics 9 and that at least one species Synodontis multipunctatus is a brood parasite 10 Fossil record editThe earliest fossils of Synodontis in East African are from the Early Miocene Many Synodontis fossils are the spines because they are very sturdy and so they are preserved better The fossils of spines that are found are used to determine the family or genera of the fish but it cannot determine the species Synodontis species that have survived and are still living can be identified by the shape of their whisker like organs on their heads called barbels which relate to touch The can also be identified by the color of their skin the skull bones and the number and length of the teeth 11 Ecology editSynodontis species are omnivorous generalists feeding on a wide spectrum of different foods and are largely unspecialized Insects crustaceans mollusks annelids seeds and algae have been found in the stomachs of different species of Synodontis 2 They are bottom feeders and may be detritivores some species may also be able to adapt to filter feeding 4 This allows them to cope with seasonal and habitat changes and gives them a better ability to colonize different habitats 1 Different Synodontis species have somewhat different growth rates but most of them are fairly similar Females of a species are generally larger than the males There is a great increase in growth the first year in both male and female and then the growth slows down as they become older 12 The form and structure of these fish are very different compared to other fish The size and shape of the mouth are distinct because of its ventral mouth and these fish usually are triangular or cylindrical when looking at it from the side 2 Not much is known about the reproduction in these fish It has been determined that July to October is when they spawn and that they swim in pairs during this spawning time 2 Species of Synodontis have been noted to reproduce with the flooding period of the rainy season 4 Relationship to humans edit nbsp Synodontis nigriventris is a popular aquarium fish Many Synodontis species are prized ornamental fish in the fishkeeping hobby 3 While some of the Synodontis species are prized because of their color or behavior other species are wanted for food Some of the bigger species in the genus are important food sources for the people in Africa 1 Species editThere are currently 131 recognized species in this genus 13 Synodontis accounts for about one quarter of African catfish species 1 This genus has more members than any other African teleost genus other than Barbus and Haplochromis 4 Newer species are listed with references Synodontis acanthomias Boulenger 1899 Synodontis acanthoperca Friel amp Vigliotta 2006 3 Synodontis afrofischeri Hilgendorf 1888 Fischer s Victoria squeaker Synodontis alberti Schilthuis 1891 Bigeye squeaker Synodontis albolineatus Pellegrin 1924 Synodontis angelicus Schilthuis 1891 Angel squeaker Synodontis annectens Boulenger 1911 Synodontis ansorgii Boulenger 1911 Synodontis arnoulti Roman 1966 Synodontis aterrimus Poll amp Roberts 1968 Synodontis bastiani Daget 1948 Synodontis batensoda Ruppell 1832 Upsidedown catfish Synodontis batesii Boulenger 1907 Synodontis brichardi Poll 1959 Synodontis budgetti Boulenger 1911 Synodontis camelopardalis Poll 1971 Synodontis carineae Vreven amp Ibala Zamba 2011 Synodontis caudalis Boulenger 1899 Synodontis caudovittatus Boulenger 1901 Synodontis centralis Poll 1971 Synodontis clarias Linnaeus 1758 Mandi Synodontis comoensis Daget amp Leveque 1981 Synodontis congicus Poll 1971 Synodontis contractus Vinciguerra 1928 Bugeye squeaker Synodontis courteti Pellegrin 1906 Synodontis cuangoanus Poll 1971 Synodontis decorus Boulenger 1899 Clown squeaker Synodontis dekimpei Paugy 1987 Synodontis depauwi Boulenger 1899 Synodontis dhonti Boulenger 1917 Synodontis dorsomaculatus Poll 1971 Synodontis eupterus Boulenger 1901 Featherfin squeaker Synodontis filamentosus Boulenger 1901 Synodontis flavitaeniatus Boulenger 1919 Orangestriped squeaker Synodontis frontosus Vaillant 1895 Synodontis fuelleborni Hilgendorf amp Pappenheim 1903 Fuelleborn s squeaker Synodontis geledensis Gunther 1896 Geledi squeaker Synodontis gobroni Daget 1954 Synodontis grandiops Wright amp Page 2006 14 Synodontis granulosus Boulenger 1900 Synodontis greshoffi Schilthuis 1891 Synodontis guttatus Gunther 1865 Synodontis haugi Pellegrin 1906 Synodontis ilebrevis Wright amp Page 2006 14 Synodontis irsacae Matthes 1959 Synodontis iturii Steindachner 1911 Synodontis katangae Poll 1971 Synodontis khartoumensis Abu Gideiri 1967 Synodontis koensis Pellegrin 1933 Synodontis kogonensis Musschoot amp Laleye 2008 Synodontis laessoei Norman 1923 Synodontis leopardinus Pellegrin 1914 Leopard squeaker Synodontis leopardus Pfeffer 1896 Synodontis levequei Paugy 1987 Synodontis longirostris Boulenger 1902 Synodontis longispinis Pellegrin 1930 Synodontis lucipinnis Wright amp Page 2006 14 Synodontis lufirae Poll 1971 Synodontis macrophthalmus Poll 1971 Synodontis macrops Greenwood 1963 Synodontis macropunctatus Wright amp Page 2008 15 Synodontis macrostigma Boulenger 1911 Largespot squeaker Synodontis macrostoma Skelton amp White 1990 Largemouth squeaker Synodontis manni De Vos 2001 Feather barbelled squeaker Synodontis marmoratus Lonnberg 1895 Synodontis matthesi Poll 1971 Synodontis melanopterus Boulenger 1903 Synodontis melanostictus Boulenger 1906 Synodontis membranacea Geoffroy Saint Hilaire 1809 Synodontis multimaculatus Boulenger 1902 Synodontis multipunctatus Boulenger 1898 Cuckoo catfish Synodontis nebulosus Peters 1852 Cloudy squeaker Synodontis ngouniensis De Weirdt Vreven amp Fermon 2008 Synodontis nigrita Valenciennes 1840 Synodontis nigriventris David 1936 Blotched upsidedown catfish Synodontis nigromaculatus Boulenger 1905 Blackspotted squeaker Synodontis njassae Keilhack 1908 Malawi squeaker Synodontis notatus Vaillant 1893 Onespot squeaker Synodontis nummifer Boulenger 1899 Synodontis obesus Boulenger 1898 Synodontis ocellifer Boulenger 1900 Synodontis omias Gunther 1864 Synodontis orientalis Seegers 2008 Synodontis ornatipinnis Boulenger 1899 Synodontis ornatissimus Gosse 1982 Synodontis ouemeensis Musschoot amp Laleye 2008 Synodontis pardalis Boulenger 1908 Synodontis petricola Matthes 1959 Cuckoo Catfish Synodontis pleurops Boulenger 1897 Congo squeaker Synodontis polli Gosse 1982 Synodontis polyodon Vaillant 1895 Synodontis polystigma Boulenger 1915 Synodontis pulcher Poll 1971 Synodontis punctifer Daget 1965 Synodontis punctulatus Gunther 1889 Synodontis punu Vreven amp Milondo 2009 Synodontis rebeli Holly 1926 Synodontis resupinatus Boulenger 1904 Synodontis ricardoae Seegers 1996 Ricardo s squeaker Synodontis robbianus Smith 1875 Synodontis robertsi Poll 1974 Synodontis ruandae Matthes 1959 Synodontis rufigiensis Bailey 1968 Synodontis rukwaensis Hilgendorf amp Pappenheim 1903 Lake Rukwa squeaker Synodontis schall Bloch amp Schneider 1801 Wahrindi Synodontis schoutedeni David 1936 Synodontis serpentis Whitehead 1962 Tana squeaker Synodontis serratus Ruppell 1829 Synodontis smiti Boulenger 1902 Synodontis soloni Boulenger 1899 Synodontis sorex Gunther 1864 Synodontis steindachneri Boulenger 1913 Synodontis tanganyicae Borodin 1936 Synodontis tessmanni Pappenheim 1911 Synodontis thamalakanensis Fowler 1935 Synodontis thysi Poll 1971 Synodontis tourei Daget 1962 Synodontis unicolor Boulenger 1915 Synodontis vaillanti Boulenger 1897 Synodontis vanderwaali Skelton amp White 1990 Synodontis velifer Norman 1935 Synodontis vermiculatus Daget 1954 Synodontis victoriae Boulenger 1906 Lake Victoria squeaker Synodontis violaceus Pellegrin 1919 Synodontis voltae Roman 1975 Synodontis waterloti Daget 1962 Synodontis woleuensis Friel amp Sullivan 2008 Synodontis woosnami Boulenger 1911 Upper Zambezi squeaker Synodontis xiphias Gunther 1864 Synodontis zambezensis Peters 1852 Plain squeaker Synodontis zanzibaricus Peters 1868 Eastcoast squeaker References edit a b c d e f g h Stephan Koblmuller Christian Sturmbauer Erik Verheyen Axel Meyer amp Walter Salzburger 2006 Mitochondrial phylogeny and phylogeography of East African squeaker catfishes Siluriformes Synodontis BMC Evolutionary Biology 6 49 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 6 49 PMC 1543664 PMID 16784525 a b c d e f John P Friel amp Thomas R Vigliotta March 2 2009 Mochokidae Jordan 1923 African squeaker and suckermouth catfishes Tree of Life Web Project Retrieved December 4 2012 a b c d e Friel John P Vigliotta Thomas R 2006 Synodontis acanthoperca a new species from the Ogooue River system Gabon with comments on spiny ornamentation and sexual dimorphism in mochokid catfishes Siluriformes Mochokidae PDF Zootaxa 1125 45 56 a b c d Laleye Philippe Chikou Antoine Gnohossou Pierre Vandewalle Pierre Philippart Jean Claude Teugels Guy 2006 Studies on the biology of two species of catfish Synodontis schall and Synodontis nigrita Ostariophysi Mochokidae from the Oueme River Benin PDF Belgian Journal of Zoology 136 2 193 201 Archived from the original PDF on 2009 12 29 a b Julia J Day amp Mark Wilkinson 2006 On the origin of the Synodontis catfish species flock from Lake Tanganyika PDF Biology Letters 2 4 548 552 doi 10 1098 rsbl 2006 0532 PMC 1833983 PMID 17148285 a b J J Day R Bills amp J P Friel 2009 Lacustrine radiations in African Synodontis catfish Journal of Evolutionary Biology 22 4 805 817 doi 10 1111 j 1420 9101 2009 01691 x Brown KJ Ruber L Bills R Day JJ 2010 Mastacembelid eels support Lake Tanganyika as an evolutionary hotspot of diversification BMC Evolutionary Biology 10 188 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 10 188 PMC 2903574 PMID 20565906 Marijnissen SA Michel E Daniels SR Erpenbeck D Menken SB Schram FR August 2006 Molecular evidence for recent divergence of Lake Tanganyika endemic crabs Decapoda Platythelphusidae Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40 2 628 34 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2006 03 025 PMID 16647274 Wright JJ February 2011 Conservative coevolution of Mullerian mimicry in a group of rift lake catfish Evolution International Journal of Organic Evolution 65 2 395 407 doi 10 1111 j 1558 5646 2010 01149 x PMID 20964683 Sato T 1986 A brood parasitic catfish of mouthbrooding cichlid fishes in Lake Tanganyika Nature 323 6083 58 9 doi 10 1038 323058a0 PMID 3748180 Pinton A Fara E Otero O January 2006 Spine anatomy reveals the diversity of catfish through time a case study of Synodontis Siluriformes Die Naturwissenschaften 93 1 22 6 doi 10 1007 s00114 005 0051 4 PMID 16261332 H M Bishai amp Y B Abu Gideiri 1965 Studies on the biology of genus Synodontis at Khartoum Hydrobiologia 26 1 2 85 97 doi 10 1007 BF00142257 Froese Rainer and Pauly Daniel eds 2014 Species of Synodontis in FishBase June 2014 version a b c Jeremy J Wright amp Lawrence M Page 2006 Taxonomic revision of Lake Tanganyikan Synodontis Siluriformes Mochokidae PDF Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 46 4 99 154 Jeremy J Wright amp Lawrence M Page 2008 A new species of Synodontis Siluriformes Mochokidae from tributaries of the Kasai River in northern Angola Copeia 2008 2 294 300 doi 10 1643 CI 07 040 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Synodontis amp oldid 1188192585, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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