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Swahili people

The Swahili people (Swahili: WaSwahili) comprise mainly Bantu, Afro-Arab and Comorian ethnic groups inhabiting the Swahili coast, an area encompassing the Zanzibar archipelago and mainland Tanzania's seaboard, littoral Kenya, northern Mozambique, the Comoros Islands, southwestern Somalia and Northwest Madagascar. The original Swahili distinguished themselves from other Bantu peoples by self-identifying as Waungwana (the civilised ones). In certain regions (e.g. Lamu Island), this differentiation is even more stratified in terms of societal grouping and dialect, hinting to the historical processes by which the Swahili have coalesced over time. More recently, however, Swahili identity extends to any person of African descent who speaks Swahili as their first language, is Muslim and lives in a town on the main urban centres of most of modern-day Tanzania and coastal Kenya, northern Mozambique and the Comoros, through a process of swahilization.[12]

Swahili
Waswahili
Waungwana
Regions with significant populations
Tanzania (particularly Zanzibar), Kenya, Somalia, Mozambique, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Congo[1]
Swahili Coastc. 1.2 million
 Tanzania961,000[2]
 Somalia183,000[3]
 Kenya56,074[4]
 Mozambique21,070[5]
 Comoros4,000[6]
Diasporac. 0.8 million
 Saudi Arabia420,000[7]
 Madagascar113,000[6]
 Oman100,000[8]
 United States90,000[9]
 DRC56,500[10]
 Burundi25,000[6]
Languages
Swahili, English, Portuguese, Arabic, French
Religion
Predominantly Islam (Sunni, Shia, Sufism)[11]
Related ethnic groups
Mijikenda, Pokomo, Comorians, Bajunis, Shirazi, Mwani, Manyema and Barawani

The name Swahili originated as an exonym for the language derived from Arabic: سواحل, romanizedSawāhil, lit.'coasts'. Swahili people speak the Swahili language. Swahili people's endonym for themselves is Waungwana, which means "the civilized ones."[12] Modern Standard Swahili is derived from the Kiunguja dialect of Zanzibar. Like many other world languages, Swahili has borrowed a large number of words from foreign languages, particularly administrative terms from Arabic, but also words from Portuguese, Hindi and German. Other, older dialects like Kimrima and Kitumbatu have far fewer Arabic loanwords, indicative of the language's fundamental Bantu nature. Kiswahili served as coastal East Africa's lingua franca and trade language from the ninth century onward. Zanzibari traders' intensive push into the African interior from the late eighteenth century induced the adoption of Swahili as a common language throughout much of East Africa. Thus, Kiswahili is the most spoken African language, used by far more than just the Waswahili themselves.[13]

Definition

The Swahili people originate from Bantu inhabitants of the coast of Southeast Africa, in Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique. These Bantu-speaking agriculturalists settled the coast at the outset of the first millennium. Archaeological finds at Fukuchani, on the north-west coast of Zanzibar, indicate a settled agricultural and fishing community from the 6th century CE at the latest. The considerable amount of daub found indicates timber buildings, and shell beads, bead grinders, and iron slag have been found at the site. There is evidence for limited engagement in long-distance trade: a small amount of imported pottery has been found, less than 1% of total pottery finds, mostly from the Gulf and dated to the 5th to 8th century. The similarity to contemporary sites such as Mkokotoni and Dar es Salaam indicate a unified group of communities that developed into the first centre of coastal maritime culture. The coastal towns appear to have been engaged in Indian Ocean trade at this early period, and trade rapidly increased in importance and quantity between the mid-8th and the 11th century.[14]

Some Swahili claim a Shirazi origin. This forms the basis of the Shirazi era origin myth that proliferated along the coast at the turn of the millennium. Modern academics reject the authenticity of the primarily Persian origin claim.[15][16] They point to the relative rarity of Persian customs and speech, lack of documentary evidence of Shia Islam in the Muslim literature on the Swahili Coast, and instead a historic abundance of Sunni Arab-related evidence.[17] The documentary evidence, like the archaeological, "for early Persian settlement is likewise completely lacking.".[18] The most likely origin for the stories about the Shirazi is from Muslim inhabitants of the Lamu archipelago who moved south in the 10th and 11th centuries. They brought with them a coinage tradition and localized form of Islam. These Africans migrants seem to have developed a concept of Shirazi origin as they moved further southwards, near Malindi and Mombasa, along the Mrima coast. The longstanding trade connections with the Persian gulf gave credence to these myths. In addition, because most Muslim societies are patrilineal, one can claim distant identities through paternal lines despite phenotypic and somatic evidence to the contrary. The so-called Shirazi tradition represents the arrival of Islam in these eras, one reason it has proven so long lasting. Extant mosques and coins demonstrate that the "Shirazi" were not Middle Eastern immigrants, but northern Swahili Muslims. They moved south, founding mosques, introducing coinage and elaborately carved inscriptions and mihrabs. They should be interpreted as indigenous African Muslims who played the politics of the Middle East to their advantage. Some still use this foundation myth a millennium later to assert their authority, even though the myth's context has long been forgotten. The Shirazi legend took on new importance in the 19th century, during the period of Omani domination. Claims of Shirazi ancestry were used to distance locals from Arab newcomers, since Persians are not viewed as Arabs but still have an exemplary Islamic pedigree. The emphasis that the Shirazi came very long ago and intermarried with indigenous locals ties this claim to the creation of convincing indigenous narratives about Swahili heritage without divorcing it from the ideals of being a maritime-centred culture.[19][20][21]

There are two main theories about the origins of the Shirazi subgroup of the Swahili people. One thesis based on oral tradition states that immigrants from the Shiraz region in southwestern Iran directly settled various mainland ports and islands on the eastern Africa seaboard beginning in the tenth century.[22][23] By the time of the Persian settlement in the area, the earlier occupants had been displaced by incoming Bantu and Nilotic populations.[24] More people from different parts of the Persian Gulf also continued to migrate to the Swahili coast over several centuries thereafter, and these formed the modern Shirazi.[25] The second theory on Shirazi origins also posits that they came from Persia, but first settled in the Horn of Africa.[22] In the twelfth century, as the gold trade with the distant entrepot of Sofala on the Mozambique seaboard grew, the settlers are then said to moved southwards to various coastal towns in Kenya, Tanzania, northern Mozambique and the Indian Ocean islands. By 1200 CE, they had established local sultanates and mercantile networks on the islands of Kilwa, Mafia and Comoros along the Swahili coast, and in northwestern Madagascar.[26][27]

The modern Swahili people speak the Swahili language as a mother tongue, which belongs to the Bantu branch of the Niger-Congo family. The language contains loan words from Arabic.[28]

Religion

Islam established its presence on the Southeast African coast from around the 9th century, when Bantu traders settling on the coast tapped into the Indian Ocean trade networks. The Swahili people follow the Sunni denomination of Islam.

Large numbers of Swahili undertake the Hajj and Umrah from Tanzania,[29] Kenya,[30] and Mozambique.[31] Traditional Islamic dress such as the jilbab and thob are also popular among the Swahili. The Swahili also are known for their use of divination, which has adopted some syncretic features from underlying traditional indigenous beliefs, they believe in djinn and many men wear protective amulets with verses from the Qu'ran.

Divination is practiced through Qur'anic readings. Often the diviner incorporates verses from the Qur'an into treatments for certain diseases. On occasion, he instructs a patient to soak a piece of paper containing verses of the Qur'an in water. With this ink infused water, literally containing the word of Allah, the patient will then wash his body or drink it to cure himself of his affliction. It is only prophets and teachers of Islam who are permitted to become medicine men among the Swahili.[32]

Language

 
Swahili Arabic script on a one-pysar coin from Zanzibar c. 1299 AH (1882 CE)
 
Swahili Arabic script on a carved wooden door (open) at Lamu in Kenya
 
Swahili Arabic script on wooden door in Fort Jesus, Mombasa in Kenya

The Swahili speak as their native tongue the Swahili language, which is a member of the Bantu subgroup of the Niger-Congo family. Its closest relatives include Comorian spoken on the Comoros Islands, and the Mijikenda language of the Mijikenda people in Kenya.[33]

With its original speech community centred on Zanzibar and the coastal parts of Kenya and Tanzania, a seaboard referred to as the Swahili Coast,[34] Swahili became the tongue of the urban class in the African Great Lakes region, and eventually went on to serve as a lingua franca during the post-colonial period.

Genetics

In 2022, DNA was extracted from medieval and early modern coastal towns along the Swahili Coast. Before 1500 CE, the inhabitants carried both African, as well as Asia/Near-East ancestry which was mainly Persian-related. This is consistent with the narrative of the Kilwa Chronicle. After this time, Arabian ancestry becomes more prevalent, which correlates with the archaeological and historical record of interactions with Southern Arabia (Oman).[35]

Economy

For centuries the Swahili depended greatly on trade from the Indian Ocean. The Swahili have played a vital role as middle man between southeast, central and South Africa, and the outside world. Trade contacts have been noted as early as 100 CE by early Roman writers who visited the Southeast African coast in the 1st century.[citation needed] Trade routes extended from Kenya to Tanzania into modern day Congo, along which goods were brought to the coasts and were sold to Arab, Indian, and Portuguese traders. Historical and archaeological records attest to Swahilis being prolific maritime merchants and sailors[36][37] who sailed the Southeast African coastline to lands as far away as Arabia,[38] Persia,[38] Madagascar,[36]: 110  India[37][39] and even China.[40] Chinese pottery and Arabian beads have been found in the ruins of Great Zimbabwe.[41] During the apogee of the Middle Ages, ivory and slaves became a substantial source of revenue. Many captives of the Portuguese sold in Zanzibar ended up in Brazil, which was then a Portuguese colony. Swahili fishermen of today still rely on the ocean to supply their primary source of income. Fish is sold to their inland neighbours in exchange for products of the interior.

Although most Swahili live with living standards far below that of upper hierarchy of the wealthiest nations, the Swahili are generally considered a relatively economically powerful group due to their history of trade. They are comparatively well-off; According to the United Nations, the island of Zanzibar has a 25% higher per capita GDP than the rest of Tanzania.[42] This economic influence has led to the continued spread of their culture and language throughout East Africa.

Architecture

Thought by many early scholars to be essentially of Arabic or Persian style and origin, some contemporary academics are suggesting that archaeological, written, linguistic, and cultural evidence might suggest an African genesis which would be accompanied only later by an enduring Arabic and Islamic influences in the form of trade and an exchange of ideas.[43][44] Upon visiting Kilwa in 1331, the great Berber explorer Ibn Battuta was impressed by the substantial beauty that he encountered there. He describes its inhabitants as "Zanj, jet-black in colour, and with tattoo marks on their faces", and notes that "Kilwa is a very fine and substantially built town, and all its buildings are of wood" (his description of Mombasa was essentially the same).[45] Kimaryo points out that the distinctive tattoo marks are common among the Makonde. Architecture included arches, courtyards, isolated women's quarters, the mihrab, towers, and decorative elements on the buildings themselves. Many ruins may still be observed near the southern Kenyan port of Malindi in the Gede ruins (the lost city of Gede/Gedi).[46]

Notable People

See also

References

  1. ^ "Swahili facts, information, pictures - Encyclopedia.com articles about Swahili". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
  2. ^ PeopleGroups.org. "PeopleGroups.org - Coastal Swahili of Tanzania". peoplegroups.org.
  3. ^ "Swahili alphabet, pronunciation and language". omniglot.com. Retrieved 2021-07-24.
  4. ^ "2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume IV: Distribution of Population by Socio-Economic Characteristics" (PDF). Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
  5. ^ Inquérito Nacional aos Agregados Familiares sobre Condições de Vida: Resultados Gerais (in Portuguese). Maputo: Instituto Nacional de Estatística. 1998.
  6. ^ a b c "Swahili - Worldwide distribution". Worlddata.info. Retrieved 2021-07-24.
  7. ^ Project, Joshua. "Swahili in Saudi Arabia". joshuaproject.net. Retrieved 2021-07-24.
  8. ^ Valeri, Marc (2007-07-01). "Nation-building and communities in Oman since 1970: The Swahili-speaking Omani in search of identity". African Affairs. 106 (424): 479–496. doi:10.1093/afraf/adm020. ISSN 1468-2621.
  9. ^ "Popular African Languages in the United States". Akorbi. 2020-03-23. Retrieved 2021-07-24.
  10. ^ PeopleGroups.org. "PeopleGroups.org - Central Swahili of Congo (Kinshasa)". peoplegroups.org. Retrieved 2021-07-24.
  11. ^ "The People of the Swahili Coast". 23 March 2020.
  12. ^ a b Spear, Thomas (2000). "Early Swahili History Reconsidered". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 33 (2): 257–290. doi:10.2307/220649. ISSN 0361-7882. JSTOR 220649.
  13. ^ Horton and Middleton, "The Swahili: The Social Landscape of a Mercantile Society." Wiley. 2000.
  14. ^ Horton, Mark and Middleton, Tom. "The Swahili: The Social Landscape of a Mercantile Community." (Oxford: Blackwell, 2010), pg. 46.
  15. ^ Horton & Middleton 2000: 20
  16. ^ Bakari 2001: 70
  17. ^ J. De V. ALLEN (1982), The Shirazi problem in East African coastal history, Paideuma: Mitteilungen zur Kulturkunde, Bd. 28, FROM ZINJ TO ZANZIBAR: Studies in History, Trade and Society on the Eastern Coast of Africa (1982), pages 9-27
  18. ^ Allen, J. The Shirazi problem in East African coastal History." Frobenius Institute. 1983. Page 9. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41409871
  19. ^ Horton, Mark & Middleton, John. "The Swahili: The Social Landscape of a Mercantile Society." (Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell, 2000) Pg. 59.
  20. ^ Horton, Mark & Middleton, John. "The Swahili: The Social Landscape of a Mercantile Society." (Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell, 2000) Pg. 61
  21. ^ Meier, Prita. "Swahili Port Cities: The Architecture of Elsewhere." (Bloomington Indiana: Indiana University press, 2016) Pg. 101.
  22. ^ a b Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010). Encyclopedia of Africa. Oxford University Press. p. 379. ISBN 978-0-19-533770-9.
  23. ^ Derek Nurse; Thomas Spear; Thomas T. Spear (1985). The Swahili: Reconstructing the History and Language of an African Society, 800-1500. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 70–79. ISBN 0-8122-1207-X.
  24. ^ Kaplan, Irving (1967). Area handbook for Kenya. American University (Washington, D.C.). Foreign Area Studies. pp. 38 & 42. Retrieved 28 November 2016.
  25. ^ J. D. Fage, Roland Oliver (1975). The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 3. Cambridge University Press. pp. 201–202. ISBN 0521209811.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  26. ^ J. D. Fage, Roland Oliver (1975). The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 3. Cambridge University Press. pp. 201–202. ISBN 0521209811. Retrieved 18 October 2016.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  27. ^ H.N. Chittick (1965), The Shirazi colonization of East Africa, Journal of African History, Volume 6, Number 3, pages 275-294
  28. ^ Mohamed, Mohamed Abdulla (2001). Modern Swahili Grammar. East African Publishers. p. 12. ISBN 9966467610. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
  29. ^ "Tanzania Hajj pilgrims stranded". BBC News. 12 December 2007.
  30. ^ "Kenya: Mombasa Pilgrims Jam Airport for Hajj Trip". 19 November 2009. Retrieved 11 April 2017 – via AllAfrica.
  31. ^ "hajinformation.com".
  32. ^ . Archived from the original on 2006-09-18. Retrieved 2006-09-16.
  33. ^ William Frawley, International encyclopedia of linguistics, Volume 1, (Oxford University Press, 2003), page 181
  34. ^ Daniel Don Nanjira, African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy: From Antiquity to the 21st Century, ABC-CLIO, 2010, p. 114
  35. ^ Brielle, Esther S.; Fleisher, Jeffrey; Wynne-Jones, Stephanie; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Callan, Kim; Curtis, Elizabeth; Iliev, Lora; Lawson, Ann Marie; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Qiu, Lijun; Stewardson, Kristin; Workman, J. Noah; Zalzala, Fatma; Ayodo, George; Gidna, Agness O. (2022-07-11). "The Entwined African and Asian Genetic Roots of the Medieval Peoples of the Swahili Coast": 2022.07.10.499442. doi:10.1101/2022.07.10.499442. S2CID 250534036. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  36. ^ a b Collins, Robert; Burns, James (2007). A History of Sub-Saharan Africa. Cambridge University Press. pp. 109–112. ISBN 9780521867467.
  37. ^ a b Bulliet, Richard; Crossley, Pamela; Headrick, Daniel; Hirsch, Steven; Johnson, Lyman (October 2006). The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History. Vol. 2. Wadsworth Publishing. p. 381. ISBN 9781439084779.
  38. ^ a b The East African Slave Trade BBC, BBC, accessed February 15, 2012.
  39. ^ The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume 3, Part 2. By Sir H. A. R. Gibb. pg. 206, (2001), accessed February 15, 2012.
  40. ^ Swahili-Chinese interaction The Cambridge History of Africa: From c. 1050 to c. 1600. By J. D. Fage. pg. 194, (1977), Cambridge Publications, accessed February 15, 2012.
  41. ^ Garlake (2002) 184-185
  42. ^ "UNdata - record view - Per capita GDP at current prices - US dollars". UN.org. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
  43. ^ "urban-research.net". 2000. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
  44. ^ Horton, Mark (1996). Shanga: the archaeology of a muslim trading community on the coast of East Africa. The British Institute in Eastern Africa.
  45. ^ "Ibn Battuta: Travels in Asia and Africa 1325-1354 - Medieval Sourcebook, Retrieved on 2007-08-28".
  46. ^ "Ruins of the walled city of Gedi, Kenya. - Leisure, health and housing - Port Cities". PortCities.org.uk. Retrieved 11 April 2017.

External links

  •   Media related to Swahili people at Wikimedia Commons
  • The Story of Africa: The Swahili — BBC World Service
  • "Swahili" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
  • F. Le Guennec-Coppens et D. Parkin, Autorité et pouvoir chez les Swahili, Karthala, 1998, p. 262

swahili, people, swahili, waswahili, comprise, mainly, bantu, afro, arab, comorian, ethnic, groups, inhabiting, swahili, coast, area, encompassing, zanzibar, archipelago, mainland, tanzania, seaboard, littoral, kenya, northern, mozambique, comoros, islands, so. The Swahili people Swahili WaSwahili comprise mainly Bantu Afro Arab and Comorian ethnic groups inhabiting the Swahili coast an area encompassing the Zanzibar archipelago and mainland Tanzania s seaboard littoral Kenya northern Mozambique the Comoros Islands southwestern Somalia and Northwest Madagascar The original Swahili distinguished themselves from other Bantu peoples by self identifying as Waungwana the civilised ones In certain regions e g Lamu Island this differentiation is even more stratified in terms of societal grouping and dialect hinting to the historical processes by which the Swahili have coalesced over time More recently however Swahili identity extends to any person of African descent who speaks Swahili as their first language is Muslim and lives in a town on the main urban centres of most of modern day Tanzania and coastal Kenya northern Mozambique and the Comoros through a process of swahilization 12 SwahiliWaswahiliWaungwanaRegions with significant populationsTanzania particularly Zanzibar Kenya Somalia Mozambique Saudi Arabia Oman Congo 1 Swahili Coastc 1 2 million Tanzania961 000 2 Somalia183 000 3 Kenya56 074 4 Mozambique21 070 5 Comoros4 000 6 Diasporac 0 8 million Saudi Arabia420 000 7 Madagascar113 000 6 Oman100 000 8 United States90 000 9 DRC56 500 10 Burundi25 000 6 LanguagesSwahili English Portuguese Arabic FrenchReligionPredominantly Islam Sunni Shia Sufism 11 Related ethnic groupsMijikenda Pokomo Comorians Bajunis Shirazi Mwani Manyema and BarawaniThe name Swahili originated as an exonym for the language derived from Arabic سواحل romanized Sawahil lit coasts Swahili people speak the Swahili language Swahili people s endonym for themselves is Waungwana which means the civilized ones 12 Modern Standard Swahili is derived from the Kiunguja dialect of Zanzibar Like many other world languages Swahili has borrowed a large number of words from foreign languages particularly administrative terms from Arabic but also words from Portuguese Hindi and German Other older dialects like Kimrima and Kitumbatu have far fewer Arabic loanwords indicative of the language s fundamental Bantu nature Kiswahili served as coastal East Africa s lingua franca and trade language from the ninth century onward Zanzibari traders intensive push into the African interior from the late eighteenth century induced the adoption of Swahili as a common language throughout much of East Africa Thus Kiswahili is the most spoken African language used by far more than just the Waswahili themselves 13 Contents 1 Definition 2 Religion 3 Language 4 Genetics 5 Economy 6 Architecture 6 1 Notable People 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksDefinition EditSee also Shirazi people The Swahili people originate from Bantu inhabitants of the coast of Southeast Africa in Kenya Tanzania and Mozambique These Bantu speaking agriculturalists settled the coast at the outset of the first millennium Archaeological finds at Fukuchani on the north west coast of Zanzibar indicate a settled agricultural and fishing community from the 6th century CE at the latest The considerable amount of daub found indicates timber buildings and shell beads bead grinders and iron slag have been found at the site There is evidence for limited engagement in long distance trade a small amount of imported pottery has been found less than 1 of total pottery finds mostly from the Gulf and dated to the 5th to 8th century The similarity to contemporary sites such as Mkokotoni and Dar es Salaam indicate a unified group of communities that developed into the first centre of coastal maritime culture The coastal towns appear to have been engaged in Indian Ocean trade at this early period and trade rapidly increased in importance and quantity between the mid 8th and the 11th century 14 Some Swahili claim a Shirazi origin This forms the basis of the Shirazi era origin myth that proliferated along the coast at the turn of the millennium Modern academics reject the authenticity of the primarily Persian origin claim 15 16 They point to the relative rarity of Persian customs and speech lack of documentary evidence of Shia Islam in the Muslim literature on the Swahili Coast and instead a historic abundance of Sunni Arab related evidence 17 The documentary evidence like the archaeological for early Persian settlement is likewise completely lacking 18 The most likely origin for the stories about the Shirazi is from Muslim inhabitants of the Lamu archipelago who moved south in the 10th and 11th centuries They brought with them a coinage tradition and localized form of Islam These Africans migrants seem to have developed a concept of Shirazi origin as they moved further southwards near Malindi and Mombasa along the Mrima coast The longstanding trade connections with the Persian gulf gave credence to these myths In addition because most Muslim societies are patrilineal one can claim distant identities through paternal lines despite phenotypic and somatic evidence to the contrary The so called Shirazi tradition represents the arrival of Islam in these eras one reason it has proven so long lasting Extant mosques and coins demonstrate that the Shirazi were not Middle Eastern immigrants but northern Swahili Muslims They moved south founding mosques introducing coinage and elaborately carved inscriptions and mihrabs They should be interpreted as indigenous African Muslims who played the politics of the Middle East to their advantage Some still use this foundation myth a millennium later to assert their authority even though the myth s context has long been forgotten The Shirazi legend took on new importance in the 19th century during the period of Omani domination Claims of Shirazi ancestry were used to distance locals from Arab newcomers since Persians are not viewed as Arabs but still have an exemplary Islamic pedigree The emphasis that the Shirazi came very long ago and intermarried with indigenous locals ties this claim to the creation of convincing indigenous narratives about Swahili heritage without divorcing it from the ideals of being a maritime centred culture 19 20 21 There are two main theories about the origins of the Shirazi subgroup of the Swahili people One thesis based on oral tradition states that immigrants from the Shiraz region in southwestern Iran directly settled various mainland ports and islands on the eastern Africa seaboard beginning in the tenth century 22 23 By the time of the Persian settlement in the area the earlier occupants had been displaced by incoming Bantu and Nilotic populations 24 More people from different parts of the Persian Gulf also continued to migrate to the Swahili coast over several centuries thereafter and these formed the modern Shirazi 25 The second theory on Shirazi origins also posits that they came from Persia but first settled in the Horn of Africa 22 In the twelfth century as the gold trade with the distant entrepot of Sofala on the Mozambique seaboard grew the settlers are then said to moved southwards to various coastal towns in Kenya Tanzania northern Mozambique and the Indian Ocean islands By 1200 CE they had established local sultanates and mercantile networks on the islands of Kilwa Mafia and Comoros along the Swahili coast and in northwestern Madagascar 26 27 The modern Swahili people speak the Swahili language as a mother tongue which belongs to the Bantu branch of the Niger Congo family The language contains loan words from Arabic 28 Religion EditSee also Islam in Kenya Islamic arrival on the Swahili Coast Islam established its presence on the Southeast African coast from around the 9th century when Bantu traders settling on the coast tapped into the Indian Ocean trade networks The Swahili people follow the Sunni denomination of Islam Large numbers of Swahili undertake the Hajj and Umrah from Tanzania 29 Kenya 30 and Mozambique 31 Traditional Islamic dress such as the jilbab and thob are also popular among the Swahili The Swahili also are known for their use of divination which has adopted some syncretic features from underlying traditional indigenous beliefs they believe in djinn and many men wear protective amulets with verses from the Qu ran Divination is practiced through Qur anic readings Often the diviner incorporates verses from the Qur an into treatments for certain diseases On occasion he instructs a patient to soak a piece of paper containing verses of the Qur an in water With this ink infused water literally containing the word of Allah the patient will then wash his body or drink it to cure himself of his affliction It is only prophets and teachers of Islam who are permitted to become medicine men among the Swahili 32 Language Edit Swahili Arabic script on a one pysar coin from Zanzibar c 1299 AH 1882 CE Swahili Arabic script on a carved wooden door open at Lamu in Kenya Swahili Arabic script on wooden door in Fort Jesus Mombasa in Kenya The Swahili speak as their native tongue the Swahili language which is a member of the Bantu subgroup of the Niger Congo family Its closest relatives include Comorian spoken on the Comoros Islands and the Mijikenda language of the Mijikenda people in Kenya 33 With its original speech community centred on Zanzibar and the coastal parts of Kenya and Tanzania a seaboard referred to as the Swahili Coast 34 Swahili became the tongue of the urban class in the African Great Lakes region and eventually went on to serve as a lingua franca during the post colonial period Genetics EditIn 2022 DNA was extracted from medieval and early modern coastal towns along the Swahili Coast Before 1500 CE the inhabitants carried both African as well as Asia Near East ancestry which was mainly Persian related This is consistent with the narrative of the Kilwa Chronicle After this time Arabian ancestry becomes more prevalent which correlates with the archaeological and historical record of interactions with Southern Arabia Oman 35 Economy EditFor centuries the Swahili depended greatly on trade from the Indian Ocean The Swahili have played a vital role as middle man between southeast central and South Africa and the outside world Trade contacts have been noted as early as 100 CE by early Roman writers who visited the Southeast African coast in the 1st century citation needed Trade routes extended from Kenya to Tanzania into modern day Congo along which goods were brought to the coasts and were sold to Arab Indian and Portuguese traders Historical and archaeological records attest to Swahilis being prolific maritime merchants and sailors 36 37 who sailed the Southeast African coastline to lands as far away as Arabia 38 Persia 38 Madagascar 36 110 India 37 39 and even China 40 Chinese pottery and Arabian beads have been found in the ruins of Great Zimbabwe 41 During the apogee of the Middle Ages ivory and slaves became a substantial source of revenue Many captives of the Portuguese sold in Zanzibar ended up in Brazil which was then a Portuguese colony Swahili fishermen of today still rely on the ocean to supply their primary source of income Fish is sold to their inland neighbours in exchange for products of the interior Although most Swahili live with living standards far below that of upper hierarchy of the wealthiest nations the Swahili are generally considered a relatively economically powerful group due to their history of trade They are comparatively well off According to the United Nations the island of Zanzibar has a 25 higher per capita GDP than the rest of Tanzania 42 This economic influence has led to the continued spread of their culture and language throughout East Africa Architecture EditThought by many early scholars to be essentially of Arabic or Persian style and origin some contemporary academics are suggesting that archaeological written linguistic and cultural evidence might suggest an African genesis which would be accompanied only later by an enduring Arabic and Islamic influences in the form of trade and an exchange of ideas 43 44 Upon visiting Kilwa in 1331 the great Berber explorer Ibn Battuta was impressed by the substantial beauty that he encountered there He describes its inhabitants as Zanj jet black in colour and with tattoo marks on their faces and notes that Kilwa is a very fine and substantially built town and all its buildings are of wood his description of Mombasa was essentially the same 45 Kimaryo points out that the distinctive tattoo marks are common among the Makonde Architecture included arches courtyards isolated women s quarters the mihrab towers and decorative elements on the buildings themselves Many ruins may still be observed near the southern Kenyan port of Malindi in the Gede ruins the lost city of Gede Gedi 46 Notable People Edit Abdisalam Ibrahim Charles Okere Jamal Mohamed Mohamed Husseini Musa Mudde Saad Musa Shabani Nonda Yussuf PoulsenSee also EditSwahili language Swahililand Swahili architecture Swahili culture Comorian societyReferences Edit Swahili facts information pictures Encyclopedia com articles about Swahili Encyclopedia com Retrieved 11 April 2017 PeopleGroups org PeopleGroups org Coastal Swahili of Tanzania peoplegroups org Swahili alphabet pronunciation and language omniglot com Retrieved 2021 07 24 2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume IV Distribution of Population by Socio Economic Characteristics PDF Kenya National Bureau of Statistics Retrieved 2 May 2021 Inquerito Nacional aos Agregados Familiares sobre Condicoes de Vida Resultados Gerais in Portuguese Maputo Instituto Nacional de Estatistica 1998 a b c Swahili Worldwide distribution Worlddata info Retrieved 2021 07 24 Project Joshua Swahili in Saudi Arabia joshuaproject net Retrieved 2021 07 24 Valeri Marc 2007 07 01 Nation building and communities in Oman since 1970 The Swahili speaking Omani in search of identity African Affairs 106 424 479 496 doi 10 1093 afraf adm020 ISSN 1468 2621 Popular African Languages in the United States Akorbi 2020 03 23 Retrieved 2021 07 24 PeopleGroups org PeopleGroups org Central Swahili of Congo Kinshasa peoplegroups org Retrieved 2021 07 24 The People of the Swahili Coast 23 March 2020 a b Spear Thomas 2000 Early Swahili History Reconsidered The International Journal of African Historical Studies 33 2 257 290 doi 10 2307 220649 ISSN 0361 7882 JSTOR 220649 Horton and Middleton The Swahili The Social Landscape of a Mercantile Society Wiley 2000 Horton Mark and Middleton Tom The Swahili The Social Landscape of a Mercantile Community Oxford Blackwell 2010 pg 46 Horton amp Middleton 2000 20 Bakari 2001 70 J De V ALLEN 1982 The Shirazi problem in East African coastal history Paideuma Mitteilungen zur Kulturkunde Bd 28 FROM ZINJ TO ZANZIBAR Studies in History Trade and Society on the Eastern Coast of Africa 1982 pages 9 27 Allen J The Shirazi problem in East African coastal History Frobenius Institute 1983 Page 9 https www jstor org stable 41409871 Horton Mark amp Middleton John The Swahili The Social Landscape of a Mercantile Society Malden Massachusetts Blackwell 2000 Pg 59 Horton Mark amp Middleton John The Swahili The Social Landscape of a Mercantile Society Malden Massachusetts Blackwell 2000 Pg 61 Meier Prita Swahili Port Cities The Architecture of Elsewhere Bloomington Indiana Indiana University press 2016 Pg 101 a b Anthony Appiah Henry Louis Gates 2010 Encyclopedia of Africa Oxford University Press p 379 ISBN 978 0 19 533770 9 Derek Nurse Thomas Spear Thomas T Spear 1985 The Swahili Reconstructing the History and Language of an African Society 800 1500 University of Pennsylvania Press pp 70 79 ISBN 0 8122 1207 X Kaplan Irving 1967 Area handbook for Kenya American University Washington D C Foreign Area Studies pp 38 amp 42 Retrieved 28 November 2016 J D Fage Roland Oliver 1975 The Cambridge History of Africa Volume 3 Cambridge University Press pp 201 202 ISBN 0521209811 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint uses authors parameter link J D Fage Roland Oliver 1975 The Cambridge History of Africa Volume 3 Cambridge University Press pp 201 202 ISBN 0521209811 Retrieved 18 October 2016 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint uses authors parameter link H N Chittick 1965 The Shirazi colonization of East Africa Journal of African History Volume 6 Number 3 pages 275 294 Mohamed Mohamed Abdulla 2001 Modern Swahili Grammar East African Publishers p 12 ISBN 9966467610 Retrieved 13 December 2017 Tanzania Hajj pilgrims stranded BBC News 12 December 2007 Kenya Mombasa Pilgrims Jam Airport for Hajj Trip 19 November 2009 Retrieved 11 April 2017 via AllAfrica hajinformation com Swahili People Archived from the original on 2006 09 18 Retrieved 2006 09 16 William Frawley International encyclopedia of linguistics Volume 1 Oxford University Press 2003 page 181 Daniel Don Nanjira African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy From Antiquity to the 21st Century ABC CLIO 2010 p 114 Brielle Esther S Fleisher Jeffrey Wynne Jones Stephanie Broomandkhoshbacht Nasreen Callan Kim Curtis Elizabeth Iliev Lora Lawson Ann Marie Oppenheimer Jonas Qiu Lijun Stewardson Kristin Workman J Noah Zalzala Fatma Ayodo George Gidna Agness O 2022 07 11 The Entwined African and Asian Genetic Roots of the Medieval Peoples of the Swahili Coast 2022 07 10 499442 doi 10 1101 2022 07 10 499442 S2CID 250534036 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help a b Collins Robert Burns James 2007 A History of Sub Saharan Africa Cambridge University Press pp 109 112 ISBN 9780521867467 a b Bulliet Richard Crossley Pamela Headrick Daniel Hirsch Steven Johnson Lyman October 2006 The Earth and Its Peoples A Global History Vol 2 Wadsworth Publishing p 381 ISBN 9781439084779 a b The East African Slave Trade BBC BBC accessed February 15 2012 The Encyclopaedia of Islam Volume 3 Part 2 By Sir H A R Gibb pg 206 2001 accessed February 15 2012 Swahili Chinese interaction The Cambridge History of Africa From c 1050 to c 1600 By J D Fage pg 194 1977 Cambridge Publications accessed February 15 2012 Garlake 2002 184 185 UNdata record view Per capita GDP at current prices US dollars UN org Retrieved 11 April 2017 urban research net 2000 Retrieved 11 April 2017 Horton Mark 1996 Shanga the archaeology of a muslim trading community on the coast of East Africa The British Institute in Eastern Africa Ibn Battuta Travels in Asia and Africa 1325 1354 Medieval Sourcebook Retrieved on 2007 08 28 Ruins of the walled city of Gedi Kenya Leisure health and housing Port Cities PortCities org uk Retrieved 11 April 2017 External links Edit Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Swahili Media related to Swahili people at Wikimedia Commons The Story of Africa The Swahili BBC World Service Swahili Culture Swahili Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed 1911 F Le Guennec Coppens et D Parkin Autorite et pouvoir chez les Swahili Karthala 1998 p 262 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Swahili people amp oldid 1132782869, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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