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Stereospondyli

December 06, 2023

The Stereospondyli are a group of extinct temnospondyl amphibians that existed primarily during the Mesozoic period. They are known from all seven continents and were common components of many Triassic ecosystems, likely filling a similar ecological niche to modern crocodilians prior to the diversification of pseudosuchian archosaurs.

Stereospondyls
Temporal range: 272.95–120 Ma
Life restoration of Siderops kehli, a chigutisaurid
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: †Temnospondyli
Clade: †Stereospondylomorpha
Suborder: †Stereospondyli
Subgroups[1]

Classification and anatomy edit

The group was first defined by Zittel (1888)[2] on the recognition of the distinctive vertebral anatomy of the best known stereospondyls of the time, such as Mastodonsaurus and Metoposaurus. The term 'stereospondylous' as a descriptor of vertebral anatomy was coined the following year by Fraas,[3] referring to a vertebral position consisting largely or entirely of the intercentrum in addition to the neural arch. While the name 'Stereospondyli' is derived from the stereospondylous vertebral condition, there is a diversity of vertebral morphologies among stereospondyls, including the diplospondylous ('tupilakosaurid') condition,[4] where the arch sits between the corresponding intercentrum and pleurocentrum, and the plagiosaurid condition, where a single large centrum ossification (identity unknown) is present, and the arch sits between subsequent vertebral positions.[5] The concept of Stereospondyli has thus undergone repeated and frequent revisions by different workers. Defining features include a tight articulation between the parasphenoid and the pterygoid and a stapedial groove.[1]

Evolutionary history edit

Stereospondyls first definitively appeared during the early Permian, as represented by fragmentary remains of a rhinesuchid from the Pedra de Fogo Formation of Brazil.[6] Rhinesuchids are one of the earliest groups of stereospondyls to appear in the fossil record and are predominantly a late Permian clade, with only one species, Broomistega putterilli, from the Early Triassic of South Africa. However, almost all other groups of stereospondyls are not known from any Paleozoic deposits, which remained dominated by non-stereospondyl stereospondylomorphs. The taxonomically unresolved Peltobatrachus pustulatus, which has historically been regarded as a stereospondyl, is also known from the late Permian of Tanzania.[7] Several more fragmentary records are known from horizons spanning the Permo-Triassic boundary in South America, such as the rhinesuchid-like Arachana nigra from Uruguay[8] and an indeterminate mastodonsaurid[9] from Uruguay.

Following the Permo-Triassic mass extinction, stereospondyls are abundantly represented in the fossil record, particularly from Russia, South Africa, and Australia.[10] This led Yates & Warren (2000) to propose that stereospondyls had sheltered in a high-latitude refugium that would have been somewhat shielded from the global effects of the extinction, and that they subsequently radiated from present-day Australia or Antarctica.[11] Recent discoveries of a diverse rhinesuchid community in South America alongside non-stereospondyl stereospondylomorphs have led to an alternative hypothesis for a radiation from western Gondwana in South America.[1] By the end of the Early Triassic, virtually all major clades of stereospondyls had appeared in the fossil record, although some were more geographically localized (e.g., lapillopsids, rhytidosteids) than those with cosmopolitan distributions (e.g., capitosauroids, trematosauroids).

Stereospondyls were the latest-surviving temnospondyl group. With the diversification of crocodile-like archosaurs and an extinction event at the end of the Triassic, most other temnospondyls disappeared. Chigutisaurid brachyopoids persisted into the Jurassic in Asia and Australia,[12][13][14] including Koolasuchus, the youngest known stereospondyl (late Early Cretaceous) from what is now Australia.[15] There is also sparse evidence for the persistence of some trematosauroids into the Jurassic of Asia.[16] If the recent hypothesis that Chinlestegophis, a Late Triassic stereospondyl from North America, is indeed a stem caecilian is correct, then stereospondyls would survive to the present day.[17]

Lifestyle and ecology edit

Stereospondyls were particularly diverse during the Early Triassic, with small-bodied taxa such as lapillopsids and lydekkerinids that were likely more terrestrially capable present alongside larger taxa that would continue into the Middle Triassic, such as brachyopoids and trematosauroids. The vast majority of stereospondyls, particularly the large-bodied taxa, have been inferred to have been obligately aquatic based on features of the external anatomy such as a well-developed lateral line system,[18] poorly ossified postcranial skeleton,[19] and occasional preservation of proxies of external gills.[20] Many taxa also reflect adaptations for an aquatic lifestyle as evidence in bone histology, which is pachyostotic in many taxa,[21] although some studies suggest a greater terrestrial ability than historically inferred.[22][23][24] Most of the aquatic taxa resided in freshwater environments, but some trematosauroids in particular are thought to have been euryhaline based on their preservation in marine sediments with marine organisms.[25][26] While stereospondyls are often compared to modern crocodilians, the presence of multiple temnospondyls in some environments and the range of morphologies across Stereospondyli indicates that at least some clades occupied drastically different ecological niches, such as benthic ambush predators.[27] Some groups, such as metoposaurids, are often recovered from large monotaxic bone beds interpreted as evidence of aggregation prior to mass death.[28][29]

Relationships edit

Phylogeny edit

Gallery edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d Eltink, Estevan; Schoch, Rainer R.; Langer, Max C. (2019-04-16). "Interrelationships, palaeobiogeography and early evolution of Stereospondylomorpha (Tetrapoda: Temnospondyli)". Journal of Iberian Geology. 45 (2): 251–267. doi:10.1007/s41513-019-00105-z. ISSN 1698-6180. S2CID 146595773.
  2. ^ von Zittel, Karl A. (1888). Handbuch der Paläontologie. Abteilung 1. Paläozoologie Band III: Vertebrata (Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves). Munich & Leipzig: Oldenbourg. pp. 1–890.
  3. ^ FRAAS, Eberhard. (1889). Die Labyrinthodonten der schwäbischen Trias. [With plates.]. OCLC 559337958.
  4. ^ Warren, Anne; Rozefelds, Andrew C.; Bull, Stuart (2011-07-01). "Tupilakosaur-like vertebrae in Bothriceps australis, an Australian brachyopid stereospondyl". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 (4): 738–753. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.590563. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 128505160.
  5. ^ Danto, Marylène; Witzmann, Florian; Pierce, Stephanie E.; Fröbisch, Nadia B. (2017-05-18). "Intercentrum versus pleurocentrum growth in early tetrapods: A paleohistological approach". Journal of Morphology. 278 (9): 1262–1283. doi:10.1002/jmor.20709. ISSN 0362-2525. PMID 28517044. S2CID 38390403.
  6. ^ Cisneros, Juan C.; Marsicano, Claudia; Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Smith, Roger M. H.; Richter, Martha; Fröbisch, Jörg; Kammerer, Christian F.; Sadleir, Rudyard W. (2015-11-05). "New Permian fauna from tropical Gondwana". Nature Communications. 6 (1): 8676. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.8676C. doi:10.1038/ncomms9676. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 4659833. PMID 26537112.
  7. ^ Panchen, A. L. (1959-01-29). "A new armoured amphibian from the Upper Permian of East Africa". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 242 (691): 207–281. Bibcode:1959RSPTB.242..207P. doi:10.1098/rstb.1959.0005. ISSN 2054-0280. S2CID 84580225.
  8. ^ Piñeiro, Graciela; Ramos, Alejandro; Marsicano, Claudia (January 2012). "A rhinesuchid-like temnospondyl from the Permo-Triassic of Uruguay". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 11 (1): 65–78. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2011.07.007. ISSN 1631-0683.
  9. ^ Piñeiro, Graciela; Marsicano, Claudia A.; Damiani, Damiani (2007). "Mandibles of mastodonsaurid temnospondyls from the Upper Permian–Lower Triassic of Uruguay". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 52: 695–703.
  10. ^ Hart, Lachlan J.; Gee, Bryan M.; Smith, Patrick M.; McCurry, Matthew R. (2023-08-03). "A new chigutisaurid (Brachyopoidea, Temnospondyli) with soft tissue preservation from the Triassic Sydney Basin, New South Wales, Australia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. doi:10.1080/02724634.2023.2232829. ISSN 0272-4634.
  11. ^ YATES, ADAM M.; WARREN, A. ANNE (January 2000). "The phylogeny of the 'higher' temnospondyls (Vertebrata: Choanata) and its implications for the monophyly and origins of the Stereospondyli". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 128 (1): 77–121. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2000.tb00650.x. ISSN 0024-4082.
  12. ^ Warren, A. A.; Hutchinson, M. N. (1983-09-13). "The last Labyrinthodont? A new brachyopoid (Amphibia, Temnospondyli) from the early Jurassic Evergreen formation of Queensland, Australia". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences. 303 (1113): 1–62. Bibcode:1983RSPTB.303....1W. doi:10.1098/rstb.1983.0080. ISSN 0080-4622.
  13. ^ Buffetaut, Eric; Tong, Haiyan; Suteethorn, Varavudh (1994-07-13). "First post-Triassic labyrinthodont amphibian in South East Asia: a temnospondyl intercentrum from the Jurassic of Thailand". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte. 1994 (7): 385–390. doi:10.1127/njgpm/1994/1994/385. ISSN 0028-3630.
  14. ^ Maisch, Michael W.; Matzke, Andreas T. (June 2005). "Temnospondyl amphibians from the Jurassic of the Southern Junggar Basin (NW China)". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 79 (2): 285–301. doi:10.1007/bf02990189. ISSN 0031-0220. S2CID 129446067.
  15. ^ Warren, Anne; Rich, Thomas H.; Vickers-Rich, Patricia (1997). "The last labyrinthodonts". Palaeontographica, Abteilung A. 247: 1–24. doi:10.1127/pala/247/1997/1. S2CID 247068275.
  16. ^ Maisch, Michael W.; Matzke, Andreas T.; Sun, Ge (2004-09-24). "A relict trematosauroid (Amphibia: Temnospondyli) from the Middle Jurassic of the Junggar Basin (NW China)". Naturwissenschaften. 91 (12): 589–593. Bibcode:2004NW.....91..589M. doi:10.1007/s00114-004-0569-x. ISSN 0028-1042. PMID 15448923. S2CID 24738999.
  17. ^ Pardo, Jason D.; Small, Bryan J.; Huttenlocker, Adam K. (2017-07-03). "Stem caecilian from the Triassic of Colorado sheds light on the origins of Lissamphibia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (27): E5389–E5395. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114E5389P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1706752114. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5502650. PMID 28630337.
  18. ^ Moodie, Roy L. (October 1908). "The lateral line system in extinct amphibia". Journal of Morphology. 19 (2): 511–540. doi:10.1002/jmor.1050190206. ISSN 0362-2525. S2CID 83822416.
  19. ^ WITZMANN, FLORIAN; SCHOCH, RAINER R. (November 2006). "The Postcranium of Archegosaurus Decheni, and a Phylogenetic Analysis of Temnospondyl Postcrania". Palaeontology. 49 (6): 1211–1235. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00593.x. ISSN 0031-0239.
  20. ^ Witzmann, Florian (July 2013). "Phylogenetic patterns of character evolution in the hyobranchial apparatus of early tetrapods". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 104 (2): 145–167. doi:10.1017/s1755691013000480. ISSN 1755-6910. S2CID 85893747.
  21. ^ Danto, Marylène; Witzmann, Florian; Fröbisch, Nadia B. (2016-04-13). "Vertebral Development in Paleozoic and Mesozoic Tetrapods Revealed by Paleohistological Data". PLOS ONE. 11 (4): e0152586. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1152586D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0152586. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4830443. PMID 27074015.
  22. ^ FORTUNY, J.; MARCÉ-NOGUÉ, J.; DE ESTEBAN-TRIVIGNO, S.; GIL, L.; GALOBART, À. (2011-06-24). "Temnospondyli bite club: ecomorphological patterns of the most diverse group of early tetrapods". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 24 (9): 2040–2054. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02338.x. ISSN 1010-061X. PMID 21707813. S2CID 31680706.
  23. ^ Mukherjee, Debarati; Ray, Sanghamitra; Sengupta, Dhurjati P. (2010-01-29). "Preliminary observations on the bone microstructure, growth patterns, and life habits of some Triassic temnospondyls from India". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (1): 78–93. doi:10.1080/02724630903409121. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 84252436.
  24. ^ Mukherjee, Debarati; Sengupta, Dhurjati P.; Rakshit, Nibedita (2019-06-28). "New biological insights into the Middle Triassic capitosaurs from India as deduced from limb bone anatomy and histology". Papers in Palaeontology. 6 (1): 93–142. doi:10.1002/spp2.1263. ISSN 2056-2802. S2CID 198254051.
  25. ^ JOHNSON, G. A. L. (July 1981). "Geographical Evolution from Laurasia to Pangaea". Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society. 43 (3): 221–252. doi:10.1144/pygs.43.3.221. ISSN 0044-0604.
  26. ^ Hammer, W. R. (2013-03-18), "Paleoecology and Phylogeny of the Trematosauridae", Gondwana Six: Stratigraphy, Sedimentology, and Paleontology, Geophysical Monograph Series, Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, pp. 73–83, doi:10.1029/gm041p0073, ISBN 978-1-118-66425-4, retrieved 2020-09-23
  27. ^ WITZMANN, FLORIAN; SCHOCH, RAINER R.; HILGER, ANDRÉ; KARDJILOV, NIKOLAY (2011-11-25). "Braincase, palatoquadrate and ear region of the plagiosaurid Gerrothorax pulcherrimus from the Middle Triassic of Germany". Palaeontology. 55 (1): 31–50. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01116.x. ISSN 0031-0239.
  28. ^ Lucas, Spencer G.; Rinehart, Larry F.; Krainer, Karl; Spielmann, Justin A.; Heckert, Andrew B. (December 2010). "Taphonomy of the Lamy amphibian quarry: A Late Triassic bonebed in New Mexico, U.S.A." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 298 (3–4): 388–398. Bibcode:2010PPP...298..388L. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.10.025. ISSN 0031-0182.
  29. ^ Brusatte, S. L., Butler R. J., Mateus O., & Steyer S. J. (2015). A new species of Metoposaurus from the Late Triassic of Portugal and comments on the systematics and biogeography of metoposaurid temnospondyls. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. e912988., 2015:

December 06, 2023
stereospondyli, group, extinct, temnospondyl, amphibians, that, existed, primarily, during, mesozoic, period, they, known, from, seven, continents, were, common, components, many, triassic, ecosystems, likely, filling, similar, ecological, niche, modern, croco. The Stereospondyli are a group of extinct temnospondyl amphibians that existed primarily during the Mesozoic period They are known from all seven continents and were common components of many Triassic ecosystems likely filling a similar ecological niche to modern crocodilians prior to the diversification of pseudosuchian archosaurs StereospondylsTemporal range 272 95 120 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg NLife restoration of Siderops kehli a chigutisauridScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AmphibiaOrder TemnospondyliClade StereospondylomorphaSuborder StereospondyliSubgroups 1 Arachana Capulomala Peltobatrachus Lapillopsidae Rhinesuchidae Superstes 1 Eltink et al 2019 Lydekkerinidae Neostereospondyli Capitosauria Trematosauria Contents 1 Classification and anatomy 2 Evolutionary history 3 Lifestyle and ecology 4 Relationships 4 1 Phylogeny 5 Gallery 6 ReferencesClassification and anatomy editThe group was first defined by Zittel 1888 2 on the recognition of the distinctive vertebral anatomy of the best known stereospondyls of the time such as Mastodonsaurus and Metoposaurus The term stereospondylous as a descriptor of vertebral anatomy was coined the following year by Fraas 3 referring to a vertebral position consisting largely or entirely of the intercentrum in addition to the neural arch While the name Stereospondyli is derived from the stereospondylous vertebral condition there is a diversity of vertebral morphologies among stereospondyls including the diplospondylous tupilakosaurid condition 4 where the arch sits between the corresponding intercentrum and pleurocentrum and the plagiosaurid condition where a single large centrum ossification identity unknown is present and the arch sits between subsequent vertebral positions 5 The concept of Stereospondyli has thus undergone repeated and frequent revisions by different workers Defining features include a tight articulation between the parasphenoid and the pterygoid and a stapedial groove 1 Evolutionary history editStereospondyls first definitively appeared during the early Permian as represented by fragmentary remains of a rhinesuchid from the Pedra de Fogo Formation of Brazil 6 Rhinesuchids are one of the earliest groups of stereospondyls to appear in the fossil record and are predominantly a late Permian clade with only one species Broomistega putterilli from the Early Triassic of South Africa However almost all other groups of stereospondyls are not known from any Paleozoic deposits which remained dominated by non stereospondyl stereospondylomorphs The taxonomically unresolved Peltobatrachus pustulatus which has historically been regarded as a stereospondyl is also known from the late Permian of Tanzania 7 Several more fragmentary records are known from horizons spanning the Permo Triassic boundary in South America such as the rhinesuchid like Arachana nigra from Uruguay 8 and an indeterminate mastodonsaurid 9 from Uruguay Following the Permo Triassic mass extinction stereospondyls are abundantly represented in the fossil record particularly from Russia South Africa and Australia 10 This led Yates amp Warren 2000 to propose that stereospondyls had sheltered in a high latitude refugium that would have been somewhat shielded from the global effects of the extinction and that they subsequently radiated from present day Australia or Antarctica 11 Recent discoveries of a diverse rhinesuchid community in South America alongside non stereospondyl stereospondylomorphs have led to an alternative hypothesis for a radiation from western Gondwana in South America 1 By the end of the Early Triassic virtually all major clades of stereospondyls had appeared in the fossil record although some were more geographically localized e g lapillopsids rhytidosteids than those with cosmopolitan distributions e g capitosauroids trematosauroids Stereospondyls were the latest surviving temnospondyl group With the diversification of crocodile like archosaurs and an extinction event at the end of the Triassic most other temnospondyls disappeared Chigutisaurid brachyopoids persisted into the Jurassic in Asia and Australia 12 13 14 including Koolasuchus the youngest known stereospondyl late Early Cretaceous from what is now Australia 15 There is also sparse evidence for the persistence of some trematosauroids into the Jurassic of Asia 16 If the recent hypothesis that Chinlestegophis a Late Triassic stereospondyl from North America is indeed a stem caecilian is correct then stereospondyls would survive to the present day 17 Lifestyle and ecology editStereospondyls were particularly diverse during the Early Triassic with small bodied taxa such as lapillopsids and lydekkerinids that were likely more terrestrially capable present alongside larger taxa that would continue into the Middle Triassic such as brachyopoids and trematosauroids The vast majority of stereospondyls particularly the large bodied taxa have been inferred to have been obligately aquatic based on features of the external anatomy such as a well developed lateral line system 18 poorly ossified postcranial skeleton 19 and occasional preservation of proxies of external gills 20 Many taxa also reflect adaptations for an aquatic lifestyle as evidence in bone histology which is pachyostotic in many taxa 21 although some studies suggest a greater terrestrial ability than historically inferred 22 23 24 Most of the aquatic taxa resided in freshwater environments but some trematosauroids in particular are thought to have been euryhaline based on their preservation in marine sediments with marine organisms 25 26 While stereospondyls are often compared to modern crocodilians the presence of multiple temnospondyls in some environments and the range of morphologies across Stereospondyli indicates that at least some clades occupied drastically different ecological niches such as benthic ambush predators 27 Some groups such as metoposaurids are often recovered from large monotaxic bone beds interpreted as evidence of aggregation prior to mass death 28 29 Relationships editPhylogeny edit PeltobatrachidaeLapillopsidaeRhinesuchidaeLydekkerinidaeCapitosauria MastodonsauroideaTrematosauria Trematosauroidea BenthosuchusThoosuchidaeTrematosauridaeMetoposauroidea LatiscopidaeMetoposauridaePlagiosauroidea PlagiosauridaeLaideriidaeRhytidosteoidea InobrachyopidaeRhytidosteidaeBrachyopoidea BrachyopidaeChigutisauridaeGallery edit nbsp Uranocentrodon a rhinesuchid nbsp Lydekkerina a lydekkerinid nbsp Mastodonsaurus a capitosaur nbsp Aphaneramma a trematosaurid nbsp Pelorocephalus a chigutisaurid nbsp Indobrachyops a rhytidosteid nbsp Plagiosternum a plagiosaurid nbsp Metoposaurus a metoposauridReferences edit a b c d Eltink Estevan Schoch Rainer R Langer Max C 2019 04 16 Interrelationships palaeobiogeography and early evolution of Stereospondylomorpha Tetrapoda Temnospondyli Journal of Iberian Geology 45 2 251 267 doi 10 1007 s41513 019 00105 z ISSN 1698 6180 S2CID 146595773 von Zittel Karl A 1888 Handbuch der Palaontologie Abteilung 1 Palaozoologie Band III Vertebrata Pisces Amphibia Reptilia Aves Munich amp Leipzig Oldenbourg pp 1 890 FRAAS Eberhard 1889 Die Labyrinthodonten der schwabischen Trias With plates OCLC 559337958 Warren Anne Rozefelds Andrew C Bull Stuart 2011 07 01 Tupilakosaur like vertebrae in Bothriceps australis an Australian brachyopid stereospondyl Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 31 4 738 753 doi 10 1080 02724634 2011 590563 ISSN 0272 4634 S2CID 128505160 Danto Marylene Witzmann Florian Pierce Stephanie E Frobisch Nadia B 2017 05 18 Intercentrum versus pleurocentrum growth in early tetrapods A paleohistological approach Journal of Morphology 278 9 1262 1283 doi 10 1002 jmor 20709 ISSN 0362 2525 PMID 28517044 S2CID 38390403 Cisneros Juan C Marsicano Claudia Angielczyk Kenneth D Smith Roger M H Richter Martha Frobisch Jorg Kammerer Christian F Sadleir Rudyard W 2015 11 05 New Permian fauna from tropical Gondwana Nature Communications 6 1 8676 Bibcode 2015NatCo 6 8676C doi 10 1038 ncomms9676 ISSN 2041 1723 PMC 4659833 PMID 26537112 Panchen A L 1959 01 29 A new armoured amphibian from the Upper Permian of East Africa Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences 242 691 207 281 Bibcode 1959RSPTB 242 207P doi 10 1098 rstb 1959 0005 ISSN 2054 0280 S2CID 84580225 Pineiro Graciela Ramos Alejandro Marsicano Claudia January 2012 A rhinesuchid like temnospondyl from the Permo Triassic of Uruguay Comptes Rendus Palevol 11 1 65 78 doi 10 1016 j crpv 2011 07 007 ISSN 1631 0683 Pineiro Graciela Marsicano Claudia A Damiani Damiani 2007 Mandibles of mastodonsaurid temnospondyls from the Upper Permian Lower Triassic of Uruguay Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 52 695 703 Hart Lachlan J Gee Bryan M Smith Patrick M McCurry Matthew R 2023 08 03 A new chigutisaurid Brachyopoidea Temnospondyli with soft tissue preservation from the Triassic Sydney Basin New South Wales Australia Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology doi 10 1080 02724634 2023 2232829 ISSN 0272 4634 YATES ADAM M WARREN A ANNE January 2000 The phylogeny of the higher temnospondyls Vertebrata Choanata and its implications for the monophyly and origins of the Stereospondyli Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 128 1 77 121 doi 10 1111 j 1096 3642 2000 tb00650 x ISSN 0024 4082 Warren A A Hutchinson M N 1983 09 13 The last Labyrinthodont A new brachyopoid Amphibia Temnospondyli from the early Jurassic Evergreen formation of Queensland Australia Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B Biological Sciences 303 1113 1 62 Bibcode 1983RSPTB 303 1W doi 10 1098 rstb 1983 0080 ISSN 0080 4622 Buffetaut Eric Tong Haiyan Suteethorn Varavudh 1994 07 13 First post Triassic labyrinthodont amphibian in South East Asia a temnospondyl intercentrum from the Jurassic of Thailand Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie Monatshefte 1994 7 385 390 doi 10 1127 njgpm 1994 1994 385 ISSN 0028 3630 Maisch Michael W Matzke Andreas T June 2005 Temnospondyl amphibians from the Jurassic of the Southern Junggar Basin NW China Palaontologische Zeitschrift 79 2 285 301 doi 10 1007 bf02990189 ISSN 0031 0220 S2CID 129446067 Warren Anne Rich Thomas H Vickers Rich Patricia 1997 The last labyrinthodonts Palaeontographica Abteilung A 247 1 24 doi 10 1127 pala 247 1997 1 S2CID 247068275 Maisch Michael W Matzke Andreas T Sun Ge 2004 09 24 A relict trematosauroid Amphibia Temnospondyli from the Middle Jurassic of the Junggar Basin NW China Naturwissenschaften 91 12 589 593 Bibcode 2004NW 91 589M doi 10 1007 s00114 004 0569 x ISSN 0028 1042 PMID 15448923 S2CID 24738999 Pardo Jason D Small Bryan J Huttenlocker Adam K 2017 07 03 Stem caecilian from the Triassic of Colorado sheds light on the origins of Lissamphibia Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 27 E5389 E5395 Bibcode 2017PNAS 114E5389P doi 10 1073 pnas 1706752114 ISSN 0027 8424 PMC 5502650 PMID 28630337 Moodie Roy L October 1908 The lateral line system in extinct amphibia Journal of Morphology 19 2 511 540 doi 10 1002 jmor 1050190206 ISSN 0362 2525 S2CID 83822416 WITZMANN FLORIAN SCHOCH RAINER R November 2006 The Postcranium of Archegosaurus Decheni and a Phylogenetic Analysis of Temnospondyl Postcrania Palaeontology 49 6 1211 1235 doi 10 1111 j 1475 4983 2006 00593 x ISSN 0031 0239 Witzmann Florian July 2013 Phylogenetic patterns of character evolution in the hyobranchial apparatus of early tetrapods Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 104 2 145 167 doi 10 1017 s1755691013000480 ISSN 1755 6910 S2CID 85893747 Danto Marylene Witzmann Florian Frobisch Nadia B 2016 04 13 Vertebral Development in Paleozoic and Mesozoic Tetrapods Revealed by Paleohistological Data PLOS ONE 11 4 e0152586 Bibcode 2016PLoSO 1152586D doi 10 1371 journal pone 0152586 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 4830443 PMID 27074015 FORTUNY J MARCE NOGUE J DE ESTEBAN TRIVIGNO S GIL L GALOBART A 2011 06 24 Temnospondyli bite club ecomorphological patterns of the most diverse group of early tetrapods Journal of Evolutionary Biology 24 9 2040 2054 doi 10 1111 j 1420 9101 2011 02338 x ISSN 1010 061X PMID 21707813 S2CID 31680706 Mukherjee Debarati Ray Sanghamitra Sengupta Dhurjati P 2010 01 29 Preliminary observations on the bone microstructure growth patterns and life habits of some Triassic temnospondyls from India Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30 1 78 93 doi 10 1080 02724630903409121 ISSN 0272 4634 S2CID 84252436 Mukherjee Debarati Sengupta Dhurjati P Rakshit Nibedita 2019 06 28 New biological insights into the Middle Triassic capitosaurs from India as deduced from limb bone anatomy and histology Papers in Palaeontology 6 1 93 142 doi 10 1002 spp2 1263 ISSN 2056 2802 S2CID 198254051 JOHNSON G A L July 1981 Geographical Evolution from Laurasia to Pangaea Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 43 3 221 252 doi 10 1144 pygs 43 3 221 ISSN 0044 0604 Hammer W R 2013 03 18 Paleoecology and Phylogeny of the Trematosauridae Gondwana Six Stratigraphy Sedimentology and Paleontology Geophysical Monograph Series Washington D C American Geophysical Union pp 73 83 doi 10 1029 gm041p0073 ISBN 978 1 118 66425 4 retrieved 2020 09 23 WITZMANN FLORIAN SCHOCH RAINER R HILGER ANDRE KARDJILOV NIKOLAY 2011 11 25 Braincase palatoquadrate and ear region of the plagiosaurid Gerrothorax pulcherrimus from the Middle Triassic of Germany Palaeontology 55 1 31 50 doi 10 1111 j 1475 4983 2011 01116 x ISSN 0031 0239 Lucas Spencer G Rinehart Larry F Krainer Karl Spielmann Justin A Heckert Andrew B December 2010 Taphonomy of the Lamy amphibian quarry A Late Triassic bonebed in New Mexico U S A Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 298 3 4 388 398 Bibcode 2010PPP 298 388L doi 10 1016 j palaeo 2010 10 025 ISSN 0031 0182 Brusatte S L Butler R J Mateus O amp Steyer S J 2015 A new species of Metoposaurus from the Late Triassic of Portugal and comments on the systematics and biogeography of metoposaurid temnospondyls Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology e912988 2015 nbsp Paleontology portal Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Stereospondyli amp oldid 1188184281, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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