fbpx
Wikipedia

List of Mesopotamian dynasties

January 01, 1970

The history of Mesopotamia extends from the Lower Paleolithic period until the establishment of the Caliphate in the late 7th century AD, after which the region came to be known as Iraq. This list covers dynasties and monarchs of Mesopotamia up until the fall of the Neo-Babylonian Empire in 539 BC, after which native Mesopotamian monarchs never again ruled the region.

A selection of Mesopotamian rulers: Ur-Nanshe of Lagash (top left; c. 2500 BC), Naram-Sin of Akkad (top right; c. 2254–2218 BC), Marduk-nadin-ahhe of Babylon (bottom left; c. 1095–1078 BC), and Sargon II of Assyria (bottom right; 722–705 BC)

The earliest records of writing are known from the Uruk period (or "Protoliterate period") in the 4th millennium BC, with documentation of actual historical events, and the ancient history of the region, being known from the middle of the third millennium BC onwards, alongside cuneiform records written by early kings. This period, known as the Early Dynastic Period, is typically subdivided into three: 2900–2750 BC (ED I), 2750–2600 BC (ED II) and 2600–2350 BC (ED III),[1] and was followed by Akkadian (~2350–2100 BC) and Neo-Sumerian (2112–2004 BC) periods, after which Mesopotamia was most often divided between Assyria in the north and Babylonia in the south. In 609 BC, after about a century of the kings of the Neo-Assyrian Empire ruling both Assyria and Babylonia, the Neo-Babylonian Empire destroyed Assyria and became the sole power in Mesopotamia. The conquest of Babylon by the Achaemenid Empire in 539 BC initiated centuries of Iranian rule (under the Achaemenid, Parthian and Sasanian empires), which was only briefly interrupted by the Hellenistic Argeads and Seleucids (331–141 BC) and the Roman Empire (AD 116–117).

This list follows the middle chronology, the most widely used chronology of Mesopotamian history.

Early dynastic period (c. 2900–2350 BC) edit

Before the rise of the Akkadian Empire in the 24th century BC, Mesopotamia was fragmented into a number of city states. Whereas some surviving Mesopotamian documents, such as the Sumerian King List, describe this period as one where there was only one legitimate king at any one given time, and kingship was transferred from city to city sequentially, the historical reality was that there were often many political leaders at any one given time.[2] The Sumerian King List is generally not regarded as historically reliable given the exaggerated reign lengths (some rulers are described as ruling for hundreds or even thousands of years) and the fact that out of the massive amount of pre-Akkadian rulers listed in the SKL, very few are actually attested in surviving evidence from the Early Dynastic period.[3] It is considered most appropriate by modern scholars to rely solely on actual Early Dynastic sources for reconstructing historical events during the Early Dynastic period.[4] As such, the table below only lists rulers whose existence is attested by other more contemporary sources.

Akkadian and Neo-Sumerian periods (c. 2334–2004 BC) edit

Akkad Gutium Lagash Uruk / Ur
Name Reign Ref Name Reign Ref Name Reign Ref Name Reign Ref
Sargonic dynasty
Sargon c. 2334–2279 BC [7]
Rimush c. 2278–2270 BC [7]
Manishtushu c. 2269–2255 BC [7] Second dynasty of Lagash
Naram-Sin c. 2254–2218 BC [7] Gutian dynasty Lugal-ushumgal c. 2230–2210 BC
Shar-Kali-Sharri c. 2217–2193 BC [7] Erridupizir c. 2220–2202 BC Puzer-Mama around 2210 BC Fourth dynasty of Uruk
Imta c. 2202–2199 BC Ur-Ningirsu I around 2200 BC Ur-nigin around 2200 BC
Pirig-me around 2200 BC Ur-gigir around 2200 BC
Inkishush c. 2199–2195 BC
Igigi (non-dynastic) c. 2193 BC [7] Sarlagab c. 2195–2192 BC Kuda uncertain
Imi (non-dynastic) c. 2192 BC [7] Shulme c. 2192–2186 BC Lu-Baba uncertain Puzur-ili uncertain
Nanum (non-dynastic) c. 2191 BC [7]
Ilulu (non-dynastic) c. 2190 BC [7] Lugula uncertain Ur-Utu uncertain
Dudu c. 2189–2169 BC [7] Elulmesh c. 2186–2180 BC
Inimabakesh c. 2180–2175 BC
Igeshaush c. 2175–2169 BC Kaku uncertain
Shu-turul c. 2168–2154 BC [7] Yarlagab c. 2169–2154 BC
Akkad defeated by the Gutians
Ibate c. 2154–2151 BC Ur-Baba c. 2157–2144 BC
Yarla c. 2151–2148 BC
Kurum c. 2148–2147 BC
Apilkin c. 2147–2144 BC
La-erabum c. 2144–2142 BC Gudea c. 2144–2124 BC
Irarum c. 2142–2140 BC
Ibranum c. 2140–2139 BC
Hablum c. 2139–2137 BC
Puzur-Suen c. 2137–2130 BC
Yarlaganda c. 2130–2123 BC
Si'um c. 2123–2116 BC Ur-Ningirsu II c. 2124–2119 BC Fifth dynasty of Uruk
Tirigan c. 2116 BC Ur-gar c. 2117–2113 BC Utu-hengal c. 2119–2113 BC
Gutians defeated by Utu-Hengal of Uruk Third dynasty of Ur
Nam-mahani c. 2113–2110 BC Ur-Nammu c. 2112–2095 BC [8]
Lagash defeated by Ur-Nammu of Ur Shulgi c. 2094–2047 BC [8]
Amar-Sin c. 2046–2038 BC [8]
Shu-Sin c. 2037–2029 BC [8]
Ibbi-Sin c. 2028–2004 BC [8]

Isin–Larsa and rise of Babylon (c. 2025–1750 BC) edit

Southern Mesopotamia Northern Mesopotamia
Isin Larsa Babylon Uruk Eshnunna Assyria
Name Reign Ref Name Reign Ref Name Reign Ref Name Reign Ref Name Reign Ref Name Reign Ref
First dynasty of Isin Dynasty of Larsa Dynasty of Eshnunna Puzur-Ashur dynasty
Ishbi-Erra c. 2017–1985 BC [8] Naplanum c. 2025–2005 BC [8] Ituria uncertain [9] Puzur-Ashur I[a] uncertain [10]
Emisum c. 2004–1977 BC [8] Ilushuilia uncertain [9] Shalim-ahum uncertain [10]
Shu-Ilishu c. 1984–1975 BC [8] Nurakhum uncertain [9] Ilu-shuma uncertain [10]
Iddin-Dagan c. 1974–1954 BC [8] Samium c. 1976–1942 BC [8] Kirikiri uncertain [9] Erishum I c. 1974–1935 BC [10]
Ishme-Dagan c. 1953–1935 BC [8] Zabaia c. 1941–1933 BC [8] Bilalama uncertain [9]
Lipit-Eshtar c. 1934–1924 BC [8] Gungunum c. 1932–1906 BC [8] Azuzum uncertain [9] Ikunum c. 1934–1921 BC [10]
Ur-Ninurta c. 1923–1896 BC [8] Abisare c. 1905–1895 BC [8] Amorite dynasty (Dynasty I) Ipiq-Adad I uncertain [9] Sargon I c. 1920–1881 BC [10]
Bur-Suen c. 1895–1874 BC [8] Sumuel c. 1894–1866 BC [8] Sumu-abum c. 1894–1881 BC [11] Shiqlanum uncertain [9]
Lipit-Enlil c. 1873–1869 BC [8] Abdi-Erah uncertain [9] Puzur-Ashur II c. 1880–1873 BC [10]
Erra-imitti c. 1868–1861 BC [8] Nur-Adad c. 1865–1850 BC [8] Sumu-la-El c. 1880–1845 BC [11] Sixth dynasty of Uruk Belakum uncertain [9]
Enlil-bani c. 1860–1837 BC [8] Sin-Iddinam c. 1849–1843 BC [8] Sin-kashid uncertain [12] Warassa uncertain [9] Naram-Sin c. 1872–1829 BC [10]
Zambiya c. 1836–1834 BC [8] Sin-Eribam c. 1842–1841 BC [8] Sabium c. 1844–1831 BC [11] Sin-eribam uncertain [12] Ibal-pi-El I uncertain [9]
Iter-pisha c. 1833–1831 BC [8] Sin-Iqisham c. 1840–1836 BC [8] Sin-gamil uncertain [12] Ipiq-Adad II uncertain [9]
Silli-Adad c. 1835 BC [8] Anam uncertain [12] Naram-Sin uncertain [9]
Ur-du-kuga c. 1830–1828 BC [8] Warad-Sin c. 1834–1823 BC [13] Irdanene uncertain [12] Dadusha uncertain [9]
Suen-magir c. 1827–1817 BC [8] Rim-Sin I[b] c. 1822–1763 BC [13] Apil-Sin c. 1830–1813 BC [11] Rim-Anum uncertain [12] Ibal-pi-El II c. 1762 BC [9] Erishum II c. 1828–1809 BC [10]
Shamshi-Adad dynasty
Damiq-ilishu c. 1816–1794 BC [8] Sin-Muballit c. 1812–1793 BC [11] Nabi-ilishu c. 1802 BC [12] Shamshi-Adad I c. 1808–1776 BC [10]
Isin defeated by Rim-Sin I of Larsa
Hammurabi c. 1792–1750 BC [11] Uruk defeated by Hammurabi of Babylon Eshnunna defeated by Siwepalarhuhpak of Elam Ishme-Dagan I c. 1775–1735 BC [10]
Larsa defeated by Hammurabi of Babylon

Fragmentation of Babylonia (c. 1749–1475 BC) edit

Southern Mesopotamia (Babylonia) Northern Mesopotamia
Babylon Kassites Sealand Assyria
Name Reign Ref Name Reign Ref Name Reign Ref Name Reign Ref
Amorite dynasty (Dynasty I; continued) Kassite dynasty (Dynasty III) First Sealand dynasty (Dynasty II) Shamshi-Adad dynasty (continued)
Samsu-iluna c. 1749–1712 BC [11] Gandash c. 1729–1704 BC [14] Ilum-ma-ili c. 1725–? BC [15] Mut-Ashkur uncertain [16]
Rimush uncertain [16]
Abi-Eshuh c. 1711–1684 BC [11] Agum I c. 1703–1682 BC [14] Itti-ili-nibi uncertain [15] Asinum uncertain [16]
Seven usurpers
Ashur-dugul uncertain [16]
Ashur-apla-idi [16]
Nasir-Sin [16]
Sin-namir [16]
Ipqi-Ishtar [16]
Adad-salulu [16]
Adasi [16]
Adaside dynasty
Damqi-ilishu uncertain [15] Bel-bani c. 1700–1691 BC [16]
Kashtiliash I c. 1681–1660 BC [14] Libaya c. 1691–1674 BC [16]
Ammi-Ditana c. 1683–1647 BC [11] Abi-Rattash uncertain [17] Ishkibal uncertain [15] Sharma-Adad I c. 1673–1662 BC [16]
Iptar-Sin c. 1661–1650 BC [16]
Ammi-Saduqa c. 1646–1626 BC [11] Shushushi uncertain [15] Bazaya c. 1649–1622 BC [16]
Samsu-Ditana c. 1625–1595 BC [11] Kashtiliash II uncertain [17] Gulkishar uncertain [15] Lullaya c. 1621–1616 BC [16]
Shu-Ninua c. 1615–1602 BC [16]
Sharma-Adad II c. 1601–1598 BC [16]
Babylon destroyed by the Hittites Urzigurumash uncertain [17] Peshgaldaramesh c. 1599–1549 BC [15] Erishum III c. 1598–1586 BC [16]
Agum II uncertain [17] Shamshi-Adad II c. 1585–1580 BC [16]
Harba-Shipak uncertain [17] Ishme-Dagan II c. 1580–1564 BC [16]
Kassite dynasty (Dynasty III) Shipta'ulzi uncertain [17] Shamshi-Adad III c. 1564–1548 BC [16]
Burnaburiash I[c] c. 1530–1500 BC [18] Burnaburiash I c. 1530–1500 BC [18] Ayadaragalama c. 1548–1520 BC [15] Ashur-nirari I c. 1548–1522 BC [16]
Akurduana c. 1519–1493 BC [15] Puzur-Ashur III c. 1522–1498 BC [16]
Ulamburiash around 1475 BC [17] Ulamburiash around 1475 BC [17] Melamkurkurra c. 1492–1485 BC [15] Enlil-nasir I c. 1498–1485 BC [16]
Ea-gamil c. 1484–1475 BC [15] Nur-ili c. 1485–1473 BC [16]

Babylonia and rising Assyria (c. 1475–539 BC) edit

Main articles: List of kings of Babylon and List of Assyrian kings
Babylonia Assyria
Name Reign Ref Name Reign Ref
Kassite dynasty (Dynasty III; continued) Adaside dynasty (continued)
Ulamburiash[d] around 1475 BC [17] Ashur-shaduni c. 1473 BC [16]
Kashtiliash III uncertain [17] Ashur-rabi I c. 1473–1453 BC [16]
Ashur-nadin-ahhe I c. 1453–1431 BC [16]
Agum III uncertain [17] Enlil-nasir II c. 1430–1425 BC [16]
Ashur-nirari II c. 1424–1418 BC [16]
Karaindash around 1415 BC [17] Ashur-bel-nisheshu c. 1417–1409 BC [16]
Ashur-rim-nisheshu c. 1408–1401 BC [16]
Kadashman-Harbe I around 1400 BC [17] Ashur-nadin-ahhe II c. 1400–1391 BC [16]
Eriba-Adad I c. 1390–1364 BC [16]
Kurigalzu I uncertain [17] Ashur-uballit I[e] c. 1363–1328 BC [19]
Kadashman-Enlil I c. 1374–1360 BC [17]
Burnaburiash II c. 1359–1333 BC [17]
Kara-hardash c. 1333 BC [17] Enlil-nirari c. 1327–1318 BC [19]
Nazi-Bugash c. 1333 BC [17]
Kurigalzu II c. 1332–1308 BC [17] Arik-den-ili c. 1317–1306 BC [19]
Nazi-Maruttash c. 1307–1282 BC [17] Adad-nirari I c. 1305–1274 BC [19]
Kadashman-Turgu c. 1281–1264 BC [17] Shalmaneser I c. 1273–1244 BC [19]
Kadashman-Enlil II c. 1263–1255 BC [17]
Kudur-Enlil c. 1254–1246 BC [17]
Shagarakti-Shuriash c. 1245–1233 BC [17] Tukulti-Ninurta I c. 1243–1207 BC [19]
Kashtiliash IV c. 1232–1225 BC [17]
Enlil-nadin-shumi c. 1224 BC [17]
Kadashman-Harbe II c. 1223 BC [17]
Adad-shuma-iddina c. 1222–1217 BC [17]
Adad-shuma-usur c. 1216–1187 BC [17] Ashur-nadin-apli c. 1206–1203 BC [19]
Ashur-nirari III c. 1202–1197 BC [19]
Enlil-kudurri-usur c. 1196–1192 BC [19]
Meli-Shipak c. 1186–1172 BC [17] Ninurta-apal-Ekur c. 1191–1179 BC [19]
Marduk-apla-iddina I c. 1171–1159 BC [17] Ashur-dan I c. 1178–1133 BC [10]
Zababa-shuma-iddin c. 1158 BC [17]
Enlil-nadin-ahi c. 1157–1155 BC [17]
Second dynasty of Isin (Dynasty IV)
Marduk-kabit-ahheshu c. 1153–1136 BC [20]
Itti-Marduk-balatu c. 1135–1128 BC [20] Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur c. 1132 BC [10]
Mutakkil-nusku c. 1132 BC [10]
Ninurta-nadin-shumi c. 1127–1122 BC [20] Ashur-resh-ishi I 1132–1115 BC [10]
Nebuchadnezzar I c. 1121–1100 BC [20] Tiglath-Pileser I 1114–1076 BC [10]
Enlil-nadin-apli c. 1099–1096 BC [20]
Marduk-nadin-ahhe c. 1095–1078 BC [20]
Marduk-shapik-zeri c. 1077–1065 BC [20] Asharid-apal-Ekur 1075–1074 BC [10]
Adad-apla-iddina c. 1064–1043 BC [20] Ashur-bel-kala 1073–1056 BC [10]
Eriba-Adad II 1055–1054 BC [10]
Shamshi-Adad IV 1053–1050 BC [10]
Marduk-ahhe-eriba c. 1042 BC [20] Ashurnasirpal I 1049–1031 BC [10]
Marduk-zer-X c. 1041–1030 BC [20]
Nabu-shum-libur c. 1029–1022 BC [20] Shalmaneser II 1030–1019 BC [10]
Second Sealand dynasty (Dynasty V) Ashur-nirari IV 1018–1013 BC [10]
Simbar-shipak c. 1021–1004 BC [21]
Ea-mukin-zeri c. 1004 BC [21] Ashur-rabi II 1012–972 BC [10]
Kashshu-nadin-ahi c. 1003–1001 BC [21]
Bazi dynasty (Dynasty VI)
Eulmash-shakin-shumi c. 1000–984 BC [21]
Ninurta-kudurri-usur I c. 983–981 BC [21]
Shirikti-shuqamuna c. 981 BC [21]
Elamite dynasty (Dynasty VII)
Mar-biti-apla-usur c. 980–975 BC [21]
Dynasty of E (Dynasty VIII)
Nabu-mukin-apli c. 974–939 BC [22] Ashur-resh-ishi II 971–967 BC [10]
Tiglath-Pileser II 967–935 BC [10]
Ninurta-kudurri-usur II c. 939 BC [22] Ashur-dan II 935–912 BC [10]
Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina c. 938–? BC [22]
Shamash-mudammiq c. ?–901 BC [22]
Nabu-shuma-ukin I c. 900–887 BC [22] Adad-nirari II[f] 912–891 BC [10]
Nabu-apla-iddina c. 886–853 BC [22] Tukulti-Ninurta II 891–884 BC [10]
Marduk-zakir-shumi I c. 852–825 BC [22] Ashurnasirpal II 884–859 BC [10]
Shalmaneser III 859–824 BC [10]
Marduk-balassu-iqbi c. 824–813 BC [22] Shamshi-Adad V 824–811 BC [10]
Baba-aha-iddina c. 813–812 BC [22] Adad-nirari III 811–783 BC [10]
Ninurta-apla-X uncertain [22]
Marduk-bel-zeri uncertain [22]
Marduk-apla-usur uncertain [22] Shalmaneser IV 783–773 BC [10]
Eriba-Marduk c. 769–760 BC [22] Ashur-dan III 773–755 BC [10]
Nabu-shuma-ishkun c. 760–748 BC [22] Ashur-nirari V 755–745 BC [10]
Nabonassar 748–734 BC [22] Tiglath-Pileser III 745–727 BC [10]
Nabu-nadin-zeri 734–732 BC [22]
Nabu-shuma-ukin II 732 BC [22]
Nabu-mukin-zeri[g] (non-dynastic) 732–729 BC [23]
Adaside dynasty (also in Assyria)
Tiglath-Pileser III 729–727 BC [23]
Shalmaneser V 727–722 BC [23] Shalmaneser V 727–722 BC [10]
Sargonid dynasty
Marduk-apla-iddina II[h] (non-dynastic) 722–710 BC [23] Sargon II 722–705 BC [10]
Sargon II 710–705 BC [23]
Sennacherib 705–703 BC [23] Sennacherib 705–681 BC [10]
Marduk-zakir-shumi II (non-dynastic) 703 BC [23]
Marduk-apla-iddina II[h] (non-dynastic) 703 BC [23]
Bel-ibni[i] (vassal king) 703–700 BC [23]
Ashur-nadin-shumi 700–694 BC [23]
Nergal-ushezib[i] (non-dynastic) 694–693 BC [23]
Mushezib-Marduk[i] (non-dynastic) 693–689 BC [23]
Sennacherib 689–681 BC [23]
Esarhaddon 681–669 BC [23] Esarhaddon 681–669 BC [10]
Shamash-shum-ukin 668–648 BC [23] Ashurbanipal 669–631 BC [10]
Kandalanu (vassal king) 647–627 BC [23] Ashur-etil-ilani 631–627 BC [10]
Sinsharishkun 627–626 BC [23] Sinsharishkun 627–612 BC [10]
Sin-shumu-lishir (usurper) 626 BC [10]
Chaldean dynasty (Dynasty X)
Nabopolassar 626–605 BC [24] Ashur-uballit II 612–609 BC [10]
Nebuchadnezzar II 605–562 BC [24] Assyria defeated by Nabopolassar of Babylon
Amel-Marduk 562–560 BC [24]
Neriglissar (non-dynastic) 560–556 BC [24]
Labashi-Marduk (non-dynastic) 556 BC [24]
Nabonidus (non-dynastic) 556–539 BC [24]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Considered the first king of the Old Assyrian period
  2. ^ Rim-Sin I was the last independent king of Larsa, though the city rebelled against Hammurabi's successor Samsu-iluna in 1737, with Rim-Sin II briefly ruling there as king.
  3. ^ The earliest Kassite ruler confidently attested as ruling Babylon itself.
  4. ^ Reunified Babylonia through defeating Ea-gamil, the last king of the First Sealand dynasty
  5. ^ Considered the first king of the Middle Assyrian period
  6. ^ Considered the first king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
  7. ^ Sometimes assigned to his own dynasty, the "Shapi dynasty"
  8. ^ a b Sometimes assigned to his own dynasty, the "Third Sealand dynasty"
  9. ^ a b c Assigned to the earlier Dynasty of E in king-lists

References edit

  1. ^ "Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)".
  2. ^ Marchesi 2010, p. 234.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Marchesi 2010, pp. 236–237.
  4. ^ Marchesi 2010, p. 238.
  5. ^ a b Beaulieu 2018, p. 36.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Crawford 2013, p. xxiii.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Crawford 2013, p. xxiv.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af Oppenheim 1977, p. 336.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Roaf 1996, p. 111.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at Chen 2020, pp. 197–201.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Chen 2020, pp. 202–206; Beaulieu 2018, p. 69.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g Roaf 1996, p. 110.
  13. ^ a b Oppenheim 1977, p. 337.
  14. ^ a b c Chen 2020, pp. 202–206; Beaulieu 2018, p. 126; Murai 1979, p. 6.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Chen 2020, pp. 202–206; Beaulieu 2018, pp. 129–130.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai Assyrian King List; Ancient Egypt and Archaeology.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Chen 2020, pp. 202–206; Beaulieu 2018, p. 126.
  18. ^ a b Chen 2020, pp. 202–206; Beaulieu 2018, p. 126; Leick 2003, p. 142.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Assyrian King List; Kuhrt 1995, p. 351.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Beaulieu 2018, p. 155.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g Beaulieu 2018, pp. 176–178.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Beaulieu 2018, p. 178.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Beaulieu 2018, p. 195.
  24. ^ a b c d e f Beaulieu 2018, p. 220.

Bibliography edit

  • Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2018). A History of Babylon, 2200 BC - AD 75. Pondicherry: Wiley. ISBN 978-1405188999.
  • Chen, Fei (2020). Study on the Synchronistic King List from Ashur. Leiden: BRILL. ISBN 978-9004430914.
  • Crawford, Harriet (2013). The Sumerian World. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415569675.
  • Kuhrt, Amélie (1995). The Ancient Near East, C. 3000-330 BC, Volume 1. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-01353-4.
  • Leick, Gwendolyn (2003). Historical Dictionary of Mesopotamia. Lanham: The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0810846494.
  • Marchesi, Gianni (2010). "The Sumerian King List and the Early History of Mesopotamia". Ana turri gimilli: Studi dedicati al Padre Werner R. Mayer, S. J., da amici e allievi.
  • Murai, Nobuaki (1979). Studies in the aklu Documents of the Middle Babylonian Period (PhD thesis). Leiden University.
  • Oppenheim, A. Leo (1977). Reiner, Erica (ed.). Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait of a Dead Civilization (Revised ed.). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226631875.
  • Roaf, Michael (1996). Cultural Atlas of Mesopotamia and the Ancient Near East. New York: Facts on File Inc. ISBN 0-8160-2218-6.

Web sources edit

  • "Ancient Egypt and Archaeology Web Site - Ancient Egypt - Assyrian". www.ancient-egypt.co.uk. Retrieved 2019-11-13.
  • "The Assyrian King List - Livius". www.livius.org. Retrieved 2 April 2019.

January 01, 1970
list, mesopotamian, dynasties, history, mesopotamia, extends, from, lower, paleolithic, period, until, establishment, caliphate, late, century, after, which, region, came, known, iraq, this, list, covers, dynasties, monarchs, mesopotamia, until, fall, babyloni. The history of Mesopotamia extends from the Lower Paleolithic period until the establishment of the Caliphate in the late 7th century AD after which the region came to be known as Iraq This list covers dynasties and monarchs of Mesopotamia up until the fall of the Neo Babylonian Empire in 539 BC after which native Mesopotamian monarchs never again ruled the region A selection of Mesopotamian rulers Ur Nanshe of Lagash top left c 2500 BC Naram Sin of Akkad top right c 2254 2218 BC Marduk nadin ahhe of Babylon bottom left c 1095 1078 BC and Sargon II of Assyria bottom right 722 705 BC The earliest records of writing are known from the Uruk period or Protoliterate period in the 4th millennium BC with documentation of actual historical events and the ancient history of the region being known from the middle of the third millennium BC onwards alongside cuneiform records written by early kings This period known as the Early Dynastic Period is typically subdivided into three 2900 2750 BC ED I 2750 2600 BC ED II and 2600 2350 BC ED III 1 and was followed by Akkadian 2350 2100 BC and Neo Sumerian 2112 2004 BC periods after which Mesopotamia was most often divided between Assyria in the north and Babylonia in the south In 609 BC after about a century of the kings of the Neo Assyrian Empire ruling both Assyria and Babylonia the Neo Babylonian Empire destroyed Assyria and became the sole power in Mesopotamia The conquest of Babylon by the Achaemenid Empire in 539 BC initiated centuries of Iranian rule under the Achaemenid Parthian and Sasanian empires which was only briefly interrupted by the Hellenistic Argeads and Seleucids 331 141 BC and the Roman Empire AD 116 117 This list follows the middle chronology the most widely used chronology of Mesopotamian history Contents 1 Early dynastic period c 2900 2350 BC 2 Akkadian and Neo Sumerian periods c 2334 2004 BC 3 Isin Larsa and rise of Babylon c 2025 1750 BC 4 Fragmentation of Babylonia c 1749 1475 BC 5 Babylonia and rising Assyria c 1475 539 BC 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 8 1 Bibliography 8 2 Web sourcesEarly dynastic period c 2900 2350 BC editBefore the rise of the Akkadian Empire in the 24th century BC Mesopotamia was fragmented into a number of city states Whereas some surviving Mesopotamian documents such as the Sumerian King List describe this period as one where there was only one legitimate king at any one given time and kingship was transferred from city to city sequentially the historical reality was that there were often many political leaders at any one given time 2 The Sumerian King List is generally not regarded as historically reliable given the exaggerated reign lengths some rulers are described as ruling for hundreds or even thousands of years and the fact that out of the massive amount of pre Akkadian rulers listed in the SKL very few are actually attested in surviving evidence from the Early Dynastic period 3 It is considered most appropriate by modern scholars to rely solely on actual Early Dynastic sources for reconstructing historical events during the Early Dynastic period 4 As such the table below only lists rulers whose existence is attested by other more contemporary sources Century Kish Uruk Ur Lagash Umma Adab c 2600s BC Enmebaragesi 5 Aga of Kish UhubMesilimMeskiagnun 3 Elulu 3 Gilgamesh 3 5 A ImdugudUr PabilsagMeskalamdug 6 Akalamdug 6 Mesannepada 3 A annepada 6 Meskiagnun 3 Elulu 3 c 2500s BC En hegalLugalshaengurUr Nanshe 6 Akurgal 6 PabilgagaltukuUsh c 2400s BC Lugal kinishe duduLugal kisalsi Lugal kinishe duduLugal kisalsi Lugal kinishe duduLugal kisalsi Eannatum 6 Enannatum I 6 Entemena 6 Enannatum II 6 Enentarzi 6 EnakalleUr LummaIlGishakiduEdinMeaneduUshurdu Lugal Anne MunduMug siE iginimpa e c 2300s BC Lugal zage si 3 EnshakushannaLugal zage si 3 Lugalanda 6 UrukaginaLugal zage si 3 Lugalanda 6 UrukaginaLugal zage si 3 UkushLugal zage si 3 MeskigalLugal zage si 3 Akkadian and Neo Sumerian periods c 2334 2004 BC editAkkad Gutium Lagash Uruk Ur Name Reign Ref Name Reign Ref Name Reign Ref Name Reign Ref Sargonic dynasty Sargon c 2334 2279 BC 7 Rimush c 2278 2270 BC 7 Manishtushu c 2269 2255 BC 7 Second dynasty of Lagash Naram Sin c 2254 2218 BC 7 Gutian dynasty Lugal ushumgal c 2230 2210 BC Shar Kali Sharri c 2217 2193 BC 7 Erridupizir c 2220 2202 BC Puzer Mama around 2210 BC Fourth dynasty of Uruk Imta c 2202 2199 BC Ur Ningirsu I around 2200 BC Ur nigin around 2200 BC Pirig me around 2200 BC Ur gigir around 2200 BC Inkishush c 2199 2195 BC Igigi non dynastic c 2193 BC 7 Sarlagab c 2195 2192 BC Kuda uncertain Imi non dynastic c 2192 BC 7 Shulme c 2192 2186 BC Lu Baba uncertain Puzur ili uncertain Nanum non dynastic c 2191 BC 7 Ilulu non dynastic c 2190 BC 7 Lugula uncertain Ur Utu uncertain Dudu c 2189 2169 BC 7 Elulmesh c 2186 2180 BC Inimabakesh c 2180 2175 BC Igeshaush c 2175 2169 BC Kaku uncertain Shu turul c 2168 2154 BC 7 Yarlagab c 2169 2154 BC Akkad defeated by the Gutians Ibate c 2154 2151 BC Ur Baba c 2157 2144 BC Yarla c 2151 2148 BC Kurum c 2148 2147 BC Apilkin c 2147 2144 BC La erabum c 2144 2142 BC Gudea c 2144 2124 BC Irarum c 2142 2140 BC Ibranum c 2140 2139 BC Hablum c 2139 2137 BC Puzur Suen c 2137 2130 BC Yarlaganda c 2130 2123 BC Si um c 2123 2116 BC Ur Ningirsu II c 2124 2119 BC Fifth dynasty of Uruk Tirigan c 2116 BC Ur gar c 2117 2113 BC Utu hengal c 2119 2113 BC Gutians defeated by Utu Hengal of Uruk Third dynasty of Ur Nam mahani c 2113 2110 BC Ur Nammu c 2112 2095 BC 8 Lagash defeated by Ur Nammu of Ur Shulgi c 2094 2047 BC 8 Amar Sin c 2046 2038 BC 8 Shu Sin c 2037 2029 BC 8 Ibbi Sin c 2028 2004 BC 8 Isin Larsa and rise of Babylon c 2025 1750 BC editSouthern Mesopotamia Northern Mesopotamia Isin Larsa Babylon Uruk Eshnunna Assyria Name Reign Ref Name Reign Ref Name Reign Ref Name Reign Ref Name Reign Ref Name Reign Ref First dynasty of Isin Dynasty of Larsa Dynasty of Eshnunna Puzur Ashur dynasty Ishbi Erra c 2017 1985 BC 8 Naplanum c 2025 2005 BC 8 Ituria uncertain 9 Puzur Ashur I a uncertain 10 Emisum c 2004 1977 BC 8 Ilushuilia uncertain 9 Shalim ahum uncertain 10 Shu Ilishu c 1984 1975 BC 8 Nurakhum uncertain 9 Ilu shuma uncertain 10 Iddin Dagan c 1974 1954 BC 8 Samium c 1976 1942 BC 8 Kirikiri uncertain 9 Erishum I c 1974 1935 BC 10 Ishme Dagan c 1953 1935 BC 8 Zabaia c 1941 1933 BC 8 Bilalama uncertain 9 Lipit Eshtar c 1934 1924 BC 8 Gungunum c 1932 1906 BC 8 Azuzum uncertain 9 Ikunum c 1934 1921 BC 10 Ur Ninurta c 1923 1896 BC 8 Abisare c 1905 1895 BC 8 Amorite dynasty Dynasty I Ipiq Adad I uncertain 9 Sargon I c 1920 1881 BC 10 Bur Suen c 1895 1874 BC 8 Sumuel c 1894 1866 BC 8 Sumu abum c 1894 1881 BC 11 Shiqlanum uncertain 9 Lipit Enlil c 1873 1869 BC 8 Abdi Erah uncertain 9 Puzur Ashur II c 1880 1873 BC 10 Erra imitti c 1868 1861 BC 8 Nur Adad c 1865 1850 BC 8 Sumu la El c 1880 1845 BC 11 Sixth dynasty of Uruk Belakum uncertain 9 Enlil bani c 1860 1837 BC 8 Sin Iddinam c 1849 1843 BC 8 Sin kashid uncertain 12 Warassa uncertain 9 Naram Sin c 1872 1829 BC 10 Zambiya c 1836 1834 BC 8 Sin Eribam c 1842 1841 BC 8 Sabium c 1844 1831 BC 11 Sin eribam uncertain 12 Ibal pi El I uncertain 9 Iter pisha c 1833 1831 BC 8 Sin Iqisham c 1840 1836 BC 8 Sin gamil uncertain 12 Ipiq Adad II uncertain 9 Silli Adad c 1835 BC 8 Anam uncertain 12 Naram Sin uncertain 9 Ur du kuga c 1830 1828 BC 8 Warad Sin c 1834 1823 BC 13 Irdanene uncertain 12 Dadusha uncertain 9 Suen magir c 1827 1817 BC 8 Rim Sin I b c 1822 1763 BC 13 Apil Sin c 1830 1813 BC 11 Rim Anum uncertain 12 Ibal pi El II c 1762 BC 9 Erishum II c 1828 1809 BC 10 Shamshi Adad dynasty Damiq ilishu c 1816 1794 BC 8 Sin Muballit c 1812 1793 BC 11 Nabi ilishu c 1802 BC 12 Shamshi Adad I c 1808 1776 BC 10 Isin defeated by Rim Sin I of Larsa Hammurabi c 1792 1750 BC 11 Uruk defeated by Hammurabi of Babylon Eshnunna defeated by Siwepalarhuhpak of Elam Ishme Dagan I c 1775 1735 BC 10 Larsa defeated by Hammurabi of BabylonFragmentation of Babylonia c 1749 1475 BC editSouthern Mesopotamia Babylonia Northern Mesopotamia Babylon Kassites Sealand Assyria Name Reign Ref Name Reign Ref Name Reign Ref Name Reign Ref Amorite dynasty Dynasty I continued Kassite dynasty Dynasty III First Sealand dynasty Dynasty II Shamshi Adad dynasty continued Samsu iluna c 1749 1712 BC 11 Gandash c 1729 1704 BC 14 Ilum ma ili c 1725 BC 15 Mut Ashkur uncertain 16 Rimush uncertain 16 Abi Eshuh c 1711 1684 BC 11 Agum I c 1703 1682 BC 14 Itti ili nibi uncertain 15 Asinum uncertain 16 Seven usurpers Ashur dugul uncertain 16 Ashur apla idi 16 Nasir Sin 16 Sin namir 16 Ipqi Ishtar 16 Adad salulu 16 Adasi 16 Adaside dynasty Damqi ilishu uncertain 15 Bel bani c 1700 1691 BC 16 Kashtiliash I c 1681 1660 BC 14 Libaya c 1691 1674 BC 16 Ammi Ditana c 1683 1647 BC 11 Abi Rattash uncertain 17 Ishkibal uncertain 15 Sharma Adad I c 1673 1662 BC 16 Iptar Sin c 1661 1650 BC 16 Ammi Saduqa c 1646 1626 BC 11 Shushushi uncertain 15 Bazaya c 1649 1622 BC 16 Samsu Ditana c 1625 1595 BC 11 Kashtiliash II uncertain 17 Gulkishar uncertain 15 Lullaya c 1621 1616 BC 16 Shu Ninua c 1615 1602 BC 16 Sharma Adad II c 1601 1598 BC 16 Babylon destroyed by the Hittites Urzigurumash uncertain 17 Peshgaldaramesh c 1599 1549 BC 15 Erishum III c 1598 1586 BC 16 Agum II uncertain 17 Shamshi Adad II c 1585 1580 BC 16 Harba Shipak uncertain 17 Ishme Dagan II c 1580 1564 BC 16 Kassite dynasty Dynasty III Shipta ulzi uncertain 17 Shamshi Adad III c 1564 1548 BC 16 Burnaburiash I c c 1530 1500 BC 18 Burnaburiash I c 1530 1500 BC 18 Ayadaragalama c 1548 1520 BC 15 Ashur nirari I c 1548 1522 BC 16 Akurduana c 1519 1493 BC 15 Puzur Ashur III c 1522 1498 BC 16 Ulamburiash around 1475 BC 17 Ulamburiash around 1475 BC 17 Melamkurkurra c 1492 1485 BC 15 Enlil nasir I c 1498 1485 BC 16 Ea gamil c 1484 1475 BC 15 Nur ili c 1485 1473 BC 16 Babylonia and rising Assyria c 1475 539 BC editMain articles List of kings of Babylon and List of Assyrian kings Babylonia Assyria Name Reign Ref Name Reign Ref Kassite dynasty Dynasty III continued Adaside dynasty continued Ulamburiash d around 1475 BC 17 Ashur shaduni c 1473 BC 16 Kashtiliash III uncertain 17 Ashur rabi I c 1473 1453 BC 16 Ashur nadin ahhe I c 1453 1431 BC 16 Agum III uncertain 17 Enlil nasir II c 1430 1425 BC 16 Ashur nirari II c 1424 1418 BC 16 Karaindash around 1415 BC 17 Ashur bel nisheshu c 1417 1409 BC 16 Ashur rim nisheshu c 1408 1401 BC 16 Kadashman Harbe I around 1400 BC 17 Ashur nadin ahhe II c 1400 1391 BC 16 Eriba Adad I c 1390 1364 BC 16 Kurigalzu I uncertain 17 Ashur uballit I e c 1363 1328 BC 19 Kadashman Enlil I c 1374 1360 BC 17 Burnaburiash II c 1359 1333 BC 17 Kara hardash c 1333 BC 17 Enlil nirari c 1327 1318 BC 19 Nazi Bugash c 1333 BC 17 Kurigalzu II c 1332 1308 BC 17 Arik den ili c 1317 1306 BC 19 Nazi Maruttash c 1307 1282 BC 17 Adad nirari I c 1305 1274 BC 19 Kadashman Turgu c 1281 1264 BC 17 Shalmaneser I c 1273 1244 BC 19 Kadashman Enlil II c 1263 1255 BC 17 Kudur Enlil c 1254 1246 BC 17 Shagarakti Shuriash c 1245 1233 BC 17 Tukulti Ninurta I c 1243 1207 BC 19 Kashtiliash IV c 1232 1225 BC 17 Enlil nadin shumi c 1224 BC 17 Kadashman Harbe II c 1223 BC 17 Adad shuma iddina c 1222 1217 BC 17 Adad shuma usur c 1216 1187 BC 17 Ashur nadin apli c 1206 1203 BC 19 Ashur nirari III c 1202 1197 BC 19 Enlil kudurri usur c 1196 1192 BC 19 Meli Shipak c 1186 1172 BC 17 Ninurta apal Ekur c 1191 1179 BC 19 Marduk apla iddina I c 1171 1159 BC 17 Ashur dan I c 1178 1133 BC 10 Zababa shuma iddin c 1158 BC 17 Enlil nadin ahi c 1157 1155 BC 17 Second dynasty of Isin Dynasty IV Marduk kabit ahheshu c 1153 1136 BC 20 Itti Marduk balatu c 1135 1128 BC 20 Ninurta tukulti Ashur c 1132 BC 10 Mutakkil nusku c 1132 BC 10 Ninurta nadin shumi c 1127 1122 BC 20 Ashur resh ishi I 1132 1115 BC 10 Nebuchadnezzar I c 1121 1100 BC 20 Tiglath Pileser I 1114 1076 BC 10 Enlil nadin apli c 1099 1096 BC 20 Marduk nadin ahhe c 1095 1078 BC 20 Marduk shapik zeri c 1077 1065 BC 20 Asharid apal Ekur 1075 1074 BC 10 Adad apla iddina c 1064 1043 BC 20 Ashur bel kala 1073 1056 BC 10 Eriba Adad II 1055 1054 BC 10 Shamshi Adad IV 1053 1050 BC 10 Marduk ahhe eriba c 1042 BC 20 Ashurnasirpal I 1049 1031 BC 10 Marduk zer X c 1041 1030 BC 20 Nabu shum libur c 1029 1022 BC 20 Shalmaneser II 1030 1019 BC 10 Second Sealand dynasty Dynasty V Ashur nirari IV 1018 1013 BC 10 Simbar shipak c 1021 1004 BC 21 Ea mukin zeri c 1004 BC 21 Ashur rabi II 1012 972 BC 10 Kashshu nadin ahi c 1003 1001 BC 21 Bazi dynasty Dynasty VI Eulmash shakin shumi c 1000 984 BC 21 Ninurta kudurri usur I c 983 981 BC 21 Shirikti shuqamuna c 981 BC 21 Elamite dynasty Dynasty VII Mar biti apla usur c 980 975 BC 21 Dynasty of E Dynasty VIII Nabu mukin apli c 974 939 BC 22 Ashur resh ishi II 971 967 BC 10 Tiglath Pileser II 967 935 BC 10 Ninurta kudurri usur II c 939 BC 22 Ashur dan II 935 912 BC 10 Mar biti ahhe iddina c 938 BC 22 Shamash mudammiq c 901 BC 22 Nabu shuma ukin I c 900 887 BC 22 Adad nirari II f 912 891 BC 10 Nabu apla iddina c 886 853 BC 22 Tukulti Ninurta II 891 884 BC 10 Marduk zakir shumi I c 852 825 BC 22 Ashurnasirpal II 884 859 BC 10 Shalmaneser III 859 824 BC 10 Marduk balassu iqbi c 824 813 BC 22 Shamshi Adad V 824 811 BC 10 Baba aha iddina c 813 812 BC 22 Adad nirari III 811 783 BC 10 Ninurta apla X uncertain 22 Marduk bel zeri uncertain 22 Marduk apla usur uncertain 22 Shalmaneser IV 783 773 BC 10 Eriba Marduk c 769 760 BC 22 Ashur dan III 773 755 BC 10 Nabu shuma ishkun c 760 748 BC 22 Ashur nirari V 755 745 BC 10 Nabonassar 748 734 BC 22 Tiglath Pileser III 745 727 BC 10 Nabu nadin zeri 734 732 BC 22 Nabu shuma ukin II 732 BC 22 Nabu mukin zeri g non dynastic 732 729 BC 23 Adaside dynasty also in Assyria Tiglath Pileser III 729 727 BC 23 Shalmaneser V 727 722 BC 23 Shalmaneser V 727 722 BC 10 Sargonid dynasty Marduk apla iddina II h non dynastic 722 710 BC 23 Sargon II 722 705 BC 10 Sargon II 710 705 BC 23 Sennacherib 705 703 BC 23 Sennacherib 705 681 BC 10 Marduk zakir shumi II non dynastic 703 BC 23 Marduk apla iddina II h non dynastic 703 BC 23 Bel ibni i vassal king 703 700 BC 23 Ashur nadin shumi 700 694 BC 23 Nergal ushezib i non dynastic 694 693 BC 23 Mushezib Marduk i non dynastic 693 689 BC 23 Sennacherib 689 681 BC 23 Esarhaddon 681 669 BC 23 Esarhaddon 681 669 BC 10 Shamash shum ukin 668 648 BC 23 Ashurbanipal 669 631 BC 10 Kandalanu vassal king 647 627 BC 23 Ashur etil ilani 631 627 BC 10 Sinsharishkun 627 626 BC 23 Sinsharishkun 627 612 BC 10 Sin shumu lishir usurper 626 BC 10 Chaldean dynasty Dynasty X Nabopolassar 626 605 BC 24 Ashur uballit II 612 609 BC 10 Nebuchadnezzar II 605 562 BC 24 Assyria defeated by Nabopolassar of Babylon Amel Marduk 562 560 BC 24 Neriglissar non dynastic 560 556 BC 24 Labashi Marduk non dynastic 556 BC 24 Nabonidus non dynastic 556 539 BC 24 See also editChronology of the ancient Near East List of kings of Akkad List of Assyrian kings List of kings of Babylon Sumerian King List List of monarchs of Persia List of rulers of Elam List of pharaohs List of Hittite kings Mitanni History of institutions in MesopotamiaNotes edit Considered the first king of the Old Assyrian period Rim Sin I was the last independent king of Larsa though the city rebelled against Hammurabi s successor Samsu iluna in 1737 with Rim Sin II briefly ruling there as king The earliest Kassite ruler confidently attested as ruling Babylon itself Reunified Babylonia through defeating Ea gamil the last king of the First Sealand dynasty Considered the first king of the Middle Assyrian period Considered the first king of the Neo Assyrian Empire Sometimes assigned to his own dynasty the Shapi dynasty a b Sometimes assigned to his own dynasty the Third Sealand dynasty a b c Assigned to the earlier Dynasty of E in king listsReferences edit Early Dynastic Period Mesopotamia Marchesi 2010 p 234 a b c d e f g h i j k l m Marchesi 2010 pp 236 237 Marchesi 2010 p 238 a b Beaulieu 2018 p 36 a b c d e f g h i j k l Crawford 2013 p xxiii a b c d e f g h i j k Crawford 2013 p xxiv a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af Oppenheim 1977 p 336 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Roaf 1996 p 111 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at Chen 2020 pp 197 201 a b c d e f g h i j k Chen 2020 pp 202 206 Beaulieu 2018 p 69 a b c d e f g Roaf 1996 p 110 a b Oppenheim 1977 p 337 a b c Chen 2020 pp 202 206 Beaulieu 2018 p 126 Murai 1979 p 6 a b c d e f g h i j k Chen 2020 pp 202 206 Beaulieu 2018 pp 129 130 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai Assyrian King List Ancient Egypt and Archaeology a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Chen 2020 pp 202 206 Beaulieu 2018 p 126 a b Chen 2020 pp 202 206 Beaulieu 2018 p 126 Leick 2003 p 142 a b c d e f g h i j Assyrian King List Kuhrt 1995 p 351 a b c d e f g h i j k Beaulieu 2018 p 155 a b c d e f g Beaulieu 2018 pp 176 178 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Beaulieu 2018 p 178 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Beaulieu 2018 p 195 a b c d e f Beaulieu 2018 p 220 Bibliography edit Beaulieu Paul Alain 2018 A History of Babylon 2200 BC AD 75 Pondicherry Wiley ISBN 978 1405188999 Chen Fei 2020 Study on the Synchronistic King List from Ashur Leiden BRILL ISBN 978 9004430914 Crawford Harriet 2013 The Sumerian World Routledge ISBN 978 0415569675 Kuhrt Amelie 1995 The Ancient Near East C 3000 330 BC Volume 1 Routledge ISBN 0 415 01353 4 Leick Gwendolyn 2003 Historical Dictionary of Mesopotamia Lanham The Scarecrow Press ISBN 978 0810846494 Marchesi Gianni 2010 The Sumerian King List and the Early History of Mesopotamia Ana turri gimilli Studi dedicati al Padre Werner R Mayer S J da amici e allievi Murai Nobuaki 1979 Studies in theakluDocuments of the Middle Babylonian Period PhD thesis Leiden University Oppenheim A Leo 1977 Reiner Erica ed Ancient Mesopotamia Portrait of a Dead Civilization Revised ed University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0226631875 Roaf Michael 1996 Cultural Atlas of Mesopotamia and the Ancient Near East New York Facts on File Inc ISBN 0 8160 2218 6 Web sources edit Ancient Egypt and Archaeology Web Site Ancient Egypt Assyrian www ancient egypt co uk Retrieved 2019 11 13 The Assyrian King List Livius www livius org Retrieved 2 April 2019 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of Mesopotamian dynasties amp oldid 1192801552, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.