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Shagarakti-Shuriash

January 06, 2023

Šagarakti-Šuriaš, written phonetically ša-ga-ra-ak-ti-šur-ia-aš or dša-garak-ti-šu-ri-ia-aš in cuneiform or in a variety of other forms, Šuriaš (a Kassite sun god corresponding to Babylonian Šamaš) gives me life, (1245–1233 BC short chronology) was the twenty seventh king of the Third or Kassite dynasty of Babylon. The earliest extant economic text is dated to the 5th day of Nisan in his accession year, corresponding to his predecessor’s year 9, suggesting the succession occurred very early in the year as this month was the first in the Babylonian calendar.[1] He ruled for thirteen years and was succeeded by his son, Kaštiliašu IV.[i 1]

Šagarakti-Šuriaš
King of Babylon
The Nabonidus Cylinder which names Šagarakti-Šuriaš as builder of the Eulmaš temple.
Reign1245–1233 BC
PredecessorKudur-Enlil
SuccessorKaštiliašu IV
HouseKassite

Biography

The Babylonian King List A names Kudur-Enlil as his father but there are no confirmatory contemporary inscriptions and the reigns are too short around this period to allow for the genealogy alleged by this king list.[1] He is featured in a letter written in later times between the Assyrian king Tukulti-Ninurta I and the Hittite king, possibly Suppiluliuma II. Unfortunately the text is not well preserved, but the phrase “non-son of Kudur-Enlil” is apparently used to describe him, in a passage discussing the genealogy of the Kassite monarchy.[2]

Economic turbulence

More than three hundred economic texts have been found in several caches from Ur, Dur-Kurigalzu, and overwhelmingly Nippur dated to Šagarakti-Šuriaš’ reign. In addition, there are 127 tablets recently published probably recovered from Dūr-Enlilē.[3] They are characterized by the extraordinary variety of spellings used to name this king, who bears a defiantly Kassite title in contrast with his predecessor. Brinkman identifies eighty four[1] permutations, but disputes the suggestion by others that Ātanaḫ-Šamaš was a Babylonianized equivalent adopted to overcome the linguistic problems of the natives.[4] The texts record events such as the hire of slaves, payments in butter to temple servants, and even an agreement to assume a debt for which a priest had been imprisoned.[5] Amīl-Marduk was the Šandabakku or governor of Nippur during his reign, a position he had filled since the earlier reign of Kudur-Enlil. Four tablets obtained on the antiquities market but believed to be from Nippur concern the release of prisoners after a guarantee. They date to the ascession year, year 1, and year 2 of Šagarakti-Šuriaš.[6]

It has been suggested that the preponderance of commercial texts detailing debts, loans and slave transactions indicate that Babylonia faced hard economic times during his reign, where people sold themselves into slavery to repay their creditors.[7] One of which[i 2] seems to indicate his involvement in the incarceration of an individual[8] while another[i 3] is a declaration of zakût nippurēti, "freeing of the women of Nippur" as part of a general amnesty.[9] Ini-Tešub, the king of Kargamiš, wrote a letter to him complaining about the activities of the Ahlamu and their effect on communications and presumably trade.[2]

The Sippar-Annunītu Eulmaš of Ištar-Annunītu

Šagarakti-Šuriaš built the shrine, or Eulmaš, of the warrior goddess Ištar-Annunītu, in the city of Sippar-Annunītu.[10] Nabonidus (556-539 BC), the last king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, recorded on one of his four foundation cylinders, pictured, that

I excavated, surveyed, and inspected the old foundations of Eulmaš, (Anunitu’s) temple which is in Sippar-Anunitu, which for eight hundred years, since the time of Šagarakti-Šuriaš, king of Babylon, son of Kudur-Enlil, and on the foundation deposit of Šagarakti-Šuriaš, son of Kudur Enlil, I cleared its foundations and laid its brickwork.[11]

— Inscription of Nabonidus, cylinder BM 91124, in the British Museum.

They were actually separated by slightly less than six hundred and eighty years. This is the only other inscription describing Šagarakti-Šuriaš as son of Kudur-Enlil. Another of his cylinders quotes his statue inscription, buried in a trench at the site of the temple:

Šhagarakti-šuriaš, a faithful shepherd, a revered prince, favorite of Šamaš and Anunit - am I. When Šamaš and Anunit, for lordship of the Land mentioned a name, they filled my hands with the leading string of all peoples. At that time Ebarra the temple of Šamaš of Sippar, my lord, and Eulmaš temple of Anunit of Sippar-Anunit, my lady, whose walls since the time of Zabum because of old age had sagged - their walls I demolished. Of their ruined foundations - I took away their earth. Their shrine(s) I preserved. Their plans I retained perfect. I filled in their foundations with earth; the supporting wall(s) I restored. Their walls in their places I embellished. Their appearance I rendered more excellent than before. Forever, O Šamaš and Anunit, because of my precious deeds may your hearts be glad. May they lengthen my days. May they renew (my) life. Days of joy, month(s) of happiness, years of prosperity may they grant (me) as a gift. A judgment of precision and justice may I speak, and may they cause peace to be always.[12]

— Inscription of Nabonidus, cylinder BM 104738, column III, lines 44 to 62.

The Seal legend

 
Cuneiform inscriptions found on the lapis lazuli cylinder seal of Shagarakti-Shuriash were recorded on this clay tablet from Nineveh, Iraq. Circa 689 BC. Currently housed in the British Museum in London

A clay tablet from the time of Sennacherib (705–681 BC) quotes a legendary inscription from a lapis lazuli seal. Originally the seal was in the possession of Shagarakti-Shuriash, but was carried off to Nineveh by Tukulti-Ninurta I (1243–1207 BC) as war booty when he sacked Babylon during Kaštiliašu’s reign, and he had his own inscription engraved on it without erasing the original. Sometime afterwards the seal again found its way back to Babylon, in circumstances unknown, where it was re-plundered, some six hundred years later by Sennacherib.[13][14][15]

A brick discovered in situ in Nippur has an inscription along its edge which shows that Šagarakti-Šuriaš commissioned work here on the Ekur of Enlil as well.[16]

Inscriptions

  1. ^ Babylonian King List A, BM 33332, a broken and badly worn tablet in the British Museum, provides his name in abbreviated form, Šá-ga-rak-[ti-], and the length of his reign.
  2. ^ Tablet Ni 2891.
  3. ^ Ni 2885.

References

  1. ^ a b c J. A. Brinkman (1976). "Šagarakti-Šuriaš". Materials for the Study of Kassite History, Vol. I (MSKH I). Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. pp. 287, 305–310.
  2. ^ a b Itamar Singer (2006). "KBo 28.61-64, and the struggle over the throne of Babylon". Ḫattuša-Boğazköy. Gernot Wilhelm. pp. 223–245.
  3. ^ Wilfred van Soldt (2015). Middle Babylonian Texts in the Cornell University Collections: I. The Later Kings (CUSAS 30). CDL Press. p. 23.
  4. ^ J. A. Brinkman. "Ātanaḫ-Šamaš". MSKH I. pp. 323–324.
  5. ^ Albert T. Clay (1906). Documents from the Temple Archives of Nippur dated in the Reigns of the Cassite Rulers. Departmenf of Archaeology, University of Pennsylvania. pp. 71–72. CBM 3341, 3519, 12908.
  6. ^ Levavi, Yuval. “FOUR MIDDLE-BABYLONIAN LEGAL DOCUMENTS CONCERNING PRISON.” Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie Orientale, vol. 111, 2017
  7. ^ Stephen Bertman (2003). Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia. Oxford University Press. p. 102.
  8. ^ Jonathan S. Tenney (2011). Life at the Bottom of Babylonian Society. Brill. p. 120.
  9. ^ J. A. Brinkman (2006). "Babylonian Royal Land Grants, Memorials of Financial Interest, and Invocation of the Divine". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 49 (2): 42. JSTOR 25165127. note 187.
  10. ^ Alexa Bartelmus, and Jon Taylor. “COLLECTING AND CONNECTING HISTORY: NABONIDUS AND THE KASSITE REBUILDING OF E(UL)MAŠ OF (IŠTAR)-ANNUNĪTU IN SIPPAR-ANNUNĪTU.” Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 66, 2014, pp. 113–28
  11. ^ George R. Law (2010). Identification of Darius the Mede. Ready Scribe Press. p. 207.
  12. ^ S. Langdon (Jan 1916). "New Inscriptions of Nabuna'id". The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures. 32 (2): 115. doi:10.1086/369788. JSTOR 52834.
  13. ^ Olaf Alfred Toffteen (1907). Ancient chronology. University of Chicago Press. pp. 71–72. K.2673
  14. ^ L. W. King (1904). Records of the reign of Tukulti-Ninib I, King of Assyria, about B.C. 1275. Luzac and Co. pp. 66–69.
  15. ^ Dolores Casero Chamorro, María. "Stolen, Not Given?". At the Dawn of History: Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of J. N. Postgate, edited by Yağmur Heffron, Adam Stone and Martin Worthington, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, 2021, pp. 85-94
  16. ^ Hermann Vollrat Hilprecht (1903). Explorations in Bible lands during the 19th century. A. J. Hollman & Company. p. 472.

January 06, 2023
shagarakti, shuriash, Šagarakti, Šuriaš, written, phonetically, šur, dša, garak, cuneiform, variety, other, forms, Šuriaš, kassite, corresponding, babylonian, Šamaš, gives, life, 1245, 1233, short, chronology, twenty, seventh, king, third, kassite, dynasty, ba. Sagarakti Surias written phonetically sa ga ra ak ti sur ia as or dsa garak ti su ri ia as in cuneiform or in a variety of other forms Surias a Kassite sun god corresponding to Babylonian Samas gives me life 1245 1233 BC short chronology was the twenty seventh king of the Third or Kassite dynasty of Babylon The earliest extant economic text is dated to the 5th day of Nisan in his accession year corresponding to his predecessor s year 9 suggesting the succession occurred very early in the year as this month was the first in the Babylonian calendar 1 He ruled for thirteen years and was succeeded by his son Kastiliasu IV i 1 Sagarakti SuriasKing of BabylonThe Nabonidus Cylinder which names Sagarakti Surias as builder of the Eulmas temple Reign1245 1233 BCPredecessorKudur EnlilSuccessorKastiliasu IVHouseKassite Contents 1 Biography 1 1 Economic turbulence 1 2 The Sippar Annunitu Eulmas of Istar Annunitu 1 3 The Seal legend 2 Inscriptions 3 ReferencesBiography EditThe Babylonian King List A names Kudur Enlil as his father but there are no confirmatory contemporary inscriptions and the reigns are too short around this period to allow for the genealogy alleged by this king list 1 He is featured in a letter written in later times between the Assyrian king Tukulti Ninurta I and the Hittite king possibly Suppiluliuma II Unfortunately the text is not well preserved but the phrase non son of Kudur Enlil is apparently used to describe him in a passage discussing the genealogy of the Kassite monarchy 2 Economic turbulence Edit More than three hundred economic texts have been found in several caches from Ur Dur Kurigalzu and overwhelmingly Nippur dated to Sagarakti Surias reign In addition there are 127 tablets recently published probably recovered from Dur Enlile 3 They are characterized by the extraordinary variety of spellings used to name this king who bears a defiantly Kassite title in contrast with his predecessor Brinkman identifies eighty four 1 permutations but disputes the suggestion by others that Atanaḫ Samas was a Babylonianized equivalent adopted to overcome the linguistic problems of the natives 4 The texts record events such as the hire of slaves payments in butter to temple servants and even an agreement to assume a debt for which a priest had been imprisoned 5 Amil Marduk was the Sandabakku or governor of Nippur during his reign a position he had filled since the earlier reign of Kudur Enlil Four tablets obtained on the antiquities market but believed to be from Nippur concern the release of prisoners after a guarantee They date to the ascession year year 1 and year 2 of Sagarakti Surias 6 It has been suggested that the preponderance of commercial texts detailing debts loans and slave transactions indicate that Babylonia faced hard economic times during his reign where people sold themselves into slavery to repay their creditors 7 One of which i 2 seems to indicate his involvement in the incarceration of an individual 8 while another i 3 is a declaration of zakut nippureti freeing of the women of Nippur as part of a general amnesty 9 Ini Tesub the king of Kargamis wrote a letter to him complaining about the activities of the Ahlamu and their effect on communications and presumably trade 2 The Sippar Annunitu Eulmas of Istar Annunitu Edit Sagarakti Surias built the shrine or Eulmas of the warrior goddess Istar Annunitu in the city of Sippar Annunitu 10 Nabonidus 556 539 BC the last king of the Neo Babylonian Empire recorded on one of his four foundation cylinders pictured that I excavated surveyed and inspected the old foundations of Eulmas Anunitu s temple which is in Sippar Anunitu which for eight hundred years since the time of Sagarakti Surias king of Babylon son of Kudur Enlil and on the foundation deposit of Sagarakti Surias son of Kudur Enlil I cleared its foundations and laid its brickwork 11 Inscription of Nabonidus cylinder BM 91124 in the British Museum They were actually separated by slightly less than six hundred and eighty years This is the only other inscription describing Sagarakti Surias as son of Kudur Enlil Another of his cylinders quotes his statue inscription buried in a trench at the site of the temple Shagarakti surias a faithful shepherd a revered prince favorite of Samas and Anunit am I When Samas and Anunit for lordship of the Land mentioned a name they filled my hands with the leading string of all peoples At that time Ebarra the temple of Samas of Sippar my lord and Eulmas temple of Anunit of Sippar Anunit my lady whose walls since the time of Zabum because of old age had sagged their walls I demolished Of their ruined foundations I took away their earth Their shrine s I preserved Their plans I retained perfect I filled in their foundations with earth the supporting wall s I restored Their walls in their places I embellished Their appearance I rendered more excellent than before Forever O Samas and Anunit because of my precious deeds may your hearts be glad May they lengthen my days May they renew my life Days of joy month s of happiness years of prosperity may they grant me as a gift A judgment of precision and justice may I speak and may they cause peace to be always 12 Inscription of Nabonidus cylinder BM 104738 column III lines 44 to 62 The Seal legend Edit Cuneiform inscriptions found on the lapis lazuli cylinder seal of Shagarakti Shuriash were recorded on this clay tablet from Nineveh Iraq Circa 689 BC Currently housed in the British Museum in London A clay tablet from the time of Sennacherib 705 681 BC quotes a legendary inscription from a lapis lazuli seal Originally the seal was in the possession of Shagarakti Shuriash but was carried off to Nineveh by Tukulti Ninurta I 1243 1207 BC as war booty when he sacked Babylon during Kastiliasu s reign and he had his own inscription engraved on it without erasing the original Sometime afterwards the seal again found its way back to Babylon in circumstances unknown where it was re plundered some six hundred years later by Sennacherib 13 14 15 A brick discovered in situ in Nippur has an inscription along its edge which shows that Sagarakti Surias commissioned work here on the Ekur of Enlil as well 16 Inscriptions Edit Babylonian King List A BM 33332 a broken and badly worn tablet in the British Museum provides his name in abbreviated form Sa ga rak ti and the length of his reign Tablet Ni 2891 Ni 2885 References Edit a b c J A Brinkman 1976 Sagarakti Surias Materials for the Study of Kassite History Vol I MSKH I Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago pp 287 305 310 a b Itamar Singer 2006 KBo 28 61 64 and the struggle over the throne of Babylon Ḫattusa Bogazkoy Gernot Wilhelm pp 223 245 Wilfred van Soldt 2015 Middle Babylonian Texts in the Cornell University Collections I The Later Kings CUSAS 30 CDL Press p 23 J A Brinkman Atanaḫ Samas MSKH I pp 323 324 Albert T Clay 1906 Documents from the Temple Archives of Nippur dated in the Reigns of the Cassite Rulers Departmenf of Archaeology University of Pennsylvania pp 71 72 CBM 3341 3519 12908 Levavi Yuval FOUR MIDDLE BABYLONIAN LEGAL DOCUMENTS CONCERNING PRISON Revue d Assyriologie et d archeologie Orientale vol 111 2017 Stephen Bertman 2003 Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia Oxford University Press p 102 Jonathan S Tenney 2011 Life at the Bottom of Babylonian Society Brill p 120 J A Brinkman 2006 Babylonian Royal Land Grants Memorials of Financial Interest and Invocation of the Divine Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 49 2 42 JSTOR 25165127 note 187 Alexa Bartelmus and Jon Taylor COLLECTING AND CONNECTING HISTORY NABONIDUS AND THE KASSITE REBUILDING OF E UL MAS OF ISTAR ANNUNiTU IN SIPPAR ANNUNiTU Journal of Cuneiform Studies vol 66 2014 pp 113 28 George R Law 2010 Identification of Darius the Mede Ready Scribe Press p 207 S Langdon Jan 1916 New Inscriptions of Nabuna id The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures 32 2 115 doi 10 1086 369788 JSTOR 52834 Olaf Alfred Toffteen 1907 Ancient chronology University of Chicago Press pp 71 72 K 2673 L W King 1904 Records of the reign of Tukulti Ninib I King of Assyria about B C 1275 Luzac and Co pp 66 69 Dolores Casero Chamorro Maria Stolen Not Given At the Dawn of History Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of J N Postgate edited by Yagmur Heffron Adam Stone and Martin Worthington University Park USA Penn State University Press 2021 pp 85 94 Hermann Vollrat Hilprecht 1903 Explorations in Bible lands during the 19th century A J Hollman amp Company p 472 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Shagarakti Shuriash amp oldid 1096341622, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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