A spermatophyte (lit.'seed-bearing plants'; from Ancient Greekσπέρματος (spérmatos) 'seed', and φυτόν (phytón) 'plant'), also known as phanerogam (taxon Phanerogamae) or phaenogam (taxon Phaenogamae), is any plant that produces seeds, hence the alternative name seed plant. Spermatophytes are a subset of the embryophytes or land plants. They include most familiar types of plants, including all flowers and most trees, but exclude some other types of plants such as ferns, mosses, algae.
The term phanerogams or phanerogamae is derived from the Greekφανερός (phanerós), meaning "visible", in contrast to the cryptogamae (from Ancient Greekκρυπτός (kruptós) 'hidden'), together with the suffixγαμέω (gaméō), meaning "to marry". These terms distinguished those plants with hidden sexual organs (cryptogamae) from those with visible sexual organs (phanerogamae).
The extant spermatophytes form five divisions, the first four of which are traditionally grouped as gymnosperms, plants that have unenclosed, "naked seeds":[1]: 172
Cycadophyta, the cycads, a subtropical and tropical group of plants,
Ginkgophyta, which includes a single living species of tree in the genus Ginkgo,
The fifth extant division is the flowering plants, also known as angiosperms or magnoliophytes, the largest and most diverse group of spermatophytes:
Angiosperms, the flowering plants, possess seeds enclosed in a fruit, unlike gymnosperms.
In addition to the five living taxa listed above, the fossil record contains evidence of many extinct taxa of seed plants, among those:
Pteridospermae, the so-called "seed ferns", were one of the earliest successful groups of land plants, and forests dominated by seed ferns were prevalent in the late Paleozoic.
Glossopteris was the most prominent tree genus in the ancient southern supercontinent of Gondwana during the Permian period.
By the Triassic period, seed ferns had declined in ecological importance, and representatives of modern gymnosperm groups were abundant and dominant through the end of the Cretaceous, when the angiosperms radiated.
A whole genome duplication event in the ancestor of seed plants occurred about 319 million years ago.[2] This gave rise to a series of evolutionary changes that resulted in the origin of seed plants.
A middle Devonian (385-million-year-old) precursor to seed plants from Belgium has been identified predating the earliest seed plants by about 20 million years. Runcaria, small and radially symmetrical, is an integumented megasporangium surrounded by a cupule. The megasporangium bears an unopened distal extension protruding above the mutlilobed integument. It is suspected that the extension was involved in anemophilous (wind) pollination. Runcaria sheds new light on the sequence of character acquisition leading to the seed. Runcaria has all of the qualities of seed plants except for a solid seed coat and a system to guide the pollen to the seed.[3]
Seed-bearing plants are a subclade of the vascular plants (tracheophytes) and were traditionally divided into angiosperms, or flowering plants, and gymnosperms, which includes the gnetophytes, cycads, ginkgo, and conifers. Older morphological studies believed in a close relationship between the gnetophytes and the angiosperms,[4] in particular based on vessel elements. However, molecular studies (and some more recent morphological[5][6] and fossil[7] papers) have generally shown a clade of gymnosperms, with the gnetophytes in or near the conifers. For example, one common proposed set of relationships is known as the gne-pine hypothesis and looks like:[8][9][10]
An alternative phylogeny of spermatophytes based on the work by Novíkov & Barabaš-Krasni 2015[13] with plant taxon authors from Anderson, Anderson & Cleal 2007[14] showing the relationship of extinct clades.
^Judd, Walter S.; Campbell, Christopher S.; Kellogg, Elizabeth A.; Stevens, Peter F.; Donoghue, Michael J. (2002). Plant systematics, a phylogenetic approach (2 ed.). Sunderland MA, USA: Sinauer Associates Inc. ISBN0-87893-403-0.
^Jiao Y, Wickett NJ, Ayyampalayam S, Chanderbali AS, Landherr L, Ralph PE, Tomsho LP, Hu Y, Liang H, Soltis PS, Soltis DE, Clifton SW, Schlarbaum SE, Schuster SC, Ma H, Leebens-Mack J, Depamphilis CW (2011) Ancestral polyploidy in seed plants and angiosperms. Nature
^Gerrienne, P.; Meyer-Berthaud, B.; Fairon-Demaret, M.; Streel, M.; Steemans, P. (2011). "Science Magazine". Runcaria, A Middle Devonian Seed Plant Precursor. American Association for the Advancement of Science. 306 (5697): 856–858. doi:10.1126/science.1102491. PMID 15514154. S2CID 34269432. from the original on February 24, 2011. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
^ abPalmer, Jeffrey D.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Chase, Mark W. (2004). "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view". American Journal of Botany. 91 (10): 1437–1445. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1437. PMID 21652302.
^James A. Doyle (January 2006). "Seed ferns and the origin of angiosperms". The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society. 133 (1): 169–209. doi:10.3159/1095-5674(2006)133[169:SFATOO]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1095-5674. S2CID 86302668.
^Coiro, Mario; Chomicki, Guillaume; Doyle, James A. (n.d.). "Experimental signal dissection and method sensitivity analyses reaffirm the potential of fossils and morphology in the resolution of the relationship of angiosperms and Gnetales". Paleobiology. 44 (3): 490–510. doi:10.1017/pab.2018.23. ISSN 0094-8373. S2CID 91488394.
^Zi-Qiang Wang (2004). "A New Permian Gnetalean Cone as Fossil Evidence for Supporting Current Molecular Phylogeny". Annals of Botany. 94 (2): 281–288. doi:10.1093/aob/mch138. PMC4242163. PMID 15229124.
^Chaw, Shu-Miaw; Parkinson, Christopher L.; Cheng, Yuchang; Vincent, Thomas M.; Palmer, Jeffrey D. (2000). "Seed plant phylogeny inferred from all three plant genomes: Monophyly of extant gymnosperms and origin of Gnetales from conifers". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97 (8): 4086–4091. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.4086C. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.8.4086. PMC18157. PMID 10760277.
^Bowe, L. M.; Michelle, L.; Coat, Gwénaële; Claude (2000). "Phylogeny of seed plants based on all three genomic compartments: Extant gymnosperms are monophyletic and Gnetales' closest relatives are conifers". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97 (8): 4092–4097. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.4092B. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.8.4092. PMC18159. PMID 10760278.
^Soltis, Douglas E.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Zanis, Michael J. (2002). "Phylogeny of seed plants based on evidence from eight genes". American Journal of Botany. 89 (10): 1670–1681. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.10.1670. PMID 21665594.
^Chung-Shien Wu, Ya-Nan Wang, Shu-Mei Liu and Shu-Miaw Chaw (2007). "Chloroplast Genome (cpDNA) of Cycas taitungensis and 56 cp Protein-Coding Genes of Gnetum parvifolium: Insights into cpDNA Evolution and Phylogeny of Extant Seed Plants". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 24 (6): 1366–1379. doi:10.1093/molbev/msm059. PMID 17383970.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Won, Hyosig; Renner, Susanne (August 2006). "Dating Dispersal and Radiation in the Gymnosperm Gnetum (Gnetales)—Clock Calibration When Outgroup Relationships Are Uncertain". Systematic Biology. 55 (4): 610–622. doi:10.1080/10635150600812619. PMID 16969937.
^Novíkov & Barabaš-Krasni (2015). Modern plant systematics. Liga-Pres. p. 685. doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.4745.6164. ISBN978-966-397-276-3.
^Anderson, Anderson & Cleal (2007). Brief history of the gymnosperms: classification, biodiversity, phytogeography and ecology. Strelitzia. Vol. 20. SANBI. p. 280. ISBN978-1-919976-39-6.
Bibliography
Kron, Kathleen A; Chase, Mark W (2005-11-17). Molecular systematics and seed plant phylogeny: a summary of a parsimony analysis of rbcL sequence data. pp. 243–252. ISBN9780521022897., in Gibbs et al (1995)
Gibbs, Adrian J.; Calisher, Charles H.; García-Arenal, Fernando, eds. (1995). Molecular basis of virus evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN9780521022897.
spermatophyte, spermatophyte, seed, bearing, plants, from, ancient, greek, σπέρματος, spérmatos, seed, φυτόν, phytón, plant, also, known, phanerogam, taxon, phanerogamae, phaenogam, taxon, phaenogamae, plant, that, produces, seeds, hence, alternative, name, se. A spermatophyte lit seed bearing plants from Ancient Greek spermatos spermatos seed and fyton phyton plant also known as phanerogam taxon Phanerogamae or phaenogam taxon Phaenogamae is any plant that produces seeds hence the alternative name seed plant Spermatophytes are a subset of the embryophytes or land plants They include most familiar types of plants including all flowers and most trees but exclude some other types of plants such as ferns mosses algae Seed plantsTemporal range Famennian Present PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg NScots pine Pinus sylvestris a member of the PinophytaSycamore maple Acer pseudoplatanus a member of the EudicotsScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade SpermatophytesDivisionsGymnospermae Cycadophyta Ginkgophyta Pinophyta Gnetophyta Bennettitales Angiospermae Pteridospermatophyta SynonymsPhanerogamae PhaenogamaeThe term phanerogams or phanerogamae is derived from the Greek faneros phaneros meaning visible in contrast to the cryptogamae from Ancient Greek kryptos kruptos hidden together with the suffix gamew gameō meaning to marry These terms distinguished those plants with hidden sexual organs cryptogamae from those with visible sexual organs phanerogamae Contents 1 Description 2 Evolutionary history 3 Relationships and nomenclature 4 References 5 BibliographyDescription EditThe extant spermatophytes form five divisions the first four of which are traditionally grouped as gymnosperms plants that have unenclosed naked seeds 1 172 Cycadophyta the cycads a subtropical and tropical group of plants Ginkgophyta which includes a single living species of tree in the genus Ginkgo Pinophyta the conifers which are cone bearing trees and shrubs and Gnetophyta the gnetophytes various woody plants in the relict genera Ephedra Gnetum and Welwitschia The fifth extant division is the flowering plants also known as angiosperms or magnoliophytes the largest and most diverse group of spermatophytes Angiosperms the flowering plants possess seeds enclosed in a fruit unlike gymnosperms In addition to the five living taxa listed above the fossil record contains evidence of many extinct taxa of seed plants among those Pteridospermae the so called seed ferns were one of the earliest successful groups of land plants and forests dominated by seed ferns were prevalent in the late Paleozoic Glossopteris was the most prominent tree genus in the ancient southern supercontinent of Gondwana during the Permian period By the Triassic period seed ferns had declined in ecological importance and representatives of modern gymnosperm groups were abundant and dominant through the end of the Cretaceous when the angiosperms radiated Evolutionary history EditMain article Evolutionary history of plants Seeds A whole genome duplication event in the ancestor of seed plants occurred about 319 million years ago 2 This gave rise to a series of evolutionary changes that resulted in the origin of seed plants A middle Devonian 385 million year old precursor to seed plants from Belgium has been identified predating the earliest seed plants by about 20 million years Runcaria small and radially symmetrical is an integumented megasporangium surrounded by a cupule The megasporangium bears an unopened distal extension protruding above the mutlilobed integument It is suspected that the extension was involved in anemophilous wind pollination Runcaria sheds new light on the sequence of character acquisition leading to the seed Runcaria has all of the qualities of seed plants except for a solid seed coat and a system to guide the pollen to the seed 3 Relationships and nomenclature EditFurther information Gnetophyta Classification Seed bearing plants are a subclade of the vascular plants tracheophytes and were traditionally divided into angiosperms or flowering plants and gymnosperms which includes the gnetophytes cycads ginkgo and conifers Older morphological studies believed in a close relationship between the gnetophytes and the angiosperms 4 in particular based on vessel elements However molecular studies and some more recent morphological 5 6 and fossil 7 papers have generally shown a clade of gymnosperms with the gnetophytes in or near the conifers For example one common proposed set of relationships is known as the gne pine hypothesis and looks like 8 9 10 angiosperms flowering plants gymnosperms cycads 11 GinkgoPinaceae the pine family gnetophytesother conifersHowever the relationships between these groups should not be considered settled 4 12 Other classifications group all the seed plants in a single division with classes for the five groups Division Spermatophyta Cycadopsida the cycads Ginkgoopsida the ginkgo Pinopsida the conifers Coniferopsida Gnetopsida the gnetophytes Magnoliopsida the flowering plants or AngiospermopsidaA more modern classification ranks these groups as separate divisions sometimes under the Superdivision Spermatophyta Cycadophyta the cycads Ginkgophyta the ginkgo Pinophyta the conifers Gnetophyta the gnetophytes Magnoliophyta the flowering plantsAn alternative phylogeny of spermatophytes based on the work by Novikov amp Barabas Krasni 2015 13 with plant taxon authors from Anderson Anderson amp Cleal 2007 14 showing the relationship of extinct clades Spermatophytina Moresnetiopsida Doweld 2001 Lyginopteridopsida Novak 1961 emend Anderson Anderson amp Cleal 2007 Pachytestopsida Doweld 2001 Callistophytales Rothwell 1981 emend Anderson Anderson amp Cleal 2007 Peltaspermopsida Doweld 2001 Umkomasiales Doweld 2001 Phasmatocycadopsida Doweld 2001 Pentoxylopsida Pant ex Doweld 2001 Dictyopteridiopsida Doweld 2001 Cycadeoideopsida Scott 1923 Caytoniopsida Thomas ex Frenguelli 1946Magnoliopsida Flowering plants Acrogymnospermae Cycadopsida Cycads Ginkgoopsida Maidenhair trees Pinopsida Conifers Seed fernsUnassigned spermatophytes citation needed Avatiaceae Anderson amp Anderson 2003 Axelrodiopsida Anderson amp Anderson Alexiales Anderson amp Anderson 2003 Hamshawviales Anderson amp Anderson 2003 Hexapterospermales Doweld 2001 Hlatimbiales Anderson amp Anderson 2003 Matatiellales Anderson amp Anderson 2003 Petriellales Taylor et al 1994 Arberiopsida Doweld 2001 Czekanowskiales Taylor et al 2008 Iraniales E Taylor et al 2008 Vojnovskyales E Taylor et al 2008 Hermanophytales E Taylor et al 2008 Dirhopalostachyaceae E Taylor et al 2008References Edit Judd Walter S Campbell Christopher S Kellogg Elizabeth A Stevens Peter F Donoghue Michael J 2002 Plant systematics a phylogenetic approach 2 ed Sunderland MA USA Sinauer Associates Inc ISBN 0 87893 403 0 Jiao Y Wickett NJ Ayyampalayam S Chanderbali AS Landherr L Ralph PE Tomsho LP Hu Y Liang H Soltis PS Soltis DE Clifton SW Schlarbaum SE Schuster SC Ma H Leebens Mack J Depamphilis CW 2011 Ancestral polyploidy in seed plants and angiosperms Nature Gerrienne P Meyer Berthaud B Fairon Demaret M Streel M Steemans P 2011 Science Magazine Runcaria A Middle Devonian Seed Plant Precursor American Association for the Advancement of Science 306 5697 856 858 doi 10 1126 science 1102491 PMID 15514154 S2CID 34269432 Archived from the original on February 24 2011 Retrieved March 22 2011 a b Palmer Jeffrey D Soltis Douglas E Chase Mark W 2004 The plant tree of life an overview and some points of view American Journal of Botany 91 10 1437 1445 doi 10 3732 ajb 91 10 1437 PMID 21652302 James A Doyle January 2006 Seed ferns and the origin of angiosperms The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 133 1 169 209 doi 10 3159 1095 5674 2006 133 169 SFATOO 2 0 CO 2 ISSN 1095 5674 S2CID 86302668 Coiro Mario Chomicki Guillaume Doyle James A n d Experimental signal dissection and method sensitivity analyses reaffirm the potential of fossils and morphology in the resolution of the relationship of angiosperms and Gnetales Paleobiology 44 3 490 510 doi 10 1017 pab 2018 23 ISSN 0094 8373 S2CID 91488394 Zi Qiang Wang 2004 A New Permian Gnetalean Cone as Fossil Evidence for Supporting Current Molecular Phylogeny Annals of Botany 94 2 281 288 doi 10 1093 aob mch138 PMC 4242163 PMID 15229124 Chaw Shu Miaw Parkinson Christopher L Cheng Yuchang Vincent Thomas M Palmer Jeffrey D 2000 Seed plant phylogeny inferred from all three plant genomes Monophyly of extant gymnosperms and origin of Gnetales from conifers Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97 8 4086 4091 Bibcode 2000PNAS 97 4086C doi 10 1073 pnas 97 8 4086 PMC 18157 PMID 10760277 Bowe L M Michelle L Coat Gwenaele Claude 2000 Phylogeny of seed plants based on all three genomic compartments Extant gymnosperms are monophyletic and Gnetales closest relatives are conifers Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97 8 4092 4097 Bibcode 2000PNAS 97 4092B doi 10 1073 pnas 97 8 4092 PMC 18159 PMID 10760278 Soltis Douglas E Soltis Pamela S Zanis Michael J 2002 Phylogeny of seed plants based on evidence from eight genes American Journal of Botany 89 10 1670 1681 doi 10 3732 ajb 89 10 1670 PMID 21665594 Chung Shien Wu Ya Nan Wang Shu Mei Liu and Shu Miaw Chaw 2007 Chloroplast Genome cpDNA of Cycas taitungensis and 56 cp Protein Coding Genes of Gnetum parvifolium Insights into cpDNA Evolution and Phylogeny of Extant Seed Plants Molecular Biology and Evolution 24 6 1366 1379 doi 10 1093 molbev msm059 PMID 17383970 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Won Hyosig Renner Susanne August 2006 Dating Dispersal and Radiation in the Gymnosperm Gnetum Gnetales Clock Calibration When Outgroup Relationships Are Uncertain Systematic Biology 55 4 610 622 doi 10 1080 10635150600812619 PMID 16969937 Novikov amp Barabas Krasni 2015 Modern plant systematics Liga Pres p 685 doi 10 13140 RG 2 1 4745 6164 ISBN 978 966 397 276 3 Anderson Anderson amp Cleal 2007 Brief history of the gymnosperms classification biodiversity phytogeography and ecology Strelitzia Vol 20 SANBI p 280 ISBN 978 1 919976 39 6 Bibliography EditKron Kathleen A Chase Mark W 2005 11 17 Molecular systematics and seed plant phylogeny a summary of a parsimony analysis of rbcL sequence data pp 243 252 ISBN 9780521022897 in Gibbs et al 1995 Gibbs Adrian J Calisher Charles H Garcia Arenal Fernando eds 1995 Molecular basis of virus evolution Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521022897 Soltis D E Soltis P S Zanis M J 1 October 2002 Phylogeny of seed plants based on evidence from eight genes American Journal of Botany 89 10 1670 1681 doi 10 3732 ajb 89 10 1670 PMID 21665594 S2CID 2444652 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Spermatophyte amp oldid 1134922598, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
