Soyuz-2

This article is about the launch vehicle. For the 1968 Soyuz spacecraft mission, see Soyuz 2 (1968 mission).

Not to be confused with Soyuz T-2, Soyuz TM-2, Soyuz TMA-2, Soyuz TMA-02M, or Soyuz MS-02.

Soyuz-2 (Russian: Союз-2, lit. 'Union-2c') (GRAU index 14A14) is a modernised version of the Soviet Soyuz rocket. In its basic form, it is a three-stage launch vehicle for placing payloads into low Earth orbit. Compared to the previous versions of the Soyuz, the first-stage boosters and two core stages feature uprated engines with improved injection systems. Digital flight control and telemetry systems allow the rocket to be launched from a fixed launch platform, whereas the launch platforms for earlier Soyuz rockets had to be rotated as the rocket could not perform a roll to change its heading in flight.

Soyuz-2 (2.1a / 2.1b / ST-A / ST-B)

A MetOp spacecraft ready for the launch atop a Soyuz-2.1a rocket.
Function	Orbital launch vehicle
Manufacturer	TsSKB-Progress (Samara) and Chemical Automatics Design Bureau (Voronezh) ^[1]
Country of origin	Russia
Cost per launch	US$80 million (Arianespace) [5] US$35-48.5 million (Roscosmos) ^[2]^[3]
Size
Height	46.3 m (152 ft) ^[4]
Diameter	2.95 m (9 ft 8 in)
Mass	312,000 kg (688,000 lb)
Stages	2 or 3
Capacity
Payload to LEO^[a]
Mass	2.1a: 7,020 kg (15,480 lb) 2.1b: 8,200 kg (18,100 lb) ^[4]
Payload to SSO^[b]
Mass	ST-A: 4,230 kg (9,330 lb) ST-B: 4,900 kg (10,800 lb) ^[5]
Payload to GTO^[c]
Mass	ST-A: 2,810 kg (6,190 lb) ST-B: 3,250 kg (7,170 lb) ^[5]
Payload to TLI ^[d]
Mass	ST-B: 2,350 kg (5,180 lb) ^[6]
Payload to GSO ^[e]
Mass	ST-B: 1,360 kg (3,000 lb) ^[6]
Associated rockets
Family	R-7 (Soyuz)
Launch history
Status	Active
Launch sites	Baikonur, Site 31/6 Plesetsk, Site 43 Kourou, ELS Vostochny, Site 1S
Total launches	175 (+1 suborbital) (2.1a: 74 (+1 suborbital), 2.1b: 89, 2.1v: 12)
Success(es)	168 (+1 suborbital) (2.1a: 71 (+1 suborbital), 2.1b: 86, 2.1v: 11)
Failure(s)	4 (2.1a: 2, 2.1b: 2, 2.1v: 0)
Partial failure(s)	3 (2.1a: 1, 2.1b: 1, 2.1v: 1)
First flight	2.1a: 8 November 2004 2.1b: 27 December 2006 2.1v: 28 December 2013
Last flight	2.1a: Active 2.1b: Active 2.1v: Active
Type of passengers/cargo	CoRoT Galileo GLONASS Progress Soyuz MS OneWeb
Boosters – Blok-B, V, G, D ^[7]
No. boosters	4
Height	19.6 m (64 ft)
Diameter	2.68 m (8 ft 10 in)
Empty mass	3,784 kg (8,342 lb)
Gross mass	44,413 kg (97,914 lb)
Propellant mass	39,160 kg (86,330 lb)
Powered by	RD-107A
Maximum thrust	Sea level: 839.48 kN (188,720 lbf) Vacuum: 1,019.93 kN (229,290 lbf)
Specific impulse	Sea level: 263.3 s (2.582 km/s) Vacuum: 320.2 s (3.140 km/s)
Burn time	118 seconds
Propellant	LOX / RP-1
First stage – Blok-A ^[7]
Height	27.10 m (88.9 ft)
Diameter	2.95 m (9 ft 8 in)
Empty mass	6,545 kg (14,429 lb)
Gross mass	99,765 kg (219,944 lb)
Propellant mass	90,100 kg (198,600 lb)
Powered by	RD-108A
Maximum thrust	Sea level: 792.41 kN (178,140 lbf) Vacuum: 921.86 kN (207,240 lbf)
Specific impulse	Sea level: 257.7 s (2.527 km/s) Vacuum: 320.6 s (3.144 km/s)
Burn time	286 seconds
Propellant	LOX / RP-1
Second stage – Blok-I ^[7]
Height	6.70 m (22.0 ft)
Diameter	2.66 m (8 ft 9 in)
Empty mass	2,355 kg (5,192 lb)
Gross mass	27,755 kg (61,189 lb)
Propellant mass	25,400 kg (56,000 lb)
Powered by	2.1a / STA: RD-0110 2.1b / STB: RD-0124
Maximum thrust	RD-0110: 298 kN (67,000 lbf) RD-0124: 294.3 kN (66,200 lbf)
Specific impulse	RD-0110: 326 seconds RD-0124: 359 seconds
Burn time	270 seconds
Propellant	LOX / RP-1
Upper stage (optional) – Fregat / Fregat-M / Fregat-MT ^[8]
Height	1.5 m (4 ft 11 in)
Diameter	Fregat / Fregat-M: 3.35 m (11.0 ft) Fregat-MT: 3.80 m (12.5 ft)
Empty mass	Fregat: 930 kg (2,050 lb) Fregat-M: 980 kg (2,160 lb) Fregat-MT: 1,050 kg (2,310 lb)
Propellant mass	Fregat: 5,250 kg (11,570 lb) Fregat-M: 5,600 kg (12,300 lb) Fregat-MT: 7,100 kg (15,700 lb)
Powered by	S5.92
Maximum thrust	19.85 kN (4,460 lbf)
Specific impulse	333.2 seconds
Burn time	1100 seconds
Propellant	N2O4 / UDMH
Upper stage (optional) – Volga^[9]
Height	1.025 m (3 ft 4.4 in)
Diameter	3.2 m (10 ft)
Empty mass	840 kg (1,850 lb)
Propellant mass	300–900 kg (660–1,980 lb)
Powered by	17D64^[10]
Maximum thrust	2.94 kN (660 lbf)
Specific impulse	307 seconds
Propellant	N2O4 / UDMH

Soyuz-2 is often flown with an upper stage, which allows it to lift payloads into higher orbits, such as Molniya and geosynchronous orbits. The upper stage is equipped with independent flight control and telemetry systems from those used in the rest of the rocket. The NPO Lavochkin manufactured Fregat is the most commonly used upper stage.

Soyuz-2 rockets were first launched from Site 31 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome, and Site 43 at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome, launch facilities shared with earlier R-7 derived rockets including the Soyuz-U and Molniya. Commercial Soyuz-2 flights are contracted by Starsem and have launched from Site 31 at Baikonur Cosmodrome and Ensemble de Lancement Soyouz (ELS), which has been built at the Centre Spatial Guyanais (CSG) on the northern coast of South America. The Soyuz-2 version ST-B can deliver 3,250 kg (7,170 lb) to geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) from this equatorial site.^[5] As of 2022 Soyuz-2 launches from CSG have been suspended.^[11]

In 2016, the new Vostochny Cosmodrome started operating Soyuz-2 flights as well, from its first launch pad called Vostochny Cosmodrome Site 1S.

The Soyuz-2 has replaced the Molniya-M, Soyuz-U and Soyuz-FG since 2010, 2017 and 2019 respectively.^[12][13][14] TsSKB-Progress halted production of Soyuz-U in April 2015; the final flight of a Soyuz-U rocket took place on 22 February 2017, carrying Progress MS-05 to the International Space Station (ISS).

Variants

The Soyuz-2 family includes 2.1a, 2.1b, and 2.1v. The first two variants are modifications to the Soyuz-U launcher. The latter is a "light" version without side boosters. When launched from the Centre Spatial Guyanais site, Soyuz-2 is always mated with the ST-type fairing; this version is called Soyuz-ST or Soyuz-STK, where additional "K" indicates special measures taken for preparing and launching the rocket in hot and humid conditions.

Soyuz-2.1a

The 2.1a version includes conversion from analog to digital flight control system, upgraded engines on the booster and a first stage with improved injection systems. The new digital flight control and telemetry systems allow the rocket to launch from a fixed rather than angled launch platform and adjust its heading in flight. A digital control system also enables the launch of larger commercial satellites with wider and longer payload fairings such as the ST-type fairing. These fairings introduce too much aerodynamic instability for the old analog system to handle. This stage continues to use the RD-0110 engine. The 2.1a/ST version is sometimes called Soyuz ST-A. The first launch, from Guiana, (17 December 2011 for Pléiades-HR 1A, SSOT, ELISA (4 satellites)) was a success.

Soyuz-2.1b

The 2.1b version adds an upgraded engine (RD-0124) which greatly increases the specific impulse of the upper stage (326 seconds to 359 seconds), and hence improves payload capability from 7 tonnes to 8.2 tonnes. First launch took place from Plesetsk Cosmodrome Site 43 on 26 July 2008 with a classified military payload.^[15] The 2.1b/ST version is sometimes called Soyuz ST-B. The first launch, from Centre Spatial Guyanais, was a success (21 October 2011), for the first two Galileo IOV satellites.

Soyuz-2.1v

Main article: Soyuz-2.1v

The first flight vehicle of the 2.1v version was finished in 2009. It is a "light" version of the Soyuz-2 without the side boosters (blocks B, V, G and D ^{[clarification needed]}). The Block A engine was replaced by the more powerful NK-33-1, which as of 2009^[update], was to eventually be replaced with the RD-193.^{[needs update]} The new launcher version was able to deliver up to 2.8 tonnes in low Earth orbit.^[16]

Modifications for various launch sites

Further information: Soyuz at the Guiana Space Centre

The Soyuz-2.1a/1b versions launched from the Vostochny Cosmodrome and the Centre Spatial Guyanais have a series of modifications over the stock units. Some of these might later be implemented on all the Soyuz-2, while some are particular requirements to the space port design.

Modifications for the Centre Spatial Guyanais (CSG) version includes:

• First use of a mobile service tower at the ELS that enabled vertical payload integration.^[7]
• European supplied payload adapters.^[7]
• European supplied KSE (French: Kit de Sauvegarde Européenne, lit. 'European Safeguard Kit'), a system to locate and transmit a flight termination signal.^[7] It would activate the engine shutdown command and leave the vehicle in a ballistic trajectory.^[17]
• Adaptation of the S-Band telemetry system on all stages from the 5 TM bands available at Baikonur, and Plesetsk to the 3 allowed at the CSG range.^[7]
• Adaptation of the S-Band telemetry coding and frequency to the IRIG standard used at CSG.^[7]
• Adaptation of the oxygen purge system for directing to the outside the mobile gantry.^[7]
• Adaptation to the tropical CSG climate including the adaptation of the air conditioning system to local specifications and protective measures to avoid icing.^[7] All holes and cavities were studied and certified to be adequately protected against intrusion of insects and rodents.^[17]
• The four boosters and the core stage were upgraded with pyrotechnic devices to breach the fuel tanks to assure that they would sink in the ocean. The other stages were shown to lose structural integrity on impact and thus proven to sink.^[17]
• At least initially, the boosters and core stage would use the pyrotechnically ignited 14D22 (RD-107A) and 14D23 (RD-108A) rather than the chemically ignited 14D22KhZ and 14D23KhZ used on the rest of the Soyuz-2.^[17]

Modifications for the Vostochny Cosmodrome version includes:^[18]

• New and upgraded computer, N.A.Semikhatov NPO Automatika's Malachite-7, with six times more performance, better obsolescence protection, reduced weight.^[19][20][21]
• The new computer enabled a significant reduction on the cable network complexity thanks to multiplexing lines and using common buses.^[18][21][22]
• New nickel-cadmium batteries that eliminate the need for a dedicated battery charging station.^[19]
• The inclusion of on-board video system, that will enable real-time views of the launch.^[19]
• Since the launch pad at Vostochny also has a mobile gantry for vertical payload integration, similar to the ELS at Guiana, it has the necessary piping to direct the oxygen purges outside the gantry.^[18]

On 1 October 2015, it was announced that parts of the assembly complex for the Soyuz-2 at Vostochny Cosmodrome were designed for a different modification of the rocket and are too small, so that the planned first launch in December 2015 was under question.^[23] The first launch occurred on 28 April 2016 at 02:01:21 UTC.^[24]

•  
  Soyuz-2.1b (2018)
•  
  From left Soyuz-2.1v, Soyuz-2.1a, Soyuz-2.1b and Soyuz-5)

Notable missions

Suborbital test flight

On 8 November 2004, at 18:30 UTC, the first Soyuz-2 carrier rocket, in the Soyuz-2.1a configuration, was launched from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in Russia. The rocket followed a sub-orbital trajectory, with the third stage and boilerplate payload re-entering over the Pacific Ocean.

Maiden launch

The first attempt at launching a Soyuz-2 to orbit, with the MetOp-A satellite, occurred on 17 July 2006. It was scrubbed two hours before the launch by an automatic sequence, after the onboard computer failed to check the launch azimuth. Fuelling of the rocket was underway at the time, and all launch complex equipment and on-board preliminary checks had proceeded without incident. The rocket was left fuelled on the launch pad, for the next attempt on 18 July 2006. Launch was eventually conducted on 19 October 2006.

First crewed mission

First crewed launch of Soyuz-2 took place at 9 April 2020, carrying Soyuz MS-16 to the ISS.

Naphthyl fuel

Following successful ground testing, a naphthyl fueled Soyuz-2.1b launch took place on 22 October 2022 at Vostochny. Naphthyl is an environmentally safe hydrocarbon fuel with fewer aromatic compounds than kerosene, that also slightly improves engine performance. There are only minor differences in thermal properties, viscosity, and surface tension, so this did not require significant engine changes.^[25]

Launch statistics

Since 2006, Soyuz-2 rockets have accumulated a total of 175 launches, 168 of which were successful, yielding a 96% success rate.

Launch outcomes

5

10

15

20

25

30

2006

2010

2015

2020

•   Failure
•   Partial failure
•   Success
•   Scheduled

Launch sites

5

10

15

20

25

30

2006

2010

2015

2020

•   Baikonur
•   Plesetsk
•   Vostochny
•   Kourou
•  

List of launches

Main article: List of R-7 launches

#	Launch date Time (UTC)	Configuration	Spaceport	Result	Payload	Remarks
—	8 November 2004 18:30	Soyuz-2.1a	Plesetsk, Site 43	Success	Zenit-8 (boilerplate)	Suborbital test flight
01	19 October 2006 16:28	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat	Baikonur Site 31	Success	MetOp-A	Weather satellite
02	24 December 2006 08:34	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat	Plesetsk Site 43	Success	Meridian 1	Military communications satellite
03	27 December 2006 14:28	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat	Baikonur Site 31	Success	CoRoT	Astronomy satellite
04	26 July 2008 18:31	Soyuz-2.1b	Plesetsk Site 43	Success^[26]	Kosmos 2441 (Persona No.1)	Reconnaissance satellite
	Launch was successful but satellite failed after a few months of operations due to an electrical fault.
05	21 May 2009 21:53	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat	Plesetsk Site 43	Failure ^[27]	Meridian 2	Military communications satellite
	Bulging of third-stage combustion chamber led to fuel leak and automatic deactivation; satellite in unusable orbit after failed correction attempt.
06	17 September 2009 15:55	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat	Baikonur Site 31	Success	Meteor-M No.1 BLITS IRIS Sterkh-2 SumbandilaSat UGATUSAT Universitetsky-Tatyana-2	Weather satellite + 6 piggyback satellites
07	19 October 2010 17:11	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M	Baikonur Site 31	Success	Globalstar-2 F1 (6 satellites)	Communications satellite
08	2 November 2010 00:59	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43	Success	Meridian 3	Military communications satellite
09	26 February 2011 03:07	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43	Success	Kosmos 2471 (GLONASS-K 11L)	Navigation satellite
10	4 May 2011 17:41	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43	Success	Meridian 4	Military communications satellite
11	13 July 2011 02:27	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M	Baikonur Site 31	Success	Globalstar-2 F2 (6 satellites)	Communications satellite
12	2 October 2011 20:15	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43	Success	Kosmos 2474 (GLONASS-M 742)	Navigation satellite
13	21 October 2011 10:30	Soyuz ST-B Fregat-M	Kourou ELS	Success ^[28]	Galileo IOV-1/2	Navigation satellite First launch from Kourou
14	28 November 2011 08:25	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43	Success ^[29]	Kosmos 2478 (GLONASS-M 746)	Navigation satellite
15	17 December 2011 02:03	Soyuz ST-A Fregat-M	Kourou ELS	Success ^[30]	Pléiades 1A SSOT ELISA 1/2/3/4	Remote sensing satellite Earth observation satellite for Chile Signals intelligence satellite
16	23 December 2011 12:08	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43	Failure ^[31]	Meridian 5	Military communications satellite
	Anomaly led to premature third-stage engine deactivation followed by an explosion which caused it to veer off course; satellite not deployed.
17	28 December 2011 17:09	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M	Baikonur Site 31	Success ^[32]	Globalstar-2 F3 (6 satellites)	Communications satellite
18	17 September 2012 16:28	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat	Baikonur Site 31	Success	MetOp-B	Weather satellite
19	12 October 2012 18:15	Soyuz ST-B Fregat-MT	Kourou ELS	Success ^[33]	Galileo IOV-3/4	Navigation satellite
20	14 November 2012 11:42	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43	Success	Meridian 6	Military communications satellite
21	2 December 2012 02:02	Soyuz ST-A Fregat	Kourou ELS	Success ^[34]	Pléiades 1B	Remote sensing satellite
22	6 February 2013 16:04:24	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M	Baikonur Site 31	Success	Globalstar-2 F4 (6 satellites)	Communications satellite
23	19 April 2013 10:00:00	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur Site 31	Success	Bion-M No.1 Aist 2 Beesat 2/3 Dove-2 OSSI-1 SOMP	Biological science satellite + 5 piggyback satellites
24	26 April 2013 05:23:46	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43	Success ^[35]	Kosmos 2485 (GLONASS-M 747)	Navigation satellite
25	7 June 2013 18:37:59	Soyuz-2.1b	Plesetsk Site 43	Success^[36]	Kosmos 2486 (Persona No.2)	Reconnaissance satellite
26	25 June 2013 17:28:48	Soyuz-2.1b	Baikonur Site 31	Success ^[37]	Resurs-P No.1	Earth observation satellite
27	25 June 2013 19:27:03	Soyuz ST-B Fregat-MT	Kourou ELS	Success ^[38]	O3b-1/2/3/4	Communications satellites
28	19 December 2013 09:12:19	Soyuz ST-B Fregat-MT	Kourou ELS	Success ^[39]	Gaia	Space telescope
29	28 December 2013 12:30	Soyuz-2.1v Volga	Plesetsk Site 43	Success ^[citation needed]	Aist 1, SKRL-756 #1/2	Maiden flight of Soyuz-2.1v
30	23 March 2014 22:54:03	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43	Success ^[40]	Kosmos 2494 (GLONASS-M 754)	Navigation satellite
31	3 April 2014 21:02:26	Soyuz ST-A Fregat-M	Kourou ELS	Success ^[41]	Sentinel-1A	Earth observation satellite
32	6 May 2014 13:49:35	Soyuz-2.1a	Plesetsk Site 43	Success ^[42]	Kosmos 2495 (Kobalt-M)	Reconnaissance satellite
33	14 June 2014 17:16:48	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43	Success ^[43]	Kosmos 2500 (GLONASS-M 755)	Navigation satellite
34	8 July 2014 15:58:28	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Baikonur Site 31	Success ^[44]	Meteor-M No.2 AISSat-2 DX-1 Relek (MKA-FKI (PN2)) SkySat 2 TechDemoSat-1 UKube-1	Weather satellite + 6 piggyback satellites
35	10 July 2014 18:55:56	Soyuz ST-B Fregat-MT	Kourou ELS	Success ^[45]	O3b-5/6/7/8	Communications satellites
36	18 July 2014 20:50:00	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31	Success	Foton-M No.4	Microgravity and biology research satellite
37	22 August 2014 12:27:11	Soyuz ST-B Fregat-MT	Kourou ELS	Partial success ^[46]	Galileo FOC-1/2	Navigation satellite
	Fregat upper stage guidance problem left the satellites in an incorrect elliptical orbit. Traced to a flaw in the Fregat thermal design with a heat bridge from the coolant line to fuel line causing freezing of fuel line.
38	29 October 2014 07:09:43	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur Site 31	Success	Progress M-25M	ISS cargo spacecraft. This was the first time Soyuz 2.1a rocket was used for an ISS mission launch.
39	30 October 2014 01:42:52	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43	Success	Meridian 7	Military communications satellite
40	30 November 2014 21:52:26	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43	Success	Kosmos 2501 (GLONASS-K 12L)	Navigation satellite
41	18 December 2014 18:37:00	Soyuz ST-B Fregat-MT	Kourou ELS	Success	O3b-9/10/11/12	Communications satellite
	Although the mission successfully placed the O3b constellation into the correct orbit, the telemetry system ceased to send telemetry data to ground controllers moments before third Fregat burn. Mission control afterwards directly relied to the satellites to confirm their condition and their position.^[47]
42	25 December 2014 03:01:13	Soyuz-2.1b	Plesetsk Site 43	Success	Kosmos 2502 (Lotos-S1 No.1)	ELINT
43	26 December 2014 18:55:50	Soyuz-2.1b	Baikonur Site 31	Success	Resurs-P No.2	Earth observation satellite
44	27 February 2015 11:01:35	Soyuz-2.1a	Plesetsk Site 43	Success	Kosmos 2503 (Bars-M 1L)	Reconnaissance
45	27 March 2015 21:46:18	Soyuz ST-B Fregat-MT	Kourou ELS	Success	Galileo FOC-3/4	Navigation
46	28 April 2015 07:09:50	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur Site 31	Failure	Progress M-27M	ISS logistics
	Spacecraft lost communications and attitude control soon after separation after damaged by vibration issues during launch.^[48] International Space Station docking attempt cancelled.^[49] Mission declared a total loss.^[50]
47	5 June 2015 15:23:54	Soyuz-2.1a	Plesetsk Site 43	Success	Kosmos 2505 (Kobalt-M)	Reconnaissance
48	23 June 2015 16:44:00	Soyuz-2.1b	Plesetsk Site 43	Success	Kosmos 2506 (Persona No.3)	Reconnaissance
49	11 September 2015 02:08:10	Soyuz ST-B Fregat-MT	Kourou ELS	Success^[51]	Galileo FOC-5/6	Navigation
50	17 November 2015 06:33:41	Soyuz-2.1b	Plesetsk Site 43	Success	Kosmos 2510 (EKS)	Missile early warning
51	5 December 2015 14:09:00	Soyuz-2.1v Volga	Plesetsk Site 43	Partial success ^[52]	Kanopus-ST 1 (Kosmos 2511) KYuA 1 (Kosmos 2512)	Earth observation Radar calibration
	Soyuz-2.1v booster performed properly, however Kanopus-ST 1 satellite failed to detach from the satellite carrier atop the Volga upper stage. The KYuA-1 radar calibration sphere was mounted in the side of the satellite carrier and was able to successfully deploy.
52	17 December 2015 11:51:56	Soyuz ST-B Fregat-MT	Kourou ELS	Success ^[53]	Galileo FOC-8/9	Navigation
53	21 December 2015 08:44:39	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur Site 31	Success	Progress MS-01	ISS logistics
54	7 February 2016 00:21:07	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43	Success	Kosmos 2514 (GLONASS-M 751)	Navigation
55	13 March 2016 18:56:00	Soyuz-2.1b	Baikonur Site 31	Success	Resurs-P No.3	Earth observation
56	24 March 2016 09:42	Soyuz-2.1a	Plesetsk Site 43	Success	Kosmos 2515 (Bars-M 2L)	Reconnaissance
57	31 March 2016 16:23:57	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur Site 31	Success	Progress MS-02	ISS logistics
58	25 April 2016 21:02:13	Soyuz ST-A Fregat-M	Kourou ELS	Success ^[54]	Sentinel-1B^[55] MICROSCOPE^[56] AAUSAT 4 e-st@r-II OUFTI 1	Earth observation Astrophysics research Technology
59	28 April 2016 02:01:21	Soyuz-2.1a Volga	Vostochny Site 1S	Success ^[24]	Mikhailo Lomonosov ^[57] Aist-2D ^[58] SamSat 218	Gamma-ray astronomy Technology demonstrations
60	24 May 2016 08:48:43	Soyuz ST-B Fregat-MT	Kourou ELS	Success ^[59]	Galileo FOC-10/11	Navigation
61	29 May 2016 08:44:37	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43	Success ^[60]	Kosmos 2516 (GLONASS-M 760)	Navigation
	Third stage shut down prematurely during the launch. Fregat upper stage detected the problem and compensated with an extended firing, delivering the satellite to the correct orbit.^[61]
62	28 January 2017 01:03:34	Soyuz ST-B Fregat-MT	Kourou ELS	Success ^[62]	Hispasat 36W-1 a.k.a. Hispasat AG1 Small GEO	Communications
63	18 May 2017 11:54:53	Soyuz ST-A Fregat-M	Kourou ELS	Success ^[63]	SES-15^[64]	Communications
64	25 May 2017 06:33	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43	Success ^[65]	EKS-2	Missile early warning
65	14 June 2017 09:20	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur Site 31	Success	Progress MS-06	ISS logistics
66	23 June 2017 18:04	Soyuz-2.1v Volga	Plesetsk Site 43	Success ^[66]	Kosmos 2519	Military satellite, possibly geodesy project Nivelir-ZU
67	14 July 2017 06:36:49	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M	Baikonur Site 31	Partial success	Kanopus-V-IK Many cubesats	Earth observation Heliophysics
	At least 9 of the 72 cubesats were reported to have failed, possibly due to an issue with the Fregat upper stage.^[67] Glavkosmos, the cubesat launch provider, has later confirmed upper stage anomaly.^[68]
68	22 September 2017 00:02:32	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43	Success	Kosmos 2522 (GLONASS-M 752)	Navigation
69	14 October 2017 08:46:53	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur Site 31	Success	Progress MS-07	ISS logistics
70	28 November 2017 05:41:46	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Vostochny Site 1S^[69]	Failure ^[70]	Meteor-M No.2-1 Ionosfera Baumanets Several cubesats	Weather Ionospheric research
	The orbital insertion burn was conducted while upper stage was oriented in the wrong direction sending it back in to the atmosphere. Roscosmos investigation found 20 years earlier Baikonur co-ordinates had mistakenly been hardcoded in a Fregat subroutine, and the mistake only manifested itself for the first time due to launching from Vostochny. The Russian Government and independent experts however consider the conclusion as a way of escaping individual blame.^[71]
71	2 December 2017 10:43:26	Soyuz-2.1b	Plesetsk Site 43	Success ^[72]	Kosmos 2524 (Lotos S1 No.2)	ELINT
72	1 February 2018 02:07:18 ^[73]	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M	Vostochny Site 1S^[69]	Success ^[74]^[75]	Kanopus-V No.3, No.4 Lemur-2 74, 75, 76, 77 S-Net 1, 2, 3, 4 D-Star One v.1.1 ^[76]	Earth observation Technology demonstrations
73	13 February 2018 08:13:33	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur Site 31	Success ^[77]	Progress MS-08	ISS logistics
74	9 March 2018 17:10:06	Soyuz ST-B Fregat-MT	Kourou ELS	Success	O3b-13/14/15/16	Communications
75	28 March 2018 17:38:42	Soyuz-2.1v	Plesetsk Site 43	Success ^[78]	Kosmos 2525 (EMKA)	Military satellite
76	16 June 2018 21:30	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43	Success	Kosmos 2527 (GLONASS-M 756)	Navigation
77	9 July 2018 21:51	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur Site 31	Success^[79]	Progress MS-09	ISS logistics
78	25 October 2018 00:15	Soyuz-2.1b	Plesetsk Site 43	Success ^[80]	Kosmos 2528 (Lotos-S1 No.3)	ELINT
79	3 November 2018 20:17	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43	Success^[81]	Kosmos 2529 (GLONASS-M 757)	Navigation
80	7 November 2018 00:47:27	Soyuz ST-B Fregat-M	Kourou ELS	Success	MetOp-C	Weather
81	19 December 2018 13:37	Soyuz ST-A Fregat-M	Kourou ELS	Success ^[82]	CSO 1	Reconnaissance for the French Armed Forces
82	27 December 2018 02:07	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M	Vostochny Site 1S	Success ^[82]	Kanopus-V No.5 and Kanopus-V No.6 Dove Flock-w × 12	Earth observation satellites.
83	21 February 2019 19:47	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Baikonur Site 31	Success ^[83]	EgyptSat A	Earth observation
84	27 February 2019 21:37	Soyuz ST-B Fregat-MT	Kourou ELS	Success ^[84]	OneWeb-1 (6 satellites) + mockups × 4 (pilot flight) ^[85]	Communications
85	4 April 2019 11:01	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur Site 31	Success ^[86]	Progress MS-11	ISS logistics
86	4 April 2019 17:03:37	Soyuz ST-B Fregat-MT	ELS Kourou	Success	O3b (x4)	Low Earth orbit communication satellites
87	27 May 2019 09:23	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43	Success ^[87]	GLONASS-M 758	Navigation. A lightning struck the rocket 14 seconds after start, without affecting its performance.^[87]
88	5 July 2019 05:41	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Vostochny Site 1S	Success ^[88]	Meteor-M No.2-2 Microsputnik	Weather
89	10 July 2019 17:14 ^[89]	Soyuz-2.1v Volga	Plesetsk Site 43	Success	14F150 No.2 / Nivelir-L ^[90]	Geodesy
	Launch of four classified military satellites, designated Kosmos 2535–2538, speculated to be part of the Nivelir series of Russian surveillance satellites.
90	30 July 2019 05:56	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43	Success^[91]	Meridian 8	Communications
91	31 July 2019 12:10	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur Site 31	Success ^[92]	Progress MS-12	ISS logistics
92	22 August 2019 03:38	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur Site 31	Success ^[93]	Soyuz MS-14 (uncrewed flight test)	ISS crew transport
93	26 September 2019 07:46	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43	Success ^[94]	Kosmos 2541	Military reconnaissance
94	25 November 2019 17:52	Soyuz-2.1v Volga	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Success ^[95]	Kosmos 2542	Satellite inspection ^[96]
95	6 December 2019 09:34	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success	Progress MS-13 / 74P	ISS logistics
96	11 December 2019	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Success	GLONASS-M 759	Navigation
97	18 December 2019	Soyuz ST-A Fregat-MT	Kourou ELS	Success	CHEOPS COSMO-SkyMed (CSG 1) OPS-SAT	Space telescope Earth observation (radar) Technical demonstration
98	6 February 2020 21:42:41	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success	OneWeb-2 (34 satellites) (Baikonur flight 1)^[85]	Communications
99	20 February 2020 08:24:54	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43/3	Success	Meridian M-9 (19L)	Military comsat^[97]
100	16 March 2020 18:28:00	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43/3	Success ^[70]	GLONASS-M No.760 (Kosmos 2545)	Navigation
101	21 March 2020 17:06:58	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success ^[70]^[98]	OneWeb-3 (34 satellites) (Baikonur flight 2)	Communications
102	9 April 2020 08:05:06	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success^[70]	Soyuz MS-16	ISS crew transport
103	25 April 2020 01:51:41	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success ^[99]	Progress MS-14	ISS logistics
104	22 May 2020 06:45^[100]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43	Success	EKS-4 (Tundra 14L)^[101]	Early warning
105	23 July 2020 14:26:22	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success	Progress MS-15	ISS logistics
106	28 September 2020 11:20:00	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Success	Gonets-M (17/18/19) GEN-1 (Antilles and Amidala) (Canada), Lemur-2 (4) (United States), MeznSat (United Arab Emirates), SALSAT (Germany), NetSat-1 to 4 (Germany), ICEYE-X6 and X7 (Finland), LacunaSat-3 (Lithuania), Yarilo-1 and 2 (Russia), Norbi (Russia) and Dekart (Descartes) (Russia) ^[102]	Communications
107	14 October 2020 05:45:04 ^[103]	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success	Soyuz MS-17	ISS crew transport
108	25 October 2020 19:08:42 ^[104]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Success	Kosmos 2547 (GLONASS-K 15L)	Navigation
109	2 December 2020 01:33:28 ^[105]	Soyuz ST-A Fregat-M	Kourou ELS	Success	FalconEye 2	Reconnaissance
110	3 December 2020 01:14 ^[106]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat	Plesetsk Site 43/3	Success	Gonets-M 20/21/22 ERA-1 (Kosmos-2548) (nanosatellite)	Communication Technology - Russian Ministry of Defense
111	18 December 2020 12:26:26 ^[107]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat	Vostochny Site 1S	Success	OneWeb-4 (36 satellites) (Vostochny flight 1)	Communications
112	20 December 2020 16:42:07 ^[108]	Soyuz ST-A Fregat-M	Kourou ELS	Success	CSO-2	Reconnaissance
113	2 February 2021 20:45:28 ^[109]	Soyuz-2.1b	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Success	Kosmos 2549 (Lotos-S1 No.4)	ELINT
114	15 February 2021 04:45:05 ^[110]	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success	Progress MS-16	ISS logistics
115	28 February 2021 06:55:01 ^[111]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success	Arktika-M No.1	Weather satellite
116	22 March 2021 06:07:12 ^[112]	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success	CAS500-1 A cluster of secondary commercial payloads (+37 satellites).	Earth observation
117	25 March 2021 02:47:33^[113]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat	Vostochny Site 1S	Success	OneWeb-5 (36 satellites) (Vostochny flight 2)	Communications
118	9 April 2021 07:42:40^[114]	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success	Soyuz MS-18	ISS crew transport
119	25 April 2021 22:14:08^[115]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat	Vostochny Site 1S	Success	OneWeb-6 (36 satellites) (Vostochny flight 3)	Communications
120	28 May 2021 17:38:39^[116]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat	Vostochny Site 1S	Success	OneWeb-7 (36 satellites) (Vostochny flight 4)	Communications
121	25 June 2021 19:50:00^[117]	Soyuz-2.1b	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Success	Kosmos 2550 (Pion-NKS No.1)	SIGINT
122	29 June 2021 23:27:20^[118]	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success	Progress MS-17	ISS logistics
123	1 July 2021 12:48:33^[119]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat	Vostochny Site 1S	Success	OneWeb-8 (36 satellites) (Vostochny flight 5)	Communications
124	21 August 2021 22:13:40^[120]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success	OneWeb-9 (34 satellites) (Baikonur flight 3)	Communications
125	9 September 2021 19:59:47^[121]	Soyuz-2.1v	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Success	Kosmos 2551 (EMKA No.2)	Reconnaissance
126	14 September 2021 18:07:19^[122]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success	OneWeb-10 (34 satellites) (Baikonur flight 4)	Communications
127	5 October 2021 08:55:02^[123]	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success	Soyuz MS-19	ISS crew transport
128	14 October 2021 09:40:10^[124]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat	Vostochny Site 1S	Success	OneWeb (36 satellites) (Vostochny flight 6)	Communications
129	28 October 2021 00:00:32^[125]	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success	Progress MS-18	ISS logistics
130	24 November 2021 13:06:35^[126]	Soyuz-2.1b	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success	Prichal	ISS assembly
131	25 November 2021 01:09:13^[127]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Success	Kosmos 2552 (EKS-5, Tundra 15L)	Early warning
132	5 December 2021 00:19:20^[128]	Soyuz ST-B Fregat-MT	Kourou ELS	Success	Galileo FOC FM23 Galileo FOC FM24	Navigation
133	8 December 2021 07:38:15^[129]	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success	Soyuz MS-20	ISS crew transport and space tourism
134	27 December 2021 13:10:37^[130]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success	OneWeb (36 satellites) (Baikonur flight 5)	Communications
135	5 February 2022 07:00:00^[131]	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Success	Neitron No.1	Reconnaissance
136	10 February 2022 18:09:37^[132]	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-MT	Kourou ELS	Success	OneWeb (34 satellites) (Kourou flight 2)	Communications
137	15 February 2022 04:25:39^[133]	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success	Progress MS-19	ISS logistics
138	18 March 2022 15:55:18^[134]	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success	Soyuz MS-21	ISS crew transport
139	22 March 2022 12:48:22^[135]	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Success	Meridian-M 10 (20L)	Military communications
140	7 April 2022 11:20:18^[136]	Soyuz-2.1b	Plesetsk Site 43/3	Success	Kosmos 2554 (Lotos-S1 No.5)	ELINT
141	19 May 2022 08:03:32^[137]	Soyuz-2.1a	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Success	Kosmos 2556 (Bars-M 3L)	Reconnaissance
142	3 June 2022 09:32:16^[138]	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success	Progress MS-20	ISS logistics
143	7 July 2022 09:18:06^[139]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Success	Kosmos 2557 (GLONASS-K 16L)	Navigation
144	1 August 2022 20:25:48^[140]	Soyuz-2.1v Volga	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Success	Kosmos 2558 (Nivelir No.3)	Surveillance
145	9 August 2022 05:52:38^[141]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success	Khayyam 16 rideshare cubesats	Earth observation
146	21 September 2022 13:54:49^[142]	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success	Soyuz MS-22	ISS crew transport
147	10 October 2022 02:52:32^[143]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat	Plesetsk Site 43/3	Success	Kosmos 2559 (GLONASS-K 17L)	Navigation
148	21 October 2022 19:20:15^[144]	Soyuz-2.1v Volga	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Success	Kosmos 2561 & Kosmos 2562	Surveillance
149	22 October 2022 19:57:09^[145]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat	Vostochny Site 1S	Success	Gonets-M 23/24/25 (33L/34L/35L), Skif-D	Communications
150	26 October 2022 00:20:09^[146]	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success	Progress MS-21	ISS logistics
151	2 November 2022 06:47:48^[147]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Success	Kosmos 2563 (EKS-6, Tundra 16L)	Early warning
152	28 November 2022 15:13:50^[148]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat	Plesetsk Site 43/3	Success	Kosmos 2564 (GLONASS-M 761)	Navigation
153	30 November 2022 21:10:25^[149]	Soyuz-2.1b	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Success	Kosmos 2565 (Lotos-S1 No.6) Kosmos 2566	ELINT
154	9 February 2023 06:15:36^[150]	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success	Progress MS-22	ISS logistics
155	24 February 2023 00:24:29^[151]	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success	Soyuz MS-23	ISS crew transport
156	23 March 2023 06:40:11^[152]	Soyuz-2.1a	Plesetsk Site 43/3	Success	Kosmos 2567 (Bars-M 4L)	Reconnaissance
157	29 March 2023 19:57:02^[153]	Soyuz-2.1v	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Success	Kosmos 2568 (EO MKA No.4)	Reconnaissance
158	24 May 2023 12:56:07^[154]	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success	Progress MS-23	ISS logistics
159	26 May 2023 21:14:51^[155]	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat	Vostochny Site 1S	Success	Kondor-FKA No.1	Reconnaissance
160	27 June 2023 11:34:49^[156]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat	Vostochny Site 1S	Success	Meteor-M No.2-3 42 rideshare satellites	Weather Various uses
161	7 August 2023 13:19:25^[157]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat	Plesetsk Site 43/3	Success	Kosmos 2569 (GLONASS-K2 13L)	Navigation
162	10 August 2023 23:10:57^[158]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat	Vostochny Site 1S	Success	Luna 25 (Luna-Glob lander)	Lunar exploration
163	23 August 2023 01:08:10^[159]	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success	Progress MS-24	ISS logistics
164	15 September 2023 15:44:35^[160]	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success	Soyuz MS-24	ISS crew transport
165	27 October 2023 06:04:43^[161]	Soyuz-2.1b	Plesetsk Site 43/3	Success	Kosmos 2570 (Lotos-S1 No.7) Kosmos 2571	ELINT
166	25 November 2023 20:58:06^[162]	Soyuz-2.1b	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Success	Kosmos 2572 (Razdan 1)	Reconnaissance
167	1 December 2023 09:25:11^[163]	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success	Progress MS-25	ISS logistics
168	16 December 2023 09:17:48^[164]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success	Arktika-M No.2	Meteorology
169	21 December 2023 08:48:39^[165]	Soyuz-2.1b	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Success	Kosmos 2573 (Bars-M 5L)	Reconnaissance
170	27 December 2023 07:03:44^[166]	Soyuz-2.1v	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Success	Kosmos 2574 (Razbeg No.1)	Reconnaissance
171	9 February 2024 07:03:44^[167]	Soyuz-2.1v	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Success	Kosmos 2575 (Razbeg No.2)	Reconnaissance
172	15 February 2024 03:25:05^[168]	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success	Progress MS-26	ISS logistics
173	29 February 2024 05:43:26^[169]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat	Vostochny Site 1S	Success	Meteor-M No.2-4 18 rideshare satellites	Weather Various uses
174	23 March 2024 12:36:10^[170]	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success	Soyuz MS-25	ISS crew transport
175	31 March 2024 09:36:45^[171]	Soyuz-2.1b	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success	Resurs-P No.4	Earth observation

Planned launches

Launch date Time (UTC)	Configuration	Spaceport	Result	Payload	Function	Remark
21 May 2024^[172]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat	Vostochny Site 1S	Scheduled	Ionosfera-M1 Ionosfera-M2	Ionospheric research
3 June 2024^[173]	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur Site 31/6	Scheduled	Progress MS-27	ISS logistics
8 June 2024^[174]	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat	Vostochny Site 1S	Planned	Kondor-FKA No.2	Reconnaissance
June 2024	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat	Plesetsk Site 43	Planned	GLONASS-K 18	Navigation
Q2 2024^[175]	Soyuz-2.1a	Vostochny Site 1S	Planned	Obzor-R №1	Earth observation
NLT August 2024^[176]	Soyuz-2.1b	Baikonur Site 31/6	Planned	Bion-M No.2	Biological science
11 September 2024^[177]	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur Site 31	Planned	Soyuz MS-26	ISS crew transport
2024^[174]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat	Vostochny Site 1S	Planned	Ionosfera-M3 Ionosfera-M4	Ionospheric research
2024^[178]	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat	Vostochny Site 1S	Planned	Meteor-M No.2-5	Weather
2024^[179]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat	Plesetsk Site 43	Planned	GLONASS-K2 No.2 (2xx)	Navigation
2024^[180]	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat	Plesetsk Site 43	Planned	Meridian-M 11 (21L)	Communications
2024^[181]	Soyuz-2.1b	Baikonur Site 31	Planned	Resurs-P No.5	Earth observation
2024^[174]	Soyuz-2.1b	Vostochny Site 1S	Planned	Resurs-PM №1	Earth observation
2025^[182]^[183]	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat	Vostochny Site 1S	Planned	Kondor-FKA-M No.1	Reconnaissance
2025^[178]	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat	Vostochny Site 1S	Planned	Meteor-M No.2-6	Weather
2025^[174]	Soyuz-2.1b	Vostochny Site 1S	Planned	Resurs-PM №2	Earth observation
2027^[184]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat	Vostochny Site 1S	Planned	Luna 26	Lunar orbiter
	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat	Plesetsk Site 43	Planned	GLONASS-K 19–23	Navigation

See also

•  Spaceflight portal

• Soyuz programme
• List of R-7 launches
• Medium-lift launch vehicle

Notes

1. 200 km (120 mi) circular LEO 51.8° inclination from Baikonur
2. 820 km (510 mi) SSO with Fregat from Kourou
3. 1,500 m/s (4,900 ft/s) Delta-V deficit GTO with Fregat from Kourou
4. with Fregat from Baikonur
5. with Fregat from Kourou

References

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2. "Russian launch service provider reveals cost of Soyuz-2.1 rocket launch". Russian Aviation. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
3. "The Soyuz-2 rocket series". Russian Space Web. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
4. "SOYUZ-2 Launch Vehicle/Power Characteristics". Progress State Research and Production Rocket Space Center. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
5. "SOYUZ-ST Launch Vehicle / Power Characteristics". Progress State Research and Production Rocket Space Center. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
6. "The Soyuz-2 rocket series". Russianspaceweb.
7. "Soyuz from the Guiana Space Centre – User's manual" (PDF). Arianespace. March 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
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22. V. M. Antimirov; A. B. Umansky; L. N. Shalimov (2013). Бортовые цифровые вычислительные системы семейства «Малахит» для работы в экстремальных условиях [Onboard digital computer systems of the "Malachite" family for extreme conditions.]. Vestnik Samara State Aerospace University (in Russian) (4 (42) UDC 629.7.05:004.3): 1. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
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External links

 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Soyuz-2.

• European Space Agency about Soyuz-ST (Russian name Soyuz-STK)
• Soyuz User's Manual, from Starsem
• Soyuz-2 launch vehicle, from Roscosmos