Group of Soviet Forces in Germany
The Western Group of Forces (WGF),[a] previously known as the Group of Soviet Occupation Forces in Germany (GSOFG)[b] and the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany (GSFG),[c] were the troops of the Soviet Army in East Germany. The Group of Soviet Occupation Forces in Germany was formed after the end of World War II in Europe from units of the 1st and 2nd Belorussian Fronts. The group helped suppress the East German uprising of 1953. After the end of occupation functions in 1954 the group was renamed the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany. The group represented Soviet interests in East Germany during the Cold War. Before changes in Soviet foreign policy during the early 1990s, the group shifted to a more offensive role and in 1989 became the Western Group of Forces. Russian forces remained in the eastern part of Germany after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and German reunification until 1994.
| Group of Soviet Occupation Forces in Germany (1945–54) Group of Soviet Forces in Germany (1954–89) Western Group of Forces (1989–94) | |
|---|---|
Soviet Army marking present on GSFG vehicles | |
| Active | 1945–1994 |
| Country |
|
| Branch | |
| Type | Group of forces |
| Part of | |
| Headquarters | Wünsdorf (now in Zossen) |
| Engagements | East German uprising of 1953 |
| Commanders | |
| Notable commanders | See list |
History edit
| Period | Native designation | German | English | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Short | Long version | Short | Long version | Short | Long version | |||
| 1945–1954 | ГСОВГ | Группа советских оккупационных войск в Германии | GSBD | Gruppe der Sowjetischen Besatzungstruppen in Deutschland | GSOFG | Group of Soviet Occupation Forces in Germany | ||
| 1954–1989 | ГСВГ | Группа советских войск в Германии | GSSD | Gruppe der Sowjetischen Streitkräfte in Deutschland | GSFG | Group of Soviet Forces in Germany | ||
| GSTD | Gruppe der Sowjetischen Truppen in Deutschland | |||||||
| 1989–1994 | ЗГВ | Западная группа войск | WGT | Westgruppe der Truppen | WGF | Western Group of Forces | ||
The Group of Soviet Occupation Forces, Germany was formed after the end of World War II in Europe from formations of the 1st and 2nd Belorussian Fronts, commanded by Georgy Zhukov. On its creation on 9 June 1945 it included:[1]
- the 1st Guards Tank Army (HQ Radebeul) · 8th Guards Mechanised Corps, the 11th Guards Tank Corps
- 2nd Guards Tank Army (HQ Fürstenberg) · Soviet 1st Mechanized Corps, 9th Tank Corps, 12th Guards Tank Corps
- 4th Guards Tank Army (HQ Eberswalde) · 5th Guards Mechanised Corps, 6th Guards Mechanised Corps ; 10th Guards Tank Corps
- 2nd Shock Army (HQ Goldberg, then Schwerin) · 109th Rifle Corps (46th, 90th, 372nd Rifle Divisions), 116th Rifle Corps (86th, 321st, 326th Rifle Division), 40th Guards Rifle Corps (101st Guards, 102nd Guards, 272nd Rifle Division)
- 3rd Shock Army (HQ Stendal) · 7th Rifle Corps (146th, 265th, 364th Rifle Divisions) ; 12th Guards Rifle Corps (23rd Guards, 52nd Guards, 33rd Rifle Divisions); 79th Rifle Corps (150th, 171st, 207th Rifle Divisions) 9th Tank Corps
- 5th Shock Army (HQ Nauen, then Potsdam) · 9th Rifle Corps (248th, 301st Rifle Divisions); 26th Guards Rifle Corps (89th Guards, 94th Guards, 266th Rifle Divisions); 32nd Rifle Corps (60th Guards, 295th, 416th Rifle Divisions); 230th Rifle Division; three independent tank brigades
- 8th Guards Army (HQ Jena, then Nohra) 4th Guards Rifle Corps (35th, 47th, 57th Guard Rifle Divisions) · 28th Guards Rifle Corps (39th, 79th, 88th Guards Rifle Divisions) · 29th Guards Rifle Corps (27th, 74th, 82nd Guards Rifle Divisions) · 11th Tank Corps
- 47th Army (HQ Eisleben, then Halle) · 77th Rifle Corps (185th, 260th, 328th Rifle Division) · 125th Rifle Corps (60th, 76th, 175th Rifle Divisions) · 129th Rifle Corps (82nd, 132nd, 143rd Rifle Divisions) · 1st Guards Tank Corps and the 25th Tank Corps.
- 49th Army (HQ Wittenberg)
- 70th Army (HQ Rostock)
- First Polish Army (two divisions)
- Dnieper Flotilla
- 16th Air Army (HQ Woltersdorf)
The 4th Artillery Corps also became part of the GSFG in 1945.
An order of 29 May 1945 had ordered the disestablishment of the 47th, 77th, 80th, 89th, 25th, 61st, 91st, 16th, 38th, 62nd, 70th, 121st, and 114th Rifle Corps, and of the 71st, 136th, 162nd, 76th, 82nd, 212th, 356th, 234th, 23rd, 397th, 311th, 415th, 328th, 274th, 370th, 41st, 134th, 312th, 4th, 117th, 247th, 89th, 95th, 64th, 323rd, 362nd, 222nd, 49th, 339th, 383rd, 191st, 380th, 42nd, 139th, 238th, 385th, 200th, 330th, 199th, 1st, 369th, 165th, 169th, 158th, and 346th Rifle Divisions.[2] The 89th Rifle Division was not disbanded and instead transferred to the Caucasus.[3]
In January 1946, the 2nd Shock Army left the Soviet Zone. A month later, the 47th Army was disbanded, with its units withdrawn to the Soviet Union. In October the 5th Shock Army was disbanded. In 1947 the 3rd and 4th Guards Mechanized Divisions (Mobilization), former mechanized armies, arrived in the group from the Central Group of Forces. In 1954 the 3rd Shock Army became the 3rd Red Banner Combined Arms Army (Russian: 3-я краснознаменная общевойсковая армия).[4] The 3rd Guards Mechanized Army became the 18th Guards Army on 29 April 1957. On the same day, the 4th Guards Mechanized Army became the 20th Guards Army.[3]
After the abolition of the occupation functions in 1954, the Group of Soviet Occupation Forces in Germany became known as the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany (GSVG) on 24 March. The legal basis for the GSVG's stay in East Germany was the Treaty on Relations between the USSR and the GDR of 1955.[5]
Withdrawals from East Germany in 1956 and 1957/58 comprised more than 70,000 Soviet army personnel, including 18th Guards Army Staff.
The GSFG had the task to ensure for the adherence to the regulations of the Potsdam Agreement. Furthermore, they represented the political and military interests of the Soviet Union. In 1957 an agreement between the governments of the USSR and the GDR laid out the arrangements over the temporary stay of Soviet armed forces on the territory of the GDR, the numerical strength of the Soviet troops, and their assigned posts and exercise areas. It was specified that the Soviet armed forces were not to interfere into the internal affairs of the GDR, as they had done during the East German uprising of 1953.
Following a resolution of the government of the Soviet Union in 1979 and 1980, 20,000 army personnel, 1,000 tanks and much equipment were withdrawn from the territory of the GDR, among them the 6th Guards Tank Division, with headquarters at Wittenberg.
Until the last years of Perestroika the GSFG was in the process of realignment as a more offensive force regarding strength, structure and equipment, before a clear reduction of the tank forces in 1989. The GSFG was renamed the Western Group of Forces on 1 June 1989.[6] The withdrawal of the GSFG was one of the largest peacetime troop transfers in military history. Despite the difficulties, which resulted from the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the same period, the departure was carried out according to plan and punctually until August 1994. Between the years of 1992 and 1993, the Western Group of Forces in Germany (along with the Northern Group of Forces) halted military exercises.
The return of the troops and material took place particularly by the sea route by means of the ports in Rostock and the island of Rügen, as well as via Poland. The Russian Ground Forces left Germany on 25 June 1994 with a military parade of the 6th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade in Berlin. The parting ceremony in Wünsdorf on 11 June 1994 and in the Treptow Park in Berlin on 31 August 1994 marked the end of the Russian military presence on German soil.
In addition to German territories, the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany operational territory also included the region of town of Szczecin, part of the territories transferred from Germany to Poland following the end of the Second World War. The rest of Poland fell under the Northern Group of Forces, while the southern regions (Austria, Czechoslovakia) were under the Central Group of Forces.
Generals directing the withdrawals from Germany diverted arms, equipment, and foreign monies intended to build housing in Russia for the withdrawn troops. Several years later, the last GSFG commander, General Matvey Burlakov, and the Defence Minister, Pavel Grachev, had their involvement exposed. They were also accused of ordering the murder of reporter Dmitry Kholodov, who had been investigating the scandals.[7]
Structure and equipment in 1991 edit
The Soviet troops occupied 777 barracks at 276 locations on the territory of the German Democratic Republic. This also included 47 airfields and 116 exercise areas. At the beginning of 1991 there were still about 338,000 soldiers in 24 divisions, distributed among five land armies and an air army in what was by then the Western Group of Forces. In addition, there were about 208,000 relatives of officers as well as civil employees, among them about 90,000 children. Most locations were in the area of today's Brandenburg.
In 1991 there were approximately 4,200 tanks, 8,200 armored vehicles, 3,600 artillery pieces, 106,000 other motor vehicles, 690 aircraft, 680 helicopters, and 180 rocket systems.[8]
- See also
At the end of the 1980s, the primary Soviet formations included:[9]
- 1st Guards Tank Red Banner Army – Dresden
- 2nd Guards Tank Army – Fürstenberg/Havel
- 16th Guards Tank Division – Neustrelitz
- 21st Motor Rifle Division – Perleberg[10]
- 94th Guards Motor Rifle Division – Schwerin
- 207th Motor Rifle Division – Stendal (note; earlier Western reporting lists this as a Guards unit; this is incorrect)
- 3rd Red Banner Army – Magdeburg (as of 1988)[4]
- 8th Guards Order of Lenin Army – Weimar-Nohra
- 20th Guards Red Banner Army – Eberswalde
- 25th Tank Division – Vogelsang
- 32nd Guards Tank Division – Jüterbog
- 35th Motor Rifle Division – Krampnitz
- 90th Guards Tank Division – Bernau bei Berlin
- 16th Air Army – Zossen[11]
- 6th Guards Fighter Aviation Division – Merseburg
- 16th Guards Fighter Aviation Division – Ribnitz-Damgarten. Withdrawn 30 October 1993 to Millerovo, North Caucasus Military District, and joined 4th Air Army.[12]
- 105th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Division – Großenhain
- 125th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Division – Rechlin [town, not in airfield] – disbanded July 1993 or October 1993.[13]
- 126th Fighter Aviation Division – Zerbst
Other Group-level formations included:
- 6th Separate Guards Motor Rifle Brigade (Karlshorst, Berlin) - withdrawn to Kursk in 1994
- 35th Guards Air Assault Brigade (effectively an airmobile brigade; Cottbus, Germany, activated October 1979, and transferred to Kapchagay, Kazakh SSR, in April 1991. Eventually became part of the Kazakh Armed Forces).[14]
- 34th Guards Artillery Division (Potsdam) (formed 25 June 1945 to 9 July 1945 in Germany)
Commanders-in-Chief of the GSFG edit
The first three Commanders-in-Chief were also Chiefs of the Soviet Military Administration in Germany.
GSOFG, 1945–54 edit
| No. | Portrait | Commander-in-Chief | Took office | Left office | Time in office |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Marshal of the Soviet Union Georgy Zhukov (1896–1974) | 9 June 1945 | 21 March 1946 | 285 days | |
| 2 | Marshal of the Soviet Union Vasily Sokolovsky (1897–1968) | 22 March 1946 | 31 March 1949 | 3 years, 9 days | |
| 3 | Marshal of the Soviet Union Vasily Chuikov (1900–1982) | 1 April 1949 | 26 May 1953 | 4 years, 55 days | |
| 4 | Marshal of the Soviet Union Andrei Grechko (1903–1976) | 27 May 1953 | 16 November 1957 | 4 years, 173 days |
GSFG, 1954–89 edit
| No. | Portrait | Commander-in-Chief | Took office | Left office | Time in office |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Marshal of the Soviet Union Andrei Grechko (1903–1976) | 27 May 1953 | 16 November 1957 | 4 years, 173 days | |
| 2 | Marshal of the Soviet Union Matvei Zakharov (1898–1972) | 17 November 1957 | 14 April 1960 | 2 years, 149 days | |
| 3 | Marshal of the Soviet Union Ivan Yakubovsky (1912–1976) | 15 April 1960 | 9 August 1961 | 1 year, 116 days | |
| 4 | Marshal of the Soviet Union Ivan Konev (1897–1973) | 9 August 1961 | 18 April 1962 | 252 days | |
| 5 | Marshal of the Soviet Union Ivan Yakubovsky (1912–1976) | 19 April 1962 | 26 January 1965 | 2 years, 282 days | |
| 6 | Marshal of the Soviet Union Pyotr Koshevoy (1904–1976) | 27 January 1965 | 31 October 1969 | 4 years, 277 days | |
| 7 | Marshal of the Soviet Union Viktor Kulikov (1921–2013) | 1 November 1969 | 13 September 1971 | 1 year, 316 days | |
| 8 | Marshal of the Soviet Union Semyon Kurkotkin (1917–1990) | 14 September 1971 | 19 July 1972 | 3 years, 308 days | |
| 9 | Army General Yevgeny Ivanovsky (1918–1991) | 20 July 1972 | 25 November 1980 | 5 years, 128 days | |
| 10 | Army General Mikhail Zaitsev (1923–2009) | 26 November 1980 | 6 July 1985 | 4 years, 222 days | |
| 11 | Army General Pyotr Lushev (1923–1997) | 7 July 1985 | 11 July 1986 | 1 year, 4 days | |
| 12 | Army General Valery Belikov (1925–1987) | 12 July 1986 | 12 November 1987 † | 1 year, 123 days |
WGF, 1989–94 edit
| No. | Portrait | Commander-in-Chief | Took office | Left office | Time in office |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Army general Boris Snetkov (1925–2006) | 26 November 1987 | 13 December 1990 | 3 years, 17 days | |
| 2 | Colonel general Matvey Burlakov (1935–2011) | 13 December 1990 | 31 August 1994 | 3 years, 261 days |
WGF military soviet edit
Members (June 1993):[15]
- Commander-in-Chief of the WGF – Colonel general М. P. Burlakov
- 1st deputy commander-in-Chief of the WGF – Colonel general A. N. Mityukhin
- Deputy commander-in-Chief of the WGF for the withdrawal of forces – Lieutenant general С. В. Тshernilevsky
- WGF chief of staff – Lieutenant general A. V. Teretev
- Deputy commander-in-Chief of the WGF for logistics – Lieutenant general W. I. Isakow
- Deputy commander-in-Chief of the EGF for armaments – Major general W. N. Shulikov
- Commander of the 16th Air Army – Lieutenant general A. F. Tarasenko
See also edit
Notes edit
- ^ Russian: Западная Группа Войск, ЗГВ, romanized: Zapadnaya Gruppa Voysk, ZGV.
- ^ Russian: Группа Советских Оккупационных Войск в Германии, ГСОВГ, romanized: Gruppa Sovietskih Okkupatsionnyh Voysk v Germanii, GSOVG.
- ^ Russian: Группа Советских Войск в Германии, ГСВГ, romanized: Gruppa Sovietskih Voysk v Germanii, GSVG.
References edit
- ^ Feskov et al 2013, p. 380
- ^ Stavka Order No. 11095
- ^ a b Feskov et al 2013, pp. 381–382
- ^ a b Michael Holm, 3 Red Banner Combined Arms Army, February 2015.
- ^ Feskov et al 2013, p. 382
- ^ Chris Lofting & Kieron Pilbeam, 'Sperenburg,' Air Forces Monthly, February 1995, p. 42
- ^ Odom, William E. (1998). The Collapse of the Soviet Military. Yale University Press. p. 302. ISBN 0-300-07469-7. On p. 468, fn 130, Odom cites as his sources Komsomolskaya Pravda, 20 October 1994, and RFE/RL Daily Report, 24 October 1994, 2 November 1994, and 8 November 1994.
- ^ Zabecki, David T. (28 October 2014). Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 570. ISBN 9781598849813.
- ^ Steven J. Zaloga (1989) Tank War-Central Front – NATO vs. Warsaw Pact. Osprey Elite Series No 26. p. 13. ISBN 0-85045-904-4
- ^ Holm 2015/Feskov et al 2013.
- ^ . 16va.be. Archived from the original on 14 February 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
- ^ Michael Holm, 16th Guards Fighter Aviation Division 1 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Michael Holm, 125th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Division 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, accessed September 2011
- ^ Michael Holm, 35th Landing-Assault Brigade 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Members of the WGF military soviet, Wünsdorf in June 1993г; Moskow, «Jung guar», 1994; Soviet Forces in Germany 1945-1994: remembrance album … page 113; ISBN 5-235-02221-1.
- Feskov, V.I.; Golikov, V.I.; Kalashnikov, K.A.; Slugin, S.A. (2013). Вооруженные силы СССР после Второй Мировой войны: от Красной Армии к Советской [The Armed Forces of the USSR after World War II: From the Red Army to the Soviet: Part 1 Land Forces] (in Russian). Tomsk: Scientific and Technical Literature Publishing. ISBN 9785895035306.
Further reading edit
- William Durie, " The United States Garrison Berlin 1945-1994", (Mission Accomplished, Aug 2014 ISBN 978-1-63068-540-9 (English).
- Freundt, Lutz (1998). Sowjetische Fliegerkräfte Deutschland 1945–1994 (Band 1) [Soviet Aviation Forces in Germany 1945–1994 (Volume 1)] (in German). Diepholz: Freundt Eigenverlag. ISBN 3-000014-93-4.
- Scott and Scott, The Armed Forces of the USSR, Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, 1979
- Roter Stern über Deutschland, Ilko-Sascha Kowalczuk und Stefan Wolle, Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin, 2001, ISBN 3-86153-246-8. This German book, The Red Star over Germany, Soviet troops in the GDR, presents 49 years of the Soviet Army stationed in East Germany.
External links edit
- BRIXMIS (British Liaison Mission to GSFG)
- U.S. Military Liaison Mission memorial site, Group of Soviet Forces in Germany
- German Armed Forces Military History Research Office, Database of GSFG and NPA locations 10 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine
- The GSVG : Group of Soviet Forces in Germany (in Russian)
- GSFG 7 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
- The Group of Soviet Forces in Germany