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Southern rockhopper penguin

January 19, 2024

The southern rockhopper penguin [3] (Eudyptes chrysocome) is a species of rockhopper penguin, that is sometimes considered distinct from the northern rockhopper penguin. It occurs in subantarctic waters of the western Pacific and Indian Oceans, as well as around the southern coasts of South America.

Southern rockhopper penguin
Temporal range: Pleistocene to recent[1]
Adult in the New Island (Falkland Islands) rookery
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Sphenisciformes
Family: Spheniscidae
Genus: Eudyptes
Species:
E. chrysocome
Binomial name
Eudyptes chrysocome
(Forster, JR, 1781)
Subspecies

See text:

  • E. c. chrysocome – Western
  • E. c. filholi – Eastern
Distribution map rockhopper penguins
Green: western subspecies, blue: eastern subspecies
Synonyms
  • Aptenodytes chrysocome J.R.Forster, 1781
  • Aptenodytes crestata J.F. Miller, 1784
  • Eudyptes crestatus (J.F. Miller, 1784)

Taxonomy edit

In 1743 the English naturalist George Edwards included an illustration and a description of the southern rockhopper penguin in the first volume of his A Natural History of Uncommon Birds. Edwards based his hand-coloured etching on a preserved specimen owned by Peter Collinson.[4] When in 1758 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the tenth edition, he placed the southern rockhopper penguin with the red-billed tropicbird in the genus Phaethon. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the binomial name Phaethon demersus and cited Edwards' work.[5] The use of Linnaeus' binomial name was not adopted by later ornithologists, perhaps because he had already used the specific demersa for the African penguin which he placed with the wandering albatross in the genus Diomedea.[6][7]

The southern rockhopper penguin was formally described in 1781 by the German naturalist Johann Reinhold Forster under the binomial name Aptenodytes chrysocome.[8] The species is now placed in the genus Eudyptes that was introduced by the French ornithologist Louis Pierre Vieillot in 1816.[9][10] The genus name combines the Ancient Greek eu meaning "fine" with dyptes meaning "diver". The specific epithet chrysocome is from the Ancient Greek khrusokomos meaning "golden-haired" (from khrusos meaning "gold" and komē meaning "hair").[11]

Two subspecies are recognised:[10]

The rockhopper penguin complex is confusing. Many taxonomists consider all three rockhopper penguin forms subspecies. Some split the northern subspecies (moseleyi) from the southern forms (chrysocome and filholi). Still others consider all three distinct. The subspecies recognized for the southern rockhopper penguin complex are:[2]

  • Eudyptes chrysocome chrysocome, the western rockhopper penguin or American southern rockhopper penguin – breeds around the southern tip of South America.
  • Eudyptes chrysocome filholi, the eastern rockhopper penguin or Indopacific southern rockhopper penguin – breeds on subantarctic islands of the Indian and western Pacific oceans.

The northern rockhopper penguin lives in a different water mass than the western and eastern rockhopper penguin, separated by the Subtropical Front, and they are genetically different. Therefore, northern birds are sometimes separated as E. moseleyi. The rockhopper penguins are closely related to the macaroni penguin (E. chrysolophus) and the royal penguin (E. schlegeli), which may just be a colour morph of the macaroni penguin.

Interbreeding with the macaroni penguin has been reported at Heard and Marion Islands, with three hybrids recorded there by a 1987–88 Australian National Antarctic Research Expedition.[12]

Description edit

 
Southern rockhopper penguin(Eudyptes chrysocome) displaying its distinctive crest

This is the smallest yellow-crested, black-and-white penguin in the genus Eudyptes. It reaches a length of 45–58 cm (18–23 in) and typically weighs 2–3.4 kg (4.4–7.5 lb), although there are records of exceptionally large rockhoppers weighing 4.5 kg (9.9 lb).[13] It has slate-grey upper parts and has straight, bright yellow eyebrows ending in long yellowish plumes projecting sideways behind a red eye.[13]

Ecology edit

 
Eudyptes chrysocome chrysocome colony on Saunders Island, Falkland Islands

The southern rockhopper penguin group has a global population of roughly 1 million pairs. About two-thirds of the global population belongs to E. c. chrysocome which breeds on the Falkland Islands and on islands off Patagonia.[14] These include most significantly Isla de los Estados, the Ildefonso Islands, the Diego Ramírez Islands and Isla Noir. E. c. filholi breeds on the Prince Edward Islands, the Crozet Islands, the Kerguelen Islands, Heard Island, Macquarie Island, Campbell Island, the Auckland Islands and the Antipodes Islands. Outside the breeding season, the birds can be found roaming the waters offshore their colonies.[15]

These penguins feed on krill, squid, octopus, lantern fish, mollusks, plankton, cuttlefish, and mainly crustaceans.

A rockhopper penguin, named Rocky, in Bergen Aquarium in Norway, lived to 29 years 4 months. It died in October 2003. This stands as the age record for rockhopper penguins, and possibly it was the oldest penguin known.[16]

Behaviour edit

 
E. c. chrysocome on Saunders Island, Falkland Islands hopping over a crack

Their common name refers to the fact that, unlike many other penguins which get around obstacles by sliding on their bellies or by awkward climbing using their flipper-like wings as aid, rockhoppers will try to jump over boulders and across cracks.[13]

This behaviour is by no means unique to this species however – at least the other "crested" penguins of the genus Eudyptes hop around rocks too. But the rockhopper's congeners occur on remote islands in the New Zealand region, whereas the rockhopper penguins are found in places that were visited by explorers and whalers since the Early Modern era. Hence, it is this particular species in which this behaviour was first noted.

 
Egg
 
A chick on the Saunders Island in the Falkland Islands

Their breeding colonies are located from sea level to cliff-tops and sometimes inland. Their breeding season starts in September and ends in November.[13] Two eggs are laid but only one is usually incubated.[13] Incubation lasts 35 days and their chicks are brooded for 26 days.

Variation in foraging behaviour edit

Rockhopper penguins are known to have complex foraging behaviors. Influenced by factors such as sea ice abundance, prey availability, breeding stage, and seasonality, rockhopper penguins must be able to adapt their behavior to fit the current conditions.[17] Rockhopper penguins employ different strategies according to their conditions. When making foraging trips, rockhoppers typically leave and return to their colonies in groups. One study showed they are known for going up to 157 km away from their colonies when foraging.[18] Females typically forage during the day in 11-12h trips consisting of many dives, but they will occasionally forage at night.[17] Night dives are typically much shallower than day dives. Dives typically last around 12h, but can be up to 15hrs, with penguins leaving the colony around dawn (04:00) and returning at dusk (19:00).[19]

 
Rockhopper penguin skeleton in Manchester Museum

Rockhopper penguins employ different strategies and foraging behaviors depending on the climate and environment. A main factor is food location. Subantarctic penguins must dive for longer periods of time and much deeper in search of food than do species in warmer waters where food is more easily accessible.[17]

Benthic and pelagic dives edit

Rockhopper penguins are known to employ two different types of dives when foraging, pelagic and benthic dives. Pelagic dives are typically short and relatively shallow and used very frequently. Benthic dives are much deeper dives near the seafloor (up to 100 m deep)[19] that typically last longer and have longer bottom time. Penguins performing benthic dives typically only perform a few depth wiggles (changes in depth profile) at their maximum depth.[20] at an average speed of range of 6.9–8.1 kilometres per hour (6,900–8,100 m/h).[18] Although deeper dives tend to be a bit longer than shallow dives, foraging rockhoppers will minimize their travel time when performing benthic dives to gain maximum efficiency. Benthic dives in particular show a stronger correlation to full stomachs than pelagic dives. Emperor penguins, gentoo penguins, yellow-eyed penguins and king penguins also use this deep-dive technique to obtain food.[20]

Prey availability is dependent on many factors, such as current climate and conditions of the area. Typically, females will bring back a majority of crustaceans and occasionally some fish for their young. The female's foraging success directly affects chick growth.[17] If food is scarce, females are able to fast for very long periods of time and sometimes will only forage for the chick's benefit.[19]

Dive limitations edit

Because foraging conditions and outcomes are so variable, several factors can limit foraging practices. The timing of breeding, incubation and brooding periods greatly affect foraging time, as females are unable to leave broods for long periods of time.[18] Females during the brooding period will follow a much more fixed foraging schedule, leaving and returning to the colony at roughly the same time each day. When not in breeding season, females have much more variability in the length of foraging trips. If females have low energy levels because they are fasting while provisioning chicks, they may make several short foraging trips instead of one longer one.[17]

While benthic dives are efficient and favorable for rockhoppers, they present physiological limitations such as limits in lung capacity, which affects duration of dives. The longest aerobic dive rockhoppers can perform is about 110 seconds long,[20] but dives can last upwards of 180–190 seconds.[17][18]

Status and conservation edit

The southern rockhopper penguin group is classified as vulnerable by the IUCN.[2] Its population has declined by about one-third in the last thirty years.[15][21] This decline has earned them the classification of a vulnerable species by the IUCN. Threats to their population include commercial fishing and oil spills.[22]

With the approval of the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA), Drusillas Park in East Sussex holds the studbook for rockhopper penguins in Europe. Zoo manager Sue Woodgate has specialist knowledge of the species, so the zoo is responsible for co-ordinating the movements of penguins within zoos in Europe to take part in breeding programmes and offer their advice and information about the species.[23]

Relationship with humans edit

 
Adult E. c. chrysocome in the New Island (Falkland Islands) rookery

Rockhopper penguins are the most familiar of the crested penguins to the general public. Their breeding colonies, namely those around South America, today attract many tourists who enjoy watching the birds' antics. Historically, the same islands were popular stopover and replenishing sites for whalers and other seafarers since at least the early 18th century. Almost all crested penguins depicted in movies, books and other media are ultimately based on Eudyptes chrysocome chrysocome.[citation needed]

References edit

  1. ^ "Fossilworks: Eudyptes chrysocome".
  2. ^ a b c BirdLife International (2020). "Eudyptes chrysocome". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22735250A182762377. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22735250A182762377.en. Retrieved February 20, 2022.
  3. ^ English name updates – IOC Version 2.9 (July 10, 2011) November 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, IOC World Bird List
  4. ^ Edwards, George (1751). A Natural History of Uncommon Birds. Vol. Part 1. London: Printed for the author at the College of Physicians. p. 49, Plate 49.
  5. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 135.
  6. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 132.
  7. ^ Allen, J.A. (1904). "The case of Megalestris vs. Catharacta". The Auk. 21 (3): 345–348 [346, Footnote 1]. doi:10.2307/4070197. hdl:2027/hvd.32044107327124. JSTOR 4070197.
  8. ^ Forster, Johann Reinhold (1780). "Historia Aptenodytae. Generis Avium orbi Australi proprii". Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis (in Latin). 3: 121–148 [133, 135]. Although the volume is dated 1780, the article was not published until 1781.
  9. ^ Vieillot, Louis Pierre (1816). Analyse d'une Nouvelle Ornithologie Élémentaire (in French). Paris: Deterville/self. pp. 67, 70. The genus name is misspelled as Endyptes on page 67.
  10. ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). "Kagu, Sunbittern, tropicbirds, loons, penguins". IOC World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved November 1, 2021.
  11. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 152, 105. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  12. ^ Woehler, E. J.; Gilbert, C. A. (1990). "Hybrid Rockhopper-Macaroni Penguins, interbreeding and mixed-species pairs at Heard and Marion Islands". Emu. 90 (3): 198–210. Bibcode:1990EmuAO..90..198W. doi:10.1071/MU9900198.
  13. ^ a b c d e Trewby, Mary (2002). Antarctica: an encyclopedia from Abbot Ice Shelf to Zooplankton. Auckland, New Zealand: Firefly Books. p. 152. ISBN 978-1-55297-590-9.
  14. ^ Mays, Herman L; Oehler, David A; Morrison, Kyle W; Morales, Ariadna E; Lycans, Alyssa; Perdue, Justin; Battley, Phil F; Cherel, Yves; Chilvers, B Louise; Crofts, Sarah; Demongin, Laurent; Fry, W Roger; Hiscock, Jo; Kusch, Alejandro; Marin, Manuel (December 17, 2019). Jackson, Jennifer (ed.). "Phylogeography, Population Structure, and Species Delimitation in Rockhopper Penguins ( Eudyptes chrysocome and Eudyptes moseleyi )". Journal of Heredity. 110 (7): 801–817. doi:10.1093/jhered/esz051. ISSN 0022-1503. PMC 7967833. PMID 31737899.
  15. ^ a b BirdLife International (2008). [2008 IUCN Redlist status changes]. Retrieved May 23, 2008.
  16. ^ Glenday, Craig (ed.) (2008). Guinness World Records 2008. Guinness Media, Inc. ISBN 1-904994-19-9
  17. ^ a b c d e f Tremblay, Yann; Cherel, Yves (2003). "Geographic variation in the foraging behaviour, diet and chick growth of rockhopper penguins". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 251: 279–297. Bibcode:2003MEPS..251..279T. doi:10.3354/meps251279.
  18. ^ a b c d Brown, Christopher (1987). "Traveling Speed and Foraging Range of Macaroni and Rockhopper Penguins at Marion Island (Velocidad de Movimiento y Extensión de las Áreas de Forrajeo de los Pingüinos Eudyptes chrysolophus y e. Chrysocome)". Journal of Field Ornithology. 58 (2): 118–125. JSTOR 4513209.
  19. ^ a b c Putz, Klemens (November 29, 2005). "Diving characteristics of southern rockhopper penguins (Eudyptes c. chrysocome) in the southwest Atlantic". Marine Biology. 149 (2): 125–137. doi:10.1007/s00227-005-0179-y. S2CID 84393587.
  20. ^ a b c Tremblay, Yann; Cherel, Yves (2000). "Benthic and pelagic dives: a new foraging behaviour in rockhopper penguins". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 204: 257–267. Bibcode:2000MEPS..204..257T. doi:10.3354/meps204257.
  21. ^ BirdLife International (2008) Southern Rockhopper Penguin Species Factsheet December 11, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 27, 2008.
  22. ^ Devon Phelan. "Eudyptes chrysocome rockhopper penguin". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved July 9, 2013.
  23. ^ "Wild penguins get a helping hand from Drusillas Park in Sussex". Drusillas Park (Press release). 2012.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eudyptes chrysocome.
 
Wikispecies has information related to Eudyptes chrysocome.
  • ARKive –
  • Rockhopper penguins from the International Penguin Conservation website

January 19, 2024
southern, rockhopper, penguin, southern, rockhopper, penguin, eudyptes, chrysocome, species, rockhopper, penguin, that, sometimes, considered, distinct, from, northern, rockhopper, penguin, occurs, subantarctic, waters, western, pacific, indian, oceans, well, . The southern rockhopper penguin 3 Eudyptes chrysocome is a species of rockhopper penguin that is sometimes considered distinct from the northern rockhopper penguin It occurs in subantarctic waters of the western Pacific and Indian Oceans as well as around the southern coasts of South America Southern rockhopper penguinTemporal range Pleistocene to recent 1 Adult in the New Island Falkland Islands rookeryConservation statusVulnerable IUCN 3 1 2 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AvesOrder SphenisciformesFamily SpheniscidaeGenus EudyptesSpecies E chrysocomeBinomial nameEudyptes chrysocome Forster JR 1781 SubspeciesSee text E c chrysocome Western E c filholi EasternDistribution map rockhopper penguinsGreen western subspecies blue eastern subspeciesSynonymsAptenodytes chrysocome J R Forster 1781 Aptenodytes crestata J F Miller 1784 Eudyptes crestatus J F Miller 1784 Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 3 Ecology 4 Behaviour 4 1 Variation in foraging behaviour 4 1 1 Benthic and pelagic dives 4 1 2 Dive limitations 5 Status and conservation 6 Relationship with humans 7 References 8 External linksTaxonomy editIn 1743 the English naturalist George Edwards included an illustration and a description of the southern rockhopper penguin in the first volume of his A Natural History of Uncommon Birds Edwards based his hand coloured etching on a preserved specimen owned by Peter Collinson 4 When in 1758 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the tenth edition he placed the southern rockhopper penguin with the red billed tropicbird in the genus Phaethon Linnaeus included a brief description coined the binomial name Phaethon demersus and cited Edwards work 5 The use of Linnaeus binomial name was not adopted by later ornithologists perhaps because he had already used the specific demersa for the African penguin which he placed with the wandering albatross in the genus Diomedea 6 7 The southern rockhopper penguin was formally described in 1781 by the German naturalist Johann Reinhold Forster under the binomial name Aptenodytes chrysocome 8 The species is now placed in the genus Eudyptes that was introduced by the French ornithologist Louis Pierre Vieillot in 1816 9 10 The genus name combines the Ancient Greek eu meaning fine with dyptes meaning diver The specific epithet chrysocome is from the Ancient Greek khrusokomos meaning golden haired from khrusos meaning gold and kome meaning hair 11 Two subspecies are recognised 10 E c filholi Hutton FW 1879 Kerguelen Islands and subantarctic islands of New Zealand E c chrysocome Forster JR 1781 Cape Horn to the Falkland IslandsThe rockhopper penguin complex is confusing Many taxonomists consider all three rockhopper penguin forms subspecies Some split the northern subspecies moseleyi from the southern forms chrysocome and filholi Still others consider all three distinct The subspecies recognized for the southern rockhopper penguin complex are 2 Eudyptes chrysocome chrysocome the western rockhopper penguin or American southern rockhopper penguin breeds around the southern tip of South America Eudyptes chrysocome filholi the eastern rockhopper penguin or Indopacific southern rockhopper penguin breeds on subantarctic islands of the Indian and western Pacific oceans The northern rockhopper penguin lives in a different water mass than the western and eastern rockhopper penguin separated by the Subtropical Front and they are genetically different Therefore northern birds are sometimes separated as E moseleyi The rockhopper penguins are closely related to the macaroni penguin E chrysolophus and the royal penguin E schlegeli which may just be a colour morph of the macaroni penguin Interbreeding with the macaroni penguin has been reported at Heard and Marion Islands with three hybrids recorded there by a 1987 88 Australian National Antarctic Research Expedition 12 Description edit nbsp Southern rockhopper penguin Eudyptes chrysocome displaying its distinctive crestThis is the smallest yellow crested black and white penguin in the genus Eudyptes It reaches a length of 45 58 cm 18 23 in and typically weighs 2 3 4 kg 4 4 7 5 lb although there are records of exceptionally large rockhoppers weighing 4 5 kg 9 9 lb 13 It has slate grey upper parts and has straight bright yellow eyebrows ending in long yellowish plumes projecting sideways behind a red eye 13 Ecology edit nbsp Eudyptes chrysocome chrysocome colony on Saunders Island Falkland IslandsThe southern rockhopper penguin group has a global population of roughly 1 million pairs About two thirds of the global population belongs to E c chrysocome which breeds on the Falkland Islands and on islands off Patagonia 14 These include most significantly Isla de los Estados the Ildefonso Islands the Diego Ramirez Islands and Isla Noir E c filholi breeds on the Prince Edward Islands the Crozet Islands the Kerguelen Islands Heard Island Macquarie Island Campbell Island the Auckland Islands and the Antipodes Islands Outside the breeding season the birds can be found roaming the waters offshore their colonies 15 These penguins feed on krill squid octopus lantern fish mollusks plankton cuttlefish and mainly crustaceans A rockhopper penguin named Rocky in Bergen Aquarium in Norway lived to 29 years 4 months It died in October 2003 This stands as the age record for rockhopper penguins and possibly it was the oldest penguin known 16 Behaviour edit nbsp E c chrysocome on Saunders Island Falkland Islands hopping over a crackTheir common name refers to the fact that unlike many other penguins which get around obstacles by sliding on their bellies or by awkward climbing using their flipper like wings as aid rockhoppers will try to jump over boulders and across cracks 13 This behaviour is by no means unique to this species however at least the other crested penguins of the genus Eudyptes hop around rocks too But the rockhopper s congeners occur on remote islands in the New Zealand region whereas the rockhopper penguins are found in places that were visited by explorers and whalers since the Early Modern era Hence it is this particular species in which this behaviour was first noted nbsp Egg nbsp A chick on the Saunders Island in the Falkland IslandsTheir breeding colonies are located from sea level to cliff tops and sometimes inland Their breeding season starts in September and ends in November 13 Two eggs are laid but only one is usually incubated 13 Incubation lasts 35 days and their chicks are brooded for 26 days Variation in foraging behaviour edit Rockhopper penguins are known to have complex foraging behaviors Influenced by factors such as sea ice abundance prey availability breeding stage and seasonality rockhopper penguins must be able to adapt their behavior to fit the current conditions 17 Rockhopper penguins employ different strategies according to their conditions When making foraging trips rockhoppers typically leave and return to their colonies in groups One study showed they are known for going up to 157 km away from their colonies when foraging 18 Females typically forage during the day in 11 12h trips consisting of many dives but they will occasionally forage at night 17 Night dives are typically much shallower than day dives Dives typically last around 12h but can be up to 15hrs with penguins leaving the colony around dawn 04 00 and returning at dusk 19 00 19 nbsp Rockhopper penguin skeleton in Manchester MuseumRockhopper penguins employ different strategies and foraging behaviors depending on the climate and environment A main factor is food location Subantarctic penguins must dive for longer periods of time and much deeper in search of food than do species in warmer waters where food is more easily accessible 17 Benthic and pelagic dives edit Rockhopper penguins are known to employ two different types of dives when foraging pelagic and benthic dives Pelagic dives are typically short and relatively shallow and used very frequently Benthic dives are much deeper dives near the seafloor up to 100 m deep 19 that typically last longer and have longer bottom time Penguins performing benthic dives typically only perform a few depth wiggles changes in depth profile at their maximum depth 20 at an average speed of range of 6 9 8 1 kilometres per hour 6 900 8 100 m h 18 Although deeper dives tend to be a bit longer than shallow dives foraging rockhoppers will minimize their travel time when performing benthic dives to gain maximum efficiency Benthic dives in particular show a stronger correlation to full stomachs than pelagic dives Emperor penguins gentoo penguins yellow eyed penguins and king penguins also use this deep dive technique to obtain food 20 Prey availability is dependent on many factors such as current climate and conditions of the area Typically females will bring back a majority of crustaceans and occasionally some fish for their young The female s foraging success directly affects chick growth 17 If food is scarce females are able to fast for very long periods of time and sometimes will only forage for the chick s benefit 19 Dive limitations edit Because foraging conditions and outcomes are so variable several factors can limit foraging practices The timing of breeding incubation and brooding periods greatly affect foraging time as females are unable to leave broods for long periods of time 18 Females during the brooding period will follow a much more fixed foraging schedule leaving and returning to the colony at roughly the same time each day When not in breeding season females have much more variability in the length of foraging trips If females have low energy levels because they are fasting while provisioning chicks they may make several short foraging trips instead of one longer one 17 While benthic dives are efficient and favorable for rockhoppers they present physiological limitations such as limits in lung capacity which affects duration of dives The longest aerobic dive rockhoppers can perform is about 110 seconds long 20 but dives can last upwards of 180 190 seconds 17 18 Status and conservation editThe southern rockhopper penguin group is classified as vulnerable by the IUCN 2 Its population has declined by about one third in the last thirty years 15 21 This decline has earned them the classification of a vulnerable species by the IUCN Threats to their population include commercial fishing and oil spills 22 With the approval of the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria EAZA Drusillas Park in East Sussex holds the studbook for rockhopper penguins in Europe Zoo manager Sue Woodgate has specialist knowledge of the species so the zoo is responsible for co ordinating the movements of penguins within zoos in Europe to take part in breeding programmes and offer their advice and information about the species 23 Relationship with humans edit nbsp Adult E c chrysocome in the New Island Falkland Islands rookeryRockhopper penguins are the most familiar of the crested penguins to the general public Their breeding colonies namely those around South America today attract many tourists who enjoy watching the birds antics Historically the same islands were popular stopover and replenishing sites for whalers and other seafarers since at least the early 18th century Almost all crested penguins depicted in movies books and other media are ultimately based on Eudyptes chrysocome chrysocome citation needed References edit Fossilworks Eudyptes chrysocome a b c BirdLife International 2020 Eudyptes chrysocome IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020 e T22735250A182762377 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2020 3 RLTS T22735250A182762377 en Retrieved February 20 2022 English name updates IOC Version 2 9 July 10 2011 Archived November 7 2011 at the Wayback Machine IOC World Bird List Edwards George 1751 A Natural History of Uncommon Birds Vol Part 1 London Printed for the author at the College of Physicians p 49 Plate 49 Linnaeus Carl 1758 Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae secundum classes ordines genera species cum characteribus differentiis synonymis locis in Latin Vol 1 10th ed Holmiae Stockholm Laurentii Salvii p 135 Linnaeus Carl 1758 Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae secundum classes ordines genera species cum characteribus differentiis synonymis locis in Latin Vol 1 10th ed Holmiae Stockholm Laurentii Salvii p 132 Allen J A 1904 The case of Megalestris vs Catharacta The Auk 21 3 345 348 346 Footnote 1 doi 10 2307 4070197 hdl 2027 hvd 32044107327124 JSTOR 4070197 Forster Johann Reinhold 1780 Historia Aptenodytae Generis Avium orbi Australi proprii Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis in Latin 3 121 148 133 135 Although the volume is dated 1780 the article was not published until 1781 Vieillot Louis Pierre 1816 Analyse d une Nouvelle Ornithologie Elementaire in French Paris Deterville self pp 67 70 The genus name is misspelled as Endyptes on page 67 a b Gill Frank Donsker David Rasmussen Pamela eds July 2021 Kagu Sunbittern tropicbirds loons penguins IOC World Bird List Version 11 2 International Ornithologists Union Retrieved November 1 2021 Jobling James A 2010 The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names London Christopher Helm pp 152 105 ISBN 978 1 4081 2501 4 Woehler E J Gilbert C A 1990 Hybrid Rockhopper Macaroni Penguins interbreeding and mixed species pairs at Heard and Marion Islands Emu 90 3 198 210 Bibcode 1990EmuAO 90 198W doi 10 1071 MU9900198 a b c d e Trewby Mary 2002 Antarctica an encyclopedia from Abbot Ice Shelf to Zooplankton Auckland New Zealand Firefly Books p 152 ISBN 978 1 55297 590 9 Mays Herman L Oehler David A Morrison Kyle W Morales Ariadna E Lycans Alyssa Perdue Justin Battley Phil F Cherel Yves Chilvers B Louise Crofts Sarah Demongin Laurent Fry W Roger Hiscock Jo Kusch Alejandro Marin Manuel December 17 2019 Jackson Jennifer ed Phylogeography Population Structure and Species Delimitation in Rockhopper Penguins Eudyptes chrysocome and Eudyptes moseleyi Journal of Heredity 110 7 801 817 doi 10 1093 jhered esz051 ISSN 0022 1503 PMC 7967833 PMID 31737899 a b BirdLife International 2008 2008 IUCN Redlist status changes Retrieved May 23 2008 Glenday Craig ed 2008 Guinness World Records 2008 Guinness Media Inc ISBN 1 904994 19 9 a b c d e f Tremblay Yann Cherel Yves 2003 Geographic variation in the foraging behaviour diet and chick growth of rockhopper penguins Marine Ecology Progress Series 251 279 297 Bibcode 2003MEPS 251 279T doi 10 3354 meps251279 a b c d Brown Christopher 1987 Traveling Speed and Foraging Range of Macaroni and Rockhopper Penguins at Marion Island Velocidad de Movimiento y Extension de las Areas de Forrajeo de los Pinguinos Eudyptes chrysolophus y e Chrysocome Journal of Field Ornithology 58 2 118 125 JSTOR 4513209 a b c Putz Klemens November 29 2005 Diving characteristics of southern rockhopper penguins Eudyptes c chrysocome in the southwest Atlantic Marine Biology 149 2 125 137 doi 10 1007 s00227 005 0179 y S2CID 84393587 a b c Tremblay Yann Cherel Yves 2000 Benthic and pelagic dives a new foraging behaviour in rockhopper penguins Marine Ecology Progress Series 204 257 267 Bibcode 2000MEPS 204 257T doi 10 3354 meps204257 BirdLife International 2008 Southern Rockhopper Penguin Species Factsheet Archived December 11 2008 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved May 27 2008 Devon Phelan Eudyptes chrysocome rockhopper penguin Animal Diversity Web Retrieved July 9 2013 Wild penguins get a helping hand from Drusillas Park in Sussex Drusillas Park Press release 2012 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eudyptes chrysocome nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Eudyptes chrysocome ARKive images and movies of the rockhopper penguin Eudyptes chrysocome 70South Info on rockhopper penguins Rockhopper penguins from the International Penguin Conservation website Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Southern rockhopper penguin amp oldid 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