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George Edwards (naturalist)

April 27, 2024

George Edwards FRS (3 April 1694 – 23 July 1773) was an English naturalist and ornithologist, known as the "father of British ornithology".[1]

George Edwards
FRS
Engraving by John Miller after a portrait painted in 1754 by Bartholomew Dandridge
Born(1694-04-03)3 April 1694
West Ham, then Essex, now London, England
Died23 July 1773(1773-07-23) (aged 79)
Plaistow, Essex, England
Known forNatural history writings and illustrations, A Natural History of Uncommon Birds
AwardsCopley Medal of the Royal Society
Scientific career
FieldsNaturalist, ornithologist
InstitutionsRoyal College of Physicians

Edwards was born at West Ham, then in the county of Essex. In his early years, he travelled extensively through mainland Europe, studying natural history, and gained a reputation for his coloured drawings of animals, especially birds. He was appointed as beadle to the Royal College of Physicians in 1733.[2]

Over a period of 21 years, Edwards published seven volumes containing descriptions and hand-coloured etchings of birds. In a few cases, he depicted other animals. None of the species were native to the British Isles. The first four volumes were published between 1743 and 1751 with the title A Natural History of Uncommon Birds. The three subsequent volumes were published between 1758 and 1764 with the title Gleanings Of Natural History. The volumes contain a total of 362 hand-coloured etchings of which 317 depict birds. The etchings were all drawn by Edwards. He numbered the plates consecutively through the seven volumes.

When the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the tenth edition in 1758, he listed a binomial name for every plant and animal. For many of the birds he cited the description and illustration in A Natural History of Uncommon Birds. Later, when he updated the Systema Naturae for the 12th edition in 1766, he cited the Gleanings of Natural History.

Edwards was elected a member of the Royal Society in 1757. He never married and died aged 79 in 1773 in Plaistow, Essex.

Early years edit

George Edwards was born on April 3, 1694, in Stratford, then a hamlet that formed part of the village of West Ham in Essex.[3] He had two sisters, Ann and Mary, and a half-brother James Frost.[4] When around six years of age he was sent to a boarding school in Leytonstone, after which he went to Brentwood Grammar School.[5]

His parents wished him to train to become a merchant, and so after leaving school he was apprenticed to John Dod in Fenchurch Street, London. Dod had a large collection of various books, which Edwards read eagerly. The books inspired him to abandon his business career and to travel. In August 1716, after 7 years with Dod, Edwards left London for Holland where he spent two months visiting most of the larger cities. The next two years were spent without a job back in England.[5]

In 1718, through a merchant friend in London, he was invited to join a ship sailing to Norway. He spent much of his two month visit in the town of Frederikshald (now Halden) which is close to the frontier with Sweden. This was during the Great Northern War, so his opportunities for travel were limited. At one point he was mistaken for a Swedish spy and arrested. He returned with the ship to Bristol and then travelled by land to London. The following year in May of 1719 he left England and travelled via Dieppe to Paris. He found the city expensive and moved to the village of Guyancourt near Versailles, 21 km (13 mi) from the centre of Paris, where he boarded with a schoolmaster.[6] From his base in Guyancourt he made two journeys on foot. One to Châlons-en-Champagne with the son of his host and the second to Orléans and Blois dressed as a vagrant to avoid tempting robbers. After spending nearly two years in France he returned to London at the end of January 1721. In June of the same year he visited Newcastle upon Tyne with the same merchant that had taken him to Norway.[7]

 
Royal College of Physicians in Warwick Lane in 1677. The entrance to the beadle's house is the second door on the left. Engraved by David Loggan.

Beadle for the Royal College of Physicians edit

In 1733, on the recommendation of Hans Sloane, he was appointed beadle to the Royal College of Physicians in London.[2] The beadle was the administrator of the college and the person in charge of the college property. Edwards styled himself as the "librarian" of the college; one of his duties was to take care of the library.[8] Sir Hans Sloane, founder of the British Museum, had employed George Edwards as a natural history painter for some years, and had Edwards draw miniature figures of animals for him. Edwards visited Sloane once a week to share news and a coffee. Sloane kept track of Edwards's expenses and reimbursed him annually. Edwards served as College librarian for thirty-six years. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society and of the London Society of Antiquaries.[9]

Ornithology edit

In 1743 Edwards published the first volume of his A Natural History of Uncommon Birds, the fourth volume of which appeared in 1751. The title page stated: "Printed for the author, at the College of Physicians, in Warwick-Lane". The printer was probably William Bowyer of Leytonstone who was the printer used by the Society of Antiquaries and was later used by the College of Physicians.[10][11] At the same time Edwards published a French edition of the book. The four parts were published in 1745, 1748, 1751 and 1751. The translator is given on the title page as "traduit de l'Anglais par M. D. de la S. R.". This was David Durand, a French protestant minister and a Fellow of the Royal Society who was living in London.[12][13] Three additional volumes, under the title Gleanings of Natural History, were issued in 1758, 1760 and 1764. The two works contain etchings and descriptions of more than 600 subjects in natural history not before described or delineated. He likewise added a general index in French and English, which was afterwards supplied with Linnaean names by Linnaeus himself, with whom he corresponded.[2]

The Royal Society awarded him the Copley Medal in 1750 with the citation: "On account of a very curious Book lately published by him, and intiyled, A Natural History of Birds, &c. - containing the Figures elegantly drawn, and illuminated in their proper colours, of 209 different Birds, and about 20 very rare Quadrupeds, Serpents."[14] This was a significant honour. The clockmaker John Harrison had been awarded the medal the previous year for his invention of a chronometer suitable for calculating longitude while at sea.[15] Edwards included a picture of the medal on the overall title page in the first volume of his A Natural History of Uncommon Birds and an explanation in the preface.[16]

About 1764 he retired to Plaistow, Essex, still a rural village, where he later died at the age of 77.[9] He also wrote Essays of Natural History (1770).[2]

The Nuremberg engraver Johann Seligmann, realised the popular appeal of the illustrated volumes by Edwards and Mark Catesby and re-etched all 474 of the original plates. They were published with a German text in nine volumes between 1749 and 1776 with the title Sammlung verschiedener ausländischer und seltener Vögel.[17][18] The German text was translated into French and published as Recueil de Divers Oiseaux Étrangers et Peu Communs,[19] and translated into Dutch and published as Verzameling van uitlandsche en zeldzaame vogelen, benevens eenige vreemde dieren en plantgewassen: in 't Engelsch naauwkeurig beschreeven en naar 't Leven met Kleuren afgebeeld, door G. Edwards en M. Catesby.[20][21]

Some of the colour plates in his Natural History of Birds were painted by Peter Paillou.

Eponyms edit

Diadophis punctatus edwardsii, a subspecies of North American snake, is named in honor of George Edwards.[22] The puffadder shyshark, first described by Edwards in 1760,[23] is now named Haploblepharus edwardsii.

Gallery edit

Works edit

  • Edwards, George (1743). A Natural History Of Uncommon Birds : And Of Some Other Rare and Undescribed Animals. Vol. Part I. London: Printed for the author at the College of Physicians.
  • Edwards, George (1747). A Natural History Of Uncommon Birds : And Of Some Other Rare and Undescribed Animals. Vol. Part II. London: Printed for the author at the College of Physicians.
  • Edwards, George (1750). A Natural History Of Uncommon Birds : And Of Some Other Rare and Undescribed Animals. Vol. Part III. London: Printed for the author at the College of Physicians.
  • Edwards, George (1751). A Natural History Of Uncommon Birds : And Of Some Other Rare and Undescribed Animals. Vol. Part IV. London: Printed for the author at the College of Physicians.
  • Edwards, George (1745–1751). Histoire Naturelle de Divers Oiseaux (in French). Vol. Parties I–IV. Translated by Durand, David. London: Imprimé pour l'auteur, au Collége des Medecins.
  • Edwards, George (1758). Gleanings Of Natural History : Exhibiting Figures Of Quadrupeds, Birds, Insects, Plants &C., Most Of Which Have Not, Till Now, Been Either Figured Or Described (in English and French). Vol. Part I. London: Printed for author at the Royal College of Physicians.
  • Edwards, George (1760). Gleanings Of Natural History : Exhibiting Figures Of Quadrupeds, Birds, Insects, Plants &C., Most Of Which Have Not, Till Now, Been Either Figured Or Described (in English and French). Vol. Part II. London: Printed for author at the Royal College of Physicians.
  • Edwards, George (1764). Gleanings Of Natural History : Exhibiting Figures Of Quadrupeds, Birds, Insects, Plants &C., Most Of Which Have Not, Till Now, Been Either Figured Or Described (in English and French). Vol. Part III. London: Printed for author at the Royal College of Physicians.
  • Edwards, George (1770). Essays upon Natural History, and other miscellaneous subjects. Vol. 1770. London: Printed for J. Robson.

References edit

  1. ^ "Hill Collection — 18th c. British authors & artists". Ornithology Collections in the Libraries at Cornell University: A Descriptive Guide. Cornell University Library. 1999. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  2. ^ a b c d Chisholm 1911.
  3. ^ Robson 1776, p. 1.
  4. ^ Mason 1992, p. 57.
  5. ^ a b Edwards 1747, p. 121.
  6. ^ Edwards 1747, p. 122.
  7. ^ Edwards 1747, p. 123.
  8. ^ Mason 1992, p. 10.
  9. ^ a b Holl, William; Wood, Neville (1836). Mammatt, Edward (ed.). "Memoir of Sir Hans Sloane, founder of the British Museum". The Analyst. 5. Simpkin and Marshall: 3–20 [13–14].
  10. ^ Mason 1992, p. 18.
  11. ^ Lysons, Daniel (1796). The Environs of London. Vol. 4: Counties of Herts, Essex & Kent. London: Printed for T. Cadell Jnr and W.D. Davies. pp. 179–180.
  12. ^ Mason 1992, pp. 19–20.
  13. ^ Edwards 1745–1751.
  14. ^ "Award winners : Copley Medal". Royal Society. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  15. ^ Mason 1992, p. 23.
  16. ^ Edwards 1743, Title page.
  17. ^ Stresemann, Erwin (1975). Cottrell, G. William (ed.). Ornithology From Aristotle to the Present. Translated by Epstein, Hans J.; Epstein, Cathleen. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-674-64485-4. Originally published by F. W. Peters in 1951 as Die Entwicklung Der Ornithologie von Aristoteles bis zur Gegenwart.
  18. ^ Seligmann, Johann Michael (1749–1776). Sammlung verschiedener ausländischer und seltener Vögel: worinnen ein jeder dererselben nicht nur auf das genaueste beschrieben, sondern auch in einer richtigen und sauber illuminirten Abbildung vorgestellet wird (in German). Vol. 1–9. Translated by Huth, Georg Leonhard. Nürnberg: Fleischmann. Scans from Google: Volume 1 (1749), Volume 2 (1751), Volume 3 (1753), Volume 4 (1755), Volume 5 (1759), Volume 6 (1764), Volume 7 (1770), Volume 8 (1773), Volume 9 (1776).
  19. ^ Seligmann, Johann Michael (1768–1776). Recueil de Divers Oiseaux Étrangers et Peu Communs Qui Se Trouvent Dans Les Ouvrages de Messieurs Edwards Et Catesby (in French). Vol. 1–9. Nuremberg: Chez les Héritiers de Seligmann. The Biodiversity Heritage Library lacks a scan of Volume 1.
  20. ^ Seligmann, Johann Michael (1772–1781). Verzameling van uitlandsche en zeldzaame vogelen, benevens eenige vreemde dieren en plantgewassen: in 't Engelsch naauwkeurig beschreeven en naar 't Leven met Kleuren afgebeeld, door G. Edwards en M. Catesby (in Dutch). Vol. 1–5. Amsterdam: Jan Christiaan Sepp, Boekverkooper.
  21. ^ Zimmer, John T. (1926). "Catalogue of the Edward E. Ayer Ornithological Library". Field Museum of Natural History, Zoology Series. 16 (1): 200–201.
  22. ^ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). "Edwards, G.". The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5.
  23. ^ Edwards 1760, pp. 169–170, Plate 289.
  24. ^ Edwards 1743, Plate 5.
  25. ^ Edwards 1743, Plate 23.
  26. ^ Edwards 1750, Plate 117.
  27. ^ Edwards 1750, Plate 123.

  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Edwards, George". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 2.

Sources edit

  • Robson, James (1776). Some Memoirs Of The Life And Works Of George Edwards, Fellow Of The Royal And Antiquarian Societies. London: Printed for J. Robson, bookseller.
  • Mason, A. Stuart (1992). George Edwards: The Bedell and his Birds. London: Royal College of Physicians. ISBN 1-873240-48-1.

Further reading edit

  • Jackson, Christine E. (1989) [1985]. "George Edwards (1694–1773)". Bird Etchings. The Illustrators and Their Books: 1655–1855. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. pp. 88–102. ISBN 0-8014-9684-5.
  • James, T. E. (1933). "George Edwards, F.R.S. (1694–1773) An Eighteenth-century Naturalist". Science Progress in the Twentieth Century (1919–1933). 27 (107): 486–493. ISSN 2059-4941. JSTOR 43429425.
  • Linnaeus, Carl (1776). A Catalogue Of The Birds, Beasts, Fishes, Insects, Plants, &C. Contained In Edwards's Natural History In Seven Volumes. London: Printed for J. Robson, bookseller.
  • MacGregor, Arthur (2014). "Patrons and collectors: Contributors of zoological subjects to the works of George Edwards (1694–1773)". Journal of the History of Collections. 26 (1): 35–44. doi:10.1093/jhc/fht023.
  • Mason, A. Stuart (2004). "Edwards, George (1694–1773), ornithologist and artist". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8537. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  • Peters, James L. (1950). "Bird Names in Linnaeus' 'Catalogue' of Edwards' Natural History" (PDF). The Auk. 67 (3): 375–377. doi:10.2307/4080929. JSTOR 4080929.

External links edit

  • "Edwards, George (1694–1773)" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
  • Exhibition catalogue of the Royal College of Physicians, London
  • Animal Base SUB Göttingen Link to digital version of Natural History of Birds
  • Digital Library for the Decorative Arts and Material Culture Natural History of Birds and Gleanings of Natural History.
  • Gaedike, R.; Groll, E. K. & Taeger, A. 2012: Bibliography of the entomological literature from the beginning until 1863 : online database – version 1.0 – Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut.

April 27, 2024
george, edwards, naturalist, george, edwards, april, 1694, july, 1773, english, naturalist, ornithologist, known, father, british, ornithology, george, edwardsfrsengraving, john, miller, after, portrait, painted, 1754, bartholomew, dandridgeborn, 1694, april, . George Edwards FRS 3 April 1694 23 July 1773 was an English naturalist and ornithologist known as the father of British ornithology 1 George EdwardsFRSEngraving by John Miller after a portrait painted in 1754 by Bartholomew DandridgeBorn 1694 04 03 3 April 1694West Ham then Essex now London EnglandDied23 July 1773 1773 07 23 aged 79 Plaistow Essex EnglandKnown forNatural history writings and illustrations A Natural History of Uncommon BirdsAwardsCopley Medal of the Royal SocietyScientific careerFieldsNaturalist ornithologistInstitutionsRoyal College of Physicians Edwards was born at West Ham then in the county of Essex In his early years he travelled extensively through mainland Europe studying natural history and gained a reputation for his coloured drawings of animals especially birds He was appointed as beadle to the Royal College of Physicians in 1733 2 Over a period of 21 years Edwards published seven volumes containing descriptions and hand coloured etchings of birds In a few cases he depicted other animals None of the species were native to the British Isles The first four volumes were published between 1743 and 1751 with the title A Natural History of Uncommon Birds The three subsequent volumes were published between 1758 and 1764 with the title Gleanings Of Natural History The volumes contain a total of 362 hand coloured etchings of which 317 depict birds The etchings were all drawn by Edwards He numbered the plates consecutively through the seven volumes When the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the tenth edition in 1758 he listed a binomial name for every plant and animal For many of the birds he cited the description and illustration in A Natural History of Uncommon Birds Later when he updated the Systema Naturae for the 12th edition in 1766 he cited the Gleanings of Natural History Edwards was elected a member of the Royal Society in 1757 He never married and died aged 79 in 1773 in Plaistow Essex Contents 1 Early years 2 Beadle for the Royal College of Physicians 3 Ornithology 4 Eponyms 5 Gallery 6 Works 7 References 8 Sources 9 Further reading 10 External linksEarly years editGeorge Edwards was born on April 3 1694 in Stratford then a hamlet that formed part of the village of West Ham in Essex 3 He had two sisters Ann and Mary and a half brother James Frost 4 When around six years of age he was sent to a boarding school in Leytonstone after which he went to Brentwood Grammar School 5 His parents wished him to train to become a merchant and so after leaving school he was apprenticed to John Dod in Fenchurch Street London Dod had a large collection of various books which Edwards read eagerly The books inspired him to abandon his business career and to travel In August 1716 after 7 years with Dod Edwards left London for Holland where he spent two months visiting most of the larger cities The next two years were spent without a job back in England 5 In 1718 through a merchant friend in London he was invited to join a ship sailing to Norway He spent much of his two month visit in the town of Frederikshald now Halden which is close to the frontier with Sweden This was during the Great Northern War so his opportunities for travel were limited At one point he was mistaken for a Swedish spy and arrested He returned with the ship to Bristol and then travelled by land to London The following year in May of 1719 he left England and travelled via Dieppe to Paris He found the city expensive and moved to the village of Guyancourt near Versailles 21 km 13 mi from the centre of Paris where he boarded with a schoolmaster 6 From his base in Guyancourt he made two journeys on foot One to Chalons en Champagne with the son of his host and the second to Orleans and Blois dressed as a vagrant to avoid tempting robbers After spending nearly two years in France he returned to London at the end of January 1721 In June of the same year he visited Newcastle upon Tyne with the same merchant that had taken him to Norway 7 nbsp Royal College of Physicians in Warwick Lane in 1677 The entrance to the beadle s house is the second door on the left Engraved by David Loggan Beadle for the Royal College of Physicians editIn 1733 on the recommendation of Hans Sloane he was appointed beadle to the Royal College of Physicians in London 2 The beadle was the administrator of the college and the person in charge of the college property Edwards styled himself as the librarian of the college one of his duties was to take care of the library 8 Sir Hans Sloane founder of the British Museum had employed George Edwards as a natural history painter for some years and had Edwards draw miniature figures of animals for him Edwards visited Sloane once a week to share news and a coffee Sloane kept track of Edwards s expenses and reimbursed him annually Edwards served as College librarian for thirty six years He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society and of the London Society of Antiquaries 9 Ornithology editIn 1743 Edwards published the first volume of his A Natural History of Uncommon Birds the fourth volume of which appeared in 1751 The title page stated Printed for the author at the College of Physicians in Warwick Lane The printer was probably William Bowyer of Leytonstone who was the printer used by the Society of Antiquaries and was later used by the College of Physicians 10 11 At the same time Edwards published a French edition of the book The four parts were published in 1745 1748 1751 and 1751 The translator is given on the title page as traduit de l Anglais par M D de la S R This was David Durand a French protestant minister and a Fellow of the Royal Society who was living in London 12 13 Three additional volumes under the title Gleanings of Natural History were issued in 1758 1760 and 1764 The two works contain etchings and descriptions of more than 600 subjects in natural history not before described or delineated He likewise added a general index in French and English which was afterwards supplied with Linnaean names by Linnaeus himself with whom he corresponded 2 The Royal Society awarded him the Copley Medal in 1750 with the citation On account of a very curious Book lately published by him and intiyled A Natural History of Birds amp c containing the Figures elegantly drawn and illuminated in their proper colours of 209 different Birds and about 20 very rare Quadrupeds Serpents 14 This was a significant honour The clockmaker John Harrison had been awarded the medal the previous year for his invention of a chronometer suitable for calculating longitude while at sea 15 Edwards included a picture of the medal on the overall title page in the first volume of his A Natural History of Uncommon Birds and an explanation in the preface 16 About 1764 he retired to Plaistow Essex still a rural village where he later died at the age of 77 9 He also wrote Essays of Natural History 1770 2 The Nuremberg engraver Johann Seligmann realised the popular appeal of the illustrated volumes by Edwards and Mark Catesby and re etched all 474 of the original plates They were published with a German text in nine volumes between 1749 and 1776 with the title Sammlung verschiedener auslandischer und seltener Vogel 17 18 The German text was translated into French and published as Recueil de Divers Oiseaux Etrangers et Peu Communs 19 and translated into Dutch and published as Verzameling van uitlandsche en zeldzaame vogelen benevens eenige vreemde dieren en plantgewassen in t Engelsch naauwkeurig beschreeven en naar t Leven met Kleuren afgebeeld door G Edwards en M Catesby 20 21 Some of the colour plates in his Natural History of Birds were painted by Peter Paillou Eponyms editDiadophis punctatus edwardsii a subspecies of North American snake is named in honor of George Edwards 22 The puffadder shyshark first described by Edwards in 1760 23 is now named Haploblepharus edwardsii Gallery edit nbsp Plate 5 The Black Parrot from Madagascar now the lesser vasa parrot Coracopsis nigra 24 nbsp Plate 23 The Red Headed Green Finch now the bay headed tanager Tangara gyrola 25 nbsp Plate 117 The Long tailed Grous from Hudson s Bay now the sharp tailed grouse Tympanuchus phasianellus 26 nbsp Plate 123 The Greatest Bulfinch Cock now the pine grosbeak Pinicola enucleator 27 Works editEdwards George 1743 A Natural History Of Uncommon Birds And Of Some Other Rare and Undescribed Animals Vol Part I London Printed for the author at the College of Physicians Edwards George 1747 A Natural History Of Uncommon Birds And Of Some Other Rare and Undescribed Animals Vol Part II London Printed for the author at the College of Physicians Edwards George 1750 A Natural History Of Uncommon Birds And Of Some Other Rare and Undescribed Animals Vol Part III London Printed for the author at the College of Physicians Edwards George 1751 A Natural History Of Uncommon Birds And Of Some Other Rare and Undescribed Animals Vol Part IV London Printed for the author at the College of Physicians Edwards George 1745 1751 Histoire Naturelle de Divers Oiseaux in French Vol Parties I IV Translated by Durand David London Imprime pour l auteur au College des Medecins Edwards George 1758 Gleanings Of Natural History Exhibiting Figures Of Quadrupeds Birds Insects Plants amp C Most Of Which Have Not Till Now Been Either Figured Or Described in English and French Vol Part I London Printed for author at the Royal College of Physicians Edwards George 1760 Gleanings Of Natural History Exhibiting Figures Of Quadrupeds Birds Insects Plants amp C Most Of Which Have Not Till Now Been Either Figured Or Described in English and French Vol Part II London Printed for author at the Royal College of Physicians Edwards George 1764 Gleanings Of Natural History Exhibiting Figures Of Quadrupeds Birds Insects Plants amp C Most Of Which Have Not Till Now Been Either Figured Or Described in English and French Vol Part III London Printed for author at the Royal College of Physicians Edwards George 1770 Essays upon Natural History and other miscellaneous subjects Vol 1770 London Printed for J Robson References edit Hill Collection 18th c British authors amp artists Ornithology Collections in the Libraries at Cornell University A Descriptive Guide Cornell University Library 1999 Retrieved 22 August 2015 a b c d Chisholm 1911 Robson 1776 p 1 Mason 1992 p 57 a b Edwards 1747 p 121 Edwards 1747 p 122 Edwards 1747 p 123 Mason 1992 p 10 a b Holl William Wood Neville 1836 Mammatt Edward ed Memoir of Sir Hans Sloane founder of the British Museum The Analyst 5 Simpkin and Marshall 3 20 13 14 Mason 1992 p 18 Lysons Daniel 1796 The Environs of London Vol 4 Counties of Herts Essex amp Kent London Printed for T Cadell Jnr and W D Davies pp 179 180 Mason 1992 pp 19 20 Edwards 1745 1751 Award winners Copley Medal Royal Society Retrieved 27 August 2021 Mason 1992 p 23 Edwards 1743 Title page Stresemann Erwin 1975 Cottrell G William ed Ornithology From Aristotle to the Present Translated by Epstein Hans J Epstein Cathleen Cambridge MA Harvard University Press p 49 ISBN 978 0 674 64485 4 Originally published by F W Peters in 1951 as Die Entwicklung Der Ornithologie von Aristoteles bis zur Gegenwart Seligmann Johann Michael 1749 1776 Sammlung verschiedener auslandischer und seltener Vogel worinnen ein jeder dererselben nicht nur auf das genaueste beschrieben sondern auch in einer richtigen und sauber illuminirten Abbildung vorgestellet wird in German Vol 1 9 Translated by Huth Georg Leonhard Nurnberg Fleischmann Scans from Google Volume 1 1749 Volume 2 1751 Volume 3 1753 Volume 4 1755 Volume 5 1759 Volume 6 1764 Volume 7 1770 Volume 8 1773 Volume 9 1776 Seligmann Johann Michael 1768 1776 Recueil de Divers Oiseaux Etrangers et Peu Communs Qui Se Trouvent Dans Les Ouvrages de Messieurs Edwards Et Catesby in French Vol 1 9 Nuremberg Chez les Heritiers de Seligmann The Biodiversity Heritage Library lacks a scan of Volume 1 Seligmann Johann Michael 1772 1781 Verzameling van uitlandsche en zeldzaame vogelen benevens eenige vreemde dieren en plantgewassen in t Engelsch naauwkeurig beschreeven en naar t Leven met Kleuren afgebeeld door G Edwards en M Catesby in Dutch Vol 1 5 Amsterdam Jan Christiaan Sepp Boekverkooper Zimmer John T 1926 Catalogue of the Edward E Ayer Ornithological Library Field Museum of Natural History Zoology Series 16 1 200 201 Beolens Bo Watkins Michael Grayson Michael 2011 Edwards G The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press p 81 ISBN 978 1 4214 0135 5 Edwards 1760 pp 169 170 Plate 289 Edwards 1743 Plate 5 Edwards 1743 Plate 23 Edwards 1750 Plate 117 Edwards 1750 Plate 123 nbsp This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Edwards George Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 9 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 2 Sources editRobson James 1776 Some Memoirs Of The Life And Works Of George Edwards Fellow Of The Royal And Antiquarian Societies London Printed for J Robson bookseller Mason A Stuart 1992 George Edwards The Bedell and his Birds London Royal College of Physicians ISBN 1 873240 48 1 Further reading editJackson Christine E 1989 1985 George Edwards 1694 1773 Bird Etchings The Illustrators and Their Books 1655 1855 Ithaca and London Cornell University Press pp 88 102 ISBN 0 8014 9684 5 James T E 1933 George Edwards F R S 1694 1773 An Eighteenth century Naturalist Science Progress in the Twentieth Century 1919 1933 27 107 486 493 ISSN 2059 4941 JSTOR 43429425 Linnaeus Carl 1776 A Catalogue Of The Birds Beasts Fishes Insects Plants amp C Contained In Edwards s Natural History In Seven Volumes London Printed for J Robson bookseller MacGregor Arthur 2014 Patrons and collectors Contributors of zoological subjects to the works of George Edwards 1694 1773 Journal of the History of Collections 26 1 35 44 doi 10 1093 jhc fht023 Mason A Stuart 2004 Edwards George 1694 1773 ornithologist and artist Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 8537 Subscription or UK public library membership required Peters James L 1950 Bird Names in Linnaeus Catalogue of Edwards Natural History PDF The Auk 67 3 375 377 doi 10 2307 4080929 JSTOR 4080929 External links edit Edwards George 1694 1773 Dictionary of National Biography London Smith Elder amp Co 1885 1900 Exhibition catalogue of the Royal College of Physicians London Animal Base SUB Gottingen Link to digital version of Natural History of Birds Digital Library for the Decorative Arts and Material Culture Natural History of Birds and Gleanings of Natural History Gaedike R Groll E K amp Taeger A 2012 Bibliography of the entomological literature from the beginning until 1863 online database version 1 0 Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title George Edwards naturalist amp oldid 1216344784, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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