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Gentoo penguin

January 31, 2023

The gentoo penguin (/ˈdʒɛntuː/ JEN-too) (Pygoscelis papua) is a penguin species (or possibly a species complex) in the genus Pygoscelis, most closely related to the Adélie penguin (P. adeliae) and the chinstrap penguin (P. antarcticus). The earliest scientific description was made in 1781 by Johann Reinhold Forster with a type locality in the Falkland Islands. The species calls in a variety of ways, but the most frequently heard is a loud trumpeting, which the bird emits with its head thrown back.[2]

Gentoo penguin
At Brown Bluff, Tabarin Peninsula
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Sphenisciformes
Family: Spheniscidae
Genus: Pygoscelis
Species:
P. papua
Binomial name
Pygoscelis papua
(Forster, 1781)
Distribution of the gentoo penguin

Names

The application of "gentoo" to the penguin is unclear. Gentoo was an Anglo-Indian term to distinguish Hindus from Muslims.[3] The English term may have originated from the Portuguese gentio ("pagan, gentile"). Some speculate that the white patch on the bird's head was thought to resemble a turban.[4]

It may also be a variation of another name for this bird, "Johnny penguin", with Johnny being Juanito in Spanish and sounds vaguely like gentoo.[5][6][7] The Johnny rook, a predator, is likely named after the Johnny penguin.[8]

The specific name papua is a misnomer; in the original description, Johann Reinhold Forster, a naturalist who had circumnavigated the world with Captain James Cook, mistakenly assumed that the species occurred in Papua (New Guinea), the closest gentoos actually being over 6000 km to the south (on Macquarie Island).[4] No penguins are found in New Guinea.[9] Others trace the error to a "possibly fraudulent claim" in 1776 by French naturalist Pierre Sonnerat, who also alleged a Papuan location for the king penguin despite never having been to the island himself.[10]

Taxonomy

The gentoo penguin is one of three species in the genus Pygoscelis. Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA evidence suggests the genus split from other penguins around 38 million years ago (Mya), about 2 million years after the ancestors of the genus Aptenodytes. In turn, the Adélie penguins split off from the other members of the genus around 19 Mya, and the chinstrap and gentoo finally diverged around 14 Mya.[11]

There are 4 subspecies recognized by the International Ornithological Congress:[12]

Although the population on the Kerguelen Islands is tentatively included in taeniata, it may also be a distinct subspecies.[13]

Prior to 2021, only two subspecies of the gentoo penguin were recognised: P. p. papua (subantarctic gentoo) and the smaller P. p. ellsworthi (Antarctic gentoo).[14][15] However, a 2020 study suggested that the gentoo penguin be split into a species complex of four morphologically similar but separate species: the northern gentoo penguin (P. papua sensu stricto), the southern gentoo penguin (P. ellsworthi), the eastern gentoo penguin (P. taeniata) and the newly described South Georgia gentoo penguin (P. poncetii).[16][17] The International Ornithological Congress incorporated the results of this study in 2021, but relegated the newly-recognized or newly-described species to being subspecies of P. papua.[13]

Description

The gentoo penguin is easily recognized by the wide, white stripe extending like a bonnet across the top of its head and its bright orange-red bill. It has pale whitish-pink, webbed feet and a fairly long tail – the most prominent tail of all penguin species. Chicks have grey backs with white fronts. As the gentoo penguin waddles along on land, its tail sticks out behind, sweeping from side to side, hence the scientific name Pygoscelis, which means "rump-tailed".[18]

 
A close-up of head on the West Falkland

Gentoo penguins can reach a height of 51 to 90 cm (20 to 35 in),[19][20] making them the third-largest species of penguin after the emperor penguin and the king penguin. Males have a maximum weight around 8.5 kg (19 lb) just before molting and a minimum weight of about 4.9 kg (11 lb) just before mating. For females, the maximum weight is 8.2 kg (18 lb) just before molting, but their weight drops to as little as 4.5 kg (9.9 lb) when guarding the chicks in the nest.[21] Birds from the north are on average 700 g (1.5 lb) heavier and 10 cm (3.9 in) taller than the southern birds. Southern gentoo penguins reach 75–80 cm (30–31 in) in length.[22] They are the fastest underwater swimmers of all penguins, reaching speeds up to 36 km/h (22 mph).[23] Gentoos are well adapted to extremely cold and harsh climates.

Breeding

 
A family on Wiencke Island, Palmer Archipelago, off the coast of the Antarctic Peninsula

The breeding colonies of gentoo penguins are located on ice-free surfaces. Colonies can be located directly on the shoreline or considerably inland. They prefer shallow coastal areas and often nest between tufts of grass. In South Georgia, for example, breeding colonies are 2 km inland. In colonies farther inland, where the penguins nest in grassy areas, they shift location slightly every year because the grass becomes trampled over time.

Gentoos breed on many subantarctic islands. The main colonies are on the Falkland Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands and Kerguelen Islands; smaller colonies are found on: Macquarie Island, Heard Islands, Crozet Islands, South Shetland Islands and the Antarctic Peninsula. The total breeding population is estimated to be over 600,000 birds. Gentoos breed monogamously and infidelity is typically punished with banishment from the colony.[24] Nests are usually made from a roughly circular pile of stones and can be quite large, 20 cm (7.9 in) high and 25 cm (9.8 in) in diameter. The stones are jealously guarded, and their ownership can be the subject of noisy disputes and physical attacks between individuals. They are also prized by the females, even to the point that a male penguin can obtain the favors of a female by offering her a choice stone.

Two eggs are laid, both weighing around 130 g (4.6 oz). The parents share incubation, changing duty daily. The eggs hatch after 34 to 36 days. The chicks remain in the nests for around 30 days before joining other chicks in the colony and forming crèches. The chicks molt into subadult plumage and go out to sea at around 80 to 100 days.

Diet

Gentoos mainly live on crustaceans, such as krill and shrimp,[25] with fish and cephalopods[26] making up only about 15% and 10% of the diet respectively.[27] They are, however, opportunistic feeders and around the Falklands are known to take roughly equal proportions of fish (Patagonotothen sp., Thysanopsetta naresi, Micromesistius australis), squat lobsters (Munida gregaria) and squid (Loligo gahi, Gonatus antarcticus, Moroteuthis ingens). Other prey include Lepidonotothen squamifrons, Channichthys rhinoceratus and octopuses.[28]

Physiology

 
Gentoo penguins in Antarctica, walking along a "penguin highway", a path that joins the sea and their nesting area on a rocky outcrop

The gentoos' diet is high in salt, as they eat organisms with relatively the same salinity as sea water, which can lead to complications associated with high sodium concentrations in the body, especially for gentoo chicks. To counteract this, gentoos, as well as many other marine bird species, have a highly developed salt gland located above their eyes that takes the high concentration of sodium within the body and produces a highly saline-concentrated solution that drips out of the body from the tip of the beak.[29]

Gentoo penguins do not store as much fat as Adélie penguins, their closest relative; gentoos require less energy investment when hunting because the net gain of energy after hunting is greater in gentoos than Adélies.[30] As embryos, gentoos require a lot of energy to develop. Oxygen consumption is high for a developing gentoo embryo. As the embryo grows and requires more oxygen, consumption increases exponentially until the gentoo chick hatches. By then, the chick is consuming around 1800 ml O2 per day.[31]

Predators

 
Brown skua (Stercorarius antarcticus) attacking a gentoo chick at Godthul, South Georgia

In the sea, leopard seals, sea lions and killer whales are all predators of the gentoo. On land, no predators of full-grown, healthy gentoo penguins exist. Skuas and giant petrels regularly kill many chicks and steal eggs; petrels kill injured and sick adult gentoos. Various other seabirds, such as the kelp gull and snowy sheathbill, also snatch chicks and eggs. Skuas on King George Island have been observed attacking and injuring adult gentoo penguins in apparent territorial disputes.[32]

Conservation status

As of 2019, the IUCN Red List lists the gentoo as least concern with a stable population trend, although rapid declines in some key areas are believed to be driving a moderate overall decline in the species population. Examples include Bird Island, South Georgia, where the population has fallen by two-thirds over 25 years.[1] Many threats to this species still exist, including: pollution, hunting, fishing and human recreational activities that continue to affect them.[33]

Influence

The Linux distribution Gentoo Linux is named after the gentoo penguin. This is a nod to the fact that the penguin is the fastest swimming penguin, as Gentoo Linux aims to be a high-performance operating system.[34]: 383 

Gallery

References

  1. ^ a b BirdLife International (2020). "Pygoscelis papua". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22697755A157664581. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697755A157664581.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  2. ^ Woods, R.W. (1975) Birds of the Falkland Islands, Antony Nelson, Shropshire, UK.
  3. ^ Dalgado, Sebastião Rodolfo Dalgado; Soares, Anthony Xavier. Portuguese vocables in Asiatic languages: from the Portuguese original of Monsignor Sebastião Rodolfo Dalgado, Volume 1. Asian Educational Services. pp. 167–16. ISBN 9788120604131.
  4. ^ a b Campbell, David G. (2002). The Crystal Desert: Summers in Antarctica. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 278. ISBN 978-0-547-52761-1.
  5. ^ Chester, Jonathan (1996). Penguins: Birds of Distinction. Australia: Penguin Books. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-14-025968-1. Until the 1930s, the gentoo was generally known in the Falklands as the Johnny penguin.
  6. ^ "gentoo penguin". American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5 ed.).
  7. ^ Beaglehole, J.C. (2017). The Journals of Captain James Cook on his Voyages of Discovery. Vol. II. Taylor & Francis. p. 910. ISBN 978-1-351-54324-8. In the 18th century, English-speaking sealers commonly called [the gentoo] the Johnny penguin. The Spanish translation of this was Juanito, which has degenerated into gentoo.
  8. ^ Gorman, James (1990). The Total Penguin. Prentice Hall. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-13-925041-5. Sealers called it the "Johnny penguin" or "John penguin." In that incarnation, it seems to have given its name to the striated caracara, a bird of prey that feeds on young gentoo penguins in the Falklands and is called the "Johnny rook".
  9. ^ Troelstra, Anne S. (2017). Bibliography of Natural History Travel Narratives. Brill. pp. 411–. ISBN 978-90-04-34378-8.
  10. ^ Gray, Jeannie; Fraser, Ian (2013). Australian Bird Names. Csiro. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-643-10471-6.
  11. ^ Baker AJ, Pereira SL, Haddrath OP, Edge KA (2006). "Multiple gene evidence for expansion of extant penguins out of Antarctica due to global cooling". Proc Biol Sci. 273 (1582): 11–17. doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3260. PMC 1560011. PMID 16519228.
  12. ^ "Kagu, Sunbittern, tropicbirds, loons, penguins – IOC World Bird List". Retrieved 2022-06-11.
  13. ^ a b "Subspecies Updates – IOC World Bird List". Retrieved 2022-06-11.
  14. ^ environment.gov.au. "Pygoscelis papua papua — Gentoo Penguin (subantarctic)". Retrieved 2019-12-12.
  15. ^ itis.gov. "Pygoscelis papua (J. R. Forster, 1781)". Retrieved 2019-12-12.
  16. ^ Tyler, Joshua; Bonfitto, Matthew T.; Clucas, Gemma V.; Reddy, Sushma; Younger, Jane L. (2020). "Morphometric and genetic evidence for four species of gentoo penguin". Ecology and Evolution. 10 (24): 13836–13846. doi:10.1002/ece3.6973. ISSN 2045-7758. PMC 7771148. PMID 33391684.
  17. ^ Pertierra, Luis R.; Segovia, Nicolás I.; Noll, Daly; Martinez, Pablo A.; Pliscoff, Patricio; Barbosa, Andrés; Aragón, Pedro; Rey, Andrea Raya; Pistorius, Pierre; Trathan, Phil; Polanowski, Andrea (2020). "Cryptic speciation in gentoo penguins is driven by geographic isolation and regional marine conditions: Unforeseen vulnerabilities to global change". Diversity and Distributions. 26 (8): 958–975. doi:10.1111/ddi.13072. ISSN 1472-4642.
  18. ^ . Arkive. Archived from the original on 2009-05-20.
  19. ^ "Pygoscelis papua (gentoo penguin)". Animal Diversity Web.
  20. ^ Barham, Peter and Barham, Barbara. . Archived from the original on 2008-09-20. Retrieved 2008-09-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. ^ "Gentoo penguin videos, photos and facts – Pygoscelis papua". Arkive. Archived from the original on 2012-07-18.
  22. ^ "Antarctica fact file wildlife, gentoo penguins". coolantarctica.com.
  23. ^ . BBC Nature. Archived from the original on 2012-02-05.
  24. ^ Trather, PN; Forcada, J; Atkinson, R; Downie, RH; Shears, JR (December 2008). "Population assessments of gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) breeding at an important Antarctic tourist site, Goudier Island, Port Lockroy, Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica". Biological Conservation. 141 (12): 3019–3028. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2008.09.006. Breeding pairs of Pygoscelis papua remained constant throughout the 1996/1997 breeding season. Males observed attempting to breed outside of their original breeding pair were violently rejected from the colony.
  25. ^ "Pygoscelis papua (Gentoo penguin)".
  26. ^ "Pygoscelis papua (Gentoo penguin)".
  27. ^ "Pygoscelis papua (Gentoo penguin)".
  28. ^ "Pygoscelis papua (Gentoo penguin)".
  29. ^ Schmidt-Nielsen, K. (1960). "The Salt-Secreting Gland of Marine Birds". Circulation. 21 (5): 955–967. doi:10.1161/01.cir.21.5.955. PMID 14443123.
  30. ^ D’Amico, V. L., Coria, N., Palacios, M. G., Barbosa, A., & Bertellotti, M. (2016). "Physiological differences between two overlapped breeding Antarctic penguins in a global change perspective". Polar Biology. 39: 57–64. doi:10.1007/s00300-014-1604-9. hdl:10261/156947. S2CID 17563166.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  31. ^ Actams, N. J. (1992). "Embryonic metabolism, energy budgets and cost of production of king Aptenodytes patagonicus and gentoo Pygoscelis papua penguin eggs". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology. 101 (3): 497–503. doi:10.1016/0300-9629(92)90501-g.
  32. ^ February 2014 observation and photo report by Robert Runyard, translator for INACH (Chilean Antarctic Institute).
  33. ^ International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (2019-08-28). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Pygoscelis papua". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 2021-05-25.
  34. ^ Christopher Negus (5 May 2008). Linux Bible: Boot Up to Ubuntu, Fedora, KNOPPIX, Debian, openSUSE, and 11 Other Distributions. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 389–. ISBN 978-0-470-28706-4.

This article incorporates text from the ARKive fact-file "Gentoo penguin" under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License and the GFDL.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Pygoscelis papua (category)
 
Wikispecies has information related to Pygoscelis papua.
  • 70South – more info on the gentoo penguin
  • Gentoo penguin on PenguinWorld
  • Gentoo penguins from the International Penguin Conservation website
  • www.pinguins.info: information about all species of penguins
  • Gentoo penguin images
  • Gentoo penguin webcam from the Antarctic – worldwide first webcam with wild penguins; photo quality
  • media from ARKive  

January 31, 2023
gentoo, penguin, gentoo, penguin, pygoscelis, papua, penguin, species, possibly, species, complex, genus, pygoscelis, most, closely, related, adélie, penguin, adeliae, chinstrap, penguin, antarcticus, earliest, scientific, description, made, 1781, johann, rein. The gentoo penguin ˈ dʒ ɛ n t uː JEN too Pygoscelis papua is a penguin species or possibly a species complex in the genus Pygoscelis most closely related to the Adelie penguin P adeliae and the chinstrap penguin P antarcticus The earliest scientific description was made in 1781 by Johann Reinhold Forster with a type locality in the Falkland Islands The species calls in a variety of ways but the most frequently heard is a loud trumpeting which the bird emits with its head thrown back 2 Gentoo penguinAt Brown Bluff Tabarin PeninsulaConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AvesOrder SphenisciformesFamily SpheniscidaeGenus PygoscelisSpecies P papuaBinomial namePygoscelis papua Forster 1781 Distribution of the gentoo penguin Contents 1 Names 2 Taxonomy 3 Description 4 Breeding 5 Diet 6 Physiology 7 Predators 8 Conservation status 9 Influence 10 Gallery 11 References 12 External linksNames EditThe application of gentoo to the penguin is unclear Gentoo was an Anglo Indian term to distinguish Hindus from Muslims 3 The English term may have originated from the Portuguese gentio pagan gentile Some speculate that the white patch on the bird s head was thought to resemble a turban 4 It may also be a variation of another name for this bird Johnny penguin with Johnny being Juanito in Spanish and sounds vaguely like gentoo 5 6 7 The Johnny rook a predator is likely named after the Johnny penguin 8 The specific name papua is a misnomer in the original description Johann Reinhold Forster a naturalist who had circumnavigated the world with Captain James Cook mistakenly assumed that the species occurred in Papua New Guinea the closest gentoos actually being over 6000 km to the south on Macquarie Island 4 No penguins are found in New Guinea 9 Others trace the error to a possibly fraudulent claim in 1776 by French naturalist Pierre Sonnerat who also alleged a Papuan location for the king penguin despite never having been to the island himself 10 Taxonomy EditThe gentoo penguin is one of three species in the genus Pygoscelis Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA evidence suggests the genus split from other penguins around 38 million years ago Mya about 2 million years after the ancestors of the genus Aptenodytes In turn the Adelie penguins split off from the other members of the genus around 19 Mya and the chinstrap and gentoo finally diverged around 14 Mya 11 There are 4 subspecies recognized by the International Ornithological Congress 12 P p taeniata eastern gentoo penguin Peale 1849 Crozet Islands Prince Edward Islands Kerguelen Islands Heard Island and Macquarie Island P p papua northern gentoo penguin Forster 1781 Falkland Islands Martillo Island in the Beagle Channel and Isla de los Estados Argentina P p ellsworthi southern gentoo penguin Murphy 1947 the Antarctic Peninsula the South Orkney Islands South Shetland Islands and South Sandwich Islands P p poncetii South Georgia gentoo penguin Tyler Bonfitto Clucas Reddy amp Younger 2020 South Georgia IslandAlthough the population on the Kerguelen Islands is tentatively included in taeniata it may also be a distinct subspecies 13 Prior to 2021 only two subspecies of the gentoo penguin were recognised P p papua subantarctic gentoo and the smaller P p ellsworthi Antarctic gentoo 14 15 However a 2020 study suggested that the gentoo penguin be split into a species complex of four morphologically similar but separate species the northern gentoo penguin P papua sensu stricto the southern gentoo penguin P ellsworthi the eastern gentoo penguin P taeniata and the newly described South Georgia gentoo penguin P poncetii 16 17 The International Ornithological Congress incorporated the results of this study in 2021 but relegated the newly recognized or newly described species to being subspecies of P papua 13 Description Edit Saunders Island Falkland Islands The gentoo penguin is easily recognized by the wide white stripe extending like a bonnet across the top of its head and its bright orange red bill It has pale whitish pink webbed feet and a fairly long tail the most prominent tail of all penguin species Chicks have grey backs with white fronts As the gentoo penguin waddles along on land its tail sticks out behind sweeping from side to side hence the scientific name Pygoscelis which means rump tailed 18 A close up of head on the West Falkland Gentoo penguins can reach a height of 51 to 90 cm 20 to 35 in 19 20 making them the third largest species of penguin after the emperor penguin and the king penguin Males have a maximum weight around 8 5 kg 19 lb just before molting and a minimum weight of about 4 9 kg 11 lb just before mating For females the maximum weight is 8 2 kg 18 lb just before molting but their weight drops to as little as 4 5 kg 9 9 lb when guarding the chicks in the nest 21 Birds from the north are on average 700 g 1 5 lb heavier and 10 cm 3 9 in taller than the southern birds Southern gentoo penguins reach 75 80 cm 30 31 in in length 22 They are the fastest underwater swimmers of all penguins reaching speeds up to 36 km h 22 mph 23 Gentoos are well adapted to extremely cold and harsh climates Breeding Edit Egg Museum Wiesbaden A family on Wiencke Island Palmer Archipelago off the coast of the Antarctic Peninsula The breeding colonies of gentoo penguins are located on ice free surfaces Colonies can be located directly on the shoreline or considerably inland They prefer shallow coastal areas and often nest between tufts of grass In South Georgia for example breeding colonies are 2 km inland In colonies farther inland where the penguins nest in grassy areas they shift location slightly every year because the grass becomes trampled over time Gentoos breed on many subantarctic islands The main colonies are on the Falkland Islands South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands and Kerguelen Islands smaller colonies are found on Macquarie Island Heard Islands Crozet Islands South Shetland Islands and the Antarctic Peninsula The total breeding population is estimated to be over 600 000 birds Gentoos breed monogamously and infidelity is typically punished with banishment from the colony 24 Nests are usually made from a roughly circular pile of stones and can be quite large 20 cm 7 9 in high and 25 cm 9 8 in in diameter The stones are jealously guarded and their ownership can be the subject of noisy disputes and physical attacks between individuals They are also prized by the females even to the point that a male penguin can obtain the favors of a female by offering her a choice stone Two eggs are laid both weighing around 130 g 4 6 oz The parents share incubation changing duty daily The eggs hatch after 34 to 36 days The chicks remain in the nests for around 30 days before joining other chicks in the colony and forming creches The chicks molt into subadult plumage and go out to sea at around 80 to 100 days Diet EditGentoos mainly live on crustaceans such as krill and shrimp 25 with fish and cephalopods 26 making up only about 15 and 10 of the diet respectively 27 They are however opportunistic feeders and around the Falklands are known to take roughly equal proportions of fish Patagonotothen sp Thysanopsetta naresi Micromesistius australis squat lobsters Munida gregaria and squid Loligo gahi Gonatus antarcticus Moroteuthis ingens Other prey include Lepidonotothen squamifrons Channichthys rhinoceratus and octopuses 28 Physiology Edit Gentoo penguins in Antarctica walking along a penguin highway a path that joins the sea and their nesting area on a rocky outcropThe gentoos diet is high in salt as they eat organisms with relatively the same salinity as sea water which can lead to complications associated with high sodium concentrations in the body especially for gentoo chicks To counteract this gentoos as well as many other marine bird species have a highly developed salt gland located above their eyes that takes the high concentration of sodium within the body and produces a highly saline concentrated solution that drips out of the body from the tip of the beak 29 Gentoo penguins do not store as much fat as Adelie penguins their closest relative gentoos require less energy investment when hunting because the net gain of energy after hunting is greater in gentoos than Adelies 30 As embryos gentoos require a lot of energy to develop Oxygen consumption is high for a developing gentoo embryo As the embryo grows and requires more oxygen consumption increases exponentially until the gentoo chick hatches By then the chick is consuming around 1800 ml O2 per day 31 Predators Edit Brown skua Stercorarius antarcticus attacking a gentoo chick at Godthul South Georgia In the sea leopard seals sea lions and killer whales are all predators of the gentoo On land no predators of full grown healthy gentoo penguins exist Skuas and giant petrels regularly kill many chicks and steal eggs petrels kill injured and sick adult gentoos Various other seabirds such as the kelp gull and snowy sheathbill also snatch chicks and eggs Skuas on King George Island have been observed attacking and injuring adult gentoo penguins in apparent territorial disputes 32 Conservation status EditAs of 2019 update the IUCN Red List lists the gentoo as least concern with a stable population trend although rapid declines in some key areas are believed to be driving a moderate overall decline in the species population Examples include Bird Island South Georgia where the population has fallen by two thirds over 25 years 1 Many threats to this species still exist including pollution hunting fishing and human recreational activities that continue to affect them 33 Influence EditThe Linux distribution Gentoo Linux is named after the gentoo penguin This is a nod to the fact that the penguin is the fastest swimming penguin as Gentoo Linux aims to be a high performance operating system 34 383 Gallery Edit Adult gentoo confronting a southern giant petrel Macronectes giganteus that has killed a chick Gentoo penguin on nest A gentoo penguin swimming Juvenile gentoos on Petermann Island Gentoo colony on Carcass Island in the Falklands A leopard seal eating an adult gentooReferences Edit a b BirdLife International 2020 Pygoscelis papua IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020 e T22697755A157664581 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2020 3 RLTS T22697755A157664581 en Retrieved 18 November 2021 Woods R W 1975 Birds of the Falkland Islands Antony Nelson Shropshire UK Dalgado Sebastiao Rodolfo Dalgado Soares Anthony Xavier Portuguese vocables in Asiatic languages from the Portuguese original of Monsignor Sebastiao Rodolfo Dalgado Volume 1 Asian Educational Services pp 167 16 ISBN 9788120604131 a b Campbell David G 2002 The Crystal Desert Summers in Antarctica Houghton Mifflin Harcourt p 278 ISBN 978 0 547 52761 1 Chester Jonathan 1996 Penguins Birds of Distinction Australia Penguin Books p 42 ISBN 978 0 14 025968 1 Until the 1930s the gentoo was generally known in the Falklands as the Johnny penguin gentoo penguin American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 5 ed Beaglehole J C 2017 The Journals of Captain James Cook on his Voyages of Discovery Vol II Taylor amp Francis p 910 ISBN 978 1 351 54324 8 In the 18th century English speaking sealers commonly called the gentoo the Johnny penguin The Spanish translation of this was Juanito which has degenerated into gentoo Gorman James 1990 The Total Penguin Prentice Hall p 87 ISBN 978 0 13 925041 5 Sealers called it the Johnny penguin or John penguin In that incarnation it seems to have given its name to the striated caracara a bird of prey that feeds on young gentoo penguins in the Falklands and is called the Johnny rook Troelstra Anne S 2017 Bibliography of Natural History Travel Narratives Brill pp 411 ISBN 978 90 04 34378 8 Gray Jeannie Fraser Ian 2013 Australian Bird Names Csiro p 42 ISBN 978 0 643 10471 6 Baker AJ Pereira SL Haddrath OP Edge KA 2006 Multiple gene evidence for expansion of extant penguins out of Antarctica due to global cooling Proc Biol Sci 273 1582 11 17 doi 10 1098 rspb 2005 3260 PMC 1560011 PMID 16519228 Kagu Sunbittern tropicbirds loons penguins IOC World Bird List Retrieved 2022 06 11 a b Subspecies Updates IOC World Bird List Retrieved 2022 06 11 environment gov au Pygoscelis papua papua Gentoo Penguin subantarctic Retrieved 2019 12 12 itis gov Pygoscelis papua J R Forster 1781 Retrieved 2019 12 12 Tyler Joshua Bonfitto Matthew T Clucas Gemma V Reddy Sushma Younger Jane L 2020 Morphometric and genetic evidence for four species of gentoo penguin Ecology and Evolution 10 24 13836 13846 doi 10 1002 ece3 6973 ISSN 2045 7758 PMC 7771148 PMID 33391684 Pertierra Luis R Segovia Nicolas I Noll Daly Martinez Pablo A Pliscoff Patricio Barbosa Andres Aragon Pedro Rey Andrea Raya Pistorius Pierre Trathan Phil Polanowski Andrea 2020 Cryptic speciation in gentoo penguins is driven by geographic isolation and regional marine conditions Unforeseen vulnerabilities to global change Diversity and Distributions 26 8 958 975 doi 10 1111 ddi 13072 ISSN 1472 4642 Gentoo penguin videos photos and facts Pygoscelis papua Arkive Archived from the original on 2009 05 20 Pygoscelis papua gentoo penguin Animal Diversity Web Barham Peter and Barham Barbara Gentoo Penguin Pygoscelis Papua Archived from the original on 2008 09 20 Retrieved 2008 09 23 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Gentoo penguin videos photos and facts Pygoscelis papua Arkive Archived from the original on 2012 07 18 Antarctica fact file wildlife gentoo penguins coolantarctica com Gentoo penguin BBC Nature Archived from the original on 2012 02 05 Trather PN Forcada J Atkinson R Downie RH Shears JR December 2008 Population assessments of gentoo penguins Pygoscelis papua breeding at an important Antarctic tourist site Goudier Island Port Lockroy Palmer Archipelago Antarctica Biological Conservation 141 12 3019 3028 doi 10 1016 j biocon 2008 09 006 Breeding pairs of Pygoscelis papua remained constant throughout the 1996 1997 breeding season Males observed attempting to breed outside of their original breeding pair were violently rejected from the colony Pygoscelis papua Gentoo penguin Pygoscelis papua Gentoo penguin Pygoscelis papua Gentoo penguin Pygoscelis papua Gentoo penguin Schmidt Nielsen K 1960 The Salt Secreting Gland of Marine Birds Circulation 21 5 955 967 doi 10 1161 01 cir 21 5 955 PMID 14443123 D Amico V L Coria N Palacios M G Barbosa A amp Bertellotti M 2016 Physiological differences between two overlapped breeding Antarctic penguins in a global change perspective Polar Biology 39 57 64 doi 10 1007 s00300 014 1604 9 hdl 10261 156947 S2CID 17563166 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Actams N J 1992 Embryonic metabolism energy budgets and cost of production of king Aptenodytes patagonicus and gentoo Pygoscelis papua penguin eggs Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Physiology 101 3 497 503 doi 10 1016 0300 9629 92 90501 g February 2014 observation and photo report by Robert Runyard translator for INACH Chilean Antarctic Institute International BirdLife International BirdLife 2019 08 28 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Pygoscelis papua IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Retrieved 2021 05 25 Christopher Negus 5 May 2008 Linux Bible Boot Up to Ubuntu Fedora KNOPPIX Debian openSUSE and 11 Other Distributions John Wiley amp Sons pp 389 ISBN 978 0 470 28706 4 This article incorporates text from the ARKive fact file Gentoo penguin under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 3 0 Unported License and the GFDL External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pygoscelis papua category Wikispecies has information related to Pygoscelis papua 70South more info on the gentoo penguin Gentoo penguin on PenguinWorld Gentoo penguins from the International Penguin Conservation website www pinguins info information about all species of penguins Gentoo penguin images Gentoo penguin webcam from the Antarctic worldwide first webcam with wild penguins photo quality Gentoo penguin media from ARKive Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gentoo penguin amp oldid 1131556171, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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