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Wikipedia

Fried chicken

January 01, 1970

This article is about the style of fried chicken that originated in the Southern United States. For other fried chicken dishes, see List of fried chicken dishes.
"Southern fried chicken" redirects here. For the restaurant chain, see Southern Fried Chicken.

Fried chicken, also known as Southern fried chicken, is a dish consisting of chicken pieces that have been coated with seasoned flour or batter and pan-fried, deep fried, pressure fried, or air fried. The breading adds a crisp coating or crust to the exterior of the chicken while retaining juices in the meat. Broiler chickens are most commonly used.

Fried chicken
Clockwise: A fried chicken breast, wing, thigh, and leg
CourseEntrée
Place of originUnited States
Region or stateAmerican South
Serving temperatureHot or cold
Main ingredientsChicken, batter or seasoned flour

The first dish known to have been deep fried was fritters, which were popular in the European Middle Ages. However,the Scottish were the first Europeans to deep fry their chicken in fat with breadcrumbs and seasonings.[1] There is an English cookbook from 1736 which mentions fried chicken, the “Dictionarium Domesticum”, by Nathan Bailey.[2] Meanwhile, many West African peoples had traditions of seasoned fried chicken (though battering and cooking the chicken in palm oil).

History

The American English expression "fried chicken" was first recorded in the 1830s, and frequently appears in American cookbooks of the 1860s and 1870s.[3] The origin of fried chicken in the southern states of America has been traced to precedents in Scottish[4][5][6] and West African cuisine.[7][8][9][10] Scottish fried chicken was cooked in fat, and West African fried chicken added different seasonings,[4][5][10][11] and was battered[8][12] and cooked in palm oil.[7] Scottish frying techniques and African seasoning techniques were used in the American South by enslaved Africans.[4][5][6][10][11]

Fried chicken provided some means of an independent economy for enslaved and segregated African-American women, who became noted sellers of poultry (live or cooked) as early as the 1730s.[13] Because of the expensive nature of the ingredients, it was, despite popular belief, a rare dish in the African-American community[7] reserved (as in Africa) for special occasions.[12][9][10] When it was introduced to the American South, fried chicken became a common staple. Later, as the slave trade led to Africans being brought to work on southern plantations, the enslaved people who became cooks incorporated seasonings and spices that were absent in traditional Scottish cuisine, enriching the flavor.[14] Since most enslaved people were unable to raise expensive meats, but were generally allowed to keep chickens, frying chicken on special occasions continued in the African-American communities of the South, especially in the periods of segregation that closed off most restaurants to the black population.[15]

American-style fried chicken gradually passed into everyday use as a general Southern dish, especially after the abolition of slavery, and its popularity spread. Since fried chicken traveled well in hot weather before refrigeration was commonplace and industry growth reduced its cost, it gained further favor across the South. Fried chicken continues to be among this region's top choices for "Sunday dinner". Holidays such as Independence Day and other gatherings often feature this dish.[16] During the 20th century, chain restaurants focused on fried chicken began among the boom in the fast food industry. Brands such as Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) and Popeyes expanded in the United States and across the world.

Before the industrialization of chicken production and the creation of broiler breeds of chicken, only young spring chickens (pullets or cockerels) would be suitable for the higher heat and relatively fast cooking time of frying making fried chicken a luxury of spring and summer. Older, tougher birds require longer cooking times at lower temperatures. To compensate for this, sometimes tougher birds are simmered till tender, allowed to cool and dry, and then fried.[14]

Description

 
Fried chicken with side dishes, fried okra, and macaroni and cheese

Fried chicken has been described as being "crunchy" and "juicy",[17] as well as "crispy".[18] The dish has also been called "spicy" and "salty".[19] Occasionally, fried chicken is also topped with chili like paprika, or hot sauce to give it a spicy taste.[20] This is especially common in fast food restaurant chains such as KFC.[21] The dish is traditionally served with mashed potatoes, gravy, macaroni and cheese, coleslaw, corn or biscuits.[22]

The dish is renowned for being greasy, especially when coming from fast food outlets.[17] It has even been reported that some of those who enjoy eating the food limit themselves to eating it only a certain number of times a year, to keep their fat intake reasonably low.[23] Out of the various parts of the animal used in fried chicken, the wings generally tend to contain the most fat, with almost 40 grams (1.4 oz) of fat for every 100 grams (3.5 oz).[24] However, the average whole fried chicken contains only around 12% fat, or 12 grams (0.42 oz) per every 100 grams (3.5 oz).[25] 100 grams (3.5 oz) of fried chicken generally contains around 240 calories of energy.[25]

Preparation

 
Frying chicken upper wings in corn oil

Generally, chickens are not fried whole. Instead, the chicken is divided into its constituent pieces.[26] The white meat sections are the breast and the wings from the front of the chicken, while the dark meat sections are the thighs and legs or "drumsticks" from the rear of the chicken. The breast is typically split into two pieces, and the back is usually discarded.[27] Chicken fingers, which are boneless pieces of chicken breast cut into long strips, are also commonly used.[28]

To prepare the chicken pieces for frying, they are typically coated in a flour-based batter that may contain eggs or milk, or they may be dredged in flour or breadcrumbs. Seasonings such as salt, black pepper, chili powder, paprika, garlic powder, or onion powder can be mixed in with the flour. Either process may be preceded by marination or dipping in buttermilk, the acidity of which acts as a meat tenderizer. As the pieces of chicken cook, some of the moisture that exudes from the chicken is absorbed by the coating of flour and browns along with the flour, creating a flavorful crust.[29]

 
Paschal's fried chicken, Atlanta, Georgia

Traditionally, lard is used to fry the chicken, but corn oil, peanut oil, canola oil, soybean oil, or other vegetable oils are also frequently used.[30][31] The flavor of olive oil is generally considered too strong to be used for traditional fried chicken, and its low smoke point makes it unsuitable for use.[32] There are three main techniques for frying chickens: pan frying,[33] deep frying[34] and broasting.[35]

Pan frying (or shallow frying) requires a frying pan of sturdy construction and a source of fat that does not fully immerse the chicken.[36] The chicken pieces are prepared as above, then fried. Generally, the fat is heated to a temperature hot enough to seal (without browning, at this point) the outside of the chicken pieces. Once the pieces have been added to the hot fat and sealed, the temperature is reduced. There is debate as to how often to turn the chicken pieces, with one camp arguing for often turning and even browning, and the other camp pushing for letting the pieces render skin side down and only turning when necessary. Once the chicken pieces are close to being done, the temperature is raised and the pieces are browned to the desired color (some cooks add small amounts of butter at this point to enhance browning). The moisture from the chicken that sticks and browns on the bottom of the pan becomes the fonds required to make gravy.[37]

Deep frying requires a deep fryer or other devices in which the chicken pieces can be completely submerged in hot fat. The process of deep frying is placing food fully in oil and then cooking it at a very high temperature.[36] The pieces are prepared as described above. The fat is heated in the deep fryer to the desired temperature. The pieces are added to the fat and a constant temperature is maintained throughout the cooking process.[38]

A pressure cooker can be used to accelerate the process.[39] The moisture inside the chicken becomes steam and increases the pressure in the cooker, such that lowering the cooking temperature is needed. The steam also cooks the chicken through, but still allows the pieces to be moist and tender while maintaining a crisp coating. Fat is heated in a pressure cooker. Chicken pieces are prepared as described above and then placed in the hot fat. The lid is placed on the pressure cooker, and the chicken pieces are thus fried under pressure.[40] The original recipe used by the KFC franchise used this method, which was marketed as "broasting" by the Broaster Company.

The derivative phrases "country-fried" and "chicken-fried" often refer to other foods prepared in the manner of fried chicken. Usually, this means a boneless, tenderized piece of meat that has been floured or battered and cooked in any of the methods described. Chicken-fried steak is a common dish of that variety.[41] Such dishes are often served with gravy.[42]

Variants

  • Barberton chicken, also known as "Serbian fried chicken", is a version created by Serbian immigrants in Barberton, Ohio, that has been popularized throughout that state.[43]
  • Chicken and waffles is a combination platter of foods traditionally served at breakfast and dinner in one meal, common to soul food restaurants in the American South and beyond.[44]
  • Chicken Maryland is a form of pan-fried chicken, often marinated in buttermilk, served with cream gravy and native to the state of Maryland. The recipe spread beyond the United States to the haute cuisine of Auguste Escoffier and, after heavy modification, found a place in the cuisines of Britain and Australia.[45] The dish is made when a pan of chicken pieces and fat, as for pan-frying, is placed in the oven to cook, for a majority of the overall cooking time, basically "fried in the oven".[40]
  • Hot chicken, common in the Nashville, Tennessee area, is a pan-fried variant coated with lard and cayenne pepper paste.[46]
  • Popcorn chicken, also known as "chicken bites" or other similar terms, are small morsels of boneless chicken, battered and fried, resulting in small pieces that resemble popcorn.[47]

Health effects

Further information: Frying § Health

A 2019 prospective cohort study of postmenopausal women found that consumption of at least one serving of fried chicken per week compared to no consumption is associated with a 13% increase in the risk of all-cause mortality, as well as with a 12% increase in the risk of cardiovascular mortality.[48]

See also

References

  1. ^ "The surprising origin of fried chicken". www.bbc.com. Retrieved March 24, 2024.
  2. ^ "Dictionarium domesticum, being a new and compleat houshold [sic] dictionary, for the use both of city and country ... / By N. Bailey". Wellcome Collection. Retrieved February 13, 2024.
  3. ^ etymonline.com; The United States Cook Book: A Complete Manual for Ladies, Housekeepers and Cook (1865), p. 104. Marion Harland, Common Sense in the Household: A Manual of Practical Housewifery (1874), p. 90.
  4. ^ a b c Sumnu, Servet Gulum; Sahin, Serpil (December 17, 2008). Advances in Deep-Fat Frying of Foods. CRC Press. pp. 1–2. ISBN 9781420055597. The origin of fried chicken is Scotland and the southern states of America. Fried chicken had been in the diet of Scottish people for a long time. Because slaves were allowed to feed only chickens, fried chicken became the dish that they ate on special occasions. This tradition spread to all African-American communities after the abolition of slavery.
  5. ^ a b c Mariani, John F. (1999). The Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink. New York: Lebhar-Friedman. pp. 305–306. ISBN 9780867307849. The Scottish, who enjoyed frying their chickens rather than boiling or baking them as the English did, may have brought the method with them when they settled the South. The efficient and simple cooking process was very well adapted to the plantation life of the southern African-American slaves, who were often allowed to raise their own chickens. quoted at Olver, Lynne. "history notes-meat". The Food Timeline. Archived from the original on February 21, 2012. Retrieved June 20, 2009..
  6. ^ a b Robinson, Kat (October 21, 2014). Classic Eateries of the Arkansas Delta. The History Press. ISBN 9781626197565. Most settlers from Europe were accustomed to having their chicken roasted or stewed. The Scots are believed to have brought the idea of frying chicken in fat to the United States and eventually into the Arkansas Delta in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Similarly, African slaves brought to the South were sometimes allowed to keep chickens, which didn't take up much space. They flour-breaded their pieces of plucked poultry, popped it with paprika and saturated it with spices before putting it into the grease.[permanent dead link]
  7. ^ a b c Rice, Kym S.; Katz-Hyman, Martha B. (2010). World of a Slave: Encyclopedia of the Material Life of Slaves in the United States [2 volumes]: Encyclopedia of the Material Life of Slaves in the United States. ABC-CLIO. pp. 109–110. ISBN 978-0-313-34943-0. Chickens also were considered to be a special dish in traditional West African cuisine. ... Chickens were ... fried in palm oil. ... Pieces of chicken fried in oil sold on the street ... would all leave their mark on the developing cuisine of the early South.
  8. ^ a b Kein, Sybil (2000). Creole: The History and Legacy of Louisiana's Free People of Color. LSU Press. pp. 246–247. ISBN 978-0-8071-2601-1. Creole fried chicken is another dish that follows the African technique: "the cook prepared the poultry by dipping it in a batter and deep fat frying it
  9. ^ a b Opie, Frederick Douglass (2013). Hog and Hominy: Soul Food from Africa to America. Columbia University Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-231-51797-3. the African-American preference for yams and sweet potatoes, pork, chicken, and fried foods also originated in certain West African culinary traditions
  10. ^ a b c d Worral, Simon (December 21, 2014) "The Surprising Ways That Chickens Changed the World" December 22, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. National Geographic: "When slaves were brought here from West Africa, they came with a deep knowledge of the chicken, because in West Africa the chicken was a common farm animal and also a very sacred animal. The knowledge that African-Americans brought served them very well, because white plantation owners for the most part didn't care much about chicken. In colonial times there were so many other things to eat that chicken was not high on the list."
  11. ^ a b Miller, Adrian (October 13, 2022). "The surprising origin of fried chicken". BBC. Retrieved March 23, 2023.
  12. ^ a b Opie, Frederick Douglass (2013). Hog and Hominy: Soul Food from Africa to America. Columbia University Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-231-51797-3. West African women batter dipped and fried chicken" and "The African-American practice of eating chicken on special occasions is also a West Africanism that survived the slave trade. Among the Igbo, Hausa, and Mande, poultry was eaten on special occasions as part of religious ceremonies.
  13. ^ Rice, Kym S.; Katz-Hyman, Martha B. (December 13, 2010). World of a Slave: Encyclopedia of the Material Life of Slaves in the United States [2 volumes]: Encyclopedia of the Material Life of Slaves in the United States. ABC-CLIO. p. 109. ISBN 9780313349430. from the original on May 3, 2016. Retrieved August 6, 2016.
  14. ^ a b History of Fried Chicken through the Ages November 12, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Southernfriedchickenrecipe.com. Retrieved on January 30, 2012.
  15. ^ "American fried chicken has its origins in slavery". The Economist. July 2, 2021. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved March 29, 2022.
  16. ^ History of Fried Chicken : I Am Welcoming You to Kik Culinary Corner and History of Some Story & Experience December 26, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. Experienceproject.com (August 19, 2008). Retrieved on January 30, 2012.
  17. ^ a b "Southern Living's Best Fried Chicken Recipe". Cooking. The New York Times. from the original on May 22, 2016. Retrieved May 21, 2016.
  18. ^ "Adobo-Fried Chicken Recipe". Cooking. The New York Times. from the original on May 16, 2016. Retrieved May 21, 2016.
  19. ^ "The Food Lab: The Best Southern Fried Chicken". www.seriouseats.com. from the original on May 31, 2016. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
  20. ^ "Spicy Fried Chicken With Honey and Pickles". Wall Street Journal. January 9, 2014. ISSN 0099-9660. from the original on June 16, 2016. Retrieved May 21, 2016.
  21. ^ Waxman, Olivia B. "KFC Introduces Nashville Hot Chicken". Time. from the original on May 20, 2016. Retrieved May 21, 2016.
  22. ^ Bruno, Pat (January 3, 1986). . Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on October 8, 2016. Retrieved September 4, 2016.
  23. ^ Galarneau, Andrew Z. (March 9, 2011). . The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on October 8, 2016. Retrieved September 4, 2016.
  24. ^ "Moisture and fat content Moisture and fat content of extra crispy fried of extra crispy fried chicken skin from breast, thigh, drum and wing" (PDF). ars.usda.gov. (PDF) from the original on June 11, 2016. Retrieved May 21, 2016.
  25. ^ a b . ndb.nal.usda.gov. Archived from the original on June 25, 2016. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
  26. ^ "How to Make the Best Fried Chicken – Cooking 101 – Cook's Country". www.cookscountry.com. from the original on June 28, 2016. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
  27. ^ "Cutting Up Chicken – Kitchen Notes – Cooking For Engineers". www.cookingforengineers.com. from the original on May 22, 2016. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
  28. ^ Ramzy, Austin (May 5, 2016). "KFC, With New Nail Polish, Redefines Chicken Fingers". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. from the original on May 9, 2016. Retrieved May 19, 2016.
  29. ^ "The Science of Frying – FineCooking.com". FineCooking.com. from the original on June 13, 2016. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
  30. ^ Pereira, Alyssa (June 22, 2016). "The internet is obsessing over this 18th century fried chicken recipe". San Francisco Chronicle. from the original on June 22, 2016. Retrieved June 23, 2016.
  31. ^ "Fried Chicken in the 18th Century?". YouTube. June 20, 2016. from the original on June 21, 2016. Retrieved June 23, 2016.
  32. ^ What is Southern Fried Chicken? November 13, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Wisegeek.com. Retrieved on January 30, 2012.
  33. ^ "Southern Pan-Fried Chicken Recipe". Cooking. The New York Times. from the original on May 24, 2016. Retrieved May 21, 2016.
  34. ^ . Fox News Magazine. December 23, 2014. Archived from the original on June 16, 2016. Retrieved May 21, 2016.
  35. ^ "This chicken's not roasted, broiled or fried. It's BROASTED. Good luck finding it, though". Washington Post. from the original on May 7, 2016. Retrieved May 21, 2016.
  36. ^ a b "Pan Frying – Food Reference Cooking Basics – Food For Thought". www.foodreference.com. from the original on June 9, 2016. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
  37. ^ "Deglazing: What it Is and Why Do It". The Reluctant Gourmet. September 14, 2012. from the original on May 25, 2016. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
  38. ^ "How to deep-fry – How To Guides – Cooking tips". Taste.com.au. from the original on June 17, 2016. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
  39. ^ . Archived from the original on July 25, 2016. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
  40. ^ a b Fried Chicken Recipes October 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Southernfood.about.com (November 9, 2011). Retrieved on January 30, 2012.
  41. ^ "From John T. Edge: Chicken Fried Steak, Steamed Sandwiches, Georgia Barbecue". Diner's Journal Blog. The New York Times. April 15, 2009. from the original on December 8, 2018. Retrieved May 21, 2016.
  42. ^ "Charles Country Pan Fried Chicken". Village Voice. from the original on May 20, 2016. Retrieved May 19, 2016.
  43. ^ Edge, John T. (March 2003). . Attaché. Archived from the original on February 16, 2006.
  44. ^ Myers, Dan (October 27, 2015). "America's best chicken and waffles". Fox News. from the original on June 9, 2016. Retrieved May 19, 2016.
  45. ^ "Maryland chicken with banana fritters and cornbread". BBC Food. from the original on May 13, 2016. Retrieved May 19, 2016.
  46. ^ Waxman, Olivia B. "KFC Introduces Nashville Hot Chicken". Time. from the original on May 20, 2016. Retrieved May 19, 2016.
  47. ^ "Recipe: Devin Alexander's KFC's Popcorn Chicken". ABC News. April 26, 2006. from the original on June 2, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2016.
  48. ^ Sun Y, Liu B, Snetselaar LG, Robinson JG, Wallace RB, Peterson LL, Bao W (January 2019). "Association of fried food consumption with all cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality: prospective cohort study". BMJ. 364: k5420. doi:10.1136/bmj.k5420. PMC 6342269. PMID 30674467.

Further reading

  • McMillan, Bo (July 5, 2014). "Consumers flock to new takes on fried chicken". CNBC. Retrieved August 4, 2014.

External links

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  •   Media related to Fried chicken at Wikimedia Commons
  • Austin Leslie's recipe in Food and Wine, adapted from John T. Edge's Fried Chicken

January 01, 1970
fried, chicken, this, article, about, style, fried, chicken, that, originated, southern, united, states, other, fried, chicken, dishes, list, fried, chicken, dishes, southern, fried, chicken, redirects, here, restaurant, chain, southern, fried, chicken, also, . This article is about the style of fried chicken that originated in the Southern United States For other fried chicken dishes see List of fried chicken dishes Southern fried chicken redirects here For the restaurant chain see Southern Fried Chicken Fried chicken also known as Southern fried chicken is a dish consisting of chicken pieces that have been coated with seasoned flour or batter and pan fried deep fried pressure fried or air fried The breading adds a crisp coating or crust to the exterior of the chicken while retaining juices in the meat Broiler chickens are most commonly used Fried chickenClockwise A fried chicken breast wing thigh and legCourseEntreePlace of originUnited StatesRegion or stateAmerican SouthServing temperatureHot or coldMain ingredientsChicken batter or seasoned flour The first dish known to have been deep fried was fritters which were popular in the European Middle Ages However the Scottish were the first Europeans to deep fry their chicken in fat with breadcrumbs and seasonings 1 There is an English cookbook from 1736 which mentions fried chicken the Dictionarium Domesticum by Nathan Bailey 2 Meanwhile many West African peoples had traditions of seasoned fried chicken though battering and cooking the chicken in palm oil Contents 1 History 2 Description 3 Preparation 4 Variants 5 Health effects 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksHistoryThe American English expression fried chicken was first recorded in the 1830s and frequently appears in American cookbooks of the 1860s and 1870s 3 The origin of fried chicken in the southern states of America has been traced to precedents in Scottish 4 5 6 and West African cuisine 7 8 9 10 Scottish fried chicken was cooked in fat and West African fried chicken added different seasonings 4 5 10 11 and was battered 8 12 and cooked in palm oil 7 Scottish frying techniques and African seasoning techniques were used in the American South by enslaved Africans 4 5 6 10 11 Fried chicken provided some means of an independent economy for enslaved and segregated African American women who became noted sellers of poultry live or cooked as early as the 1730s 13 Because of the expensive nature of the ingredients it was despite popular belief a rare dish in the African American community 7 reserved as in Africa for special occasions 12 9 10 When it was introduced to the American South fried chicken became a common staple Later as the slave trade led to Africans being brought to work on southern plantations the enslaved people who became cooks incorporated seasonings and spices that were absent in traditional Scottish cuisine enriching the flavor 14 Since most enslaved people were unable to raise expensive meats but were generally allowed to keep chickens frying chicken on special occasions continued in the African American communities of the South especially in the periods of segregation that closed off most restaurants to the black population 15 American style fried chicken gradually passed into everyday use as a general Southern dish especially after the abolition of slavery and its popularity spread Since fried chicken traveled well in hot weather before refrigeration was commonplace and industry growth reduced its cost it gained further favor across the South Fried chicken continues to be among this region s top choices for Sunday dinner Holidays such as Independence Day and other gatherings often feature this dish 16 During the 20th century chain restaurants focused on fried chicken began among the boom in the fast food industry Brands such as Kentucky Fried Chicken KFC and Popeyes expanded in the United States and across the world Before the industrialization of chicken production and the creation of broiler breeds of chicken only young spring chickens pullets or cockerels would be suitable for the higher heat and relatively fast cooking time of frying making fried chicken a luxury of spring and summer Older tougher birds require longer cooking times at lower temperatures To compensate for this sometimes tougher birds are simmered till tender allowed to cool and dry and then fried 14 Description nbsp Fried chicken with side dishes fried okra and macaroni and cheese Fried chicken has been described as being crunchy and juicy 17 as well as crispy 18 The dish has also been called spicy and salty 19 Occasionally fried chicken is also topped with chili like paprika or hot sauce to give it a spicy taste 20 This is especially common in fast food restaurant chains such as KFC 21 The dish is traditionally served with mashed potatoes gravy macaroni and cheese coleslaw corn or biscuits 22 The dish is renowned for being greasy especially when coming from fast food outlets 17 It has even been reported that some of those who enjoy eating the food limit themselves to eating it only a certain number of times a year to keep their fat intake reasonably low 23 Out of the various parts of the animal used in fried chicken the wings generally tend to contain the most fat with almost 40 grams 1 4 oz of fat for every 100 grams 3 5 oz 24 However the average whole fried chicken contains only around 12 fat or 12 grams 0 42 oz per every 100 grams 3 5 oz 25 100 grams 3 5 oz of fried chicken generally contains around 240 calories of energy 25 Preparation nbsp Frying chicken upper wings in corn oil Generally chickens are not fried whole Instead the chicken is divided into its constituent pieces 26 The white meat sections are the breast and the wings from the front of the chicken while the dark meat sections are the thighs and legs or drumsticks from the rear of the chicken The breast is typically split into two pieces and the back is usually discarded 27 Chicken fingers which are boneless pieces of chicken breast cut into long strips are also commonly used 28 To prepare the chicken pieces for frying they are typically coated in a flour based batter that may contain eggs or milk or they may be dredged in flour or breadcrumbs Seasonings such as salt black pepper chili powder paprika garlic powder or onion powder can be mixed in with the flour Either process may be preceded by marination or dipping in buttermilk the acidity of which acts as a meat tenderizer As the pieces of chicken cook some of the moisture that exudes from the chicken is absorbed by the coating of flour and browns along with the flour creating a flavorful crust 29 nbsp Paschal s fried chicken Atlanta Georgia Traditionally lard is used to fry the chicken but corn oil peanut oil canola oil soybean oil or other vegetable oils are also frequently used 30 31 The flavor of olive oil is generally considered too strong to be used for traditional fried chicken and its low smoke point makes it unsuitable for use 32 There are three main techniques for frying chickens pan frying 33 deep frying 34 and broasting 35 Pan frying or shallow frying requires a frying pan of sturdy construction and a source of fat that does not fully immerse the chicken 36 The chicken pieces are prepared as above then fried Generally the fat is heated to a temperature hot enough to seal without browning at this point the outside of the chicken pieces Once the pieces have been added to the hot fat and sealed the temperature is reduced There is debate as to how often to turn the chicken pieces with one camp arguing for often turning and even browning and the other camp pushing for letting the pieces render skin side down and only turning when necessary Once the chicken pieces are close to being done the temperature is raised and the pieces are browned to the desired color some cooks add small amounts of butter at this point to enhance browning The moisture from the chicken that sticks and browns on the bottom of the pan becomes the fonds required to make gravy 37 Deep frying requires a deep fryer or other devices in which the chicken pieces can be completely submerged in hot fat The process of deep frying is placing food fully in oil and then cooking it at a very high temperature 36 The pieces are prepared as described above The fat is heated in the deep fryer to the desired temperature The pieces are added to the fat and a constant temperature is maintained throughout the cooking process 38 A pressure cooker can be used to accelerate the process 39 The moisture inside the chicken becomes steam and increases the pressure in the cooker such that lowering the cooking temperature is needed The steam also cooks the chicken through but still allows the pieces to be moist and tender while maintaining a crisp coating Fat is heated in a pressure cooker Chicken pieces are prepared as described above and then placed in the hot fat The lid is placed on the pressure cooker and the chicken pieces are thus fried under pressure 40 The original recipe used by the KFC franchise used this method which was marketed as broasting by the Broaster Company The derivative phrases country fried and chicken fried often refer to other foods prepared in the manner of fried chicken Usually this means a boneless tenderized piece of meat that has been floured or battered and cooked in any of the methods described Chicken fried steak is a common dish of that variety 41 Such dishes are often served with gravy 42 VariantsBarberton chicken also known as Serbian fried chicken is a version created by Serbian immigrants in Barberton Ohio that has been popularized throughout that state 43 Chicken and waffles is a combination platter of foods traditionally served at breakfast and dinner in one meal common to soul food restaurants in the American South and beyond 44 Chicken Maryland is a form of pan fried chicken often marinated in buttermilk served with cream gravy and native to the state of Maryland The recipe spread beyond the United States to the haute cuisine of Auguste Escoffier and after heavy modification found a place in the cuisines of Britain and Australia 45 The dish is made when a pan of chicken pieces and fat as for pan frying is placed in the oven to cook for a majority of the overall cooking time basically fried in the oven 40 Hot chicken common in the Nashville Tennessee area is a pan fried variant coated with lard and cayenne pepper paste 46 Popcorn chicken also known as chicken bites or other similar terms are small morsels of boneless chicken battered and fried resulting in small pieces that resemble popcorn 47 Health effectsFurther information Frying Health A 2019 prospective cohort study of postmenopausal women found that consumption of at least one serving of fried chicken per week compared to no consumption is associated with a 13 increase in the risk of all cause mortality as well as with a 12 increase in the risk of cardiovascular mortality 48 See also nbsp United States portal nbsp Food portal Austin Leslie Colonel Sanders Fried chicken restaurant Fried chicken stereotype Hot chicken John T Edge List of chicken dishes List of deep fried foods List of fast food chicken restaurants National Fried Chicken Day TempuraReferences The surprising origin of fried chicken www bbc com Retrieved March 24 2024 Dictionarium domesticum being a new and compleat houshold sic dictionary for the use both of city and country By N Bailey Wellcome Collection Retrieved February 13 2024 etymonline com The United States Cook Book A Complete Manual for Ladies Housekeepers and Cook 1865 p 104 Marion Harland Common Sense in the Household A Manual of Practical Housewifery 1874 p 90 a b c Sumnu Servet Gulum Sahin Serpil December 17 2008 Advances in Deep Fat Frying of Foods CRC Press pp 1 2 ISBN 9781420055597 The origin of fried chicken is Scotland and the southern states of America Fried chicken had been in the diet of Scottish people for a long time Because slaves were allowed to feed only chickens fried chicken became the dish that they ate on special occasions This tradition spread to all African American communities after the abolition of slavery a b c Mariani John F 1999 The Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink New York Lebhar Friedman pp 305 306 ISBN 9780867307849 The Scottish who enjoyed frying their chickens rather than boiling or baking them as the English did may have brought the method with them when they settled the South The efficient and simple cooking process was very well adapted to the plantation life of the southern African American slaves who were often allowed to raise their own chickens quoted at Olver Lynne history notes meat The Food Timeline Archived from the original on February 21 2012 Retrieved June 20 2009 a b Robinson Kat October 21 2014 Classic Eateries of the Arkansas Delta The History Press ISBN 9781626197565 Most settlers from Europe were accustomed to having their chicken roasted or stewed The Scots are believed to have brought the idea of frying chicken in fat to the United States and eventually into the Arkansas Delta in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries Similarly African slaves brought to the South were sometimes allowed to keep chickens which didn t take up much space They flour breaded their pieces of plucked poultry popped it with paprika and saturated it with spices before putting it into the grease permanent dead link a b c Rice Kym S Katz Hyman Martha B 2010 World of a Slave Encyclopedia of the Material Life of Slaves in the United States 2 volumes Encyclopedia of the Material Life of Slaves in the United States ABC CLIO pp 109 110 ISBN 978 0 313 34943 0 Chickens also were considered to be a special dish in traditional West African cuisine Chickens were fried in palm oil Pieces of chicken fried in oil sold on the street would all leave their mark on the developing cuisine of the early South a b Kein Sybil 2000 Creole The History and Legacy of Louisiana s Free People of Color LSU Press pp 246 247 ISBN 978 0 8071 2601 1 Creole fried chicken is another dish that follows the African technique the cook prepared the poultry by dipping it in a batter and deep fat frying it a b Opie Frederick Douglass 2013 Hog and Hominy Soul Food from Africa to America Columbia University Press p 18 ISBN 978 0 231 51797 3 the African American preference for yams and sweet potatoes pork chicken and fried foods also originated in certain West African culinary traditions a b c d Worral Simon December 21 2014 The Surprising Ways That Chickens Changed the World Archived December 22 2014 at the Wayback Machine National Geographic When slaves were brought here from West Africa they came with a deep knowledge of the chicken because in West Africa the chicken was a common farm animal and also a very sacred animal The knowledge that African Americans brought served them very well because white plantation owners for the most part didn t care much about chicken In colonial times there were so many other things to eat that chicken was not high on the list a b Miller Adrian October 13 2022 The surprising origin of fried chicken BBC Retrieved March 23 2023 a b Opie Frederick Douglass 2013 Hog and Hominy Soul Food from Africa to America Columbia University Press p 11 ISBN 978 0 231 51797 3 West African women batter dipped and fried chicken and The African American practice of eating chicken on special occasions is also a West Africanism that survived the slave trade Among the Igbo Hausa and Mande poultry was eaten on special occasions as part of religious ceremonies Rice Kym S Katz Hyman Martha B December 13 2010 World of a Slave Encyclopedia of the Material Life of Slaves in the United States 2 volumes Encyclopedia of the Material Life of Slaves in the United States ABC CLIO p 109 ISBN 9780313349430 Archived from the original on May 3 2016 Retrieved August 6 2016 a b History of Fried Chicken through the Ages Archived November 12 2011 at the Wayback Machine Southernfriedchickenrecipe com Retrieved on January 30 2012 American fried chicken has its origins in slavery The Economist July 2 2021 ISSN 0013 0613 Retrieved March 29 2022 History of Fried Chicken I Am Welcoming You to Kik Culinary Corner and History of Some Story amp Experience Archived December 26 2017 at the Wayback Machine Experienceproject com August 19 2008 Retrieved on January 30 2012 a b Southern Living s Best Fried Chicken Recipe Cooking The New York Times Archived from the original on May 22 2016 Retrieved May 21 2016 Adobo Fried Chicken Recipe Cooking The New York Times Archived from the original on May 16 2016 Retrieved May 21 2016 The Food Lab The Best Southern Fried Chicken www seriouseats com Archived from the original on May 31 2016 Retrieved June 4 2016 Spicy Fried Chicken With Honey and Pickles Wall Street Journal January 9 2014 ISSN 0099 9660 Archived from the original on June 16 2016 Retrieved May 21 2016 Waxman Olivia B KFC Introduces Nashville Hot Chicken Time Archived from the original on May 20 2016 Retrieved May 21 2016 Bruno Pat January 3 1986 Fried chicken worth clucking about Chicago Sun Times Archived from the original on October 8 2016 Retrieved September 4 2016 Galarneau Andrew Z March 9 2011 Chicken fried right When it s time to splurge Buffalo has its share of restaurants serving crispy fried chicken The Buffalo News Archived from the original on October 8 2016 Retrieved September 4 2016 Moisture and fat content Moisture and fat content of extra crispy fried of extra crispy fried chicken skin from breast thigh drum and wing PDF ars usda gov Archived PDF from the original on June 11 2016 Retrieved May 21 2016 a b Chicken broilers or fryers light meat meat and skin cooked fried flour ndb nal usda gov Archived from the original on June 25 2016 Retrieved June 3 2016 How to Make the Best Fried Chicken Cooking 101 Cook s Country www cookscountry com Archived from the original on June 28 2016 Retrieved June 4 2016 Cutting Up Chicken Kitchen Notes Cooking For Engineers www cookingforengineers com Archived from the original on May 22 2016 Retrieved June 4 2016 Ramzy Austin May 5 2016 KFC With New Nail Polish Redefines Chicken Fingers The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on May 9 2016 Retrieved May 19 2016 The Science of Frying FineCooking com FineCooking com Archived from the original on June 13 2016 Retrieved June 4 2016 Pereira Alyssa June 22 2016 The internet is obsessing over this 18th century fried chicken recipe San Francisco Chronicle Archived from the original on June 22 2016 Retrieved June 23 2016 Fried Chicken in the 18th Century YouTube June 20 2016 Archived from the original on June 21 2016 Retrieved June 23 2016 What is Southern Fried Chicken Archived November 13 2011 at the Wayback Machine Wisegeek com Retrieved on January 30 2012 Southern Pan Fried Chicken Recipe Cooking The New York Times Archived from the original on May 24 2016 Retrieved May 21 2016 How to Make Thai Style Deep Fried Chicken Thighs Fox News Magazine December 23 2014 Archived from the original on June 16 2016 Retrieved May 21 2016 This chicken s not roasted broiled or fried It s BROASTED Good luck finding it though Washington Post Archived from the original on May 7 2016 Retrieved May 21 2016 a b Pan Frying Food Reference Cooking Basics Food For Thought www foodreference com Archived from the original on June 9 2016 Retrieved June 4 2016 Deglazing What it Is and Why Do It The Reluctant Gourmet September 14 2012 Archived from the original on May 25 2016 Retrieved June 4 2016 How to deep fry How To Guides Cooking tips Taste com au Archived from the original on June 17 2016 Retrieved June 4 2016 How to make homemade Broasted Chicken Archived from the original on July 25 2016 Retrieved July 21 2016 a b Fried Chicken Recipes Archived October 23 2011 at the Wayback Machine Southernfood about com November 9 2011 Retrieved on January 30 2012 From John T Edge Chicken Fried Steak Steamed Sandwiches Georgia Barbecue Diner s Journal Blog The New York Times April 15 2009 Archived from the original on December 8 2018 Retrieved May 21 2016 Charles Country Pan Fried Chicken Village Voice Archived from the original on May 20 2016 Retrieved May 19 2016 Edge John T March 2003 The Barberton Birds Attache Archived from the original on February 16 2006 Myers Dan October 27 2015 America s best chicken and waffles Fox News Archived from the original on June 9 2016 Retrieved May 19 2016 Maryland chicken with banana fritters and cornbread BBC Food Archived from the original on May 13 2016 Retrieved May 19 2016 Waxman Olivia B KFC Introduces Nashville Hot Chicken Time Archived from the original on May 20 2016 Retrieved May 19 2016 Recipe Devin Alexander s KFC s Popcorn Chicken ABC News April 26 2006 Archived from the original on June 2 2016 Retrieved May 18 2016 Sun Y Liu B Snetselaar LG Robinson JG Wallace RB Peterson LL Bao W January 2019 Association of fried food consumption with all cause cardiovascular and cancer mortality prospective cohort study BMJ 364 k5420 doi 10 1136 bmj k5420 PMC 6342269 PMID 30674467 Further readingMcMillan Bo July 5 2014 Consumers flock to new takes on fried chicken CNBC Retrieved August 4 2014 External linksListen to this article 16 minutes source source nbsp This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 7 January 2021 2021 01 07 and does not reflect subsequent edits Audio help More spoken articles nbsp Media related to Fried chicken at Wikimedia Commons Austin Leslie s recipe in Food and Wine adapted from John T Edge s Fried Chicken Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Fried chicken amp oldid 1227077603, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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